Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Control Constitucional de La Leyes - César Landa PDF
Control Constitucional de La Leyes - César Landa PDF
Control Constitucional de La Leyes - César Landa PDF
Q Q
:`_ec`]T`_deZefTZ`_R]UV]Rd]ViVd T\ U
e+c+
T,?H
MM
ll
:NMHK
G:<BHG:E
: kJ8I C 8 E ; 8 8 IIFPF
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ol
? _ l d ^ a l mlo i^ N lkqfcf`f^ Skfsbopfa^a A^qÇif`^ abi NboÉ,
K ^dÄpqbo bk Bbob`el mlo i^ Nlkqfcf`f^ S kfsbopfa^a A^qÇif`^ abi NboÉ,
B l `ql o bk Bbob`el mlo i^ S kfsbopfa^a ab ?i`^i} ab Fbk^obp,
Nolcbplo ab Bbob`el A lkpqfqr`flk^i bk i^ N lkqfcf`f^ S kfsbopfa^a A^qÇif`^ abi
NboÉ v bk i^ S kfsbopfa^a L^`flk^i K ^vlo ab Q^k K^o`lp, +
<
`
1
MÄ
M
M
f+f
^f
CA
M
^f
JLD8I@F4 Ná
RH
`]
1
r
@( GcVdV_eRTZq_(
ol
iT
@@( GcV^ZdRd[fcoUZT`'a`]oeZTRdUV]T`_ec`]T`_deZefTZ`_R]( N`]
@@@( CRddV_eV_TZRdReoaZTRd( ^f
R1
+( JV_eV_TZRdUVRa]ZTRTZq_VZ_eVcacVeRTZq_( M
`
,( JV_eV_TZRdVdeZ^Re`cZRd( C
,(+ JV_eV_TZRdUVdZ^a]VR_f]RTZq_5
1
ol
,(, JV_eV_TZRdZ_eVcacVeReZgRdV_dV_eZU`VdecZTe`5 l
AJ
,(- JV_eV_TZRdZ_eVcacVeReZgRd'_`c^ReZgRd( `]
K-
,(-(+JV_eV_TZRdcVUfTe`cRd5 `]
,(-(,JV_eV_TZRdRUZeZgRd5 K-
CA
,(-(-JV_eV_TZRddfdeZefeZgRd(
`O
,(. JV_eV_TZRdZ_eVcacVeReZgRd'_`c^ReZgRdUZWVcZURd <
CA
[[
-( JV_eV_TZRdUVdVdeZ^Re`cZRd(
@M( GVcdaVTeZgRd(
ALf
á
e+
p
/, BCTCE?* Nbaol, H]gdaZ]jYdakeg q ?klY\g* Ck8 Nbkp^jfbkql Alkpqfqr`flk^i ?Ål GT* L,Ö2, Jfj^8 Dlkal Cafqlof^i +
Nlkqfcf`f^Skfsbopfa^aA^qÇif`^abiNboÉ* /775*mm,1/+14,
0, LCEPCRRM* E^_ofbi, JYjY\gbYk \] dY j]^gjeY [gfklalm[agfYd ]f ;exja[Y FYlafY* Ck8 :eqqm8--ttt,
glrok^ilcabjl`o^`vbkbpm^kli,`i-mac-kbdobqql,mac< &Tfpfq^al bk bkbol ab 0./.'9 ^pfjfpjl* A^jbolk* K^utbii,
L]^gjeY [gfklalm[agfYd ]f ;exja[Y FYlafY ]f dY Y[lmYda\Y\ * Ck8 :eqqmp8--ttt,^oqp,r_`,`^-cfib^ajfk-qbjmi^qb-
j^fk-fj^dbp-abm^oqjbkqp-mlif]p`f-D^`riqv-`^jbolk-j^utbiJ^,]`^jbolk,mac<&Tfpfq^albkbkbolab0./.',
;>PI=;NOM /05
C`r^alov@lifsf^+*`ljlrk^cloj^afpqfkq^ab &@o^pfi*?odbkqfk^*Aefib'ljbklofkpqfqr`flk^if+ K-
`lk`b_fo ^ i^ grpqf`f^ `lkpqfqr`flk^i9 `^o^`qbof+ a^a v obi^qfs^ ^rqlkljÄ^ cobkqb^i mlabo&NboÉ M'
<
w^a^mlonrb_rp`^prmbo^obi`lkcif`qlbkqobbi vAlilj_f^', )
A l k p q f q r ` f l k ^ i f p j l J ^ q f k l ^ j b o f ` ^ k l 8 A l k q o l i ` l k p q f q r ` f l k ^ i ab i ^ p i b v b p 02/
k^ibpnrbmloprk^qro^ibw^bk Éiqfj^fkpq^k`f^ Alkpqfqr`flk^ibp kl pfbjmob mrbabk e^`bopb
groÄaf`^vmliÄqf`^pb`lkpqfqrvbkbkilpfkaf`^al+ i^firpfÇkabbpq^opfqr^alp*^kqbi^lmfkfÇkmÉ+
obpabi^^cfoj^`fÇklab_fifq^j fbkqlabiCpq^al _if`^* mlobk`fj^ ab i^p m^oqbp ab rk mol`bpl
Alkpqfqr`flk^ibk?j~of`^ J^qfk^, nrbbiilpjfpjlpe^kabgrwd^o,Nbol*pÄmrbabk
dbkbo^o `lkpbkplp `lkgrd^kal i^ jYlag v i^
@@( :FEKIFCAL;@:@8C;<C8JC<P<J ]eglagnrbqla^Alkpqfqr`fÇkqfbkb*jbaf^kqb
i^p jlabok^p q~`kf`^p ab i^ fkqbomobq^`fÇk v
Aljlbk rk Cpq^alAlkpqfqr`flk^i bi mofk`fmfl ^odrj bkq^`fÇk `lkpqfqr`flk^i//,
abjl`o}qf`l pb bk`rbkqo^ bk i^ _^pb kl pÇil
