KOMPAN “Ang wikang Pambansa ay dapat ibatay sa isa sa mga

umiiral na wika sa Pilipinas”

Jose Villa Panganiban
 Manuel Luis Quezon – nagbigay daan sa probisyong
“Ang WIKA ay paraan ng pagpapahayag ng
pangwika na nakasaad sa Artikulo XIV, Seksiyon.
damdamin at opinyon sa pamamagitan ng mga
salita upang magkaunawaan ang mga tao.”
Saligang Batas 1935
Henry Allan Gleason Jr.
MANUEL L. QUEZON
“Ang WIKA ay isang masistemang balangkas ng
Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
mga sinasalitang tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa
Ama ng Republika ng Pilipinas
paraang arbitraryo upang magamit ng mga taong
“Kailangang magkaroon ng sariling wika ang Pilipinas,
kabilang sa isang kultura.”
isang wikang nakabatay sa isa sa mga katutubong wika.”
Artikulo XIV, Seksiyon 3 – gagawa ang kongreso ng
MASISTEMANG BALANGKAS Binubuo ng mga
hakbang sa pagpapaunlad at pagpapatibay ng isang
makabuluhang tunog o ponema ang wika na nakalilikha
wikang Pambansa batay sa mga umiiral na katutubong
ng mga yunit ng salita na kapag pinagsama-sama sa
wika. Hanggat wala pa, ang Ingles at Kastila ang opisyal
isang maayos at makabuluhang pagkakasunod-sunod ay
na wika.
nakabubuo ng mga parirala pangungusap, at talata.
NORBERTO ROMUALDEZ SR.
ARBITRARYO - Pinagkakasunduan ang anumang wikang
Abogado, Mambabatas, Hukom
gagamitin ng mga grupo ng tao para sa kanilang pang-
Mahistrado ng Korte Suprema
araw-araw na pamumuhay.
“Mag-aaral ng mga diyalekto sa pangkalahatan para sa
MAGKAUGNAY ANG WIKA AT KULTURA at hindi
layuning magpaunlad at magpatibay ng isang
maaaring paghiwalayin. Ang kultura ang nagpapayaman
pambansang wikang batay sa isa sa mga umiiral na wika
sa wika samantalang ang wika naman ang nagbibigay
ayon sa balangkas, mekanismo, at panitikan na
ngalan o salita sa lahat ng gawaing nakapaloob sa
tinatanggap at sinasalita ng nakararaming Pilipino.”
kultura.
 Nobyembre 13, 1936- Pinagtibay ng Batasang
Pambansa ang Batas Komonwelt Blg. 184 na
DINAMIKO - Ang wika ay nagbabago,
lumilikha ng Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (SWP) at
dumarami at nadaragdagan.
nagtatakda ng kapangyarihan, layunin at tungkulin
ANTAS - May lebel ang wika na maaaring pormal o di
nito
pormal.
KOMUNIKASYON - Sinasalita ang tunay na wika at
Saligang Batas 1936
ginagamit sa pag-uusap o pakikipagtalastasan.
JAIME CARLOS DE VEYRA
NATATANGI - Walang dalawang wikang magkatulad at
Politiko, Peryodista, Kinatawan ng Filipinas sa
may sariling katangian na naiiba sa lahat.
Kongreso ng Estados Unidos
DISIPLINA - Ang wika ay gamit sa kahit anong uri ng
Siya ang unang taga-pangulo ng Surian ng Wikang
larangan o propesyon.
Pambansa (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino ngayon).
KULTRA - Kaugnay ng wika ang iba’t ibang larangan ng
sining, paniniwala, kaugalian, karunungan at
Bakit TAGALOG ang pinagbatayan na wikang
kinagawian.
pambansa ng Pilipinas?
1. Wika ng sentro ng PAMAHALAAN
1934
2. Wika ng sentro ng EDUKASYON
LOPEK SANTOS
3. Wika ng sentro ng KALAKALAN
Ama ng Balarilang Tagalog
4. Wika ng sentro ng SIBILISASYON
