Looking for spectral emittance: Energy distribution of EM

Cavity (hollow box) in thermodynamic equilibrium • calculate the number of cavity modes (EM standing
waves with wavelengths waves) with a wavelength between  and + d:
I ( , T ) d  [W/m2] between  and  + d :
∅≫𝜆 8 L3
n ( ) d  = d
Boltzmann-distribution Yes, the number of cavity modes refers to the number of standing waves
that can exist inside a resonant cavity at different frequencies. Each cavity
mode corresponds to a unique pattern of standing waves that satisfies the
boundary conditions imposed by the reflective surfaces of the cavity. The 4
cavity modes are often referred to as the natural modes of the cavity
because they arise naturally as a result of the geometry and size of the

Intensity (irradiance) emitted

cavity.
• each EM mode has an average (thermal) energy:
Δ𝐴 ≪ 𝐴

Probability
in the wavelength interval -
 E = kT For classical physics! these will result

 to  + d  E in ultraviolet catastrophe

 E  P( E )dE
−
P = P0e kT

I
at a temperature T
E = 0

= kT • spectral emittance:
Two ingredients  P( E )dE c E 2 c kT Rayleigh-Jeans
How large is the spectral emittance? 0
I ( , T ) = n ( ) 3 =
Energy
average energy
4 L 4 radiation law
(note: independent of )

UV catastrophe Classical physics: energy of oscillators continuous! Planck: energy of oscillators discrete!
Planck’s ad hoc hypothesis:
oscillators can only have certain energies!
Thus, average energy per mode is not kT, but…

Probability
Probability
E E
− −

hc /  P = P0e kT P = P0e kT

E = hc /  kT 
e −1
works well
2 hc 2 Energy
u 2u 3u 4u
for large λ I ( , T ) = 5 hc /  kT Energy

( )


 e −1  E  P( E )dE 

 nu  P e 0
−
nu
kT

Boltzmann-distribution: E = 0
= kT hf
 E = n =1
 nu
= hf u = hf
 P( E )dE
−

Modern Physics, Serway-Moses-Moyer, 3rd ed.

h: Planck’s constant
0
Pe
n =1
0
kT
e kT − 1

Plank’s constant Quantum Quiz Photoelectric effect (Philip Lenard 1899) Experiment photoelectric effect

2 hc 2
I ( , T ) =
(
 ehc /  kT − 1
5
)
h  6.626  10−34 Js What happens for h → 0?
h
=  1.055  10−34 Js A. intensity → ∞
2 B. intensity → 0 https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto-elektrisch_effect

C. classical physics returns

D. nothing special
Quantum mechanics : h / − physics

observation #1 observation #2 observation #3 K max  f

 observation #1
Iphoto instantaneous (< 10-9 s) after switch-on
 observation #2 𝐼photo instantaneous

K max Classically K max independent of I

Classically
unexpected:
 observation #3
unexpected:

K max  f K max = eV0 K max = eV0 = hf − 

kinetic energy constant K max = 0  f 0 =  / h
f0 f
threshold f0
Classically unexpected!
Modern Physics, Serway-Moses-Moyer, 3rd ed.
 ( ) + ( pc ) Momentum and energy conservation:
2 2
Einstein: E 2 = mc 2 do photons really have momentum p = h / λ ?
YES 
m=0 E = hf p = E/c =h/ 
Compton effect
photons:
no rest mass,
but momentum! 


h
 ' − 0 = (1 − cos  ) h
(h/mc) is known as the Compton wavelength (λ_c) of the electron,

mc
 ' − 0 = (1 − cos  ) = 2C sin 2 ( / 2)
Modern Physics, Serway-Moses-Moyer, 3rd ed.
This equation describes the change in the photon's wavelength due to the scattering process as
a function of the scattering angle φ and the Compton wavelength of the electron. mc Modern Physics, Serway-Moses-Moyer, 3rd ed.

Hypothesis of De Broglie NL: “De Brojuh”

UK: “De Broy”

Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond,
photons  , f → p,E
7th duc de Broglie light → particles
(1892-1987)
particles → waves? h
p = E = hf

matter wave:
particles p,E →  , f
 = h/ p
h E
de Broglie  = f =
wavelength p h

Rutherford scattering experiment Maxwell: an accelerating charge emits energy (radiation) special, stationary electron states:
classical model disastrous stable, non-radiating orbitals with fixed energy

wanted to check:
negative “electron cloud”
𝑣2
𝐹𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚
Electron 𝑟 When discussing atomic
models, particularly the
Rutherford and Bohr
models, electrostatic
attraction providing
centripetal acceleration
refers to the force that
keeps electrons in their
orbits around the nucleus.
Thomson’s plum pudding
“krentencake”
Wikipedia.org

back to de Broglie
De Broglie & Bohr orbitals: ℎ
circumference = whole (integer) number 2𝜋𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛𝜆 = 𝑛 ⇒ 𝐿𝑛 = 𝑚𝑣𝑛 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛ℏ Fcentr . = FCoulomb
photons  , f → p,E 𝑚𝑣𝑛
of wavelengths " Bohr’s 1st postulate
h
-

P angular momentum is quantized!

p = E = hf mvn 2 e2
 = (1)
rn 4 0 rn 2
particles p , E →  , f
h E h
 = f = Ln = n = mvn rn ( 2)
p h 2 rn = n 2
Modern Physics, Serway-Moses-Moyer, 3rd ed.
 discrete allowed orbitals; great!
| E1 | Bohr’s 2nd postulate:
discrete energies of the orbitals! 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝑎0 En = −
𝑎0 ≈ 52. 9 pm n2
| E1 | = 13.6 eV hf = Ei − E f
e2
En = U n + K n = − + 12 mvn2
4 0 rn E

me 4 1
 En = − 2 2  2
8 0 h n

𝜀0 ℎ2 integer n : a quantum number

⇒ 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 = 𝑛2 𝑎0 ≈ 𝑛2 52.9pm
𝜋𝑚𝑒 2 Explains discrete spectrum!
Bohr radius Modern Physics, Serway-Moses-Moyer, 3rd ed.

Balmer’s equation (1884) Maxwell: charge in orbit with orbital frequency f

correspondence principle
1 1 1
… radiates with frequency f
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸𝑈 − 𝐸𝐿 =𝑅 2− 2 reconciles microscopic QM f'
𝜆 𝑛𝐿 𝑛𝑈
quantum with macroscopic classical world 1 1
𝑚𝑒 4
1
classical
Bohr: 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑐 −
𝐸𝑛 = − × 𝑅 = 1.097 × 107 m−1
𝑛22 𝑛12 m
8𝜀02 ℎ2 𝑛2 𝑅𝑦𝑑𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
lim  quantum physics 
n→ f
Correspondence:
𝑛𝐿 = 2
=
H Niels Bohr
Wikipedia.org
[classical physics] When 𝑛 ≫ 1 Maxwell and Bohr agree!
Modern Physics, Serway-Moses-Moyer, 3rd ed.