CH02 - Zinke3e - Section 2 PDF

PowerPoint
Presentations for
Physics for the
Life Sciences
Adapted for the

Third Edition by
Philip Backman
University of
New Brunswick
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Kinematics
Chapter 2

Contents
1. Setting up the Coordinate System

2. Motion in One Dimension
3. Motion in Two Dimensions
4. Uniform Circular Motion
5. Physiological Detection of Velocity
6. Physiological Detection of Acceleration

How would you give directions to someone at
cottage 1 wishing to visit cottage 2? Is there
more than one way to make the trip?
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-4

KEY POINT
To describe motion quantitatively, set up your

coordinate system first.

Concept Question
The graph shows the x-position of an object as a

function of time. If the object moves to the right,
the x-position increases. If the object moves to
the left, the x-position decreases.
Concept Question (continued)
Which of the following best describes the motion of the object?
(a) The object moves to the left, stops, then moves to the right,
ending up farther to the
right than where it started.
(b) The object moves up, stops, and then falls down lower than
where it started.
(c) The object moves to the right, stops, and then moves to the
left, ending up farther to the left than where it started.
(d) The object moves up and to the right, then straight to the
right, then down and to the right.

KEY POINT
A vector is a quantity that has a magnitude and

a direction.

Motion in One Dimension
x is displacement.
x  x2  x1
x1 :Position at initial time
x2:Position at final time
Displacement is a vector.

Example

Example (continued)
If the bus stop is 250 m from the student centre,

does the student get to the bus stop at some
point in the time interval shown?
Where does the student end up at time

t = 10.0 minutes?

Example (continued)
Solution:
The student goes to a maximum x-position of

150 m before turning around.
She never gets to the bus stop, and at

t = 10.0 minutes, she is right back where she
started.

Distance and Displacement
A person travels along

the brown road from
point A to point B.
Distance travelled is measured along the brown

road. Magnitude of the displacement is measured
along the straight black line joining points A and B.

Speed in One Dimension
distance
Sav 
t
Speed is always a positive scalar.
Distance describes the length between two

locations measured along the actual path of
travel.

Velocity in One Dimension
displacement
vav 
t
In one dimension, velocity can be positive or
negative.
x x2  x1
vav  
t t2  t1

Concept Question
Can average speed ever be lower than the

magnitude of average velocity?
(a) yes
(b) no

Example
At 3:14 p.m., a train is 3 km east of the city

centre. At 3:56 p.m., the train is 26 km west of
the city centre.
What is the average velocity of the train during

this time interval?

Example (continued)
Solution:
Step 1: Draw an x-axis that shows the initial and

final positions of the train.

Example (continued)
Step 2: Find x and t.
x  x2  x1  26 km  3 km  29 km
t  t2  t1
t  3 : 56 p.m.  3 : 14 p.m.  42 minutes

Example (continued)
If we want to find the average velocity in units of

kilometers per hour (km/h), we need to convert
42 minutes into hours.
 1h 
t  42 min    0.70 h
 60 min 
x  29 km km
vav    41
t 0.70 h h

Instantaneous Velocity in One Dimension
x
v  lim
t 0 t

Example
The position of a particle as a function of time is

given by the curve shown.

Example (continued)
(a) When does the velocity have its most

positive value?
(b) Is the velocity ever negative?
(c) When is the speed the greatest?
(d) When is the speed zero?
(e) What is the instantaneous velocity at time

t = 2.0 s?
(f) What is the average velocity between

t = 3.0 s and t = 6.0 s?
KEY POINT
Acceleration describes how much an object’s

velocity changes in a given amount of time.
v v2  v1
aav  
t t 2  t1

Three Important Kinematic Equations
1 2
x  v0 t  at
2
v  v0  at
2
v  v0  2a x
2
a = acceleration that is constant

All Kinematic Equations
Missing
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 # Quantity
𝑣 = 𝑣𝒐 + 𝒂 𝑡 (1) ∆𝑥
1 (2) 𝑎
∆𝒙 = 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 + 𝑣𝒐 𝑡
2
1 (3) 𝑣
∆𝒙 = 𝑣𝒐 𝑡 + 𝒂 𝑡 2
2
𝑣 𝟐 = 𝑣𝐨2 + 2 𝑎 ∆𝑥 (4) ∆𝑡
1 (5) 𝑣𝒐
∆𝒙 = 𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑡 2
2
a = acceleration = constant
Note t is replaced by t
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 30
Concept Question
At time t = 1s, which of the following correctly

describes a comparison of the velocity and
acceleration of objects A and B?

Concept Question (continued)
(a) The velocity of A is larger than B.

The acceleration of A is larger than B.
(b)The velocity of B is larger than A.

The acceleration of A is larger than B.
(c) The velocity of A is larger than B.

The acceleration of B is larger than A.
(d) The velocity of B is larger than A.

The acceleration of B is larger than A.

