Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
Machine Learning and IoT based Disease
Predictor and Alert Generator System
2020 Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) 978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 10.1109/ICCMC48092.2020.ICCMC-000142
Nidhi Kundu1 Geeta Rani2
Kundu.nidhi1990@gmail.com geetachhikara@gmail.com
1,2,3
Department of Computer &
Communication Engineering, Manipal
University Jaipur, Jaipur-303007
Abstract- Rapidly expanding market of health and increase
in the common health issues such as cardiovascular,
neurological and pulmonary, sleep, hydration and breath rate
disorders motivates researchers to contribute in developing as
well as designing systems that accurately observes the body
parameter analyses, where the values of monitored
parameters and generates alerts if the values show deviation
from the standard pre-set values. The monitoring helps in
early detection of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart,
respiratory disorders. Devices described in literature faces the
challenges such as low reliability, low accuracy and less
energy efficient. In this manuscript, authors present a review
of existing literature available at national as well as
international level. The review focuses on wearable devices
such as smart eyewear, wrist band, smart jewelry, sleep track,
smart garments and head mounted etc. The challenges
identified by the review, motivates the authors to focus on
designing a health monitoring frame work. In this manuscript,
the authors propose a Machine Learning and IoT based
Disease Predictor and Alert Generator S ystem. The ease to
use and high reliability proves the usefulness of system in the
real time scenario.
Keywords-Wearable device; Deep learning; Health; energy
efficiency; Feature extraction; Review.
I. INTRODUCTION
The growth and development of a country is directly
determined by physical, mental and social health of
people living there. Nowadays, medical issues are
expanding at faster rate. The advancement in
technology has changed the life style of people. Thus,
they become more prone to disorders such as heart
disorders, brain hemorrhage, d iabetes and blood
pressure. Continuous health monitoring and disorder
prediction is a key requirement to maintain health of
the nation. A review of wea rable health monitoring
devices in [1] present a review on the basis of
important bodily intimations such as heart rate, body
temperature , respirat ion rate, , blood pressure, blood
oxygen saturation, blood pressure etc. sensed,
technology and architecture used for sensing. In today’s
era, the world is heading where network and its devices
both present at the same time. This is possible with the
978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
Vijaypal Singh Dhaka 3
vijaypalsingh.dhaka@jaipur.manipal.edu
help of IoT[2][3] and Machine Learning. To handle the
lot of data and providing lo w cost sensors deep learning
provides best techniques. Some techniques are
discussed by the authors which can be imp lemented in
health sector in [4]. These techniques are Auto
Encoders [AE], Restricted boltzmann machines and
RNN-Recurrent Neural Network. CNN-Convolutional
Neural Net work, DBN-Deep Belief Network. A E
performs better than neural network due to the pre
training. Co mpare to the conventional mach ine
learning models deep learning models are better for
implementation in the health monitoring[4]. Deep
Learn ing is useful as it handles large amount of clin ical
data easily and also increase the co mputational power.
For elderly people, it is very necessary to give extra
care as they live most of the time alone at home. For
such people Bayesian Network based observing system
with the Dynamic capabilities was developed based on
the human postures[5]. Th is model gives 82% accuracy
and instantaneous response to elderly who stay alone at
home. Authors compared the various health monitoring
devices their features with advantages and
disadvantages.
The review gives an insight that design of devices with
low power consumption, reliab ility, security and
comfo rt are at h igh demand. Th is can be possible with
the help of Machine Learning. The existing devices are
challenging to use due to uncomfortable use, adverse
effects on body, high cost, low reliability and more
human intervention. Moreover, the study of existing
literature shows that there is lack of single system that
can predict a disease or disorder, analyze the severity of
disease, send notificat ions and generate suitable
prescriptions to deal with the emergent heath condition.
To provide a solution to the above discussed
challenges, in this manuscript, the authors propose a “A
real time health monitoring and disorder predict ion
system using IoT and machine leaning”.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study of existing literature reveals that different
devices are designed to monitor the parameters such as
Electroencephalogram Graph (ECG), Blood Pressure
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IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
(BP), Respiration Rate (RR), Blood Oxygen Level
(BOL) etc. These devices have advantages as well
disadvantages. A comparison of different devices is
given in Table I. Colu mn 1 present the name of
parameter to be monitored, colu mn 2 shows the
features of the devices designed to monitor a parameter,
column 3 highlights the advantages and the last column
shows the disadvantages of using the device. Authors
present a summary o f various health monitoring
devices proposed by different authors for various age
groups is Table II.
