Ch04 - Zinke3e - Section 4 PDF

PowerPoint
Presentations for
Physics for the
Life Sciences
Adapted for the
Third Edition by
Philip Backman
University of
New Brunswick
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Newton’s Laws
Chapter 4
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Contents
1. Newton’s Laws
2. Free Body Diagram, Revisited
3. Newton’s First Law
4. Newton’s Second Law
5. Newton’s Third Law
6. Application of Newton’s Laws, Non-fundamental
Forces Revisited
7. Weight and Apparent Weight
8. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion and
Centripetal Force
9. Physiological Applications of Newton’s Laws
Net Force
 
Fnet   Fi
Net force is the vector summation of all forces

acting on an object.
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-4

Net Force
 
Fnet  0  v  constant
 
Fnet  0  a  0

In an xy-plane, force vectors can be decomposed
into two orthogonal components: one parallel to
the x-axis and the other parallel to the y-axis.
 
Fnet , x   Fx in x - direction
 
Fnet , y   Fy in y - direction

Free Body Diagrams
A free body diagram is a drawing that consists of
all forces acting on the system of interest.
Other physical features of the system, such as its

velocity or acceleration, are not included.
A coordinate system and labels for angles are

often added.

Example
Draw the free body diagram for a heavy box at

rest on a rough inclined surface.

Example (continued)

Example
Draw free body diagrams for a system of two

blocks connected by a light cord. Block 1 is
moving on a rough surface of a table, and
block 2 is suspended at the side of the table.

…example
Two blocks, one on a rough surface and

the other hung at the side, are connected
by light cord.
11
Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited
Example (continued)

Newton’s First Law
When an object is either still or in a state of

uniform motion (constant velocity), the net
force acting on it must be zero.
Newton’s first law is also referred to as the

law of inertia.

 n  
Fnet   Fi   F  0
i 1
 
Fnet , x   Fx in x - direction
 
Fnet , y   Fy in y - direction

KEY POINT
An object at rest or in motion with constant

velocity remains in its state of motion unless
acted upon by a non-zero net force.

Concept Question
You are sitting next to a driver in a car travelling

down a road; suddenly the driver hits the brakes.
As a result, your body moves toward the front of

the car.
Why does this happen?

Answer
When the driver hit the brakes, the break (the

non-zero net force) is applied on the car, not on
the passengers inside. So the passengers continue
to move unaffected until the seatbelt/airbag or
whatever else in front stop her from moving
further.
One should note the friction between the
passenger and the seat also come into play but
that friction is not great enough to keep him stuck
to the seat.
Concept Question
For each of the six objects whose free body

diagrams are shown on the next page, the arrows
indicate forces of equal magnitude that act in the
directions shown. Which of the six objects are not
in mechanical equilibrium?

Concept Question (continued)

Concept Question
Three forces are acting on a human leg: the

 
weight w of the leg, the normal force N acting

at the bottom of the foot, and the force F the
hip bone exerts on the head of the femur.
Is the leg in equilibrium?

Concept Question (continued)

Example
An object of mass m = 1.0 kg is attached to a

taut string of length L = 2.0 cm. The object is

held stationary by a horizontal external force Fext
at the position where the string makes an angle
of q = 300 with the vertical.
(a) What is the magnitude of the tension in the

string?

(b) What is the magnitude of the force Fext ?

Example (continued)

Example (continued)

Example (continued)
x - direction : Tx  Fext  0
y - direction : Ty  w  0
Solution to (a):
T cos q  w  mg
m
(1.0 kg)(9.8 2 )
mg s
T   11.3 N
cos q cos 30 0

Example (continued)
Solution to (b):
g
Fext  T sin q  m sin q
cos q
 mg tanq
m
Fext  (1.0kg)(9.8 2 ) tan 30 0
s
 5.7 N
Newton’s Second Law
  
Fnet   F  ma
 
A net force ( Fnet ) causes a mass (m) to accelerate (a ).

KEY POINT
If a net force is applied to an object of mass m, it

accelerates in the direction of the net force. The
magnitude of the object’s acceleration is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force
and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.

Concept Question
When an object moves with a constant

acceleration, it means that
(a) its velocity always increases.

(b) its velocity sometimes increases and
sometimes decreases.
(c) its mass always increases.
(d) a force is exerted on it.
(e) it always falls toward Earth.

Concept Question
When an object moves with a constant

acceleration, it means that
(a) its velocity always increases.

(b) its velocity sometimes increases and
sometimes decreases.
(c) its mass always increases.
(d) a force is exerted on it.
(e) it always falls toward Earth.

 n 

Fnet   Fi  ma
i 1
 
Fnet , x   Fx  max in x - direction
 
Fnet , y   Fy  ma y in y - direction

Example
A 60 kg skier is coming down a hill that has an

incline of 35°.
If the force of friction between the ski and the

snow is 6 N, how fast does the velocity change
per second?