5. Wika ng pinakamarami at pinakadakilang nasusulat
sa panitikan
 Disyembre 30, 1937- Iprinoklama ni Manuel Luis
Quezon ang Wikang Tagalog upang maging batayan
ng Wikang Pambansa (Sa bisa ng tagapagpaganap
Blg. 134)
1940
 Sinimulang ituro ang wikang Pambansa na batay sa
Tagalog sa mga paaralang pampubliko at pribado.
 Hulyo 14, 1946 – Ang araw kung kailan iginawad ng
mga Amerikano ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas.
 Inihayag ang wikang opisyal ay Tagalog at Ingles
batay sa bisa ng Batas Komonwelt Blg. 570
 Agosto 13, 1959- Mula sa Tagalog tinawag na
Pilipino ang Wikang Pambansa sa bisa ng Kautusang
Pangkagawaran Blg. 7 na ipinalabas ni Jose E.
Romero, ang kalihim ng Edukasyon noon.
 Ito ang ginamit sa mga tanggapan, gusali at mga
dokumentong pamahalaan.
 Nagkaroon muli ng pagtatalo sa Kumbensyong
Konstitusyunal kaugnay ng usaping pangwika. Ito
ang mga naging probisyong pangwika sa Saligang
Batas ng 1973, Artikulo XV, Seksyon 3, blg. 2.
Taong 1973, Artikulo XV, Seksyon 3, blg. 2
“Ang batasang pambansa ay dapat magsagawa ng mga
hakbang na magpapaunlad at pormal na magpapatibay
sa isang panlahat na wikang pambansang kikilalaning
Filipino.”
Saligang Batas Taong 1987
Pinagtibay ng Konstitusyunal na binuo ni dating
Pangulong Corazon Aquino ang implementasyon sa
paggamit ng Wikang Filipino. Nakasaad sa Artikulo XIV,
Seksyon 6 ang probisyon tungkol sa wika.
Artikulo XIV, Seksyon 6
“Ang wikang pambansa ng Pilipinas ay Filipino.
Samantalang nililinang, ito ay dapat payabungin at
pagyamanin pa salig sa umiiral na mga wika sa Pilipinas
at sa iba pang mga wika.”
MARÍA CORAZÓN C. AQUINO
Kauna-unahang naging babaeng pangulo ng
Pilipinas
Nagbigay ng lubos na pagsuporta sa paggamit ng
Filipino sa pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng Atas
Tagapapaganap Blg. 335, serye ng 1988.
 “Nag-aatas sa lahat ng mga kagawaran, kawanihan,
opisina, ahensya, at instrumentality ng pamahalaan
na magsagawa ng mga hakbang na kailangan para
sa layuning magamit ang Filipijno sa opisyal na mga
transaksyon, komunikasyon, at korespondensya.”
Atas Tagapagpaganap Blg. 117, serye ng 1988
Ang Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (SWP) ay naging
Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas (LWP) o Institute of
Philippine Languages. Matapos ang apat na taon
pinalitan ng komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) ang
LWP.
 Ang Komisyón sa Wikàng Filipíno o KWF ang
pangunahing ahensiya ng pamahalaan na may
katungkulang magsagawa ng mga pananaliksik,
paglilinang, pagpapalaganap, at pagpapaunlad ng
Filipino at iba pang wika sa bansa.
KAPASIYAHAN BLG. 13-39 NG KWF
1. Ang Filipino ay katutubong wika na ginagamit sa
buong Pilipinas bilang wika ng komunikasyon sa
pagbigkas at pasulat man na paraan
2. Ang wikang Filipino bilang isang wikang buhay at
dinamiko ay patuloy na pinauunlad at nagbabago.
3. Nililinang sa iba’t ibang saliksik at talakayang
akademiko.
4. Maging kasangkapan ang wika nig lipunang Pilipino.
 5. Look inside yourself and be your own inspiration.

