PAWD webinar:

Cape Coast Water

Hydraulic Supply
modelling Project
& EPANET
Siert Meijer, Joriën Mendez, Gideon Lomoko
17 & 18 June 2021
Schedule of webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Five modules (sessions) in two batches:
- 20 & 21 May: Basic hydraulics
- 27 & 28 May: EPANET 1 (introduction to EPANET: workspace, project setup)
- 17 & 18 June: EPANET 2 (data input and model calibration)
- 24 & 25 June: EPANET 3 (analysis of hydraulic modelling results)
- 1 & 2 July: EPANET 4 (network design and improvement / optimization)

Please have EPANET available during all EPANET webinar sessions 1-4!

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Instructions
- Download and install EPANET 2.2 (DOWNLOAD LINK: https://www.epa.gov/water-
research/epanet)
- Have the software available on your computer during the EPANET sessions!

- Questions? Contact pewupph@gmail.com

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Previous session (20 & 21 May)
- Basic hydraulics - Block 1: Introduction to hydraulics / Pressure pipe flow /
Conservation of mass / Reynolds number / Fluid pressure
- Basic hydraulics - Block 2: Total energy equation / Bernoulli energy equation /
Conservation of energy / Energy losses
- Basic hydraulics - Block 3: Hydraulic head / Pump systems

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Previous session (27 & 28 May)
- EPANET 1 - Block 1: Introduction to Epanet and hydraulic models / EPANET
components / Physical components
- EPANET 1 - Block 2: Non-physical components / EPANET workspace / Steps in
hydraulic modelling (with EPANET) / Project setup / Drawing a
network / Editing properties
- EPANET 1 - Block 3: Exercise / Run a hydraulic analysis / Viewing results

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Schedule for today’s session
14:00 – 14:05: Introduction
14:05 – 14:55: EPANET 2 block 1 + Q&A (chat function)
14:55 – 15:20: EPANET 2 block 2 + Q&A (chat function)
15:20 – 16:00: EPANET 2 block 3 + Q&A (chat function)

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EPANET module 2
- Block 1: Run analysis / Graphs / Demand input / Demand patterns /
Non Revenue Water / Selection and Group Edit tools
- Block 2: Pipe length / Auto-Length function / Background maps
- Block 3: Import data from CAD or GIS / Input files / Model calibration

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BLOCK 1
Run analysis
Graphs
Demand input
Demand patterns
Non Revenue Water
Selection and Group Edit tools

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Exercise (previous session) – Draw a network

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 Save your model!
Use logical EPANET file names and save them in folders with logical names

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Run Analysis

Did you get an error, or a warning?

Please let me know in the

chat what error or warning!

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Run Analysis

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Let’s make some graphs to see what happens in the network!

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 RECAP!

Graphs

Graph
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Let’s make some graphs to see what happens in the network!

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Let’s make some graphs to see what happens in the network!

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Little / no variaton...
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No demand pattern!

Constant demand

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 RECAP!
Demand patterns

Pattern: multipliers to apply to the base demand

Average day PHIL pattern Maximum day PHIL pattern

Pattern average >1: Higher demands on

maximum day are included in the pattern
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Q&A (previous session):
How to determine the multipliers for a demand pattern?
- If you have measurements available:
∙ calculate the average demand over a time period (e.g. a year)
∙ multiplier = (demand at a time step, e.g. an hour) / (average demand)
∙ maximum day factor = (maximum day total demand) / (average day total demand)
∙ maximum day multiplier = (maximum day demand at a time step) / (average demand)
∙ maximum day pattern average is the average of the max day multipliers

- If you do not have measurements available: use a standard pattern!

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Phillipines average day pattern

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 RECAP!
Inserting non-physcial components

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Phillipines average day pattern

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 RECAP!
Browser options – Time Options

In Time Options you can change the

total simulation time, hydraulic and
pattern time steps and start times

Total Duration set to 0 by EPANET default, which means

you look at one moment in time (single period analysis)!
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 Always link the curve or pattern to the physical object!

