Mobile Internet

2.- Wireless Communications

IM, Jorge García Vidal, 2020-21

 Radio transmission
• Mobility is linked to radio (wireless)
transmission

– Cellular Nets: GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSPA, LTE, 5G

– WLANs: 802.11 (WiFi)
– LowPOWER: Bluetooth, 802.15.4 (ZigBee),
RFID&NFC, LoraWAN, etc
Physical principles: Near/Far EM Field
EM wave
ITX(t) IRX(t) IRX(t)
+

< λ/2π > 2λ

Near Field Far Field
(Reactive) Electromagnetic field
Wireless transmission λ= c/f
f en Hz (s-1)
E ω = 2πf (rad/s)
c = 3x108 m/s
H

espacio

Señal en banda base Señal trasladada en frecuencia

tiempo tiempo

Potencia = k |E|2 Frecuencia portadora

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation#/media/File:Onde_electromagnetique.svg
Signals and transmissions channels are modeled using complex
numbers to model atenuation and phase changes by a single
multiplicative complex coeficient
Signals and transmissions channels are modeled using complex
numbers to model atenuation and phase changes by a single
multiplicative complex coeficient

Change in amplitude
cos(ωt) αcos(ωt)

Change in phase
cos(ωt) cos(ωt+φ)
Signals and transmissions channels are modeled using complex
numbers to model atenuation and phase changes by a single
multiplicative complex coeficient

cos(ωt) αcos(ωt+φ)

s(t) = cos(wt) + i sin(wt) r(t) =hs(t) =

αcos(wt+φ) + i αsin(wt+φ)

h=α e iφt
 Wireless
transmission The decoded
message can
have errors
Information +code bits
1101
1001

t
t t

t
Bits are encoded into symbol + carrier
signal, which are then amplified and
transmitted
When we aplify the received signal, we also
Extremely low power signal amplify the in-band noise => Signal power
mixed with electrical noise versus noise power (SNR, Signal to Noise ratio)
 Reminder: dB
• Loss:
• Ptx/ Prx (No units)
• 10 log(Ptx/ Prx) (decibels, dB)
• Eg:
• Ptx: 100 mW,
• Prx: 10 nW
• Loss: 10.000.000 = 70 dB
 Reminder: dBm
• Power in dBm:
• 10 log(P/1 mW) (dBm)

• Eg:
• P = 100 mW = 20 dBm
• P = 10 nW = -50 dBm
• Loss (dB) = P tx (dBm) – P Rx (dBm) = 70 dB
Wireless transmission (free space)
• Friis transmission equation (free space path
loss)
Carrier wavelength

Pr = Pt Gt Gr ( λ / 4πd )2

Distance
Antenna gains (Tx and Rx)
 Wireless transmission
• Fading, shadowing, multipath fading, Doppler
effect, changing channel conditions, etc

Reflection
Difraction

Scattering

NLOS

Doppler effect
Wireless transmission

Source: Pahlavan, Lebesque, “Wireless Information networks”

Difraction Better coverage for lower frequencies
(i.e. larger wavelengths)

Small wavelength Large wavelength

Small wavelength Small wavelength

Source: https://www.tes.com/lessons/fQ9uRawQj_pHww/p1-diffraction-gcse-science
 Wireless Transmission (Land)

•Strong attenuation with distance

Pr 1 In many examples we will

=k α 1.5 ≤ α ≤ 6 use α≈4
Pt d

•Antenna directivity
Atenuation

1/dn +
Log-Normal…
 Atenuation

Ref: M Zúñiga, B. Krishnamachari, “An Analysis of Unreliability and Assymetry in Low-Power Wireless Links”, 2007
Atenuation

log
 Attenuation and frequency
H2O
O2

Source: https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21796260/millimeter-waves-will-expand-the-wireless-future
 wall

window
2-layer energy efficient
45 cm concrete and brick

1-layer thin glass window

Source:Radio Propagation into Modern Buildings: Attenuation Measurements in the Range from
800 MHz to 18 GHz” Ignacio Rodriguez, Huan C. Nguyen, Niels T. K. Jørgensen, Troels B. Sørensen
and Preben Mogensen
 Fresnel zone