PERDEV 6. Love yourself.

7. Appreciate your beauty and others' beauty, inside
- Life is a continuous process of growing.
and out
General Perspective about the
middle and late adolescence:
Erik Erikson and James Marcia
1. Transition point that bridges childhood and
Adolescence is the point in life when you ask who you
adulthood.
are. This requires personal knowledge of your qualities
2. Crucial stage for self-discovery, identity and
that help define you. The distinctive characteristics of
responsibility
the individual are what we call self-identity. In
3. The middle and late adolescence is between the ages
psychology, self-identity is significantly related to one's
of 15-21.
overall self-evaluation (self-esteem) and sense of
- A major hallmark of this period is the quest for identity
individuality. There are two prominent developmental
and individuality through assertion of independence,
theorists who focused on self-identity during the period
exercise of personal decisions in relation to what one
of adolescence.
wants to be in the future, and established meaningful
Your identity gives you a sense of individuality.
relationships with others.
Physical Changes and Body Image
Erik Erikson's Self-Identity
Physiological. Most of the physical changes have already
According to Erikson, in the course of the psychosocial
taken place at the early part of adolescence, which is
development of an individual, each stage holds desired
roughly between ages 12-14. One of the reasons is the
outcomes after going through a specific crisis.
secretion of hormones by the endocrine glands.
Successfully navigating through life experiences leads
Physical. During the middle part of adolescence, a major
you to a clear understanding of your identity and
growth spurt sets in, resulting in the individual's distinct
individuality. And knowing clearly who you are allows
physical characteristics. These are secondary
you to make better choices in life, engage with others,
characteristics as a result of physiological changes in the
and establish healthy relationships with them. Erikson
body.
identified two major crises in adolescence. One of these
Psychological. From that awkward feeling of recognizing
is establishing one's identity.
the changes happening with your body, you now
become conscious of what has taken place and what
Identity versus Confusion
comes with it. You become more concerned with your
Establishing a clear personal identity is important at this
body image. Questions like these are common: "How do
stage. You need to be clear of who you are. It sets the
I look?" "Am I over- weight?" "Do I look good?"
ground of becoming the person you want to be in the
Transitioning to the late part of adolescence, you
future. You need to know what you want, your
already make specific preferences on how you would
strengths that will build your competence, weaknesses
like to present yourself.
you need to overcome, and your interests that should
help you make career plans. There are things you need
HELPFUL TIPs:
to establish about yourself.
How to Deal with Body Issues
If you fail to achieve this, identity confusion or role
1. Prioritize health over beauty.
diffusion is a consequence. What happens? Essentially,
2. Get help for a healthy body, if necessary.
you become uncertain about yourself or you do not
3. Avoid being critical of how you look.
know what to do. That is a situation an adolescent
4. Be yourself. Accept the God-given gifts you have.
should overcome.
How does it happen in the first place? It happens when
there is restriction or lack of exploration and
identification of one's characteristics, values, and
direction.
For example, minimal exposure or opportunities to
socialize and establish peer relations restricts chances
of discovering self because of limited experience.
Another situation is having too much conformity with
peers. When you are always going along with friends,
failing to recognize what you want, or you stop pursuing
your own interest, you also limit your opportunity to
experience things that allow you to know yourself.
Failure to achieve a clear sense of identity leads to
"identity crisis," a sense that you do not know who you
are. It is a state of confusion that makes it hard for you
to know what a you want or make choices. It may give
an awful feeling that you do not know your place or
where you fit best.
How you see yourself will also be affected: either you
get low selfesteem or develop an exaggerated outlook
of yourself Consequently, your relationships with others
may also be affected. You may have difficulty
connecting with them. If you are able to balance and
navigate well through this phase, you achieve a clear
self-identity and become well- adjusted. How do you go
about it?
James Marcia's Development of Self Identity
James Marcia, an expert in identity formation, defines
identity as "an internal, self-constructed, dynamic
organization of drives, abilities, beliefs, and individual
history." He extended Erikson's theory on self-identity
and identified key elements in achieving a mature
identity: (1) crisis which presents an opportunity to
explore and (2) commitment which keeps you faithful in
your beliefs and values, as well as focused on identified
goals, plans, or chosen career. He identified four
statuses of youth which indicate identity issues.
1. Identity diffused. No identity crisis, exploration, and
commitment
2. Foreclosed. No identity crisis and exploration, but has
commitment; chosen by someone
3. Moratorium. Has identity crisis and exploration, but
has no commitment; tentative/unsure
4. Identity achieved. Done/overcome with identity
