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J. ent. Res., 42 (4) : 00-00 (2018) Check & Correct Underline
Reference

Contact Toxicity of some newer insecticides against mango mealy bug,

Drosicha mangiferae (Green)

Priyanka Dwivedi, Gaurava Kumar* and R.P. Srivastava

Bioactive Plant Natural Products (BPNP) / Insecticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Govind

d
Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India

ABSTRACT

he
An experiment was conducted to determine the contact toxicity of some newer insecticides, viz.,
chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, and monocrotophos against second instar nymphs
(mean nymphal wt. = 28 mg) of mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae by residue contact bioassay and
nymphal dip methods. Indoxacarb and fipronil both, at 0.01% a.i., proved almost non-toxic in residue
contact bioassay method on glass surface. The LC30 and LC50 values of monocrotophos at 24 and 48 HAE
were 0.0027 and 0.0078%; and 0.0024 and 0.0073%, respectively. In nymphal dip method the LC50 value of
monocrotophos and imidacloprid at 48 HAE were 0.0084, 0.0022%, respectively and of indoxacarb at 72
HAE was 0.0027%. In another experiment the LD30 and LD50 values of indoxacarb against 4th instar nymphs

value at 72 HAE was 18.93 µg/nymph.

lis
(mean nymphal wt. = 64.6 mg) of D. mangiferae by topical application method, using a micro syringe was
4.69 and 8.31; 4.57 and 7.77; and 4.302 and 6.601 µg/nymph at 24, 48, and 72 HAE, respectively. The LD90

Key words : Chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, Drosicha mangiferae (Green), bioefficacy.

INTRODUCTION Pakistan and China (Alam, 1962; Rafiq and Ghani,

ub
Mango (Mangifera indica Linnaeus) a member
of family Anacardiaceae (Singh, 1968; Litz, 1997), is
known as king of fruits. It is attacked by a number
of insect pests among which mealybugs are one of
the most important pests. It has about 20 species
of which, Drosicha mangiferae (Green), Drosicha
stebbingi (Green) and Rastrococcus iceryoides
np
1972; Pruthi and Batra, 1960; Srivastava, 1997;
Karar et al. 2012). An estimated 50% losses occur
in mango crop due to mango mealybugs (Karar et
al., 2012). Being a polyphagous pest in nature it
has a very wide host spectrum which includes fruit
trees, ornamental plants, vegetable plants, weeds
and grasses, etc. (Srivastava, 1997).

(Green) are considered to be the key destructive
mealybug species of mangoes in the Subcontinent
South East Asia. The mango mealybug, D. mangiferae
(Homoptera: Coccidae) was first reported from
Dehradun on sal and from Lahore on mango by
Stebbing 1889. The pest is widely distributed in the
Indo-Gangetic plains from Punjab to Assam. The
infestation is quite serious in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh,
U
The nymphs and females of this bug suck sap
from inflorescence, tender leaves, shoots and fruit
peduncles. Affected panicles shrivel and become
dead. The nymphs secrete honey dew, which
facilitate the growth of sooty mould fungus (Smith
et al., 1997). Due to the growth of sooty moulds on
leaves, photosynthesis activity is affected (Pruthi and
Batra, 1960). Severe infestation affects the fruit set