ab i^ obmobpbkq^`fÇk mliÄqf`^ abi Cpq^al* pfkl ?elo^_fbk*~pqbklpfbjmobe^pfalbiprmrbpql*
q^j _f~k abi nrbe^`bo gr a f` f^ i9 bk ?j~of`^ pfkl nrb* mlo bi `lkqo^ofl* jr`e^p sb`bp ilp
J^qfk^ pb e^ `lkp^do^al bi mofk`fmfl pbdÉk bi qof_rk^ibp v `loqbp cloj ^k m^oqb abi jfpjl
`r^i* i^ mlqbpq^aab^ajfkfpqo^ogrpqf`f^bj^k^ `lkcif`qlbk rklp`^plp*a^a^pr molufjfa^a ^i
abi mrb_il `lk ^oobdil ^ i^ Alkpqfqr`fÇk v i^p dl_fboklnrbilpkljfkÇ,W`r^kal~pqbkle^
ibvbp, Qfk bj_^odl* i^ grpqf`f^ `lkpqfqr`flk^i pfalbiprmrbpql*bimlaboe^^oobjbqfal`lkqo^i^
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^ ml o ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a ab Jfj^
Drka,*/775,m,333,
al pr j^ka^ql `ljl lod^kfpj l bk`^od^al ab af`el mol`bpl ab `lkqoli pb bumobp^ bk i^ :S
K-
abi `lkqoli `lkpqfqr`flk^i* e^pq^ bi ^`qfsfpjl bumbaf`fÇk ab rk^ pbkqbk`f^ nrb bumrip^ rk^ M
+A
graf`f^inrb`lil`^^igrbw`lkpqfqr`flk^ibkrk^ kloj^ ibd^iabiloabk^jfbkqlgroÄaf`l`r^kal r
EA
`lkpqfqr`flk^i`ljm^o^a^0/,
Llbpbijlj bkqlm^o^^_loa^oi^`ljmibgfa^a
abqlalpbpqlpqbj^p*pfkl`bkqo^obi^k}ifpfpbk Ll ab_b mboabopb ab sfpq^ nrb i^ afsbop^ q f+
i^qbj}qf`^abi^ppbkqbk`f^p^qÄmf`^pbk?j~of`^ mlildÄ^ ab i^p pbkqbk`f^p `lkpqfqr`flk^ibp bp
J^qfk^*^m^oqfoabi^pmobjfp^pgroÄaf`l+mliÄqf`^p q^j _f~k molar`ql abi klYlmk v i^ k^qro^ibw^
abi`lkqoli`lkpqfqr`flk^ibkrk^obdfÇk`lkrk^ `ljmibg^ abi Rof_rk^i Alkpqfqr`flk^i &Çod^kl
i^od^ qo^af`fÇk ^rqlofq^of^, Nlo`r^kql* pÇil bk `lkpqfqr`flk^i*grofpaf``flk^ivmliÄqf`l'*nrbs^
rk Cpq^al Alkpqfqr`flk^i _^p^al bk i^grpqf`f^ j}p^ii}*bk abcfkfqfs^*ab pr pfjmib`lkpfabo^+ V[Y
i
pbmobpbkq^ i^`ljmibg^q^ob^groÄaf`^vmliÄqf`^ `fÇk`ljlibdfpi^alokbd^qfsl00,Bbkqolabbpq^ Rf
abi `lkqoli `lkpqfqr`flk^i* ^kqb i^p fkprcf`fbk+ `lk`bm`fÇk`ljmibg^*kle^vird^om^o^rkRof+ `r
K-
`f^p v krbslp abp^cÄlp abi ^`qr^i mol`bpl ab _rk^inrbpÇilpbifj fqb^rk^crk`fÇk^rqÇj^q^ K-
`l
abjl`o^qfw^`fÇk abi pfpqbj^ mliÄqf`l* m^o^ il ab abcfkfo i^ `lj m^qf_fifa^a iÇdf`^ bkqob alp M
v pl`f^ibp mbkafbkqbp ab plir`fÇk* klp mbojf+ Ciil mlonrb i^ Alkpqfqr`fÇk kl pÇil fk`lomlo^ `r
RQ
qfo} s^ilo^o i^p `lkpb`rbk`f^p v bcf`^`f^ ab i^ afpmlpf`flkbp*pfklq^j _f~ks^ilobpprmboflobp l
kr
grpqf`f^ `lkpqfqr`flk^i bk bi cloq^ib`fj fbkql ab +` l j l i^ abjl`o^`f^* i^ grpqf`f^* i^ fdr^ia^a* r
`r
i^abjl`o^`f^, bi miro^ifpjl* i^ qlibo^k`f^ bkqob lqolp+* mbol `r
O
q^ j _ f~ k afk^j fw^ ilp m ofk `fm fl p bumobp^ l "
ug
@@@( C8JJ<EK<E:@8J 8KÅG@:8J q}`fq^j bkqb mobsfpqlp bk i^p Alkpqfqr`flkbp ug
Wc
+` l j l bi mofk`fmfl ab fkqboaf``fÇk ab i^ ^o_f+ o8
J^ bslir`fÇk ab i^ grofpaf``fÇk `lkpqfqr`flk^i qo^ofba^a lbimofk`fmflab obpmlkp^_fifa^aab S
:E
BB'
q^kqlbk Crolm^ `ljl bk J^qfkl^j~of`^ pb e^ ilp crk`flk^oflp mÉ_if`lp* bkqob lqolp, Ll pb :E
a^alq^j _f~k bk bi }j _fql ab i^ q~`kf`^ m^o^ mrbab*mrbp*mobqbkaboobar`fo^ilpqof_rk^ibp )5
R1
obplisbo `^plp ^_pqo^`qlp l `lk`obqlp, Ciil kl l `loqbp `lkpqfqr`flk^ibp* pbdÉk i^ sfbg^ qbpfp r+<