crisis, exploration, and has commitment; prepared
Man as a Whole Being
- Man, as a multifaceted being, is essentially a whole
person at first breath of life.
- In the course of time, we begin to see life as becoming
complex.
- Our growing number of activities starts to divide our
attention and fragment our life, like a pizza cut into
pieces. Ideally, each part of our life deserves equal
share of our attention.
But experience would show that certain areas of life
take the bigger share of the whole.
- Consequently, this fragmented way of looking at
things may lead us to a divided self wherein we tend to
treat each component separately.
- If a certain part of the body aches, we treat it with
medicine. If we are sad or hurting, we find ways to
release emotions by way of crying, or maybe screaming.
If we are losing hope, we pray or seek guidance from
others. Such ways often work.
- But there are also cases when these seemingly
disconnected experiences are related to each other. As
such, we need to look into the totality of our experience
and attend to the interconnectedness of the different
sides of ourselves.
- There are times when body pain is brought about by
emotional stress. For example, you may feel heaviness
on your chest when emotionally hurt or exhausted.
- How we think affects how we feel. What we feel may
affect our body’s functioning. It may also turn around. If
we are not physically well, our emotional state may also
change. An illness can bring depression or change in
behavior.
What is Wholeness?
Wholeness, essentially, is an integral sense of
integration. The different aspects of the individual –
mental, emotional, physical,social and spiritual are in
harmony or balance.
This harmony or feeling or balance is important for self-
esteem and self-actualization. Wholeness is a
transcendental life goal. It is a lifelong pursuit.
- We are all pilgrims on a journey toward wholeness and
fullness of life. –Emeth and Greenhut (1991)
- Wholeness is a unifying element of his psychology,
attained by way of an individuation process. (Carl Jung)
- “An integrated approach aims to bring together all
aspects of the person so that the person can experience
himself or herself as a unitary organism.” Kepner,
(1987)
Aspects of a Holistic Development
1. Physical Development - points to the body and its
functioning
I. Watch what you eat.
II. Keep yourself fit and strong
III. Avoid abuse of your body
2. Cognitive Development - It refers to patterns of
thinking which include reasoning, ability to learn,
remembering and solving problems.
Three important cognitive skills you need to develop
are:
a. Remembering – repetition, organization,
mnemonics
b. Critical thinking - implies the discerning
judgment based on standards.
c. Problem-solving - depends so much on your
critical thinking ability; kritikos (discerning
judgment) and criterion (standards).
3. Socio-emotional Development - Motus anima is said
to be the Latin description for emotions. It means
"the spirit that moves us" (Hasson, 2012).
- emotions and feelings color our world as we respond
to different life experiences.
a. Physiological Component - Emotions involve bodily
arousal.
b. Cognitive Component - This refers to the subjective
conscious experience of the person.
c. Behavioral Component - This is the outward
expression of emotions as seen in your facial
expressions, body language, and manner of speaking.
4. Spiritual Development - This aspect should go along
as you develop the other aspects of self because
you are not simply your body. You are not just your
mind and feelings. You also have a soul or a spiritual
side in you.
* At this point in your life, your studies hold great
promise in realizing your dreams through the career
choice you make. To do so, it is imperative to strive to
develop the key aspects of yourself: physical, cognitive,
socio-emotional and spiritual. In the process, your
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors should work together
and reflect the changes that will mark your growth. This
should result in an ability to manage emotions and
reflect good actions.
Understanding the Skills and Tasks In Middle and Late
Adolescence
- Establishing a personal identity is a major task and is
crucial in your personal growth. Significantly, knowing
who you are can guide you in your career planning as
you discover your interests, abilities, and personality.
Robert J. Havighurst (1900-1991)
- a distinguished educator, proposed that there are
specific things to do that come with each stage of
development.
- They are called developmental tasks that need to be
accomplished to enable you to perform other tasks in
life.
- These tasks will significantly help you in your
development and make it possible for you to comply
with the demands that come with this crucial stage.
- Additionally, it will help you adjust well in the
forthcoming changes in your life and be responsible
adult in the future.
Development Tasks
1. You must adjust to the physical changes that
marked your growth.
2. You must adjust with you growing intellectual
abilities and develop critical thinking skills.
3. You must adjust to the academic demands in
school.
4. You must develop your language skills.
5. You must establish your personal identity.
6. You must learn to be independent.
7. You must establish healthy peer relationships.
8. You must manage your sexuality.
9. You must adopt good moral standards, personal
values, and beliefs.
10. You must learn to control your impulse and exhibit
behavioral maturity.
11. You must establish career or vocational goals.
 • Robert Frost:

21st CENTURY LIT. • “a performance in words.”

What is LITERATURE? • not just “meaning”

STRUCTURE & FORM • Lady Murasaki

 GENRE • has a significance, something that the

author thinks is invaluable, “so
◦ Tragedy, Comedy, Tragi-Comedy
important that one cannot bear to let it
◦ sonnet, lyric, ode
pass into oblivion.”
◦ Shakespearean, Petrarchan sonnets
GREATNESS
◦ Short Story, Play, Poem
• allows us to
◦ myth, legend, fairy tale, allegory
• appreciate excellence
 Movement
• admire achievement
◦ Neo-Classical, Romantic, Post-Modern
• so, not only do the authors demonstrate a
 Elements
usage or skill with the aforementioned
◦ Plot, Theme, Characterization,
“Structure & Form”
Symbolism
• but they also exhibit a mastery of it
◦ conventions
• and we admire it as we would a
 FORM
virtuoso’s performance
◦ any length
• athletic, musical, technological,
◦ any form
mechanical, pedagogical
◦ lack of form
DISTINGUISHED
 blank verse
• Literature
 Theatre of the Absurd • distinguished from mere versification
 stream-of-consciousness • just b/c it rhymes doesn’t make
STORY it Literature
 PLOT • greeting card, lyrics to pop song
◦ Plot = #1 to Aristotle • distinguished from mere information
◦ narrative • just b/c it relays some data
◦ tells a story doesn’t make it Literature
◦ beginning, middle, end PROVOCATIVE
 even the lack of a plot is • THOUGHT-PROVOKING
significant • makes readers think, discuss, argue,
CHARACTERIZATION disagree
 CHARACTER • communication