We can do this manually for all nodes... but we can also use the Group Edit tool!
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 Group Edit options

Junctions
Pipes

Below
Equal to
Above

Replace
Multiply
Add Tag Tag
Elevation Diameter
Base Demand Roughness coefficient
Demand pattern
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 Edit → Group Edit

But first, select a region / network!

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Select Region / Select All

Select Region

Click with left

mouse button
around the region,
click with right
mouse button to
close the region 31
Select Region / Select All

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Assign demand pattern using Group Edit

No need to use the “with”

condition line in this case –
I want to apply the demand
Case sensitive!
pattern to all junctions!

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Check the junction property editors

Demand pattern has been

assigned to the junctions

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 Run the model again and create the same graphs

Negative flow means: flow in direction from end node to start node
(and positive flow is flow in the direction from start to end node)
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Phillipines maximum day pattern

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More on demands
- Demands can only be assigned to junctions
- A junction can be one single house connection, or it can represent a cluster of
connections (e.g. the demand of multiple houses, an appartment building, a block of
streets or a neighborhood)
- Sum the individual demands of the connections in the cluster and use this sum as
the demand for the junction that represents the cluster
- E.g. we cluster the demands along a pipe in the start and end nodes of that pipe
- We also have to include Non Revenue Water in our model!

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Non Revenue Water
• “Non revenue” is missed income
• Non Revenue Water is the sum of:
- real losses (leakage)
- measurement errors (at water meters; apparent losses)
- unauthorized consumption (e.g. theft, illegal connections)
- unbilled consumption (e.g. own use)

NRW has to be included in the model! NRW also flows through the network!

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Let’s assume a NRW of 18%

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 Save your model!
Use logical EPANET file names and save them in folders with logical names

We will continue
working on this
model later!

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QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 1

Please ask your questions in the chat!

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BLOCK 2
Pipe length
Auto-Length function
Background maps

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Pipe length
EPANET calculates with the pipe length, NOT with what it shows on the map

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Pipe length
Pipe length can be defined through:
- default value (used for new pipes when Auto-Length function is OFF)
- manual input value (edit pipe properties)
- Auto-Length

Turn Auto-Length ON / OFF

by clicking with your right
mouse in the status bar

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Auto-Length
- Automatic computation of pipe lengths
- Be careful with the use of Auto-Length option ON!
- Only use it if you have a scaled background map!

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Background map (“backdrop”)
- A backdrop drawing (e.g. a street map or a
satellite map) can be placed behind the
network for reference as background

- File should be bitmap or metafile format

(created outside of EPANET)
- Nodes and links can be drawn over this map

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Backdrop menu

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 Let’s start with a new EPANET file!

Because my default is on Auto Length

OFF, a new EPANET file will start with
Auto-Length Off in the status bar

Click with your

right mouse
button 48
When loading a backdrop map it is not at the right scale!
Auto-Length Google Maps

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How to scale a backdrop map?

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How to scale a backdrop map?

- Calculate the scaling factor:

scaling factor = (real length) / (pipe length generated with Auto-Length ON)

Google Maps / Earth

- E.g.: The measured distance in Google Maps is 581.19 m and the pipe length
following from EPANET with Auto-Length ON is 1557.09 m. The scaling factor is
581.19/1557.09 = 0.37325395...

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How to scale a backdrop map?

In the Map Dimensions Editor:

- keep the lower left x and y coordinates at (0,0)
- multiply both the x and y coordinates of the upper right corner (both 10000.000 by
default) with your scaling factor

- E.g.:
10000.000 · 0.37325395... ≈ 3732.540

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Now, the backdrop map is at the right scale!
Auto-Length Google Maps

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QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 2

Please ask your questions in the chat!