Bihar and Delhi, while moderate in West Bengal
and low in Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Himachal
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra
Pradesh (Tandon and Lal, 1976; Srivastava, 1997;
Akter et al., 2017). Apart from India, it has also been
reported as serious pest of mango in Bangladesh,
*Corresponding author’s E-mail : gauravakumarento@gmail.com
and causes leaf and fruit drop. The recommended
method for checking damage by mealybug is killing
the different stages of insect on the branches by
insecticidal sprays (Atwal et al., 1969; Birat, 1963;
Morrill and Osanes, 1947; Singh, 1957), Directorate
of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (2013)
has recommended the use of dimethoate 30EC
and monocrotophos 36SL @ 0.05 and 0.04%,
respectively. NCIPM (2007) has recommended
fastening of 400 gauge alkathene sheets of 25 cm
width to the tree trunk and soil application of 2%
methyl parathion or 1.5% chlorpyriphos dust @ 250
gm/tree in the middle of December. The mortality rate
up to 55% was achieved with the insecticidal sprays
with metasystox and ethyl-parathion (Ishaq et al.,
2004). Considering all the associated problems for
better management of D. mangiferae this study was
done to check the contact toxicity of some newer
insecticides against the insect.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Culture of D. mangiferae : The nymphs of mango
mealybug were collected from the heavily infested
host plants at the Garden Section of the G.B. Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
and this was pre-conditioned in the laboratory for
about 12 hours without food. (Khurana and Verma,
1988; Srivastava, 1981). The culture was used the
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next day for testing the bio-efficacy of insecticides.
Residue contact bioassay method: An experiment
was conducted to determine the contact toxicity
of five insecticides viz., imidacloprid (Maharaja
17.8 SL, Gharda Insecticides Ltd.), indoxacarb
(Avaunt 15.8EC, EI Dupont), fipronil (Regent
ub
5SC, Bayer Crop Science Ltd.), monocrotophos
(Monodhan 36SL, Dhanuka Agri Tech Ltd.), and
chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 18.5SC, EI Dupont)
against 2nd instar nymphs (mean nymphal wt. =
18mg) of D. mangiferae by residue contact bioassay
method (Srivastava and Proksch, 1991 and 1993;
Murugesan and Dhingra, 1998; Ramangouda and
Srivastava, 2009 and Thodsare and Srivastava,
np
2014) in corning glass petridishes under laboratory
conditions (Avg. temp. = 23 ± 2ºC, RH = 55-65%).
Five concentrations of each of the insecticides
viz. indoxacarb, fipronil, imidacloprid, monocrotophos
and chlorantraniliprole based on the findings of
preliminary experiment, were prepared in tap water.
One ml of each dilution was put into each of the
lids of corning glass petridish (dia. 9 cm, ht. 1.5
U
cm), making concentric rings so as to make a thin
film. The solvent was allowed to evaporate at room
temperature. After evaporation, the 2nd instar nymphs
of D. mangiferae (n=6) were introduced into each
petridish and given 30 minutes contact exposure.
The control nymphs were exposed to water film only.
Three replications were maintained per treatment.
The treated nymphs were offered fresh mango leaves
in plastic rearing boxes (size: l 24 × b 15 × ht. 8
cm). The data on mortality was recorded at 12, 24,
48 and 72 hours after exposure (HAE). Moribund
nymphs were counted as dead.
Nymphal dip method : The contact toxicity of the
above five insecticides was also assessed by
nymphal dip method against 2nd instar nymphs (mean
nymphal wt. = 28 mg) of D. mangiferae following
(Watkinson et al., 1984; Murgesan and Dhingra, 1998;
d
Khan and Jamil, 2007; Kumar, 2008; Kumar and
Srivastava, 2009) in corning glass petridishes under
laboratory conditions (Avg. temp. = 23 ± 2°C, RH
= 60-70%). Five concentrations of each insecticide
he
taken for the residue contact bioassay method were
prepared in tap water. Thirty mealybug nymphs
were taken in a muslin cloth cover/ bag and dipped
in the respective dilution of the insecticides for 20
seconds. After contact exposure, ten nymphs were
transferred to each rearing box (size: l 24 × b 15
× ht 8 cm) containing fresh mango leaves and this
constituted one replication of a dilution (treatment).
The observations on nymphal morbidity and mortality
were recorded at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 HAE. Moribund
nymphs were counted as dead.
Topical application bioassay method: A
preliminary experiment was conducted to determine
the LD50 (contact toxicity) of indoxacarb against
fourth instar nymphs of D. mangiferae (mean
nymphal wt. = 64.6 mg) by topical application
bioassay method under laboratory conditions
(mean temp. = 30 ± 2°C and RH = 60-70%). Five
dilutions of indoxacarb were prepared in acetone
and 2.5µl of each of these dilutions were applied
to the thoracic region of fourth instar nymphs of
D. mangiferae using a repeating topical dispenser
attached to 25µl Hamilton microapplicator syringe.
The amount of a.i. present in 2.5 µl volume of each