1st Fresnel zone at d1=d2=D/2

𝐷𝐷(𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾)
𝐹𝐹1 = 8,656
𝑓𝑓 (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺)
Multipath fading

Different paths =>

different travel times =>
different phases
 Adding sinusoids with different phases
sin(ωt)+sin(ωt + φ) = 2 cos(φ/2) sin(ωt + φ/2)

1 1 1

1 1 1
1

2 2 2

2π/ω 2π/ω 2π/ω

time time time

 Multipath Fading

Different paths,
Different times

Received Power
Multipath Fading: variation with space
Packet loss ratios

1,5 m

2m
Delay spread in indoor/outdoor
The delay spread is the maximum
difference between the arrival
times of different multipath signals.

∆space Delay spread Typical

(∆time) Scenario
3m 10 ns Indoor (PAN, WLAN)
30 m 100 ns Indoor (WLAN)
300 m 1 ms Outdoor (Cellular)
3 Km 10 ms Outdoor (Cellular)
 Same delay spread, different fc

Delay spread

time time

Constructive interference Destructive interference

 Wireless transmission

The decoded
message can
have errors

1001 t 1101
t t

Code + information bits t

Extremely low power signal mixed with
electrical noise => Signal power versus
noise power (SNR, Signal to Noise ratio)
 Radio transmission
Received power > minimum threshold

Received Power

Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) = P rx/P noise

Min Received Power

Noise power

Maxim range Distance to anteana

Received
Radio transmission
Power

Connected Transitional Disconnected

region region region

Channel Statistical variability Variations in transmitted

power and noise floor
cause asymmetric links

Distance to antenna
Frequency response
 Frequency response and bandwidth
• Transmission systems introduce different
atenuation levels depending on frequency

time
Tx Rx
 Response to sinusoidal signals
• When the input of a time-invariant linear system is a
sinusoidal signal of a given frequency, the response is another
sinusoidal signal of the same frequency, but different
amplitude and phase (depending on the frequency)

output amplitude = input amplitude x H(f)

Linear
system
time
 Amplitude frequency response
0.5 f0
0.9843 0.9843

ns
2 f0 5 f0
0.9431
0.7846

f0=100 KHz time

 Amplitude frequency response
10 f0 20 f0

0.4886
0.2707

50 f0 100 f0
0.1153

0.0649

time
 Amplitude frequency response
H(f)

f0=100 KHz
frequency
Fourier decomposition of a signal

L=500, T=1000

time
n=1,3
Fourier decomposition of a signal

L=500, T=1000

time
n=1,..,9
Fourier decomposition of a signal

L=500, T=1000

n=1,..,499
 Output?

Linear
system
time

α x(t) + β y(t) LS α L(x(t)) + β L(y(t))

 Main idea behind signal filtering

Exploit Fourier decomposition and

superposition property of linear
systems to predict the output signal
 Linear
system

Amplitude/phase
response depends on
frequency of Fourier
component

time
Amplitude/phase response depends on frequency of
Fourier component

time
Superposition of output

n=1 n=1,3

n=1,3,5 n=1,…,49

time
 Input/output
signals

Output using
superposition
to Fourier
Components
(n:1..,49)
time
Noise & signal filtering
 Filtering
• Low pass filters: atenuates/rejects high
frequency components of a signal

Low pass
filter
time
 Low-pass filters
• Simple example of low-pass FIR (Finite Impulse
Response) filter

y[t]=(1/N)*(x[t-(N-1)]+…+x[t-2]+x[t-1]+x[t])

• Simple example of low-pass IIR (Infinite Impulse

response) filter

y[t]=α*y[t-1]+(1-α)*x[t]
Filtering out noise

time
FIR, N=4

IIR, α=0.6
time
Simple evaluation of frequency response

FIR, N=4
IIR, alpha=0.7

frequency
Bandwidth

frequency
 Time response

Low pass
filter
time
 Time and frequency response

Rising Time (e.g. 10 to 90%) Bandwidth (e.g. 50%, 20%)

≈20 µs

≈100 KHz (50%)

RT ≈250 KHz (20%)