A comparison of traditional methods of disease
prediction with the machine learn ing models indicates
that machine learning models yield mo re pro mising
results if well trained with huge dataset. Deep Learn ing
provides the machine health monitoring system[4]. In
this feature selection techniques helps to make the
computational processing faster, remove noise fro m
data, reduce the complexity of data, for insufficient
data samples. Authors discussed the time do main,
frequency domain, time -frequency domain techniques
of feature selection. Denoising of the data samp les is
very beneficial for the mach ine health data. For targets
whose values are discrete softmax layer is applied and
for continuous linear regression. An effective use of
Internet of Things (IoT) helps to manage the
voluminous data generated in the clinical records.
Analysis of clinical parameters recorded in the
generated data using a blend of IoT and mach ine
learning provides an effect ive way o f disease prediction
[6].Authors analyze the health system based on the
changes observe din the body. Authors proposed the
robust health care system using IoT to monitor the heart
T able I. Comparison of Devices used for Monitoring Body Parameters
Name of Body Features of Device/ System
Parameter to
be Monitored
ECG[1, 4] Wet Ag/AgCl electrodes.
Fabric embedded dry electrodes.
Sensors with dryness, flexibility and
stretchability.
Dry electrodes embedded in
electrically conductive Fiber with
small current and impedance.
Blood Pressure Inflatable pressure chops given to
patient at arm with a stethoscope [1].
Photoplethysmography: BP estimation
between the pulse waves measured on
chest or on wrist using PPG signal
obtained by ECG and PPG.[12].
Placing at two adjacent points of the
body(neck and wrist), two
microelectromechanical sensors .
[13].
978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
rate and temperature[2].Mobile phones or laptops can
be directly connected to proposed system to measure
heart rate and inform the patient directly by the doctor.
It is helpful for the people who are unable to fix
appointment face to face with doctor, elderly people to
give them ext ra care, people in remote areas. To
monitor ECG signal now adays many non -contact
capacitive electrodes are used instead of those which
touch the skin[1]. As per the review for b lood pressure
watch type pressure sensors where used[7]. Author
proposed a firefly system for d iagnose of heart using
support system imp lementation and making it
computationally effective. Exemp lified as use of
Decision Support System to diagnose heart disease(s)
using feature selection and classification techniques [8]
helps to accurately diagnose the heart disorders or
diseases. Respiration rate is often guessed instead of
recorded in clin ical settings. Using accelero meter
respiration rate can be measured remotely[9]. Pulse
oximetry use by authors to make respirat ion rate
measure efficient for clinical staff, continuous
monitoring , co mpatib le fo r clin ical practice,
reasonable, and accessible, [10]. Continuous non-
invasive chemical sensing enables the considerable use
in various health monitoring applicat ions [11]. To
implement security in hospital environ ment author
proposed a layer system with the policies to regulate
the reliability , security, sustainability, trust [3].Author
designed the hospital system using IoT and AI with
focus on security issues in hospital. The main object ive
of our develop ment is to develop a mon itoring system
suitable for all ages and also energy efficient using
deep learning.
Advantages Disadvantages
Low cost, compact, reliable. Cause skin irritation, less
contact with skin when gel
dries.
Electrodes do not cause skin Artefacts due to body
irritation. movement.
Being in touch with the skin make it
less viable to be used apart from
medical diagnose environment.
Fiber must be washable,
twistable. Most sensitive to
motion artefacts.
Autonomous BP measurement. Disruption of sleep, skin issues and
stress increases.
Wearing comfort and low-cost Inaccuracy and light physical
optical technique. exercise.
Determines accurately the High power dissemination.
velocity of the pulse wave and
the latency observed. soft
biocompatible silicone so
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
Experimental watch- prototype near
the radial artery which uses a
pressure sensor [7].
Respiration Rate Elastomeric Plethysmography (EP)
[1].
Impedance plethysmography (IP) [1].
Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography
(RIP) [1].
Garment prototype with high accuracy in
measuring the changes in the chest volume
and the abdomen using a piezo resistive
fabric sensor [14].
Accelerometers [9].
ECG signal [15].
Pulse oximetry [10].
Polymer-based transducers sensors [16].
Optical fibers [17].
Infrared cameras or acoustic methods.
A polymer named Polypower
Blood Oxygen pulse oximetry principles and
Saturation (SpO2) Photoplethysmography (PPG) technology
[18]
Chip on Ear lobe.
Fabric where optical fibers used to made
both light-source and detectors [19].