of the above mentioned dilutions were: 13.17, 10.50,
7.87, 5.25 and 2.62 µg/nymph (Hummelbrunner
and Isman, 2001; Chilana and Srivastava, 2010;
Pavela, 2005; Bhatt, 2014; Thodsare and Srivastava,
2014). Ten bugs were taken for each dilution. The
topically exposed nymphs were kept in corning
glass petridishes (dia: 9 cm, ht. 1.5 cm) lined
with a moist filter paper. Fresh Ficus leaves were
provided for feeding. The observations on morbidity
and mortality were checked at 6, 12, 24, 48 and
72 HAE. Moribund nymphs were counted as dead.
The mortality in each treatment was corrected by
Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925).
Statistical analysis : The observations recorded on mortality
were corrected using Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925) as
given under:
T-C
Abbott's corrected mortality (%) = × 100
100-C
Where, T = mortality in treatments (%)
    C = mortality in control (%)
The data obtained was subjected to probit
analysis for calculating regression equation and LC/
LD values following Finney (1971). LC50 values were
computed using probit analysis based computer
programme STPR718. Relative toxicity (RT) of
insecticides was calculated based on LC 30, 50
and 90 values by using the following formula
(Ramangouda and Srivastava, 2009).
LC value of least toxic insecticide
RT =
LC value of candidate insecticide
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results on the assessment of toxic response
lis
of insecticides against D. mangiferae have been
presented under the respective heads as outlined
in materials and methods. Residue contact bioassay
method: Among the 5 insecticides tested for their
contact toxicity against 2nd instar nymphs of D.
mangiferae only monocrotophos reflected the
ub
considerable toxicity. The LC30 and LC50 values at 24
and 48 HAE were 0.0027 and 0.0078; and 0.0024
and 0.0073%, respectively. Surprisingly, indoxacarb
and fipronil both at a concentration of 0.01% a.i.
proved almost non-toxic against 2nd instar nymphs
in this method. Similarly, no mortality was recorded
in imidacloprid (0.0089%) and chlorantraniliprole
np
Table 1. Dosage-mortality response of monocrotophos against 2nd instar nymphs of mango mealybug, Drosicha
mangiferae (Green) at 24 HAE by residue contact bioassay method.
Insecticide LC values (%)
(Trade name) LC30 LC50
Monocrotophos 0.0027 0.0078
(Monodhan 36 SL)
HAE = Hours after exposure, Mean nymphal wt. = 18 mg/bug
U
Table 2. Dosage-mortality response of monocrotophos against 2nd instar nymphs of mango mealybug, Drosicha
mangiferae (Green) at 48 HAE by residue contact bioassay method.
Insecticide LC values (%)
(Trade name) LC30 LC50
Monocrotophos 0.0024 0.0073
(Monodhan 36 SL)
HAE = Hours after exposure, Mean nymphal wt. = 18 mg/bug
(0.037%) by this method up to 72 HAE (Tables 1
and 2).
Nymphal dip method : All the five insecticides
except fipronil, proved toxic to the mango mealybug,
reflecting an array of toxic response depending upon
the concentration of a.i. Dip method, therefore, proved
better than the residue contact bioassay method
in evaluating the contact toxicity of insecticides.
The LC values of monocrotophos at 48 HAE were
d
0.0026 (LC30) and 0.0084 (LC50); of imidacloprid
0.00104 (LC30), 0.0022 (LC50) and 0.015 (LC90);
and of indoxacarb at 72 HAE were 0.00029 (LC30)
and 0.0027 (LC50), respectively (Tables 3 and 4). A
he
comparison of dose-mortality response expressed
in terms of relative toxicity (RT) indicated that
imidacloprid was 2.5 and 3.81 times more toxic than
monocrotophos at 48 HAE, LC30 and LC50 levels,
respectively (Table 3).
Topical application bioassay method : The LD30 and
LD50 values of indoxacarb at 24, 48 and 72 HAE were
4.69 and 8.31; 4.57 and 7.77; and 4.302 and 6.601
µg/nymph, respectively. The LD90 value of indoxacarb
at 72 HAE was 18.93 µg/nymph. It is evident from the
data that indoxacarb reflected good contact toxicity
against 4th instar nymphs of mango mealybug when
applied using a microlitre syringe (Tables 5 and
6). NCIPM in its technical bulletin 19 (2007) has
recommended the use of certain insecticides for the
control of mango mealybug, D. mangiferae Green.
For example monocrotophos (0.04%) and dimethoate
(0.06%) sprays if nymphs have already ascended the
trees. Khurana and Verma (1988) have evaluated 24
insecticides under laboratory and field conditions, in
Chi square Regression equation Fiducial limits at LC50
Y = a + bx Lower Upper
1.12 Y = 3.964 + 0.361x 0.0041 0.013
Chi square Regression equation Fiducial limits at LC50
Y = a + bx Lower Upper
1.34 Y = 4.025 + 0.349x 0.0037 0.013
Table 3. Dosage-mortality response of monocrotophos and imidacloprid against 2nd instar nymphs of mango mealybug,
Drosicha mangiferae (Green) at 48 HAE by nymphal dip method.
Insecticides LC values (%) Chi Regression equation Fiducial limits at LC50
(Trade name) LC30 *RT at LC50 RT at LC90 square Y = a + bx Lower Upper
LC30 LC50
Monocrotophos 0.0026 1 0.0084 1 - 7.09 Y = 3.884 + 0.377x 0.0049 0.014
(Monodhan 36 SL)
Imidacloprid 0.00104 2.5 0.0022 3.81 0.015 2.97 Y = 3.406 + 0.528x 0.0016 0.0031