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BLOCK 3
Import data from CAD or GIS
Input files
Model calibration

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Import data from CAD or GIS packages
- Direct import from CAD or GIS exports is NOT possible
- However, EPANET can import a network in a simple text format

- The text file should have the a certain format: the EPANET input file format (.inp)

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EPANET input files (.inp)
- .inp files are text files describing a network
- Input files can be created outside of EPANET using a text editor (e.g. Notepad) or a
spreadsheet program (e.g. Excel), e.g. based on information from CAD or GIS

- Input files can function as an archive version of your database

- Input files provide a human readable version of your data

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Input files contain all possible network information

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Input file in Notepad

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How to import/export input files?

- Export the input file (Network)

from a new, empty EPANET file
(save it as .inp file)
- Open the input file in Notepad
or Excel
- Store your CAD or GIS data in
the input file
- Import the input file (Network)
in EPANET
- Save your network as .NET file

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File → Export → Network

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Open with Notepad and Copy+Paste all to Excel

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Insert as many new rows for
junctions, reservoirs, tanks, pipes,
pumps, valves etc... as you need and
paste your input data from CAD/GIS

Mandatory input:
- Junctions
- Pipes
- Node coordinates (scroll down)

You can add other information in

EPANET afterwards
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Paste from CAD/
GIS tables

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Copy all Excel information...

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... and paste it back in the input file (Notepad)

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Import Network

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 You can save your model in the regular way
Use logical EPANET file names and save them in folders with logical names

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EPANET will produce a SYNTAX error when your number
formats are not correct → Correct them in the input file

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 Steps in hydraulic modelling

1. Building the EPANET model of the existing network (using available data, and
assumptions where necessary) or network design
2. Analysis of the EPANET model (Does the model run? Errors? Warnings? Do the
results show what you expect? → Correct input data if necessary)
3. Calibration of the EPANET model (comparing EPANET results to field
measurements, and adjusting assumptions where necessary)
4. a) Network analysis / optimization / scenario studies (adjusting the network, e.g.
network layout and demands, and dimensioning the network to the required
capacity, e.g. changing pipe diameters and sizing pump, to meet guidelines)
b) Water quality calculations

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 Steps in hydraulic modelling

1. Building the EPANET model of the existing network (using available data, and
assumptions where necessary) or network design
2. Analysis of the EPANET model (Does the model run? Errors? Warnings? Do the
results show what you expect? → Correct input data if necessary)
3. Calibration of the EPANET model (comparing EPANET results to field
measurements, and adjusting assumptions where necessary)
4. a) Network analysis / optimization / scenario studies (adjusting the network, e.g.
network layout and demands, and dimensioning the network to the required
capacity, e.g. changing pipe diameters and sizing pump, to meet guidelines)
b) Water quality calculations

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 The quality of a model depends
on the quality of the input data!

Model calibration
- Calibration of a hydraulic model is comparing modelling results to field
measurements and adjusting the hydraulic modelling until the model matches
(sufficiently) with practice (a model is always a simplification of reality!)
- If modelling results differ from practice (if they differ from field measurements),
adjust the model:
· check input data for which you have data available, or gather additional input
data by doing measurements (e.g. source water levels)
· adjusting assumptions where necessary (for data of which you cannot be sure,
e.g. pipe roughness)

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QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 3

Please ask your questions in the chat!

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EPANET module 2
- Block 1: Run analysis / Graphs / Demand input / Demand patterns /
Non Revenue Water / Selection and Group Edit tools
- Block 2: Pipe length / Auto-Length function / Background maps
- Block 3: Import data from CAD or GIS / Input files / Model calibration

- Questions? Contact pewupph@gmail.com

76
Schedule of webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Five modules (sessions) in two batches:
- 20 & 21 May: Basic hydraulics
- 27 & 28 May: EPANET 1 (introduction to EPANET: workspace, project setup)
- 17 & 18 June: EPANET 2 (data input and model calibration)
- 24 & 25 June: EPANET 3 (analysis of hydraulic modelling results)
- 1 & 2 July: EPANET 4 (network design and improvement / optimization)

Please have EPANET available during all EPANET webinar sessions 1-4!

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www.witteveenbos.com