PAWD webinar:

Cape Coast Water

Hydraulic Supply
modelling Project
& EPANET
Siert Meijer, Joriën Mendez, Gideon Lomoko
27 & 28 May 2021
Schedule of webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Five modules (sessions) in two batches:
- 20 & 21 May: Basic hydraulics
- 27 & 28 May: EPANET 1 (introduction to EPANET: workspace, project setup)
- 17 & 18 June: EPANET 2 (data input, model calibration, network design)
- 24 & 25 June: EPANET 3 (analysis of hydraulic modelling results)
- 1 & 2 July: EPANET 4 (network improvement / optimization)

Please have EPANET available during all EPANET webinar sessions 1-4!

2
Previous session (20 & 21 May)
- Basic hydraulics - Block 1: Introduction to hydraulics / Pressure pipe flow /
Conservation of mass / Reynolds number / Fluid pressure
- Basic hydraulics - Block 2: Total energy equation / Bernoulli energy equation /
Conservation of energy / Energy losses
- Basic hydraulics - Block 3: Hydraulic head / Pump systems

- Questions? Contact pewupph@gmail.com

3
Schedule for today’s session
14:00 – 14:15: Introduction and additional Q&A – Basic hydraulics
14:15 – 14:45: EPANET block 1 + Q&A (chat function)
14:45 – 15:15: EPANET block 2 + Q&A (chat function)
15:15 – 16:00: EPANET block 3 + Q&A (chat function)

4
Additional Q&A - Basic hydraulics

5
Do you consider the atmospheric pressure in the pressure head? (Andrew)

6
Bernoulli energy equation

7
Presssure head

p = pressure (Pa)
ρ = density (kg/m3)
g = gravitational constant (m/s2)

Pascal (SI unit):

1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/(m∙s2)

8
Units in formulas

kg
p [Pa] [ 2] [kg ∙ m3 ∙ s2 ]
= = m ∙ s = = [m]
ρ⋅g kg m kg m [m ∙ s2 ∙ kg ∙ m]
⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
m3 s m3 s

9
Units of pressure
Pascal (Pa) S.I. unit
Bar (1 bar = 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa)
Atmosphere (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01325 bar ≈ 1 bar)

Pound-force per square inch (1 psi = 6,894.757 Pa; unit in U.S. customary systems)

Length unit (cm, mm, m, inch...) of fluid column

10
Expressions for pressure
Absolute pressure = pressure relative to 0 Pa (vacuum)
➢ Letter a is sometimes used behind the unit to indicate absolute pressure (e.g. bara)
➢ Absolute pressure can never be negative!

Gauge pressure = pressure relative to the ambient pressure

➢ Letter g is sometimes used behind the unit to indicate gauge pressure (e.g. barg)
➢ At sea level, ambient pressure is about 1 atm (= 101,325 Pa)
➢ Gauge pressure can be negative!

11
Do you consider the atmospheric pressure in the pressure head?

The pressure term in the pressure head may be gauge pressure or absolute pressure,
depending on the design of a system and whether it is open to the ambient air or
sealed without air

➢ Drinking water systems have connections open to the ambient air

➢ Therefore, we use gauge pressure in the pressure head for drinking water systems

12
EPANET module 1
- Block 1: What is Epanet? / How does a hydraulic model work? / EPANET
components / Physical components
- Block 2: Non-physical components / EPANET workspace / Steps in hydraulic
modelling / Steps to modelling with EPANET / Project setup (defaults
and units) / Time options / Drawing a network / Editing properties
- Block 3: Exercise / Run a hydraulic analysis / Viewing results

13
Instructions
- Download and install EPANET 2.2 (DOWNLOAD LINK: https://www.epa.gov/water-
research/epanet)
- Have the software available on your computer during the EPANET sessions!