d
(Maharaja 17.8 SL)
HAE = Hours after exposure, Mean nymphal wt. = 18 mg/bug
*Relative toxicity (RT) = LC value of least toxic insecticide/LC value of candidate insecticide

he
Table 4. Dosage-mortality response of indoxacarb against 2nd instar nymphs of mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae
(Green) at 72 HAE by nymphal dip method.
Insecticide LC values (%) Chi square Regression equation Fiducial limits at LC50
(Trade name) LC30 LC50 Y = a + bx Lower Upper
Indoxacarb 0.00029 0.0027 0.194 Y = 4.409 + 0.179x 0.00086 0.019
(Avaunt 15.8 EC)
HAE = Hours after exposure, Mean nymphal wt. = 18 mg/bug

(Trade name)
Indoxacarb
LD30
4.69
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Table 5. Preliminary study on dosage mortality response of indoxacarb against 4th instar nymphs of mango mealybug,
Drosicha mangiferae (Green) by topical application bioassay method at 24 HAE.
Insecticide LD values (µg/larva)
LD50
8.31
Chi square

1.68
Regression equation
Y = a + bx
Y = 3.677 + 0.389x
Fiducial limits at LD50
Lower
5.15
Upper
19.21
ub
(Avaunt 15.8 EC)
HAE = Hours after exposure, Mean nymphal wt. = 64.6 mg/bug

Table 6. Preliminary study on dosage mortality response of indoxacarb against 4th instar nymphs of mango mealybug,
Drosicha mangiferae (Green) by topical application bioassay method at 48 HAE.
Insecticide LD values (µg/larva) Chi square Regression equation Fiducial limits at LD50
(Trade name) LD30 LD50 Y = a + bx Lower Upper
np

Indoxacarb 4.57 7.77 1.30 Y=3.651+0.414x 4.88 14.28

(Avaunt 15.8 EC)
HAE = Hours after exposure, Mean nymphal wt. = 64.6 mg/bug

which monocrotophos (0.025%) resulted in 14.3, 14.3
and 39.0% mortality at 1, 2 and 3 days after releasing
the first instar nymphs of D. mangiferae on insecticidal
films prepared on filter paper circle. Monocrotophos
U
method, proved toxic in nymphal dip method with
LC50 values of 0.0084 (monocrotophos), 0.0022
(imidacloprid) and 0.0027 (indoxacarb) at 48 HAE.
Dip method exposes the insect to the insecticides

in our experiments against 2nd instar nymphs of D.
mangiferae has reflected considerable toxicity in
residue contact bioassay method on glass surface
(LC50 = 0.0078 and 0.0073% at 24 and 48 HAE).
Indoxacarb (0.01%), fipronil (0.01%), imidacloprid
(0.0089%) and chlorantraniliprole (0.037%) which
proved almost non-toxic against 2nd instar nymphs
of mango mealybug in residue contact bioassay
all around its body surface whereas residue contact
bioassay method on glass surface exposes only the
ventral surface of the insect body. This probably has
led to the better results of contact toxicity evaluation
in dip method. Kumar (2008) and Murugesan and
Dhingra (1998) have also pleaded the superiority
of dip method in evaluation of contact toxicity of
insecticides. Fipronil and chlorantraniliprole did not
show contact toxicity against mealybugs in this study.
Hussain et al. (2012) have conducted an exhaustive
study on the chemical control of 4th instar nymph of
D. mangiferae under laboratory and field conditions
in Pakistan. The toxicity test by leaf dip method
has revealed that triazophos gave the maximum
mortality (64%, 7 days after treatment) followed by
methomyl (40%), imidacloprid (28%), bifenthrin (24%),
emamectin benzoate (12%) and kerosene oil (12%).
In foliar method where the insecticidal solution was
sprayed on dorsal surface of the mealybug, the
percent mortality was 100% (triazophos) followed by
methomyl (96%), spinosad (72%), imidacloprid (52%),
emamectin benzoate (36%), bifenthrin (16%) and
kerosene oil (4%). Gulzar et al. (2015) used leaf dip
bioassay against female mealybug and reported that
profenfos was the most effective insecticide showing
maximum mortality viz., 56.66% at 24 HAE, 93.10%
at 48 HAE, 96.55% at 72 HAE, 96.55% at 96 HAE
and 100% mortality at 120 HAE, followed by lambda
lis
cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos.
Indoxacarb has not shown any contact toxicity
in residue contact bioassay method but the contact
toxicity observed in nymphal dip method, encouraged
us to go for the determination of lethal dose (LD) by
mircoapplicator. The results are encouraging (LD50
= 7.77 µg/nymph, mean nymphal body wt. = 64.6
ub
mg/nymph) and the LD values of other insecticides
are to be determined for comparison of toxicity by
this method.
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