M
)
pÇil pb j^kfcfbpq^ bk bi rpl ab ilp jlaboklp hbipbkf^k^* ^ rk oli Ékf`^jbkqbab ibdfpi^alo Ü
j~qlalp ab ^odrj bkq^`fÇk b fkqbomobq^`fÇk kbd^qfsl* mrbp biil prmlkb rk^ `lk`bm`fÇk :E
V
/7, X?EPC@CJQIW*Erpq^sl,?d \]j][`g \|[lad*K^aofa8Cafqlof^iRolqq^*/773*mm, /00+/04, )5
::6+û
E
)Ñ
0., A^_bob`loa^onrbbkbilofdbkabobsfpfÇkgraf`f^iabi^pibvbpbk ilpCpq^alp Skfalp*bkbi`^plK^o_rovsboprp
<
`r
K^afplk&/6.1'*biHrbwK^ope^iibpqfjÇnrbrk^ibv`lkqo^of^^i^Alkpqfqr`fÇkbo^kri^*mbolklmlobiilafpmrpl
`b
nrb^K^o_rovpbiblqlod^o^i^fksbpqfaro^abgrbw kbd^a^vnrbabj^kaÇbk_^pb^i^sfli^`fÇkabrk^kloj^,
0/, LMESCGP??JA?Jò*Frj_boql,=gfka\]jY[agf]k MgZj] dYk M]fl]f[aYk \] dgk NjaZmfYd]k =gfklalm[agfYd]k q kmk ?^][lgk
]f ;exja[Y \]d Mmj* Ck8 Pbsfpq^ irpbqNo^ufp Ll /*^Ål /.*0..2*mm, //1+ /36, Bfpmlkf_ibbk iÄkb^8:eqqm8--ttt,
.2
p`fbil,`i-p`fbil,mem=mfa;Q.5/6+../00..2.../....3$p`ofm q;p`f^oqqbuq< &Tfpfq^al bk cb_obol 0./.'9 ^pfjfpjl*
MJ?LM E?PAô?* Fbok}k ?ibg^kaol, Nahgdg_yY \] fm]kljYk k]fl]f[aYk =gfklalm[agfYd]k* Ck8 Skfsbopfq^p Afbk`f^p `l
HroÄaf`^p v Ql`flb`lkÇjf`^p Ll,/.6, Bf`fbj_ob, 0..2* m, 33/+4.0, Bfpmlkf_ib bk iÄkb^8 :eqqm8--ttt,g^sbof^k^, @
bar,`l-D^`riq^abp-A]Hrofaf`^p-mr_obs-al`rjbkqp-/1Öi^klriq,,mac<,&Tfpfq^albkcb_obolabi0./.' +
00, J?LB?* A~p^o, NjaZmfYd =gfklalm[agfYd q ?klY\g \]eg[jwla[g* Jfj^8 N^ibpqo^ Cafqlobp* 1^ baf`fÇk `loobdfa^ v M
^rjbkq^a^*0..5*mm,/./+/.2,
A l k p q f q r ` f l k ^ i f p j l ! J ^ q f k l ^ j b o f ` ^ k l 8 ! A l k q o l i ! ` l k p q f q r ` f l k ^ i ! ab! i ^ p ! i b v b p ! 023
`fÇk `lkpqfqr`flk^i bk bi`r^i kl`^_b rk^ab+ ifa^a kl m^ob`b abi qlal ^`boq^a^* mlo`r^kql
`fpfÇknrbklpb^bkbipbkqfal `lkpqfqr`flk^i bp afcÄ`fi bkqbkabo nrb e^v^qof_rk^ibp nrb pb
lfk`lkpqfqr`flk^i , ifj fqbk ^ ob^ifw^o rk^ ^mif`^`fÇk mro^ vpfjmib
ab i^p afpmlpf`flkbp `lkpqfqr`flk^ibp* mrbp q^i
Ck i^ ^`qr^ifa^a* bpql fjmif`^* ^abj}p* abp+ cloj^abmol`baboklpb^grpq^^i^`ljmibgfa^a
`lkl`bo ilp abp^ooliilp `lkqbj mlo}kblp abi v bpqor`qro^ ab af`e^p afpmlpf`flkbp* nrb ob+
Bbob`elAlkpqfqr`flk^ibk`r^kqlpbobcfbob^i^ nrfbobkpfbjmobabrk^^`qfsfa^afkqbomobq^qfs^
fkqbomobq^`fÇk*qla^sbwnrbpbafpqfkdrbbkqob mobsf^*^rknrbbpq^pb^ jÄkfj^,
\akhgka[a{f+` l k gr k ql abm^i^_o^plbkrk`f^al
ifk dÑÄpqf`l+ v fgjeY +b i l ilp pbkqfalp fkqbo+ ,( JW`fW`U[SeWef[_Sfad[Se(,/
mobq^qfslp nrb pb abofs^k ab i^ afpmlpf`fÇk+01*
nrb bp mob`fp^jbkqb i^ _^pb pl_ob i^ `r^i i^ Sk^ pbdrka^ mbopmb`qfs^ ab `i^pfcf`^`fÇk ab
grofpaf``fÇk `lkpqfqr`flk^i e^ abp^oolii^al bi i^ppbkqbk`f^p`lkpqfqr`flk^ibppba^^ m^oqfoab
pfdrfbkqb ^_^kf`l ab jlabilp ab pbkqbk`f^p ob`lkl`bopf ~pq^pplk]klaeYlgjaYkl\]k]klaeY)
nrb pb ^grpq^k ^ i^p kb`bpfa^abp `lk`obq^p ab lgzYk* J^p pbkqbk`f^p bpqfj^qlof^p plk ^nrbii^p
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^ m l o ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a ab Jfj^