Time (x 0.1µs) Frequency (x10 KHz)

 Time and frequency response
• There is a relationship between Bandwidth
(Bw) and Rising Time (RT).
• The exact formula depends on the thresholds
we use to define bandwidth and rising times
• In general:

k
Bw =
RT
 ≈20 µs ≈7 µs

RT
time

x 0.1 µs x 0.1 µs

20 µs x 100 KHz = 2 7 µs x 300 KHz = 2.1

≈100 KHz ≈300 KHz

≈250 KHz ≈750 KHz

x 10 KHz frequency x 10 KHz

frequency

time
 Bw and symbols per second
• Assuming ideal filtering in baseband, a
Bandwidth, with a bandwidth of Bw it is possible
to transmit R=2*Bw symbols per second (baud).
• For radiofrequencies (passband) it doubles, so
R=Bw (e.g. 1kbaud of rate takes 1 kHz of band, in
1 MHz of band it is possible to transmit
1Mbaud).
• True rates in practice for a given band are usually
lower (e.g. 10-50%). Bw (baseband) Bw (passband)

frequency
Rs=100 Kbaud Rs=200 Kbaud
Tsymbol=100 ns Tsymbol=50 ns
RT= 7 ns RT= 7 ns
Bw=300 KHz Bw=300 KHz

x 0.1 ns

Rs=1 Mbaud Rs=10 Mbaud

Tsymbol=10 ns Tsymbol=2.5
RT= 7 ns ns
Bw=300 KHz RT= 7 ns
Bw=300 KHz

time
Putting all together, Lowpass

time
frequency
Putting all together, bandpass

Bw (50%)≈4.5 MHz (passband)

=>RT(10-90%) ≈77 ns

frequency
fc ≈21.5 MHz
time
 Bw (50%)≈4.5 MHz (passba
=>RT(10-90%) ≈77 ns

fc ≈21.5 MHz

frequency
Signal power
=A2/2=50 (A=10) “White” Noise
σ2noise=0.01 σ2noise=1

SNR=5000=36 dB SNR=50=16 dB
time

σ2noise=4

SNR=12
σ2noise=25
=10.7 dB
SNR=2=3 dB
Noise filtering and Bw
α=0.75 α=0.75
Bw=300 KHz Bw=300 KHz
σnoise=2 σnoise=5

time
α=0.9 α=0.9
Bw=100 KHz Bw=100 KHz
σnoise=2 σnoise=2
Noise power versus bandwidth

PN in input = 1

PN in output = 1

time
Noise power versus bandwidth
PN in output

Bw (x10 KHz)
3.98107e-18

Electronic Noise
• In electronic circuits
PN (output) = N0 x Bw
N0 = -174 dBm/Hz ≈ 4 x 10-18 mW/Hz
≈ 4 x 10-21 W/Hz
E.g. Wifi: Bw=20 MHz => PN ≈-101 dBm
For a BPSK or QPSK receiver SNRmin= 7dB, in theory
the mínimum receive power is -94 dBm, although in
practice it must be higher (e.g. -84 dBm)
 1 second
Eb/N0 and R/Bw
P Joules
SNR= PRx/PN
R bits
We can express PRx and PN as:
…
PRx = Eb R
PN= N0 Bw Does not include Eb = P/R
code bits!!
Obtaining
Spectral efficiency
SNR = (Eb/N0) (R/Bw) No units: (b/s)/(1/s)

Energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio

No units: J/(W/s)
Multilevel
modulation

Source: https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/50007/qam
Multilevel modulation

When se use multilevel

modulation, we need
higher SNR per bit for
achieving the same BER
 Error correcting codes

Distance of Hamming
00 01 000 010
10 11 001 011

100 110
101 111

Error detection: No Error detection: 1 bit

Error correction : No Error correction : No
 Error
NO
correcting codes
0000 0100
NO
0010 0110