◦ has someone in the plot • with ourselves

 human, animal, other • with each other

◦ persona • allows us to see some issue from a

◦ narrator different, perhaps unique, perspective

◦ protagonist, antagonist • expands our viewpoints

What Authors say: • beyond our personal

• Ezra Pound: experiences

• “Literature is news that stays news.” • MEANING

• makes sense
 • even nonsense makes sense
• morals
• themes
• literary work teaches
• edifying, instructional,
historical, cultural
• learn their culture, our culture
• life lessons
• MEANING
• literary work has significance
• universality
• beyond fads, “flash-in-the-
pans”
• long “shelf life”
• crosses many boundaries
• time, space, culture,
religion,…
• not myopic, but far-sighted
view
• MEANING OF LIFE
• insight into the human condition
• existence
• after-life
• the forces at work for/against
us
• the lack thereof
• positive or negative
• even if there is no meaning to
life
DEFINITION
• LITERATURE
• demonstrates a level of excellence
• with note to structure, form,
conventions
• while conveying a story that
teaches us about us
• about the human condition (a
combination of all of the above)
THE REGIONAL APPROACH IN READING PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
 mac khach – a person who is in love with literature
and appreciates its beauty
Luzon: Genres of Urban Writing
- Internet has allowed writers to experiment with other
forms for expressing their literacy skills.
* Literary forms + internet/technology
- It uses these major regional languages: Tagalog,
Ilocano, Kapampangan, Bicolano, and Pangasinense.
• E-books - Cell phone novel or mobile phone novel
- is a literary work originally written on a cellular
phone via text messaging. This type of literature
originated in Japan, where it has become a
popular literary genre.
- is a book publication made available in digital
form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable
on the flat-panel display of computers or other
electronic devices.
• Web-log or Blog - A blog (short for weblog) is a
personal online journal that is frequently updated
and intended for general public consumption.
Blogs are defined by their format: a series of
entries posted to a single page in reverse-
chronological order.
• Webfiction or Online novels - is written work of
literature available primarily or solely on the
Internet.
- is written work of literature available primarily
or solely on the Internet.
* Most famous authors of Philippine literature are from
Luzon because they came from big universities and
speaks Filipino or English.
• Internet - It is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that use the
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices
worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.
Visayas: Hybrid Modes in Local Color
Hinilawod - of the ancient peopleof Sulod in Central
Panay
-recorded by F. Landa Jocano
-more than 53,000 lines long -takes 30 hours to recite
* vernacular writings (written on their own language)
*provincial journalism
Mindanao: Literatures in Conflict
 The Mindanao has its hidden literature that
everybody doesn’t
know.
- Their literature is a diverse culture which displays the
features and culture of the Muslim people in the
Philippines.
- Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups,
which thirteen of them are Islamized; nineteen are
Lumads and third and fourth are Christian settlers. It
was then the Americans colonize the region, and the
lands of the Lumads and Muslims have been taken by
the colonizers, so they had lost a large area of their
ancestral lands.
- The land ownership comes from Muslim is Tawhid
which means “oneness” or unity.
- Islam first spread to the region during the 13th
century through Arab traders from present day
Malaysia and Indonesia. Prior to this contact, the
inhabitants of the area were primarily animists living in
small autonomous communities.
- Literature in Mindanao especially the folk literature in
cultural communities as in other Filipino groups follow
the oral tradition in that folktales, myths, legends, epics,
poems, riddles and proverbs are handed down by word
of mouth from generation to generation.
- It is said that the cultural products of Mindanao are
fast vanishing and the people themselves are not aware
of this. Literary preservation and development have
seemingly taken the back seat.
Sociological – argues that social contexts (the social
environment) must be considered when analyzing a
text.
• Marxist Criticism – emphasizes economic and
social conditions
• Feminist Criticism – concerned with the role,
position, and influence of women in a literary
text.
Biographical – argues that we must take an author’s life
and background into account when we study a text.
Historical – seeks to interpret the work of literature
through understanding the time and culture in which
the work was written.
Philosophical – evaluates the ethical content of literary
works.
Gender – examines how sexual identity influences the
creation and reception of literary works
Deconstructionist – rejects the traditional assumption
that language can accurately represent reality

Formalist – asserts that a great deal of meaning in a

text lies with how the reader responds to it.
- emphasizes the form of a literary work to determine
its meaning, focusing on literary elements and how they
work to create meaning.