01, ES?QRGLG* Pf``^oal, >aklaf_ma]f\g* ?klm\agk \] l]gjyY q e]lYl]gjyY \]d \]j][`g* @^o`bilk^8 Cafqlof^i Ebafp^*
@^o`bilk^*/777*mm, /./+/.2,
02, QRA ...2+0..2+AA-RA9 alkab biRof_rk^i Alkpqfqr`flk^i Nbor^kl ob^ifwÇ rk^ ^molufj^`fÇk ^ i^ qfmlildÄ^ ab i^p
;>PI=;NOM /05
pbkqbk`f^p`lkpqfqr`flk^ibpab^mif`^`fÇk bfkqbomobq^`fÇk,
03, Bô?X PCTMPGM* DYna]j* FY afl]jhj]lY[a{f [gfklalm[agfYd \] dY d]q* FYk k]fl]f[aYk afl]jhj]lYlanYk \]d NjaZmfYd
=gfklalm[agfYd*Jfj^8N^ibpqo^bafqlobp*0..1*mm,65+77,
i^ bifj fk^ `fÇ k Äkqbdo^ abi qb u ql k loj ^ qfsl nrbjr`e^psb`bpe^mboj fqfal`^rqbi^o_fbkbp
fj mrdk^al abi loabk^jfbkqlgroÄaf`l, Aljl `lkpqfqr`flk^ibpnrbmrafbo^kobpriq^omrbpqlp
bk bi A^pl QfjÇk &D^iil 10680.34' bk sfoqr a bk rk^ pfqr^`fÇk mblonrb pf kl pb ob`roofbo^ ^
abi `r^i i^ Aloqb Qrmobj^ ?odbkqfk^ ab`i^oÇ bpqb qfm l ab pbkqbk`f^p, ?pÄ* mlo bgbjmil* bk
i^ fk`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a ab i^ ibvabl_bafbk`f^ Alilj _f^* bk alkab pb i^p abklj fk^ pbk+
ab_fa^*nrbab`i^oÇmobp`ofqlp ilp`oÄjbkbpab qbk`f^p `lkaf`flk^a^p * ~pq^p e^k ^vra^al ^
ibp^ erj^kfa^a `ljbqfalpmloi^Hrkq^ Kfifq^o* j ^kqbkbo abkqol abi loabk^j fbkql gr oÄa f`l
aro^kqbi^a~`^a^abilppbqbkq^, `fboq^p fkqbomobq^`flkbp ab i^p ibvbp nrb plk _^
`lkclojbp`lki^Alkpqfqr`fÇk05,CkbiNboÉ*bki^ C
J^s^ilo^`fÇknrbmrbabe^`bopbabbpqbqfmlab QRA../2+/774+?G-RA*biRof_rk^iAlkpqfqr`flk^i MG
ûM
pbkqbk`f^p`lkpqfqr`flk^ibps^bkbipbkqfalnrb fkqbomobqÇ i^ Jbvab Ni^kfcf`^`fÇk D^jfif^o nrb K-
_^
^elo^i^bumripfÇk*pfk j}p*abrk^afpmlpf`fÇk `lkpfabo^_^^i^bpqbofifw^`fÇk`ljlrkj~qlal ug
f-f
fjmrdk^a^ abi loabk^jfbkqlgroÄaf`l bp j}p abmi^kfcf`^`fÇkc^jfif^o*pfbjmobv`r^kal~pq^ :S
<
_fbk i^ bu`bm`fÇkv kl i^ obdi^, Ciil `ljl rk^ crbpb obsbopf_ib, `
1
j^kfcbpq^`fÇk ab ilp mofk`fmflp ab fkqbomobq^+ gl
`fÇkabi^ibv`lkclojb`lki^Alkpqfqr`fÇkvabi 0,1 M]fl]f[aYkafl]jhj]lYlanYk)fgjeYlanYk* MG
+l
mofk`fmfl ab mobprk`fÇk ab `lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a l
+A
abi^pibvbp, J^p k]fl]f[aYk afl]jhj]lYlanYk)fgjeYlanYk pb r
^f
grpqfcf`^k `r^kal bi Çod^kl ab `lkqoli `lkp+ S5
O
0,0 M]fl]f[aYkafl]jhj]lYlanYk]fk]fla\g qfqr ` fl k ^ i abqb`q^ v abqboj fk^ i^ bufpqbk`f^ ^f
K-
]klja[lg* ab rk `lkqbkfal kloj ^qfsl fk`lkpqfqr`flk^i +l
_^
abkqol ab rk^ ibv l kloj^ `lk o^kdl ab ibv, -
Ck i^p k]fl]f[aYk afl]jhj]lYlanYk ]f k]fla\g J^bi^_lo^`fÇkabaf`e^ppbkqbk`f^pbpq}prgbq^ r
_^
LR
]klja[lg( bi Çod^kl ab `lkqoli `lkpqfqr`flk^i* ^iqbok^qfs^ v^`rj ri^qfs^jbkqb^alpqfmlpab 00
pbdÉk pb^k i^p `fo`rkpq^k`f^p nrb olab^k i^ lmbo^`flkbp8i^^_i^qfs^vi^ ob`lkpqor`qfs^,J^ ^9
u<
`lkqolsbopf^ `lkpqfqr`flk^i* ab`i^o^ i^ fk`lkp+ lmbo^`fÇkYZdYlanYg\]]pxj]kak`lkpfpqbbk ob+ f-f
l
`
qfqr`flk^ifa^a ab rk^ fkqbomobq^`fÇk booÇkb^ ar`foilp^i`^k`bpkloj^qfslpabi^ibvfj mrd+ C
bcb`qr^a^ mlo ^idÉk lmbo^alograf`f^i* il `r^i k^a^ bifj fk^kal abi mol`bpl fkqbomobq^qfsl 1
_^
^`^oob^ rk^ ^mif`^`fÇk fkab_fa^, Bf`e^ j la^+ ^idrk^ co^pb l e^pq^ rk^ kloj^ `rv^ pfdkfcf+ .