0001 0101
1000 1100 NO
0011 0111
1010 1111

1001 1101

1011 1111

Etc…
We need distance >=3 for correcting 1 bit
Source: http://circuit.ucsd.edu/~yhk/ece154c-spr17/pdfs/ErrorCorrectionI.pdf
Source: http://circuit.ucsd.edu/~yhk/ece154c-spr17/pdfs/ErrorCorrectionI.pdf
 Channel capacity
• Using multilevel modulation we increase R/Bw
but we need more SNR for the same BER
• Using error correcting codes we decrease
R/Bw but we need lower SNR for the same
BER

• Fundamental limits for R/Bw versus Eb/N0 for

achieving arbitrary low levels of BER
=> C. Shannon
 Channel Capacity
(AWGN)

C Eb R
= log 2 (1 + )
Bw N 0 Bw

N0 : Spectral noise power

density at receiver (W/Hz=J)
Eb : Energy per bit at receiver (J/b)
Bw: Bandwidth (Hz)
C,R: Capacity, Rate (information bits) (b/s)
Spectral efficiency
Tradeoffs Assume Bw is fixed…

R/Bw
Forbidden region

Maintain received power,

Increase data rate

Maintain data rate, reduce received power

(e.g. increase distance, reduce Tx power)
Normalized energy
per information bit
at the receiver

Eb/No
e.g. 802.11a rate adaptation

Bytes => X8 => bps

Advanced transmission techniques
• Modern wireless transmission systems use
more sofisticated transmission techniques in
order to increase data rate or range:
– Multiple Antenna In, Multiple Antenna Out
(MIMO): increased capacity, meaning faster
transmission or larger range (e.g. 4G, 802.11n)
– OFDM: Solves some problems that appear when
we use higher bandwdith in a wireless channel
(e.g. 802.11agn, 4G)
Interesting reading
Reminder: Transmissions channels are modeled using complex
numbers to model amplitude atenuation and phase change by a
single multiplicative complex coeficient

cos(ωt) αcos(ωt)
Reminder: Transmissions channels are modeled using complex
numbers to model amplitude atenuation and phase change by a
single multiplicative complex coeficient

cos(ωt) αcos(ωt)

cos(ωt) cos(ωt+φ)
 Transmissions channels are modeled using complex numbers to
model atenuation and phase changes by a single multiplicative
complex coeficient

cos(ωt) αcos(ωt+φ)

s(t) = cos(wt) + i sin(wt) r(t) = αcos(wt+φ) + i αsin(wt+φ)

Transmitting Receiving
antenna antenna
j hij=α e iφ i
 Receiver antenna
r1=h11s1+n1
diversity r2=h21s1+n2
h11 r1
1
s1 Antenna separation must
1
h21 rtot
be higher that half wavelengtht
2
r2
r1(t) Due to the receiver antenna
separation, there are different
r2(t) travel times for the interfering
paths. This means that the
signals received in antennas 1
and 2 suffer in general different
Noise not included
in the drawing… multipath fading.
 Receiver antenna diversity: Selection
combining
Use the antenna with the strongest signal (i.e. largest
SNR) to receive the packet and ignore the others.

Received signal
power in each
antenna
r1

r2
time
Selection combining: Diversity gain
Use the antenna with the strongest signal (i.e. largest
SNR) to receive the packet and ignore the others.

Received signal The resulting signal is less variable,

power in each meaning that is suffers less
antenna multipath fading
r1

r2
time
 C6 2nd floor
Excellent
Excellent
AP Cisco 1200,
2 antennas, diversity
Excellent
(Selection Combining)
Excellent Excellent
30mW

Bad
Aceptable/
NO conection
Regular Excellent
AP Cisco 1200,
Deficiente/
Regular
1 antenna, (no diversity)
Excellent
Bad Aceptable/ Excellent 30mW
Regular
 Receiver antenna diversity:
Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)

r1(t) r1(t+∆t) rtot(t)

r2(t) r2(t)

Better option: Add both signals in phase (coherently) : delay one

signal so that both signals are in phase before they are added
 MRC: Diversity gain
r1(t) r1(t+∆t) rtot(t)

r2(t) r2(t)

When we add both signals, we also obtain a less variable

signal, meaning that we also have a diversity gain
 MRC: Array gain
r1(t) r1(t+∆t) rtot(t)

r2(t) r2(t)

We add both signal in phase (coherently) => We add amplitudes.