Psychological – views a text as a revelation of its

author’s mind and personality. It is based on the work
of Sigmund Freud.
 ENTREP  is an important document aimed at a company's
external and internal audiences. For instance, a
Entrepreneur comes from the French verb
business plan is used to attract investment
ENTREPRENDRE which means to begin something or to
before a company has established a proven
undertake.
track record. It can also help to secure lending
ENTREPRENEURSHIP is the process of creating
from financial institutions.
launching and managing the business operation.
 can serve to keep a company's executive team
on the same page about strategic action items
What is an Entrepreneur?
and on target for meeting established goals.
 Has the ability to find and act on opportunities and
 Although they're especially useful for new
translate this opportunities into product that will
businesses, every company should have a
satisfy the market.
business plan. Ideally, the plan is reviewed and
 Has the capacity to recognize the market potential
updated periodically to reflect goals that have
of creativity and organize the resources needed like
been met or have changed. Sometimes, a new
capital, talent, and other resources that can turn
business plan is created for an established
creation into a beautiful market innovation.
business that has decided to move in a new
direction.
Entrepreneur VS. Business Individual
- all entrepreneur are business individual
Contents of Business Plan
- entrepreneur is a business individual that’s is not
1. BUSINESS CONCEPT
satisfied with its current performance and always find
- Describes and clearly defines a new idea for a
ways to improve and grow
business initiative, whether creating a new company or
- Not all business individual are entrepreneur
producing a new product for the consumer market
.
- Stresses the value of the product offering to
WHAT IS A BUSINESS
the target customers who would most likely buy it
PLAN?
- It describes key consumer problems it seeks to
 BUSINESS is the
solve, articulates how the idea applies to a market and
activity of
provides a clear direction when processing a business
making one's
plan
living or making
- A successful business concept lays out the
money by
groundwork for why you have created the idea, what it
producing or
can solve, who the demographic is and whether it’s
buying and selling products (such as goods and
beneficial enough to invest in it
services). It is also "any activity or enterprise
- Serves as an overview to potential business
entered into for profit.“
partners or investors. It provides them with enough
 PLAN is a detailed proposal for doing or
information on whether or not they should continue
achieving something:
with the proposed plan. Your concept statement should
 is a document that defines in detail a company's
hook your audience’s attention as well as justifies the
objectives and how it plans to achieve its goals.
investor’s decisions
A business plan lays out a written road map for
2. BUSINESS MODEL
the firm from marketing, financial, and
– is a formula on how the enterprise exactly
operational standpoints. Both startups and
plans to make money out of the business.
established companies use business plans.
 - details the finances of the concept and how to - provides an overview of the business plan as a whole
make it profitable and highlights what the business plan will cover
4 AREAS OF MONEYMAKING WHICH THE BUSINESS 3. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
MODEL MUST ADDRESS - This analysis identifies the opportunities and threats in
1. How will the business raise revenues? What a business environment in terms of a company's
critical factors will cause the revenues to strengths and weaknesses.
materialize?
4. Business description
2. What will be the costs the enterprise products
- comprehensive description of your business and its
and other costs of doing business? How will
goals, products, services and target customer base
these costs be managed to ensure comfortable
5. Management and organization description
profits? What critical factors will drive the
- cover the details of your business's management and
costs? How can these factors be controlled?
organization strategy
3. 3. What will be the major investments of the
6. Products and services description
enterprise? Why will these investments give the
- details of the products and services your company
enterprise a competitive edge?
offers that you covered in the executive summary
4. 4. How will the enterprise finance the 7. Operating plan
investments? How will the enterprise fund its - describe how you plan to run your company
growth? 8. Marketing and sales plan
- how you plan to market and sell your products and
WHY YOU NEED TO PREPARE A BUSINESS PLAN
services
1. Essential in seeking a loan or investment
9. Financial projection and needs
2. Helps you grow faster
- detail how you anticipate bringing in revenue and the
3. Spending decisions with confidence
funding you'll need to get started
4. Catch cash flow challenges early
10. Exhibits and appendices
5. To minimize or reduce risk
- should include any extra information to further
6. Foundation for strategic planning and
support the details outlined in your plan
prioritization
7. Helps set achievable goals and milestones
8. Asset if you want to sell your business