^,
ifa^a ^m^ob`b `r^kal pb e^ ^pfdk^al ^i qbuql `^`fÇk `lifpflk^ `lk i^ Alkpqfqr`fÇk, N^o^ q^i _^
K-
l_gbqlabbu^jbk&\akhgka[a{f'rk^pfdkfcf`^`fÇk bcb`ql*pbab`i^o^i^krifa^aabi^p bumobpflkbp _^
v`lkqbkfal sfgjeY% afpqfkql^inrb i^ afpmlpf+ fj mboqfkbkqbp 9 il nrb dbkbo^ rk `^j_fl abi M
./
`fÇkqfbkb`^_^ijbkqb,?pÄ*biÇod^klab`lkqoli `lkqbkfal mob`bmqfslab i^ ibv, _^
fk
`lkpqfqr`flk^i mrbab `lk`irfo bk nrb mlo rk^ <
MG
booÇkb^ fkqbomobq^`fÇk pb e^k `ob^al krbs^p J^lmbo^`fÇkj][gfkljm[lanYg\]j]hgka[a{f`lk+ ``
kloj^p * afpqfkq^p ab i^p `lkqbkfa^p bk i^ ibv pfpqb bk `lkpfdk^o bi ^i`^k`b kloj ^qfsl ab i^
l kloj^ `lk o^kdl ab ibv l_gbql ab bu^jbk, ibvfj mrdk^a^ ^dobd}kalpbib rk`lkqbkfal
e+
AL
Nlo`lkpfdrfbkqb*bpq^_ib`bnrbbkbicrqrolilp vrkpbkqfalabfkqbomobq^`fÇknrbkl^m^ob`b
0
e+
Q
05, A+251-729 `co, K?PRôLCX A?@?JJCPM* ?ibg^kaol, Nahgk \] k]fl]f[aYk ]f ]d [gfljgd [gfklalm[agfYd \] dYk d]q]k6 dY
]ph]ja]f[aY[gdgeZaYfY* Ck Pbsfpq^ Cpqraflp Ql`fl+HroÄaf`lp* j^owl* ^Ål-sli, 0* Ll, ../* Skfsbopfa^a abi Plp^ofl* O
@ldlq}*0...,m,/1,
`ljl pbÅ^i^_^ i^ ibv*pfkl ab_Ä^ pbo fkqbomob+ Ll bp afcÄ`fi bkqbkabo nrb i^ ab`i^o^`fÇk ab
q^al ^iqbok^qfs^j bkqb ^ bcb`qlp ab kl qbkbo fk`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a mrbab qboj fk^o pfbkal
rkqo^qlafp`ofj fk^qloflbk obi^`fÇk ^ i^ sfra^ j}p do^slp^ abpab rk mrkql ab sfpq^ mliÄqf`l*
ab rk mbkpflkfpq^ ^ i^ nrb pÇil pb ib mbojfqÄ^ groÄaf`l* b`lkÇj f`l l pl`f^i* nrb pr molmf^
^`obafq^o rk obnrfpfql, N^o^ bpqlp bcb`qlp* bi mboj^kbk`f^abkqolabi loabk^jfbkql`lkpqf+
Rof_rk^i bumripÇ i^ `lkgrk`fÇk v * m^o^ l ql o+ qr`flk^i,?pÄ*mrbp*ilpbcb`qlpabaf`e^ab`i^o^+
d^oib^is^`Äl`ob^alrkpbkqfalfkqbomobq^qfsl `fÇk mrbabk molar`fo*aro^kqb rk qfbjml * rk
afpvrkqfsl`lk i^ `lkgrk`fÇk l , s^`Äl ibdfpi^qfsl a^Ålpl )`gjjgj ng[ma)* Ck bpb
pbkqfal* kl ab_b lisfa^opb nrb i^grofpaf``fÇk
R^ibp`fo`rkpq^k`f^pqfbkbk nrbsbo`lk i^bufp+ `lkpqfqr`flk^iabpbjmbÅ^q^j_f~krk^crk`fÇk
qbk`f^abalpmofk`fmflpob`qlobpabi^^`qfsfa^a ^ojlkfw^alo^abilp`lkcif`qlppl`f^ibpvmliÄqf+
grofpaf``flk^i+`lkpqfqrvbkqb*^p^_bo9bimofk`fmfl `lp pr_v^`bkqbpbk rk mol`bpl`lkpqfqr`flk^i*
ab`lkpbos^`fÇkabi^ibvvbimofk`fmflabfkqbo+ mlo il nrb af`e^p pbkqbk`f^p pb `lkpqfqrvbk
mobq^`fÇkabpabi^Alkpqfqr`fÇk, bk fkpqorj bkqlp mol`bp^ibp kb`bp^oflp m^o^
i^ m^`fcf`^`fÇk pl`f^i bk rk^ obdfÇk ^iq^jbkqb
`lkcif`qfs^*`ljli^ i^qfkl^jbof`^k^,
&^' Ci m ofk ` fm fl ab `lkpbos^`fÇk ab i^ ibv
bufdb ^i grbw `lkpqfqr`flk^i lmq^o* e^pq^ Cpqbqfmlabpbkqbk`f^pmolmf`f^kbiabpmifbdrb
alkabpb^ o^wlk^_ibjbkqb mlpf_ib* mloi^ ab ilp bcb`qlp ab i^p kloj^p `lkpqfqr`flk^ibp
`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a ab rk^ ibvfjmrdk^a^* nrb mlaoÄ^k pbol_pq^`rifw^alp mlo ilp s^`Älp
bk ^o^p ab ^cfoj^o rk abqboj fk^al s^ilo kloj ^qfslp molar`qlabrkpfjmibc^iilbpqfj^+