e.g_ when A1=A2=> Atot=2 A1 => Ptot= 4 P1
For the noise, we have incoherent sum (add powers) => PNtot = 2PN1

SNRtot = SNR1+SNR2

Additionaly, we can give more weight in the sum to the signal

with better SNR
 Transmitter antena r1=h11s1+h12s2+n1
diversity
When we have several
antennas in the
s1 transmitter, we can select
1
the best antenna to
1
r1 transmit the packet
(equivalent to Selection
2
s2 Combining)

Noise not included in the drawing…

 Transmitter antena r1=h11s1+h12s2+n1
diversity
We can also use an
equivalent to MRC,
called beamforming.
s1 1 The transmitter delays
1
one of the signal to
r1 change the phase
2 such that they
s2
combine
constructively at the
receiver's antenna,

Noise not included in the drawing…

Beamforming r1=h11s1+h12s2+n1

1 The received signal is

less variable (diversity gain)
s1 1

Feedback is needed to adjust ∆t

2

s1(t-∆t) r11(t) r1(t)

s2(t) r21(t)

Noise not included in the drawing…

 Multiple In
r1=h11s1+h12s2+n1
Multiple Out r2=h21s1+h22s2+n2
(MIMO)
1 1
s1 r1

s2 2 2 r2

Transmit same symbol in both Tx antennas, meaning that

received signal is less variable (diversity gain)

Transmit different symbol through each Tx antenna

(multiplexing gain)
 Direct mapping r1=h11s1+h12s2+n1
MIMO r2=h21s1+h22s2+n2
r=Hs+n

s1 a1 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
𝑠𝑠 = =
s1 1 1
r1 s2 a2 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)

s2 r2 r1
2 2
𝑟𝑟 =
r2

ℎ11 ℎ12
𝐻𝐻 =
ℎ21 ℎ22

In general the elements of H

are complex numers
 Direct mapping 𝑠𝑠 =
+1 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
−1 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
MIMO
0.1 0.2
𝐻𝐻 =
−0.3 0.1
−0.1 cos 𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡
s1 r1 𝑟𝑟 =
1 1
−0.4 cos 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

s2 r2 1.429 −2.857
2 2
H-1 =
4.286 1.429

0.9999
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠 =
−1.0002

Here we are not taking noise into account

Direct mapping 𝑠𝑠 =
+1 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
−1 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
MIMO
0.1 0.2
𝐻𝐻 =
−0.3 0.1
−0.1 cos 𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡 + −0.01 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
𝑟𝑟 =
−0.4 cos 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 0.02 cos(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)

1.429 −2.857
H-1 =
4.286 1.429

0.928
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠 =
−1.014

Taking noise into account

MIMO Capacity increase, ideal case
Bw SNR

Improve SNR

Source: “802.11 with Multiple Antennas for dummies”, D. Halpering, W. Wu, A. Sheth, D. Wetherall
 C6 2nd floor
Excellent
Excellent
AP Cisco 1200,
2 antennas, diversity
Excellent
(Selection Combining)
Excellent Excellent
30mW

Bad
Aceptable/
NO conection
Regular Excellent
AP Cisco 1200,
Deficiente/
Regular
1 antenna, (no diversity)
Excellent
Bad Aceptable/ Excellent 30mW
Regular
 MIMO Capacity increase

Source: E. Ghayoula et al. “Capacity and Performance of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications
 Wideband (Broadband) Wireless
• In order to have high transmission rates (R), it is
desirable to use channels with high bandwidths
(Bw). We call these systems “wideband wireless
communication systems”
• Examples:
– 4G can use channels of Bw = 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
– 802.11bga use Bw = 20 MHz, but 802.11n can use
Bw= 40 MHz.
• However, the multipath fading introduces
complexities when we use wideband
transmission
Delay spread in indoor/outdoor
The delay spread is the maximum
difference between the arrival
times of different multipath signals.