MAJOR PARTS OF THE BUSINESS PLAN

1. INTRODUCTION
- Presents the general perspective of the business.
- proposed name of the business
- address of the business
- name of the owner or owners
- description of the business
- location of the business
- funding requirement and source
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- first and most critical parts of a business plan
- last to write
 UCSP ▪ Objects, figures, sounds and colors
▪ Facial expressions, word interpretations, or gestures
Cultural, Social, Political and Economic Symbols and
such as handshakes and hand signals, instead of
Practices
symbols and signs
Symbol is an object, word, or action that stands
Cultural Practices are the manifestation of a
for something else, without natural relationship, that is
culture or sub-culture, especially concerning the
culturally defined. Symbols such as gestures, signs,
traditional and customary practices of a particular
objects, signals, and words, help people understand the
ethnic or other cultural group.
world. Symbols provide clues to understanding
Examples: religious and spiritual, medical treatment,
experiences.
forms of artistic expressions, culinary, housing and
They relay recognizable meanings that are
child-rearing practices.
shared by societies. Symbolism, on the other hand, is
- Some Examples of Cultural Symbols in the Philippines
when something represents abstract ideas or concepts;
The national items and symbols are used to create
it assigns names, denominations, and defines relations
Filipino identity and to promote solidarity and unity in
between various elements (actors, actions, goals,
the nation.
means, objects, values, etc.) articulated within a
▪ Traditional Medical Practices- belief in “albularyo”,
narrative.
herbal medicines, alternative medicines, and other
Functions of Symbols and Symbolism
home remedies.
▪ Social symbols are used to transfer culture, ideologies,
▪ Religious/ Spiritual Practices – Obando Festival in
or beliefs from group to another group of people.
Bulacan for fertility, Panaad sa Camiguin as act of
▪ Symbols are also used to preserve traditions or beliefs
penance and pilgrim. Feast of the Black Nazarene in
of a certain group of people.
Manila, etc.
▪ All symbols contain the “face” and “hidden” values,
Culinary Practices - Rice 3 meals a day, Adobo, Sinigang,
the hidden value, in a functional perspective, holds
street foods, Balut, rice cakes, etc.
greater meaning and importance than the face value.
Child- rearing Practices- respectful (used of the words
▪ Symbols and symbolism have been used to create
mano, po at opo ), obedience to parents and elders, no
movements, spread ideas, and share advocacies that
talking back to elders, removing footwear before
surpasses time and distance.
entering the house, family mealtime, ninong/ninang,
Types of Symbols
ate/kuya, punishment using belt/tsinelas
Cultural Symbols – manifestation that
Social Symbols and Practices
signifies ideology of a particular culture that
It is a visible, external denotation of one’s social
has meaning within that culture.
position, indicator of one’s social or economic status.
Social symbols – relating to human societies
- Status Symbol relates to how individuals
and its modes of organization (i.e., social
and groups interact and interpret various cultural
classes, social problems, social issues, etc.)
symbols. It can be seen in clothing and
Political symbols – used to represent a
possessions, societal recognition, material
political standpoint; seen in various media
possessions and other recognized symbols used
and forms such as banners, flag, motto, etc.
worldwide such as white dove for peace, red heart
Economic symbols – used in production,
for love, etc.
distribution, and consumption of goods and
Political Symbols and Practices
services like currency, market, labor, demands
The artifacts or objectifications of different
and other economic activities.
political meanings especially related to power. Political
General Examples of Cultural Symbols and Practices
symbols are usually used to embody an ideology, an
advocacy, or a group of people with same principles.
Political practices are common things that are done
within a state or country. It is related to the practices
done in the administration, distribution and attainment
of power, bureaucratic composition, etc.

Political Practices in the Philippines

• Political Dynasties – it is the concentration,
consolidation or perpetuation of public office and
political power by persons related to one another.
• Filipino Clans
• Celebrities turned Politicians.
• Palakasan system – refers to a system of getting an
advantage when having or knowing someone powerful
from the office that can recommend you. This usually
happens within government offices.
• Trapo ( Traditional Politics )
• Catholic Church Influence
• Power Revolt
Economic Symbols
This represents economic standpoint. It can be
seen in various media such as Stock Exchange, Money,
and Currency, Gold and Petroleum, Life Insurance,
Banking, etc.
Philippine Economic Practices
In terms of savings, one of the traditional way
of saving money in Filipino is using “alkansya”. It is
where they Filipino use bamboo as a vault to their
money until it becomes full and ready to be withdrawn
by its owner. Another way of economic practice of
Filipino is “paluwagan”. It is a group savings where
group of people agrees to give money to a money
manager who is also part of this group and manages the
money. The money will cycle throughout the group.

What is the significance of symbols and symbolism?

Symbols help people define and understand
their culture because of the shared meanings of
different symbols that are learned during the process of
socialization, process through which people learn the
values, norms, beliefs and expectations of their society.