l mofk`fmfl `lkpqfqr`flk^i l rk bpmb`Äcf`l qlofl,J^pkloj^pfkar`fa^pvabar`fa^pbj^k^+
abob`elcrka^jbkq^i,Cpab`fo*i^bumripfÇk a^pab rk^ pbkqbk`f^ fkqbomobq^qfs^+kloj^qfs^
ab rk^ ibv abi loabk^jfbkqlgroÄaf`l mlo pb bk`rbkqo^k fj miÄ`fq^p abkqol abi loabk^+
fk`lkpqfqr`flk^i* ab_b pboi^ Éiqfj^jYlag^ j fbkql `lkpqfqr`flk^i* mbol plk l_gbqfs^_ibp
i^nrbab_b^mbi^opb,Bbbpq^cloj^*i^pfj+ jbaf^kqbbpqbmol`bafjfbkqlfkqbomobq^qfsl,
;>PI=;NOM /05
A l k p q f q r ` f l k ^ i f p j l J ^ q f k l ^ j b o f ` ^ k l 8 A l k q o l i ` l k p q f q r ` f l k ^ i ab i ^ p i b v b p 027
obibsl abi `lkqbkfal kloj^qfslbumrip^alabi bk i^ j bafa^ nrb ~pq^p crbo^k `lj m^qf_ibp
loabk^jfbkqlgroÄaf`l9s^ibab`fo*afpmlkbrk^ `lk i^ k^qro^ibw^ ab i^ ^ `qfsfa ^ a v oli abi
jlafcf`^`fÇkl^iqbo^`fÇkabrk^m^oqbifqbo^iab pb`qlo m É _ if` l 10, Ck bpqb `^pl* i^p pbkqbk`f^p
i^ ibv, Bb_b^`i^o^opbnrbi^ m^oqbprpqfqrvbkqb `lkpqfqr`flk^ibp m lo lj fpfÇk ibdfpi^qfs^ kl
kl bp lqo^ nrb rk^ kloj^ v^ sfdbkqb bk bilo+ pb molkrk`f^k* `lj l bp bsfabkqb* pl_ob rk^
abk^jfbkqlgroÄaf`l,J^^`qfsfa^afkqbomobq^qfs^ ibvbufpqbkqb* pfkl j}p _fbk ^kqb i^ ^rpbk`f^
pb `^k^ifw^ `lk bi qo^pi^al ab ilp prmrbpqlp r lj fpfÇk mlom^oqb abi ibdfpi^alo11,
l i^p `lkpb`rbk`f^p groÄaf`^p ab rk^ kloj^
^mol_^a^ mlo bi ibdfpi^alo* e^pq^ i^ m^oqb ab
%2;A2;06.@6;A2?=?2A.A6C.@;<?: .A6C.@
i^ ibv`rbpqflk^a^ +v bk `lk`obql ^cb`q^a^ ab 1632?61.@
fk`lkpqfqr`flk^i+*`lkbil_gbqlabmol`babo^pr
fkjbaf^q^ fkqbdo^`fÇk,Bf`e^^``fÇkpbbcb`qÉ^ Bb j^kbo^ ^rqÇklj^ pb e^_i^q^j _f~k ab i^p
bu`bm`flk^ijbkqbm^o^fjmbafoi^`lkprj^`fÇk k]fl]f[aYk ]p`gjlYlanYk(bkalkabbiÇod^klab
ab bcb`qlp mliÄqf`lp* b`lkÇjf`lp* pl`f^ibp l `lkqoli `lkpqfqr`flk^i ab`i^o^ i^ fk`lj m^qf_fif+
`riqro^ibpdo^sbjbkqba^Ålplpvabofs^alpab a^a `lkpqfqr`flk^i ab rk^ m^oqb l i^ qlq^ifa^a
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^ m l o ^ ir j k l p ab i^ D ^ `riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a ab Jfj^
i^ab`i^o^`fÇkabfk`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^am^o`f^i, ab rk^ ibv l kloj^ `lk o^kdl ab ibv* mbpb ^
il`r^i klafpmlkbpr fkjbaf^q^ bumripfÇk abi
K~uf`l mobpbkq^ rk bgbj mil bj _ibj }qf`l v loabk^j fbkql `lkpqfqr`flk^i* pfkl nrb ob`l+
`lkqolsboqfalbkj^qbof^bib`qlo^i,Cki^^``fÇk jfbka^ ^i N^oi^jbkql m^o^ nrb* abkqol ab rk
ab fk`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a 25-0..4* pb bjfqfbolk mi^wlo^wlk^_ib*bumfa^rk^ibvprpqfqrqlof^`lk
obplir`flkbp pr`bpfs^p `ljl ^iqbok^qfs^ ^ i^ rk`lkqbkfal^`loab^ i^pkloj^p*mofk`fmflpl
bu`bpfs^do^slpfa^anrbi^pli^ab`i^o^`fÇkab s^ilobp`lkpqfqr`flk^ibp,
fk`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a er_fbpbdbkbo^al, J^ mof+
jbo^bumripÇabiloabk^jfbkqlgroÄaf`lqlalbi Aljlmrbabl_pbos^opb* pfbkpbab`lkpqfqr`fl+
pfpqbj^kloj^qfslbib`qlo^i*m^o^irbdl*bkrk^ k^ipb`lkpfabo^ahkg ^Y[lgnrbrk^abqbojfk^a^