∆space Delay spread Typical

(∆time) Scenario
3m 10 ns Indoor (PAN, WLAN)
30 m 100 ns Indoor (WLAN)
300 m 1 ms Outdoor (Cellular)
3 Km 10 ms Outdoor (Cellular)
 Delay spread << symbol time
e.g.: ∆space=30 m, Bw= 2MHz
Delay spread = 100 ns Bw = 2 MHz

time frequency

Tsymbol = 500 ns
 Delay spread << symbol time
e.g.: ∆space=30 m, Bw= 2MHz
Delay spread = 100 ns Bw = 2 MHz

time frequency

Tsymbol = 500 ns
Amplitude is
constant

Received signal
Delay spread << Tsymbol= 1/Bw, Small Bw
 Delay spread << symbol time
e.g.: ∆space=30 m, Bw= 2MHz
Delay spread = 100 ns Bw = 2 MHz

time frequency

Tsymbol = 500 ns
Amplitude is Interference with
constant next symbol (ISI)

Received signal
Delay spread << Tsymbol= 1/Bw, Small Bw
 Delay spread > symbol time
e.g.: ∆space=30 m, Bw= 20MHz
Delay spread = 100 ns Bw = 20 MHz

time frequency

Tsymbol = 50 ns

Amplitude is not constant

Large Interference with next symbol (ISI)
Received signal
time
Delay spread > Tsymbol= 1/Bw, Large Bw
 Multicarrier modulation
• Idea: instead of transmitting consecutive
many short symbols using a common carrier,
transmit many simultaneous long symbols
using multiple carriers.
Delay spread = 100 ns
e.g. Transmit 10 symbols
Using 10 different carriers.
time Each symbol is 10 times
longer, meaning that is
less vulnerable to the effects
of the delay spread
time
 Multicarrier modulation
Consecutive short symbols, Simultaneous long symbols,
same carrier different carriers

time time

Bw = 20 MHz
…
frequency frequency
 Overlapping channels (OFDM)

time time

Bw = 20 MHz

frequency frequency

What is the minimum separation between carriers? It can be

shown that it is ∆fc= 1/Tsymbol. In this case the different
subchannels overlap, but still we can recover correctly the
individual symbols. This is called OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Modulation)
 OFDM
• The different subchannels can suffer different
multipath fading.
• The explanation to this comes from the fact
that the same delay spread can lead to a
destructive or constructive interference
depending on the frequency of the carrier.
• We can use some subcarriers to estimate the
multipath fading using pilot tones
 Same delay spread, different fc

Delay spread

time time

Constructive interference Destructive interference

 Wideband Wireless channels
Delay spread can be larger
than symbol time Bw = 20 MHz

time frequency

The Fourier components of short symbols span many

different frequencies and each component can suffer
different multipath attenuations

time
+
time
time
 Wideband Wireless channels
Delay spread can be larger
than symbol time Bw = 20 MHz

time frequency

This means that wideband wireless channels suffer a

frequency selective multipath fading

time
+
time frequency
time
802.11a rate adaptation
 e.g. 802.11a @54 Mbps
• OFDM with 64 subcarriers and 48 data subcarriers
• Coding rate: ¾ bit/codebit
• 6 coded bits per subcarrier symbol (64 QAM)
• Subcarrier symbol time: 4 µsec
(Note: Bw=20 MHz, Bw_subcarrier = 20/64 MHz =>
Tsymbol> 3.2 µsec)

R= 48 subcarrier x ¾ bit/codebit x 6 codebits/subcarrier

symbol x 1 subcarrier symbol/4 µsecs = 54 Mbps
 Frequency Bands Optical
Coax
Line-of-sight comm
UTP

