Welcome to our class!

Activity before class

10- minute
Pulmonary exercise
Activity

Arrange these following jumbled words:

UGNLS
OTRRYEPSIA YETMSS
LLEIOAV
CBHIRON
EGOXYN
SUUMC
Activity

Arrange these following jumbled words:

LUNGS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ALVEOLI
BRONCHI
OXYGEN
MUCUS
 5

Respiratory System

 Provides oxygen for the whole

body
 Expels waste gas such as CO2
from the body
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The respiratory system

includes the following:
 The Nose and the Nasal
Cavity
 The Pharynx, the Larynx, the
Voice Box, and the Epiglottis
 The Main Airway, the Trachea
 The Sub Airways, the Bronchi
and the Bronchioles
 The Lungs, The Diaphragm,
and the Air Sacs, The Alveoli
 The Nose and the Nasal Cavity

-The nose consists of the nasal cavity and the

paranasal sinuses.
-The nasal cavity is full of nose hair, cilia and mucus
that allows it to trap dirt and foreign particles mixed
in the air.
-The mucus traps the foreign particles in a sticky fluid.
The cilia traps the foreign particles then pushes it
outside the system.
-The paranasal sinuses, frontal and sphenoid, are air
filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity. These
sinuses lightens the head’s weight, humidify heated
inhaled air, increase voice resonance and serves as
cushions for important parts against physical trauma
on the face
 The Pharynx, The Larynx, The Voice Box
and The Epiglottis

The larynx houses the sound creating organ, the

voice box, and the gatekeeper of the airway
known as the epiglottis.
-The larynx vibrates when air was forced through
it. Note that you can’t breathe when you are
producing sounds with your larynx as your
respiratory system has only one airway through.
-The mouth is related to the larynx. They work in
unison to create phonetic sounds. The epiglottis
has only two functions, open when taking air in
and out the system and close if anything else.
 Special Note: Epiglottis

It separates the digestive system

from the respiratory system, only
opening when you’re breathing
and close when you’re eating.
That is the reason why you are
unable to breathe when you are
swallowing.
 The Main Airway, The Trachea

The trachea is a long hollow organ that is

filled with cilia and mucous membranes
that helps on further filtering the air that
we breathe. The mucous membranes are
made up of epithelial cells that secretes
mucus, a thick protective layer.
 The Sub Airways, The Bronchi and The
Bronchioles

These are two branches that connects the

upper respiratory system to the lungs, the
bronchus.
-Each connects to a lung. The bronchus
branches further into different sections, the
bronchi branch.
-It slits into secondary bronchi which are called
lobar bronchi for their connection to every lobes
of the lungs to tertiary bronchi called segmental
bronchi that connects to the bronchioles.
-The bronchioles is connected to the alveoli.
 The Lungs and The Air Sacs, the Alveoli

The lungs are soft, elastic spongy organ that

houses the bronchioles and the alveoli or the
air sacs. The lungs can hold up to 6 liters of air.
Although, fairly similar in appearance, they’re
actually not.
 Special Note: Lungs

The main difference between the two lungs

are that the right lung has three lobes and the
left lung has only two. The reason for it was
because the left lung is small, and it also
shares the space with the heart, although the
heart is still separated from the left lung.
The right lung is shorter than the left lung as it
shares the same space with the liver that is
just below the left lung. The lungs are
protected with the ribcage, which consists of
12 bones that covers the lungs and the heart.
The heart, lobes of the lungs and the lung
itself is covered by the pleura. The parietal
pleura, covers the wall part of the thoracic
cavity while the visceral pleura covers the
lungs.
 The Lungs, the Diaphragm, and the Air
Sacs, the Alveoli

The diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that

separates the chest area from the abdominal
area. It contracts and relaxes when you breathe.
-It is possible to control your breathing through
your diaphragm as this muscle is a voluntary
muscle. That is why you can hold your breath.
-This contraction of the diaphragm creates a
vacuum effect that sucks air to the lungs. When
you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, expelling air
out from the lungs.
 The Lungs, the Diaphragm, and the Air
Sacs, the Alveoli

Alveolus allow the gas exchange of carbon

dioxide from the blood and oxygen through the
blood through the pulmonary capillaries.
 The number of alveolus in the
lungs are equivalent to a size
of a tennis field?

Did you know?