Blood Glucose Collecting samples of blood via finger
Level pricking
Medtronic Continuous Glucose
Monitoring (CGM) device.
https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/treat
ments/continuous-glucose-monitoring
Adhesive patch e.g. Dexcom, Inc with a
needle, to release insulin into the body
using insulin pump that is wearable
sending the data wirelessly.
https://www.dexcom.com/pt-PT
GlucoWatch® first commercial wearable
devices for continuous monitoring of
blood glucose but due to skin burning
issues discontinued.[20].
Skin Perspiration Sensor to observe sweat [11].
978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
comfortable to wear on skin.
Continuous real-time monitoring of
BP in a smart phone.
The variations in the piezo electric
sensors are converted into voltage
using the electric belt
IP make use of body surface
impedance changes makes by
expansion and contraction during
breathing for the soldiers by
developing a vest.
The breath count of children and
adults are measured using the
magnetic field that relies on the
current in the loop wire and the loop
orientation.
Wearable, home based, distinguish the Error if breathing rate is very
predominance breathing compartment. high.
Remotely measure respiration rate. Good for short term respiration
rate measurement else give
inaccurate result.
ECG signals based respiratory signal Costly, specified equipment is
extraction was proposed. used which create physical
discomfort for the patient,
Analyze the shape of the filters
used is cumbersome task.
Efficient for clinical staff, continuous Cannot be used to assess
monitoring, reasonable, easily oxygen delivery (anemia) or
accessible and compatible to clinics adequacy of ventilation.
Low cost, portable, small, easy to use Highly sensitive
and light weight.
Enable to track breathing in various Not compatible with sensors.
positions.
Not suitable for wearable
devices.
No use of dangerous fluid metals.
Used in acquiring saturation levels of Under research
the blood oxygen.
Small in size. Wrong result on excessively
high movements.
Efficient to analyze different tissue Light source limited to low
depths. power.
Collecting samples of blood via finger Development of massive
pricking scarring formation.
Dexcom, Inc with a needle, to release
insulin into the body using insulin
pump that is wearable
Continuous monitoring. Not good for skin as beneath
the skin.
Frequent, non-invasive measurements. T he onset of the
Complications of diabetes.
Ensure patient safety and avoid
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2

clinical problems
A Bluetooth module interfacing with Skin perspiration continuous
microcontroller [21]. monitoring.
Capnography Access PCO2 , capnography units with Cost effective and safe Not good during anesthesia,
quick calibration procedures which is issues related with associated
reliable, portable and cost effective [22]. burns and elevated
temperatures, does not access
respiration rate.
Body T emperature Core temp: a battery-less RFID Wireless epidermal temperature Variation in results as
thermometer [23]. sensor which can be reused, RFID temperature varies frequently.
thermometer without battery to
measure CT (core temperature).
Skin temp [24]. Real time estimation of CT with high Technical issues in traditional
accuracy. ways.

T able II. Summary of Health Monitoring Devices Proposed by Different Authors.

Author, Contributions De vices Target age Convenience of use Drawbacks

Year group
Weider D. Yu, Developed a Wireless Pocket PC, Tablet PC, eBox II, and For Reduces efforts of All health parameters are
Pradeep Ray, Mobile Multimedia Server. physicians physicians and nurses measured manually by
and Tiberiu Information System RFID-Patient identification, and nurses by displaying patient nurses and updated.
Motoc, [25] (WISH) in Healthcare Registered physicians and nurses and record which is Uneducated patients or
Using RFID. Tested in access WISH and update database patients. accessible from computer phobic cannot
US in 2008. remote.
through Pocket PC, Tablet PC, access WISH.
eBox II, and Server.
Sumit Cardiovascular, Biometric shirt, Old age. Use of on body electrodes,
Majumder, neurological and Fitness trackers. more power consumption,
Tapas Mondal, pulmonary diseases the wearable may be
M. Jamal can be predicted uncomfortable, allergy
Deen, causing etc.
fall detection, gait
2017[26] pattern and post
ureanalysis,
orinsleepassessment
James Wearable device to collect data, use Patients of
McWhortera, of IoT, If condition of nightmare any age.
Lucas Browna, arises in patient then it activates the
Lara Khansab, system to suppress activities and
2017[27] cause normalized sleep.
Benjamin W Wearable measuring Apple Watch 3 and the Fitbit Any age Measurement of HR
Nelson, MS; heart rate for 24 hours. Charge 2 HR, ECG groups. would become
Nicholas B Analyses. increasingly inaccurate as
Allen activity intensity
(2019)[28] increased.

Jonathan M. Observes sleep, mPower (Pod measure EMG) Any age Athletes, soldiers, Not validated
Peake, breathe rate and stress. garments: Athos, Sensoria, groups. firefighters, and
Graham Kerr, Dynafeed, industrial laborers,
John P. Hexoskin to measure firefighters.