- Questions? Contact pewupph@gmail.com

14
BLOCK 1
What is Epanet?
How does a hydraulic model work?
EPANET components
Physcial components

15
What is EPANET?

˗ EPANET is a computer program that performs extended period simulation of

hydraulic and water quality behaviour within pressurized pipe networks
˗ EPANET is a free software developed by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency
˗ EPANET tracks:
· The flow of water in each pipe
· The pressure at each node
· The height of water in each tank

16
How does a hydraulic model work?

When calculating, EPANET tries to “hydraulically balance” the network

- For each node, it calculates Qin and Qout (conservation of mass)
- For each link, it calculates Hstart node and Hend node (based on pipe characteristics and
headloss formula)

- EPANET calculates based on boundary conditions specified by the user (e.g.

demands in junctions, water level in reservoirs, pump characteristics, ...)

17
 E.g. how much flow in each pipe?

6 0 m3/h
1: in =
Pipe 20m Q
th =
Leng er = 0.6m
et m
d i a m e ss = 1 m Node 2:
hn
Roug H = x1
Q in = 100 m3/h
Node 1:
H = 25m

s = 0.7m
hn er = 0m

m
dia ngth 3 :

1m
1
L e Pi p e
R o me =
L e me n e s
Pi th r = 1m
di ugh

pe = 0.
ng te s =
R
a

es
t
o

2 10 m 8 m
:

ug
m

Node 3: Q
in
H = x3 =4
0
m3
/h
18
EPANET model components
˗ Physical components:
· Junctions
· Tanks
· Reservoirs
· Pipes
· Pumps
· Valves

˗ Non-physical components:
· Curves
· Patterns
· Controls

19
EPANET model components
Physcial components:
- Junctions
- Tanks Nodes
- Reservoirs
- Pipes
- Pumps Links
- Valves

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 Physical components (Junctions)

Junctions are points in the network where links join together and where water can enter
or leave the network
- Basic input data required for junctions are:
· ID (unique name)
· Elevation

· Water demand
· Demand category (pattern)

- Output results computed per time step:

· Hydraulic head
· Pressure

21
 RECAP!

Hydraulic head

Pressure (head)
Head
Elevation

reference level: e.g. MSL

head = pressure + elevation

pressure = head - elevation
22
 Physical components (Junctions)

- Vary demand with time (demand pattern)

- Assign multiple categories of demands
- Negative demands indicate that water is entering the network
- Junctions can be water quality sources where constituents enter the network

23
 Physical components (Reservoirs)

˗ Reservoirs are nodes that represent an infinite external source of water

˗ They are used to model such things as lakes, rivers, groundwater aquifers
˗ Reservoirs can also serve as water quality source points
˗ Primary input:
· ID (unique name)

· Hydraulic head (Total Head)

˗ Reservoirs have NO computed output properties:

· A reservoir is a boundary point to a network
· Its head and water quality cannot be affected by what happens within the network

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 Physical components (Tanks)

Tanks are nodes with storage capacity, where the volume of stored water can vary with
time during a simulation
- Primary input properties are:
· ID (unique name)

· Bottom elevation
· Diameter (or shape)
· Initial, minimum and maximum water levels

- Principal output result computed is:

· Hydraulic head (water surface elevation)

Tanks are required to operate within their minimum and maximum levels!
25
 Physical components (Pipes)

Pipes are links that convey water from one point in the network to another
EPANET assumes that all pipes are full at all time
- The principal hydraulic input parameters are:
· ID (unique name)

· Start and end nodes

· Diameter
· Length
· Roughness coefficient

· Status (open, closed or contains a check valve)

26
 Physical components (Pipes)

Computed outputs for pipes are:

˗ Flow
˗ Velocity
˗ Headloss

Friction losses (the hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe due to friction with
the pipe walls) can be computed using either:
- Hazen-Williams, or
- Darcy-Weisbach, or
- Chezy-Manning

Minor losses caused by bends and fittings can also be accounted for by assigning the
pipe a minor loss coefficient

27
 Headloss formulas (EPANET) RECAP!

Headloss formulas and

roughness coefficients have
been determined empirically

H-W most commonly used in US, only for water and turbulent flow
D-W most theoretically correct
C-M commonly used for open channel flow
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 Physical components (Pumps)

Pumps are links that add energy to a fluid thereby raising its hydraulic head
˗ The principal input parameters are:
· ID (unique name)
· Start and end nodes
· Pump curve
˗ The principal output parameters are:
· Flow
· Head gain

- Pumps can be turned on and off at preset times

- Variable speed pumps can be considered
- EPANET can also compute the energy consumption and cost of a pump

- Pump links do not have a length!