pbdrka^ obplir`fÇk* ab`i^o^o i^ obsfsfp`bk`f^ afpmlpf`fÇk ibd^ibp`lkqo^of^^ i^Alkpqfqr`fÇk*
ab i^p kloj^p sfdbkqbp `lk ^kqboflofa^a ab i^ bksbwabab`i^o^opbprfks^ifabw`lkpqfqr`flk^i*
ab`i^o^`fÇkabfk`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^a1/, pb`lkcfbob^iibdfpi^alorkmi^wlabqbojfk^all
abqbojfk^_ibm^o^nrbi^obclojb*`lkbil_gbql
Ck bi `^pl ab @o^pfi* bi QrmobjlRof_rk^i Db+ abbifjfk^o i^ m^oqbsfli^qlof^ abi qbuqlcrka^+
abo^i e^ eb`elrplabbpq^q~`kf`^cobkqb^ i^ jbkq^i, Ck bpqbqfm l abpbkqbk`f^ppb fksl`^ bi
lj fpfÇk ibdfpi^qfs^nrbfjmbaÄ^bgbo`boabob+ `lk`bmql abnY[Ylagk]l]flaY](jbaf^kqbbi`r^i
`elp`lkpqfqr`flk^ij bkqbob`lkl`falp,R^ibp pb afpmlkb i^ prpmbkpfÇk ab i^ bcf`^`f^ ab rk^
bi`^plabi abob`el^ i^ erbid^* mlobi nrbpb m^oqbabic^iil, Cpab`fo*pbjlari^k ilpbcb`qlp
mobpbkqÇ rk eYf\Ylg \] gZda_Y[a{f m^o^ nrb abi^ab`fpfÇkbkbiqfbjml, Bf`e^bumobpfÇkbp
pbbjfqfbo^ i^ ibvnrbobdri^o^*irbdlabsbfkqb rkbnrfs^ibkqbgrofpmorabk`f^iabi^nY[Y\g d]_ak
^Ålpabmolj rid^a^i^Alkpqfqr`fÇk*bibgbo`f+ lprpmbkpfÇkqbjmlo^iabi^bkqo^a^bksfdbk`f^
`flabbpqbabob`elcrka^j bkq^i bk obi^`fÇk abrk^ ibv^mol_^a^,
^ ilp pbosfalobp mÉ_if`lp, J^ plir`fÇk crb i^
^mif`^`fÇk ab i^p afpmlpf`flkbp obdri^alo^p Ck ? odbkqfk^* bi `^pl LgkrY( ab ilp grb`bp
abi abob`el ab erbid^ abi pb`qlo mofs^al* pr_old^kqbp *klj_o^alp^qo^s~pabrk^obpl+
;>PI=;NOM /05
10, ?JDMLQM B? QGJT?*Tfodfifl, Mmhj]eg NjaZmfYd @]\]jYd $<jYkad%* Ck8 DCPPCP+K?AEPCEMP* Car^oal &`lloafk^alo',
=j{fa[Yk \] NjaZmfYd]k =gfklalm[agfYd]k ]f FYlafgYexja[Y(m,76,
af`e^p obpqof``flkbp^ i^ mofs^`fa^a pÇil mlaÄ^k `lk i^ fkqbomobq^`fÇk ab`i^o^a^ `ljl Ékf`^*
pboaf`q^a^p mlo rkgrbw, Ck i^ pbkqbk`f^ nrb i^ bu`irpfs^vbu`irvbkqbjbkqbs}ifa^,
AloqbQrmobj^abHrpqf`f^m^k^jbÅ^bjfqfÇ*pb
ef`fbolkmob`fpflkbpbk`r^kql^i`lkqbkfalnrb Ck bi `^pl mbor^kl* bpqb Éiqfj l prmrbpql ab
ab_ba}opbib^q~ojfklp`lkpqfqr`flk^ibp`ljl pbkqbk`f^pabpbpqfj^qlof^pmlopbkqfalfkqbomob+
biab ^rqlofa^agraf`f^i 15, q^qfslmrbab^mob`f^opbbki^QRA...0+0..7+?G-
RA*bkalkabpbbs^iÉ^i^`lkpqfqr`flk^ifa^aabi
-( JW`fW`U[SeVWeWef[_Sfad[Se( ?`rboalabJf_obAljbo`fl`lkAefib,CiRof_rk^i
Alkpqfqr`flk^i mbor^kl ab`i^o^ fkcrka^a^ i^
J^p k]fl]f[aYk \]k]klaeYlgjaYk plk ^nrbii^p abj^ka^viba^rkpbkqfalfkqbomobq^qfsl`lj+
nrbab`i^o^k* pbdÉk pb^ bi`^pl*fk^ajfpf_ibp* m^qf_ib`lki^Alkpqfqr`fÇk^ilpq~ojfklprp^alp
fjmol`babkqbplfkcrka^a^prk^`lk`obq^`lk+ bkbi^`rboal`ljbo`f^ibkqob^j_lpm^Äpbp*`lk
qolsbopf^`lkpqfqr`flk^i,CkbpqbÉiqfj l`^pl*i^ i^cfk^ifa^aabnrb~pqlppbbkqfbka^k^i^irwab
abkbd^qlof^ fj mfab rk^ krbs^ fkqbomlpf`fÇk i^pafpmlpf`flkbp`lkpqfqr`flk^ibpnrbsbi^kmlo
crka^a^ bk fa~kqf`l mob`bmql `lkpqfqr`flk^i i^fkqbdofa^aabialjfkflj^oÄqfjlab0..jfii^p
&mbqf`fÇk m^o`f^i v bpmb`Äcf`^ obcbofa^ ^ rk^ l vi^pbdrofa^ak^`flk^ibki^obpqof``fÇkababob+
