Shear Design

• Investigating principal stress trajectories & crack patterns (S.S. + UDL)

Comp.
Major principal stress,
N.A. maj

tension Minor principal stress,

min
Vertical flexural-
crack Inclined
shear  45
(flexural crack Diagonal
Concrete can resist shear by crack) (shear
tension crack
combination of: center crack)
1. Uncracked conc. in comp. zone span support
2. Dowelling action of bending
reinf’t and aggregate
interlocking across tension cracks
Concrete sufficient to resist shear?
At all selected sections: VEd  VRd,c
vEd  vRd,c

o If sufficient ➔ VRd,c > VEd (or vRd,c > vEd )

➔ floor slab, footing, etc. → no shear reinf’t required
➔ section with deep web: beam → provide minimum link reinf’t
o If insufficient ➔ VRd,c < VEd (or vRd,c < vEd )
➔ to determine & provide shear reinf’t → vertical link
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 × 𝑏𝑑 → inclined link
1ൗ 3ൗ 1ൗ
= 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 ; 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 𝑏𝑑
Eqs. Derived based on
“VARIABLE STRUT
𝑘 = 1 + 200ൗ𝑑 ≤ 2 Base on tensile reinf’t that extends
INCLINATION METHOD”
beyond the section considered at
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 least a full anchorage + 1d
𝜌𝑙 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑
 Variable STRUT INCLINATION Method
- Imagine a truss in a structure (along the span) ➢ Top chord (C)
zcos ➢ Bottom chord (T) Reinf’t
➢ Vertical ties (T)
C
➢ Diagonal strut (C) - Conc.
C T C T C
Inclination angle:
T  = 22 - 45 (EC2)
z = 0.9d
(EC2) 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣1
VEd 𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤
1.5 cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
Diagonal strut resistant VEd  fckbwzsin cos /1.5 0.36𝑏𝑤 𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 1 − 𝑐𝑘
𝑓
250
= strut area x conc. strength  fckbwz/1.5(cot + tan) 𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤
cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
= (bw x zcos) x fcd cc = 1.0 Concrete strut must be checked first!
= bw zcos x fck x 1.0/1.5 V ( = 22) → minimum
Rd,max
Vertical component: if VEd < VRd,max(22) →  < 22 → use 22 if VEd > VRd,max(22)
= (bw zcos fck/1.5) x sin VRd,max ( = 45) → max allowable 𝑉𝐸𝑑
= fckbwzsin cos /1.5 if VEd > VRd,max(45) → conc. failed! 𝜃 = sin−1
0.18𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓
if VRd,max(22) < VEd < VRd,max(45) → 250 𝑐𝑘
 Resistance provided by a single link (with spacing of z*cot) = Vwd
Vwd must be sufficient to resist VEd at the selected critical section.
= fyd Asw – total area of shear reinf’t along
→ Vwd = Asw*fywd = VEd = Aswfyk/1.15 selected section
(depends on nos. of legs!)

In practice: a prescribed spacing (s) is used instead of zcot

→ Vwd,(at interval of s) = Vwd*(s/zcot) = Aswfyk/1.15

W W
z=0.9d & Vwd=VEd → (Asw/s)req = VEd/(0.78d*fykzcot)

➔Propose a combination of bar size and spacing so that (Asw/s)prov

 (Asw/s)req and make sure the prescribed spacing (s) is within
the maximum allowable spacing (smax).

s  smax = min{0.75d; min. dimension}  for vertical link

 This example shows 2 legs

Section W-W
 Shear reinforcements design procedure
Compute VEd (Vmax)
or Vef (at support
face)
Compute VRd,c
(VRd,c  Vmin)

VEd > VRd,c

YES NO
No crushing on Minimum link
Required shear No shear link
diagonal design
reinforcement required.
compression strut 𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.08𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Provide (Asw/S)min =
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
 = 22, compute 𝑚𝑖𝑛
YES VRd,max (22) NO
From eq 6.8 (EC2) VRd,max (22) > VEf
Unit: mm2/mm
NO
Design shear link  = 45, VRd,max (45) > VEf
Unit: mm2/mm Asw/s  VEd / 0.78d fyk cot
YES
Increase the beam width or
NO YES Compute  use higher concrete class
sproposed < smax
 = 0.5 sin-1[Ved/(0.18bwd (1-fck/250)fck] → Redesign
smax = 0.75d(1+cot)

Use smax Use sproposed

Propose based on
YES
Asw/s
(Asw/s)  (Asw/s)min
Stop
NO Propose based on
Depends on designer, sequence (Asw/s)min
for this part might varies
Shear between web and flange of a flanged section
- Longitudinal complementary shear stresses also occur in a flanged section (along the interface
between web & flange)
- It is allowed to provide transverse reinf’t over the width of the flange → this reinf’t acts as
ties combined with compressive struts in conc.
- Necessary to check possibility of failure by excessive compressive stresses (in struts) and to
provide sufficient steel area to prevent tensile failure (in ties)
- Variable strut inclination method is used in a similar manner

The longitudinal shear stress, vEd, at the vertical

section between the outstand of the flange and the ∆𝐹𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 =
web is caused by the change in the longitudinal force, (ℎ𝑓 × ∆𝑥)
ΔFd, which occurs over the distance Δx
 26.5  f  45 for flanges in compression
38.6  f  45 for flanges in tension

(3.10)