29
 Physical components (Valves)

Valves are links that limit the pressure or flow at a specific point in the network
- The principal input parameters are:
· ID (unique name)
· Start and end nodes
· Diameter
· Setting
· Status (open, closed)

- The output parameters are:

· Flow
· Headloss

- Valve links do not have a length!

30
 Physical components (Valves)

The different types of control valves included in EPANET are:

- Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV): limit the pressure at the downstream junction
- Pressure Sustaining Valve (PSV): maintain a set pressure at the upstream junction
- Pressure Breaker Valve (PBV): force a specified pressure loss to occur across the valves
- Flow Control Valve (FCV): limit the flow to a specified amount

- Throttle Control Valve (TCV): simulate a partially closed valve by adjusting the minor head
loss coefficient
- General Purpose Valve (GPV): are used to represent a link where the user supplies a
special flow-headloss relationship

Open/closed valves and check valves are modelled as pipe links with open/closed/CV status!
31
 Inserting physcial components

Nodes Links

Junction Control valve

Reservoir Pump
Tank Pipe

Insert nodes by clicking on the map

Insert links by clicking on the start and end node
32
Setting properties of physical components
- Add and adjust properties in a property editor
- Multiple options to open a property editor:
∙ double-click on the object on the map
∙ right-click on the object and select Properties from
the pop-up menu
∙ search for the object in the Data page of the Browser
window and double-click / use the Edit button
- * means: mandatory input!

33
QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 1

Please ask your questions in the chat!

34
BLOCK 2
Non-physical components
EPANET workspace
Steps in hydraulic modelling
Steps to modelling with EPANET
Project setup (defaults and units)
Time options
Drawing a network
Editing properties

35
EPANET model components
Non-physcial components:
- Curves
- Patterns
- Controls

36
 Non-physical components (Curves)

Curves are objects that contain data pairs representing a relationship between two
quantities. An EPANET model can utilize the following types of curves:

- Pump curve (head-flow rate)

- Efficiency curve (efficiency-flow)

- Volume curve (volume-water level)
- Headloss curve (headloss-flow)

37
 Non-physical components (Patterns)

A pattern is a collection of multipliers that can be applied to a quantity to allow it to

vary over time.

• Nodal demands (water demand)

• Reservoir heads (e.g. source water level)

• Pump speed schedules

38
 Demand patterns

Pattern: multipliers to apply to the base demand

Average day PHIL pattern Maximum day PHIL pattern

Pattern average >1: Higher demands on

maximum day are included in the pattern
39
 Non-physical components (Controls)

Controls are statements that determine how the network is operated over time. They
specify the status of selected links as a function of time, tank water levels and pressures
at selected points within the network.

Simple controls Rule based control

40
Inserting non-physcial components

41
Always link the curve or pattern to the physical object!

42
Always link the curve or pattern to the physical object!

43
 Points of attention

- Each EPANET component stands on its own: if in reality a pump is included in a source
reservoir, you have to model both the reservoir and the pump seperately

- Links (pipes, pumps and valves) have a “flow direction” (defined by start and end node)
- Pump and valve links do not have a length in EPANET!