 The Lungs, the Diaphragm, and the Air
Sacs, the Alveoli

The alveolus is held by a lipoprotein by surface

tension in order to prevent collapsing when the
alveolus gets smaller after every exhalation. In
the pulmonary capillaries is where the true gas
exchange begins. Oxygen is being absorbed by
the pulmonary artery from the alveoli and
carbon dioxide was being released by the
pulmonary vein to the alveoli. Note that the
maximum lung capacity corresponds to the
number of alveoli in the lungs.
Functions of Breathing: Sneezing

Sneezing is triggered
when the nerve
endings on the nasal
passage detects a
foreign material, such
as dust. The body
inhales large amounts
of air and narrows the
airways, forcing the air
to build pressure in
your chest, then
suddenly releasing the
air to your mouth and
nose,
Functions of Breathing: Coughing
Coughing is triggered
when the body tries to
get rid of the foreign
contaminants
dislodged in the
airways. The bronchus
tightens as it narrows
the airways and
suddenly releasing air
from the lungs,
expelling the air with
the contaminated
mucus. The
contaminated mucus,
usually found when a
person experiences a
lung condition, is
called phlegm.
Functions of Breathing: Yawning
Yawning is triggered
psychologically. It
usually indicates when
a person is tired. But
can be also indicate
boredom. In
inhalation, large
amounts of air are
sucked through the
nose and mouth. The
lungs expands and the
diaphragm contracts
to accommodate
more air.
Gas Exchange in
Alveolus
Gas Exchange

 As what was said before, the maximum capacity of the

lungs is about 6 liters in volume. The amount of air being
traveling in and out of the lungs with each respiratory
rate is called tidal volume.
 These gas exchange happens in the alveolus where the
pulmonary capillaries take place.
Tidal Volume

 The amount of air being traveling in and out of the

lungs with each respiratory rate
 The normal amount is 500ml on adult males and 400ml
for adult females.
Residual Volume

 The amount of air remaining in the lungs even after

exhalation.
 It is fixed at a volume of 2.5-3.0 litres of air. These values
are semi-constant.
 It prevents the lungs and the alveoli from collapsing
every time we exhale.
Dead Space Ventilation

 The volume of air that remain in the airways.

 About 30% of the air is recycled when breathing due to
dead space ventilation. (If the tidal volume of a male is
500ml then 350 ml will only make it to the alveoli.)
Alveolar Ventilation

 The amount of air that do make it to the alveoli and is

being released from the alveoli
 These supplies the body with fresh oxygen and contains
expelled carbon dioxide
Minute Ventilation

 The amount of air being inhaled and exhaled on the

nose.
 Special Note: Alveolar Gas Exchange

The means of transferring oxygen from the

alveolus to the blood and vice versa is
through diffusion. Due to residual volume, the
pressure inside the air sac and the volume in
the surrounding capillary blood is in
equilibrium, preventing collapse. Oxygen sent
to the blood has a partial pressure of
100mmHg and 40mmHg for the carbon
dioxide pressure.
 Special Note: Alveolar Gas Exchange

Our respiratory system relies on homeostasis.

When oxygen levels are low and the carbon
dioxide levels are high, it leads to a faster,
deeper rate of breathing. This also happens in
reverse. If oxygen levels are high and the
carbon dioxide levels are low, this leads to
slower breathing until it hits the normal
amount, achieving equilibrium.
Exercise increases our respiration rate as the
CO2 build up in the blood, therefore
increasing the times we exhale CO2 and
inhale oxygen to achieve homeostasis.
 Respiratory Response in Altitude
Change

At high altitudes, the alveolar capacity and the lung

capacity increases. However, due to the expansion and
the less oxygen concentration in the air, the lungs
struggle to take in more oxygen.
Under sea level, the pressure is so immense that it also
crushes you from the inside. The deeper you are, the
stronger the pressure, the less volume your lungs has. Due
to that reason, air tanks used by divers are especially
equipped to maintain lung capacity.
Diseases of the
Respiratory System
 Diseases of the Respiratory System

These diseases pose a threat to the transportation of

oxygen.
• The respiratory system is one of the mostly affected
system when it comes to diseases.
• 4 million people die every year because of lung
diseases alone.
 Asthma

Bronchitis
Diseases of the
Respiratory System
that affects the Lungs COPD

Emphysema

Fibrosis
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Asthma

Asthma is a long-term disease of the lungs that causes the

airways to be inflamed, narrowing the airways, causing
coughs and shortness of breath.
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Bronchitis

Bronchitis inflames the airways and causes massive mucus

production, causing the person to experience shortness of
breath and wet cough.
There are two types of bronchitis:
Acute bronchitis- lasts temporarily due to viral infection.
Chronic bronchitis- lasts for a long time
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Emphysema

A lung condition during a lung collapse in which the air is

trapped inside the lungs. It causes the air trapped to stay
in the lungs, unable to release it. It also renders the lungs
unable to take in oxygen, sometimes causing
complications like anemia.
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Cystic Fibrosis