Sullivan cardiorespiratory function and
(2018)[12] physical activity levels.
OmegaWave, Zephyr sensor, E4
wristband, Reign Active Recovery,
MioSLICETM wristband, HELO
smart watch, Biostrap, CoreSense
(Heart rate monitor).
Priyanka Wearable and a smart Zephyr BT [heart rate information] Any age Athletes, military, Variation in time while
Kakria,N. K. phone based real time Omron Wireless Upper Arm blood groups. heart patient sending the message, no
Tripathi,and health monitoring. pressure monitor, G plus, energy efficient, area
Peerapong Bluetooth based temperature sensor covered was fixed 10-
Kitipawang(20 100km
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
III. PROPOSED WORK
This manuscript focuses on designing and developing a
Real Time Health Monitoring and Disorder Pred iction
System (HMDPS). The system will mon itor the body
parameters such as blood pressure, neural stress, blood
glucose level, temperature and heart rate using sensor based
wearable device, send the collected data to cloud, and
applies the machine learning algorith m to make pred iction
of one or more disorder. It will notify the person in case of
deviation fro m the standard values of body parameters.
Moreover, this will send the alert to the registered mobile
numbers, mobiles connected to nearest tower location and
ambulance in case of emergency. The degree of emergency
will be decided by setting a threshold for different body
parameters on consulting the specialist doctors for
respective disease. Fig. 1 shows the flow diagram of health
monitoring system.
Set the Standard value for Prediction of unusual
various health behaviour from the standard
parameters. values.
Fig. 1. Flow Diagram of Health Monitoring
Blood
Blood
Glucose Pressure body pain
Level
Wearable
Device
Neural
Stress T emperature
Heart Rate
Applying AI
algorithms (CNN,
RNN)
Recommending
prescription to
prevent
disorder(s)
Fig. 2. Architecture of Health Monitoring and Prediction System
IV. Conclusion
This manuscript presents an extensive survey of wearable
devices and/or health mon itoring systems available or
proposed in literature. Devices discussed in Table I and
Table II measure body parameters such as heart rate,
respiration rate, blood glucose, body temperature etc. On
the basis of review of existing literature, authors conclude
that microeletro mechanical sensors make use of two
electrodes placed in t wo nearby points of neck or wrist of
body for measuring b lood pressure and yields accurate
results. But its high-power consumption restricts its use.
Apple Watch 3 and the Fitbit Charge 2 measure heart rate.
These devices are capable in analyzing ECG o f patients.
But these devices give inaccurate results on huge data sets.
Moreover, disabled people found the devices inconvenient
to use. The Machine Learning and IoT Based System
978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
Fig. 2 shows the architecture of the proposed device. To
reduce the human intervention in the proposed system,
authors focus on applying Deep Neural Network algorith ms
as Deep Neural Net work is faster than the conventional
mach ine learning Techniques. Algorithm used in our
proposed system is Convolutional Neural Net work [CNN]
and Recurrent Neural Network [RNN]. These algorith ms
perform auto matic prep rocessing, feature extract ion,
classification and evaluation. Thus, minimizes the hu man
intervention. Moreover, training of proposed model on
huge real time dataset ensures the reliability and accuracy
of the system. The continuous training of the system makes
it effective to the system is applicab le fo r all age groups
and even for people with disabilities.
Alert message in case of Prescription using CNN, RNN
emergency using phone and deep learning techniques to
internet. patient.
StandardValues
Values
Standard andand M easured
Measured
valuesofof
values Body
Body Parameters
Parameters
Disorder Prediction
using Machine Learning
algorithms
Alerts on Registered Mobiles Nearest T ower
Connected Mobiles Nearest Ambulance
proposed in this manuscript, overcome the drawbacks of
the existing devices using contactless sensors. Being
contactless, the system does not cause irritation to a patient.
Being automatic, it is convenient to use for disabled people
and people fro m all age groups. For using the system, there
is no requirement of rigorous training. Use of mach ine
learning algorith ms is effective in making accurate
predictions of disorder(s) without human intervention.
Effective blend of IoT and Machine Learning helps to deal
with volu minous clinical data for early predict ion of
diseases. Thus, the features such as contactless, automatic,
dealing with huge dataset, convenience of use, generating
alerts, notifying to concerned authorities in time prove its
usefulness in the real scenario of med ical field. The system
is still in the stage of development of its prototype. Authors
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 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number:CFP20K25-ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4889-2
are working in the direction of making it energy efficient
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