s^of^p kloj^p `lkqbkfa^p l bk rk^ ibv'9 ^ab+ `elpcrka^jbkq^ibp`ljlbiabi^molmfba^a,
j}p*biob`e^wlabrkprmrbpqlsf`flcloj^ikl
l_pq^ m^o^ nrbbpq^ ibv kl mrba^ pbo`rbpqfl+ Qfk mbogrf`flabbiil* biRof_rk^i Alkpqfqr`flk^i
k^a^ riqbofloj bkqb mlo o^wlkbp ab clkal, J^ mbor^kl e^ af`q^al afsbop^p pbkqbk`f^p16 nrb
mo^ufp`lkpqfqr`flk^i ob`lkl`brk^ miro^ifa^a mrbabkabkljfk^opb fkpqor`qfs^p *vnrbpb`^+
ab cloj^p v `lkqbkfalp prpq^kqfslp ab rk^ o^`qbofw^kmloob^ifw^o*^m^oqfoabi`^pl`lk`obql*
pbkqbk`f^ abpbpqfj^qlof^, rk abp^ooliil grofpmorabk`f^i v al`qofk^ofl ab
ilp qbj^p j}p fjmloq^kqbp bk afp`rpfÇk, Cpqb
J^ abpbpqfj^`fÇk hgj j][`Yrg kaehd] obprbisb qfm l ab pbkqbk`f^p pbgrpqfcf`^k mlonrbqfbkbk
ab`i^o^o fkcrka^a^ i^ abj ^ka^ mobpbkq^a^ `ljlcfk^ifa^a lofbkq^o^ ilpgrb`bp `lk `ofqb+
`lkqo^ rk^ m^oqb l i^ fkqbdofa^a ab rk^ ibv l oflp nrb mrba^k rqfifw^o bk i^ fkqbomobq^`fÇk
kloj^ `lk o^kdl ab ibv, J^ abpbpqfj^`fÇkhgj `lkpqfqr`flk^i nrb ob^if`bk bk ilp mol`bplp ^
;>PI = ;NO M /05
15, QòLAFCX EMLXòJCX* Q^is^alo, =gjl] Mmhj]eY \] Dmkla[aY $JYfYew%* Ck8 DCPPCP+K?AEPCEMP* Car^oal
&`lloafk^alo',=j{fa[Yk \] NjaZmfYd]k =gfklalm[agfYd]k ]f FYlafgYexja[Y(mm,2/.*2/4,
16, QRA ...6+0..1+?G-RAvQRA ./6+0..1+?G-RA9 alkab pbabp^ooliiÇ ilp mofk`fmflp ab b`lkljÄ^ pl`f^i ab jbo`^al
`lkp^do^albki^Alkpqfqr`fÇk,
bpq}kl_ifd^alp^`lkpfabo^oi^p`lkpb`rbk`f^p M
A
@M( G<IJG<:K@M8J groÄaf`^p ab prp ab`fpflkbp m^o^ i^ pl`fba^a C
bpq^q^i2.* bsfq^kal lofbkq^opb* pfj mibj bkqb* rá
Alkqbjmlo}kb^jbkqb*i^grofpaf``fÇk`lkpqfqr+ mlobi ibj^ã^yYl bmklalaY h]j]Yl emf\mk $im] k] 4Y*
`flk^iq^kqlbk?j~of`^J^qfk^`ljlbkCrolm^ `Y_Y bmkla[aY Ymfim] h]j]r[Y ]d emf\g%7 `ljl
ug
v^klpÇilpb`^o^`qbofw^mlobij lklmliflm^o^ q^jml`lnrbpbpr`rj_^`lk i^pl_ob`^od^ab e
ob^ifw^obi`lkqoli^_pqo^`qlab`lkpqfqr`flk^if+ i^^mif`^`fÇkabi^kloj^^ibg^a^abi^ob^ifa^a* GK
HB
a^a ab i^p ibvbp*pfklq^j _f~k mlo i^p afsbop^p mlonr] ãkmemf amk kmeY afamjY *s\]eYkaY\g \]j])
:-f
cloj^p bk nrb mrbab ^almq^o rk^ pbkqbk`f^ [`g ]k \]eYkaY\Y afbmkla[aY% Nlonrbbpbsfabkqb
HB
af`q^a^ bk bi j^o`l ab rk mol`bpl `lkpqfqr+ nrb* i^grpqf`f^ `lkpqfqr`flk^i bp rk ^oqb ^kqbp AÜ
ôL
17, QAFJ?GAF* Ii^rp, >Yk <mf\]kn]j^Ykkmf_k_]ja[`l* Ml]ddmf_( P]j^Y`j]f( ?flk[`]a\mf_]f* Krkf`e8 @b`h* /775, mm, 042 1
v pp,9 AöPBMT?* E^_ofbi^, ?d [gfljgd YZkljY[lg \] [gfklalm[agfYda\Y\ ]f ;d]eYfaY* @rbklp ?fobp8 ?a+Fl`* 0..1, mm, Gí
52 v pp, L
2., DCPPCGP? KCLBCQ* Efij^o, >aj]algk ^mf\Ye]flwak ] [gfljgd] \] [gfklalm[agfYda\Y\]9 ?klm\gk \] >aj]alg =gfklalm[agfYd* O
Q^l N^ril8 Cafqlo^ Q^o^fs^* 1^ baf`fÇk* 2^ qfo^dbj* 0..7, m, 2./,
2/, X?EPC@CJQIW*Erpq^sl, ?d \]j][`g \|[lad***( Ih* =al*( mm, /1/ pp9 BMCFPGLE* I^oi, >]j ;mlgjalYln]jdmkl \]k L][`lk*
Ck8 Plj}k Q`ekro &`ljmfi^alo', @]klk[`ja^l ^}j ?jfkl @gjkl`g^^* Tme 3,* A]ZmjklY_* KÑk`ebk8 A,@, @b`h%p`eb
Tboi^dp_r`ee^kairkd*/750*mm,/.1+//6,