HYDRAULICS

Section (1)

ABDELRAHMAN REDA
Abdelrahman.reda@eng1.cu.edu.eg

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 Introduction

Difference between pipe flow & open channel flow?

- Pressurized Flow - Gravity Flow

- Totally Full - Partially Full

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Types of section:
Natural Artificial
Regular Compound
River & Wadi Trapezoidal

Rectangular

Triangular

Circular

Very wide

Cross Section Parameters:

Abbreviation Meaning
A Area of Cross Section
P Wetted Perimeter
R Hydraulic Radius (A/P)
D Hydraulic mean depth (A/B)
b Bed width
t Side slope (HZ:VL)
y The water depth
B Top width
So Bed longitudinal slope
Sw Water surface slope
Se TEL slope

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 Cross Sections Properties

Trapezoidal Section Rectangular Section (t=0)

𝑨 = 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒕𝒚𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒃𝒚
𝑷 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚√𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐 𝑷 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚
𝑩 = 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒕𝒚 𝑩=𝒃
𝑨 𝒃𝒚
𝑨 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒕𝒚𝟐 𝑹= =
𝑹= = 𝑷 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚
𝑷 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚√𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝑨 𝒃𝒚
𝑨 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒕𝒚𝟐 𝑫= = =𝒚
𝑫= = 𝑩 𝒃
𝑩 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒕𝒚
Circular Section Very Wide Section (b>10y)
𝟏 𝑨 = 𝒃𝒚
𝑨 = 𝜽𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝑷=𝒃
𝑷 = 𝟐𝜽𝒓 𝑩=𝒃
𝑩 = 𝟐𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝑨
𝒚 = 𝒓(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉) 𝑹= =𝒚
𝑷
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒚 < 𝑹 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝜽 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑨
𝑫= =𝒚
𝒊𝒇 𝒚 > 𝑹 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝜽 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑩
Triangular Section (b=0) in terms of t Triangular Section (b=0) in terms of 𝜽
𝑨 = 𝒕𝒚𝟐 𝑻𝒓𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒊𝒕
𝑷 = 𝟐𝒚√𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝑩 = 𝟐𝒕𝒚
𝑨 𝒕𝒚𝟐
𝑹= =
𝑷 𝟐𝒚√𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝑨 𝒕𝒚𝟐 𝟏
𝑫= = = 𝒚
𝑩 𝟐𝒕𝒚 𝟐

Types of Flow

W.R.T Time W.R.T Space

Uniform
Steady
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 =𝟎
=𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒗 =𝟎
=𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒕
Unsteady Non-Uniform
𝒚 = 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒚 = 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
≠𝟎 ≠𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗
≠𝟎 ≠𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙
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 Steady-Non-Uniform
Steady-Uniform
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 & 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 =𝟎, ≠𝟎
=𝟎, =𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝑺𝒐 ≠ 𝑺𝒆 ≠ 𝑺𝒘
𝑺𝒐 = 𝑺𝒆 = 𝑺𝒘

Unsteady-Uniform Unsteady-Non-Uniform
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
≠𝟎, =𝟎 ≠𝟎, ≠𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇

W.R.T to forces:
𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆: 𝑭𝑰 = 𝒎. 𝒂
𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆: 𝑭𝒈 = 𝜸𝑽
𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆: 𝑭𝑽 = 𝝉. 𝑨

𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑽 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑽𝑹

𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑵𝒐. = = 𝑹𝒆𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝑵𝒐. = =
𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 √𝒈𝑫 𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝊
𝑭𝒏 = 𝟏 (𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘) (𝑽 = √𝒈𝑫
𝑭𝒏 > 𝟓𝟎𝟎 (𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘)
𝑭𝒏 < 𝟏 (𝑺𝒖𝒃𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘) (𝑽 < √𝒈𝑫) 𝟓𝟎𝟎 < 𝑭𝒏 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔. 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘)
𝑭𝒏 > 𝟏 (𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘) (𝑽 > √𝒈𝑫) 𝑭𝒏 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘)

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 Governing Equations

𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤: ∑ 𝐹 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑚

𝐹1 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) − 𝐹2 (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) + 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝜏(𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔 ) = 0

𝑊 sin 𝜃 = 𝜏 𝐿 𝑃 → 𝛾 𝐴𝐿 𝑠𝑒 = 𝜏 𝐿 𝑃
𝑨
𝝉=𝜸 𝒔 = 𝜸𝑹𝒔𝒆
𝑷 𝒐
1-Chezy Equation
𝝉 ∝ 𝒗𝟐 →→ 𝝉 = 𝒌𝒗𝟐 = 𝜸𝑹𝒔𝒆

𝜸𝑹𝒔𝒆
𝒗=√ = 𝑪√𝑹𝒔𝒆
𝒌

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘: 𝒔𝒆 = 𝒔𝒐 = 𝒔𝒘

𝒗 = 𝑪√𝑹𝒔𝒐 (𝑹𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 ↓ 𝑪 ↑)

𝑪 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒐𝒏 (𝑹𝒏 , 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 , 𝑹) , 𝑪 (𝒎𝟎.𝟓 ⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄)

2-Manning Equation
𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝟔 𝑹𝟔 𝟏 𝟐
𝑪= → 𝒗 = 𝑪√𝑹𝒔𝒐 = √𝑹𝒔𝒐 = 𝑹𝟑 √𝒔𝒐
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗 = 𝑨𝑹𝟑 √𝒔𝒐
𝒏
𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒐𝒏 (𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆)
𝟏
𝒏 (𝒔𝒆𝒄⁄𝒎𝟓 )

3-Darcy Equation
𝒇𝒍 𝒗𝟐 𝒉𝒇 𝒇 𝒗𝟐 𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝑨 𝑫
𝒉𝒇 = , 𝒔𝒆 = = ,𝑨 = , 𝑷 = 𝝅𝑫 ,𝑹 = =
𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝒍 𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝟒 𝑷 𝟒
𝒇 𝒗𝟐 𝟖𝒈 𝟖𝒈
𝑫 = 𝟒𝑹 → 𝒔𝒆 = ∴𝒗=√ √𝑹𝒔𝒆 , 𝑪√𝑹𝒔𝒐 = √ √𝑹𝒔𝒐
𝟒𝑹 𝟐𝒈 𝒇 𝒇
𝟖𝒈 𝟖𝒈 𝒏𝟐
∴𝒇= 𝟐 , 𝒇= 𝟏
𝑪
𝑹𝟑
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 Try to derive by yourself

𝒃 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐 𝒎 , 𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟏 𝒎 , 𝑺𝒐 = 𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 , 𝑸 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄 , 𝑪 = 𝟔𝟐

𝑸 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟏
𝒂) 𝒗 = = 𝑪√𝑹𝒔𝒆 ∴ = 𝟔𝟐 ∗ √ 𝑺 , 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟔 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑨 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟏 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟏 𝒆

∴ 𝑺𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ≠ 𝑺𝒐 (𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎)

𝑨 𝒃𝒚
𝒃) 𝑫 = = = 𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟏 𝒎
𝑩 𝒃
𝒗 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟔
𝑭𝒏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖 < 𝟏 (𝑺𝒖𝒃 − 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 ) (𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈)
√𝒈𝑫 √𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟏

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