In this condition, the lungs is unable to clear out the mucus stuck on the airways. Mucus
is a perfect medium for culturing diseases, causing them to spread. If the mucus is not
removed, it may cause them to reinfect the host over and over again.
 Pneumonia

Tuberculosis
Diseases of the
Respiratory System
that affects the Alveoli Pulmonary Edema

Lung Cancer

Pneumoconiosis
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Pneumonia

It is a condition where the alveoli is filled with

fluid, mostly pus, due to an infection. These fluid
shortens the area for air, limiting the amount of
air coming in and out, causing shortness of
breath and coughs.
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Tuberculosis

Similar to pneumonia, mainly caused by the

Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Main cause is
excessive smoking. Continuous exposure to the bacteria
worsens the condition.
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Lung Cancer

Lungs can be affected with cancer, producing

abnormalities in the alveolar ducts, the pleural
surface, or anything within the lungs. It’s barely
noticeable on its first stages, unless the person
regularly does check-up.
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Pneumoconiosis

Caused by inhaling something that can seriously injure the

lungs, like industrial dust such as asbestos dust, or
something that came naturally like hot volcanic ash and
dust (known as
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)
 Pleural Effusion
Diseases of the
Respiratory System
that affects the Pleura Pneumothorax

Mesothelioma
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Pleural Effusion

Fluid deposits between your lungs and the chest wall. This
fluid can affect breathing. Most causes came from lung
disease or heart failure.
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Pneumothorax

Air could get into the pleura, pushing and harming the
lungs, causing the lungs to collapse. This is especially
dangerous, since a collapse lung will render the person
experience troubled breathing.
 Diseases of the Respiratory System:
Mesothelioma

A rare cancer that affects the pleura. It creates plaques

that surrounds the lungs. This is mainly caused by exposure
to asbestos dust.
CoVID-19
AND THE EFFECTS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 CoVID-19

What is CoVID-19?
-CoVID-19 is a pathogen caused by the SARS- CoV 2 virus.
-It causes mild to severe respiratory illness, most of the
symptoms are pretty fatal.
-Older people, children, people with underlying
respiratory illness and immunocompromised people are
severely affected by the virus.
-Symptoms shows from 5-6 days of infection. Other cases
shows later up to 14 days of infection.
 CoVID-19

People infected CoVID-19 will experience:

Most common symptoms:
 fever  diarrhoea
 cough  a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers
or toes
 tiredness
 red or irritated eyes
 loss of taste or smell
Serious symptoms:
Less common symptoms:
 difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
 sore throat
 loss of speech or mobility, or confusion
 headache
 chest pain
 aches and pains

Source: who.int
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Precautions for CoVID-19

To avoid infection, you must:

1. Maintain a distance of 1 meter from each other.
2. Use masks and optionally, face shields
3. Sanitize with alcohol
4. Do not share accessories, utensils or other personal items.
5. If possible, stay inside the house.
6. Cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze or cough.
7. Vaccinate if possible and complete the required doses for each vaccine.
Vaccines strengthens the immune system and lessens the effects of the
virus
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Viral Vectors

RNA-based vaccines
Vaccines for Covid-19
Whole Virus

Protein Subunits
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Vaccines for CoVID-19: Viral Vector

 Viral vector vaccines carry the genetic code of the virus.

 This virus is generally harmless. Upon being taken by the body’s immune
system, the genetic code will be sent to the T cells and B cells in which
after the infection, some of these T cells and B cells turn into memory cells,
that has the ability to produce immunoresponse as soon as the body gets
infected by the same pathogen again.
 Examples of this vaccine are AstraZeneca and J&J
 53
Vaccines for CoVID-19: RNA-based
vaccines

 It uses synthetic mRNA to instruct the body for immunoresponse.

 The genetic code contains the instructions for making spike proteins. This
generates immunoresponse and these turns to the body’s memory cells
where it remembers the protein and defeating the virus containing the
protein.
 Moderna and Pfizer are the commonly known vaccines
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Vaccines for CoVID-19: Whole Virus

 These vaccine contains live, attenuated viruses for the body to create an
immunoresponse.
 There are two types of these vaccines, inactivated and virus particle.
 Inactivated vaccines contains inactivated viruses of the said
pathogen. They are more unlikely to attack but sufficient enough
for the body to create an immunoresponse.
 Virus particle vaccines contain artificially created version of the
virus. However, it doesn’t contain any genetic material.
 Examples of such vaccine are SINOVAC
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Vaccines for CoVID-19: Protein Subunit

 A vaccine made from injecting a cell with the pathogen’s genetic

material.
 These cells act as factories that create these proteins. These proteins are
then extracted and used as active ingredients for the vaccine. The
protein will be recognized by the body’s immune system and use it
against further infections of the said pathogen.
 Examples are NovaVax vaccines.
Thank you!