Example (continued)

Example (continued)
Components of the skier’s weight:
wx  mg sin q
wy  mg cos q
From Newton’s second law:
in x - direction : wx  f  ma
in y - direction : N  wy  0
Example (continued)
x-direction:
w sin q  f  ma  mg sin q  f  ma
mg sin q  f f
a  g sin q 
m m
m 6N m
a  (9.8 2 ) sin 35 
0
 5.5 2
s 60 kg s
Newton’s Third Law
If an object A exerts a force on an object B, object

B simultaneously exerts a force equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction on object A.
 
Fon A by B   Fon B on A

Concept Question
Assume an astronaut is stranded in space far

away from his spaceship orbiting the Moon
because the removable jetpack fails during a
space walk.
How can the astronaut still use the failed jetpack

to return to the ship?

Answer
Throw the failed jetpack in the direction away

from the ship

Concept Question
Newton’s third law states that, when two objects

(A and B) interact, the force of each on the other
(A on B) has an interaction partner (B on A) that
is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Do we need some forces that have no interaction

partner for an object to accelerate, since each
interaction pair adds up to a zero net force?

Answer
Do we need some forces that have no interaction

partner for an object to accelerate, since each
interaction pair adds up to a zero net force?
NO! The two forces are acting on two different

objects. So the net force on each object is not
zero anyway!

Surface Forces
There are two surface forces: normal force and

force of friction.
Normal forces are perpendicular to the surface,

and forces of friction are parallel to the surface.

Tension

Concept Question
In a tug-of-war contest, two teams pull the ends

of a rope in opposite directions.
Assume instead that only one team pulls one end

of the rope while the other end is fixed to a heavy
post, and that the team applies the same
magnitude of force as it would have if pulling
against another team.
Is the tension in the rope when one team is

pulling on a fixed rope greater than, less than, or
equal to the tension in the rope when two teams
are pulling against each other?

Answer
Is the tension in the rope when one team is pulling on a fixed rope
greater than, less than, or equal to the tension in the rope when
two teams are pulling against each other?
It is equal!
Just apply equilibrium condition for the end of the rope that is
being pulled. Since it is the same force applied in both scenarios,
the tension in the rope which balances it will be the same.

KEY POINT -Apparent Weight
Apparent weight is the weight that is measured

by the magnitude of a contact (normal) force.

Example
A student of mass 60 kg stands on a scale in an

elevator.
How much will the scale reading be in newtons if

the elevator is accelerating upward with
a = 0.6 m/s2?

Example (continued)

Example (continued)
Isolate and identify all forces acting on the

student.
N  mg  ma
N  ma  mg  m(a  g )
m m
wapp  (60 kg )(0.6 2  9.81 2 ) N
s s
 624 N

KEY POINT – Centripetal Force
A centripetal force (a force always acting toward

the center of a circle) accelerates an object by
changing the direction of its velocity without
changing the magnitude of its velocity.

The net force acting on an object in uniform
circular motion is given by:
  v 2
Fnet  ma  m
r

KEY POINT – Uniform Circular Motion
A net force causing uniform circular motion acts

perpendicular to the path within the plane in
which the circular motion occurs.
So it is always directed inward, toward the

center of the circular path.

Example
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield spent five

months on the International Space Station (ISS),
orbiting Earth with the average speed of
7.66 km/s at an altitude of 500 km.
If Chris was 68 kg, find the force exerted on him

by Earth.

Example (continued)
We know the speed of the International Space

Station, VISS = 7.66 km/s,
its altitude, hISS = 500 km,
and Chris’s mass, m = 68 kg.
Earth’s radius is RE = 6.4 x 103 km.
Assume that Chris had uniform circular motion.

Example (continued)
 v 2
F m
r
r  hISS  RE  500 km  6.4 10 km 3
 6.9 10 km  6.9 10 m

3 6
 3 m 2
  ( 7.66  10 ) 
F  (68 kg)  s
  578 N
 6.9 10 m 
6
 

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Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Net force is the vector summation of all forces

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-4

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-5

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-6

Other physical features of the system, such as its

A coordinate system and labels for angles are

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-7

Draw the free body diagram for a heavy box at

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-8

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-9

Draw free body diagrams for a system of two

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-10

Two blocks, one on a rough surface and

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-12

When an object is either still or in a state of

Newton’s first law is also referred to as the

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-13

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-14

An object at rest or in motion with constant

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-15

You are sitting next to a driver in a car travelling

As a result, your body moves toward the front of

Why does this happen?

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-16

When the driver hit the brakes, the break (the

For each of the six objects whose free body

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-18

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-19

Three forces are acting on a human leg: the

Is the leg in equilibrium?

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-20

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-21

An object of mass m = 1.0 kg is attached to a

(a) What is the magnitude of the tension in the

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-22

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-23

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-24

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-25

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-27

If a net force is applied to an object of mass m, it

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-28

When an object moves with a constant

(a) its velocity always increases.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-29

When an object moves with a constant

(a) its velocity always increases.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-30

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-31

A 60 kg skier is coming down a hill that has an

If the force of friction between the ski and the

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-32

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-33

Components of the skier’s weight:

From Newton’s second law:

If an object A exerts a force on an object B, object

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-36

Assume an astronaut is stranded in space far

How can the astronaut still use the failed jetpack

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-37

Throw the failed jetpack in the direction away