1000 Km 10 Km 100 m 1m 1 cm 100 µm 1 µm

300 Hz 30 KHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz

Radio, TV Satellite

1 GHz (33 cm) 2 GHz 3 GHz (10 cm) 4 GHz 5 GHz

4G 2G 2G 3G ISM 4G 5G UN-II
3G 4G

Unlicensed
 Legislación española (Ley General
Telecom., ’03)
• El espectro radioeléctrico es un bien de dominio público, cuya
titularidad, gestión, planificación, administración y control
corresponden al Estado.
• El Gobierno reglamentará:
– Niveles de emisión radioeléctrica tolerables
– Cuadro Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (CNAF)
– Procedimientos de otorgamiento de derechos de uso del dominio
público radioeléctrico
– Habilitación para el ejercicio de los derechos de uso
– Adecuada utilización del espectro radioeléctrico
 Legislación española (Ley General
Telecom., ’03)
• Licencias y asignación de espectro:
– ITU -> CEPT y ETSI -> Ministerio Ind Tur & Com- > SETSI - > AER,CMT
– Cuadro Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (CNAF) español
– NOTA: La CMT NO regula el espectro, sino los servicios y la calidad con
la que deben ser provistos
• Bandas de frecuencia que no requieren licencias
– dispositivos domésticos: hondos microondas, mandos a distancia,
Bluetooth, Cordless phones, etc.
 Licencias 3G/4G/5G en España
Digital
dividend Refarming Capacity

Source: https://www.adslzone.net/bandas-5G-4G-3G-2G-frecuencias-telefonia-movil
 2G/3G Bands
900 MHz 1.8 GHz 2.1 GHz
1 GHz (33 cm) 2 GHz 3 GHz (10 cm) 4 GHz 5 GHz

4G 2G 2G 3G ISM 4G 5G UN-II
3G 4G
 4G Bands
800 MHz 1.8 GHz 2.1 GHz 2.5 GHz
1 GHz (33 cm) 2 GHz 3 GHz (10 cm) 4 GHz 5 GHz

4G 2G 2G 3G ISM 4G 5G UN-II
3G 4G

125
Source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/4g-in-europe-how-far-how-fast-and-how-much-is-lte-in-germany/

ZDNET: 4G in Europe: How far, how fast and

how much is LTE in Germany?

“…Germany's spectrum auction ended on 20 May, 2010 after 27

days and 224 bidding rounds. Up for grabs were 41 frequency
blocks in the 800MHz, 1.8GHz, 2GHz and 2.6GHz bands; 2GHz and
2.6GHz were available as both paired and unpaired spectrum.
Vodafone secured 12 blocks of spectrum for €1.42bn; Telefonica's
O2 paid €1.38bn for 11 blocks; E-Plus bought eight blocks for
€283.6m; and Deutsche Telekom's T-Mobile acquired 10 blocks for
€1.3bn.
The auction raised almost €4.4bn in total, which was far shy of
original estimates. Reports at the time suggested the amount
raised was below target because the market was still spooked by
the aftermath of the costly 3G auctions — and the onset of the
global financial crisis doubtless did not help matters…”
 Unlicensed Bands
2.4 GHz 5.1 GHz
1 GHz (33 cm) 2 GHz 3 GHz (10 cm) 4 GHz 5 GHz

4G 2G 2G 3G ISM 4G 5G UN-II
3G 4G
Sub-GHz bands
 Reminder: Energy versus power
• Energy: Joules (J)
• Power: J/s = Watts (W)
• Batteries: mAxh (Note: It does not give the energy => x4.5 V)
Power= VxI (VoltsxAmperes = Joules)
I

+ E = 4,5 V x 1200 mAxh = 4,5 x 1,2 x 3600 J = 19,4 KJ

V If power consumption is 1,5 W (say) =>
T= 19400 J /1,5 W = 12960 s = 3.6 h
Heat,
Light
Battery Phone RF,
Sound,
etc Heat dissipation:
∆T, surface
 Performance versus power
Modern electronic systems:
• low power and
• high performance.

Battery operated portable platforms.

• Extend the battery service life
• Reduce power dissipation
 System level
power management

Reduce power
consumption for
every component

Ref: T. Ojanpera, “Convergence Transforms Internet”

Power Consumption; Measured on Nokia n78

State No screen Only

screen on
3G,
Screen on
3G, ftp
download
GPS
Screen on
Bluetooth
screen on
Screen on

Power 0,15 0,40 0,8 1,5 0,67 0,46

(W)

Com system screen GPS BT Wifi WiFi 3G

ponent (Rx) (Tx) (Rx/Tx)

Power 0,15 0,25 0,27 0,06 0,75 1,1 1,1

(W)
 Power consumption,
e.g. WiFi

Tx

≈ 1100 mW ≈ 60 mW

Rx

≈ 800 mW