Motion in Two Dimensions
What are vectors and why are they important?
Imagine being lost in

the woods and trying
to find the safety of
the highway.
• To reach the highway you must walk a

given distance in the right direction.
• Distance travelled and direction travelled are

both important.
Vectors
A vector is
•a measurement that has both a magnitude and a
direction
•described with an arrow
Magnitude: the arrow’s length
Direction: where the arrow points

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦
𝐴= 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦
−1
𝐴𝑦
𝜃 = tan
𝐴𝑥

KEY POINT
Breaking vectors into components allows a

two-dimensional motion to be analyzed as if it
were a combination of simple one-dimensional
motions.

Equations for Constant
Acceleration in 2-D
𝐱 − 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 y-direction
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒐𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 𝑡 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝒐𝒚 + 𝒂𝒚 𝑡
1 1
∆𝒙 = 𝑣𝐨𝐱 + 𝑣𝒙 𝑡 ∆𝒚 = 𝑣o𝐲 + 𝑣𝒚 𝑡
2 2
1 1
∆𝒙 = 𝑣𝐨𝒙 𝑡 + 𝒂𝒙 𝑡 2 ∆𝒚 = 𝑣𝒐𝒚 𝑡 + 𝒂𝒚 𝑡 2
2 2
𝑣𝒙 2 = 𝑣𝒐𝒙 2 + 2𝒂𝒙 ∆𝒙 𝑣𝒚 2 = 𝑣𝒐𝒚 2 + 2𝒂𝒚 ∆𝒚
1 1
∆𝒙 = 𝑣𝒙 𝑡 − 𝒂𝒙 𝑡 2 ∆𝒚 = 𝑣𝒚 𝑡 − 𝒂𝒚 𝑡 2
2 2
Section 2.5
Example
A person jogs in a straight line across a park at a

speed of 2.0 m/s in the direction of 60° south of
east. After 5.0 minutes of jogging, how much
farther south is the person?

Example (continued)

Example (continued)
Velocity in the south (-y direction):
voy  2.0 sin(60)m/s  1.7 m/s
Distance travelled south in 5 minutes:
1
y  voy t  a y t 2
2
m 1 m
 (1.7 )(3.0 10 s)  (0 2 )(3.0 10 2 s) 2
2
s 2 s
 520 m

Projectile Motion
x-direction: v x  vox
x  vox t
y-direction:
v y  voy  g t
1 2
y  voy t  gt
2
Uniform Circular Motion
• Motion follows a circular path.

• Magnitude of velocity remains constant.
• Acceleration is due solely to a change in
direction of velocity vector.
• Acceleration vector is pointed toward centre
of circle.

Acceleration points in the same direction as v.

From Fig. 2.26, notice the connection between
position and velocity:

r magnitude
(a) sin  
r

v
(b) sin  
v
For uniform circular motion:
 
r1  r2  r
 
v1  v2  v
Combine (a) and (b):
 v 
v  r
r
We divide both sides by the elapsed time interval t:
 
v v r

t r t
Taking the limit t  0 we get the magnitude of
the acceleration:
2
v
a centripetal acceleration
r
The period T is the time required to complete a
full cycle. Since the circumference of a circle has
length 2pr, this definition allows us to rewrite the
velocity as 2pr/T.
v 4p r 2 2
a   2
r T

Concept Question
The rotation axis of planet Earth is a line that

joins the North and South Poles. Your distance to
that axis determines the acceleration that you
must experience to continue rotating with the
planet. Where on planet Earth is a equal to zero?
(a) the equator

(b) the South Pole
(c) the North Pole
(d) both the North and the South Pole
Physiological Detection
of Velocity

Physiological Detection
of Acceleration
Our vision is not sensitive to acceleration,

only to velocities.


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PowerPoint

Adapted for the

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

1. Setting up the Coordinate System

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-4

To describe motion quantitatively, set up your

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-6

The graph shows the x-position of an object as a

Which of the following best describes the motion of the object?

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-8

A vector is a quantity that has a magnitude and

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-9

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-10

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-11

If the bus stop is 250 m from the student centre,

Where does the student end up at time

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-12

The student goes to a maximum x-position of

She never gets to the bus stop, and at

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-13

A person travels along

Distance travelled is measured along the brown

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-14

Speed is always a positive scalar.

Distance describes the length between two

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-15

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-16

Can average speed ever be lower than the

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-17

At 3:14 p.m., a train is 3 km east of the city

What is the average velocity of the train during

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-18

Step 1: Draw an x-axis that shows the initial and

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-19

Step 2: Find x and t.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-20

If we want to find the average velocity in units of

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-21

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-23

The position of a particle as a function of time is

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-25

(a) When does the velocity have its most

(b) Is the velocity ever negative?

(c) When is the speed the greatest?

(d) When is the speed zero?

(e) What is the instantaneous velocity at time

(f) What is the average velocity between

Acceleration describes how much an object’s

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-27

a = acceleration that is constant

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-29

At time t = 1s, which of the following correctly

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-32

(a) The velocity of A is larger than B.

(b)The velocity of B is larger than A.

(c) The velocity of A is larger than B.

(d) The velocity of B is larger than A.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2-33

Imagine being lost in

• To reach the highway you must walk a

• Distance travelled and direction travelled are