- In addition to the physical network components, you have to add non-physical

comonents (e.g. pump curves, demand patterns and operation control rules)

44
 Workspace of EPAnet

Menu bar

Tools bar Browser

(Data/Map)

Property editor
Network map

Status bar
45
 Steps in hydraulic modelling

1. Building the EPANET model of the existing network (using available data, and
assumptions where necessary) or network design
2. Analysis of the EPANET model (Does the model run? Errors? Warnings? Do the
results show what you expect? → Correct input data if necessary)
3. Calibration of the EPANET model (comparing EPANET results to field
measurements, and adjusting assumptions where necessary)
4. a) Network analysis / optimization / scenario studies (adjusting the network, e.g.
network layout and demands, and dimensioning the network to the required
capacity, e.g. changing pipe diameters and sizing pump, to meet guidelines)
b) Water quality calculations

46
 Steps in hydraulic modelling

1. Building the EPANET model of the existing network (using available data, and
assumptions where necessary) or network design
2. Analysis of the EPANET model (Does the model run? Errors? Warnings? Do the
results show what you expect? → Correct input data if necessary)
3. Calibration of the EPANET model (comparing EPANET results to field
measurements, and adjusting assumptions where necessary)
4. a) Network analysis / optimization / scenario studies (adjusting the network, e.g.
network layout and demands, and dimensioning the network to the required
capacity, e.g. changing pipe diameters and sizing pump, to meet guidelines)
b) Water quality calculations

47
Steps to modelling with EPANET

1. Set up a new project (set defaults, units and time options)

2. Draw a network representation of your distribution system (or import the network)
3. Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system

4. Run a hydraulic analysis

5. View the results of the analysis
6. Repeat step 3 to 5 up to the desired result

48
Steps to modelling with EPANET

1. Set up a new project (set defaults, units and time options)

2. Draw a network representation of your distribution system (or import the network)
3. Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system

4. Run a hydraulic analysis

5. View the results of the analysis
6. Repeat step 3 to 5 up to the desired result

49
Project Setup

50
Project Defaults (Hydraulics)

51
Units
Depend on the chosen
unit for flow (discharge)

52
 Units are shown in the status bar

Status bar
UNITS 53
Project Defaults (Hydraulics)

54
Project Defaults (Hydraulics)

55
Project Defaults (Properties)

Auto-Length:
Automatic computation of pipe lengths

Be careful with the use of Auto Length (On)!

Only use it if you have a scaled background map!

56
Project Defaults (Properties)

57
 Browser options – Time Options

In Time Options you can change the

total simulation time, hydraulic and
pattern time steps and start times

Total Duration set to 0 by EPANET default, which means

you look at one moment in time (single period analysis)!
58
How does a hydraulic model work?
- In each hydraulic time step, EPANET performs many
iteration calculation steps (until the accuration threshold is
met)!

- Each hydraulic time step starts with new boundary

conditions (e.g. due to change in patterns or settings) to
calculate the flows and heads (through iteration)

59
 The Network Model (Patterns)

E.g. pattern time step set to 1 and total duration set to 24 hours:

60
Steps to modelling with EPANET

1. Set up a new project (set defaults, units and time options)

2. Draw a network representation of your distribution system (or import the network)
3. Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system

4. Run a hydraulic analysis

5. View the results of the analysis
6. Repeat step 3 to 5 up to the desired result

61
Options for network drawing and import
- Insert physical components

- Draw a network on a map

- Import a network (from GIS)

62
 Inserting physcial components RECAP!

Nodes Links

Junction Control valve

Reservoir Pump
Tank Pipe

Insert nodes by clicking on the map

Insert links by clicking on the start and end node
63
Steps to modelling with EPANET

1. Set up a new project (set defaults, units and time options)

2. Draw a network representation of your distribution system (or import the network)
3. Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system

4. Run a hydraulic analysis

5. View the results of the analysis
6. Repeat step 3 to 5 up to the desired result

64
Editing properties
- Edit properties in the property editors of the physical components

- Add non-physical objects:

∙ Insert patterns and curves and link them to the physical objects
∙ Insert controls (operation)

65
 RECAP!

Setting properties of physical components

- Add and adjust properties in a property editor
- Multiple options to open a property editor:
∙ double-click on the object on the map
∙ right-click on the object and select Properties from
the pop-up menu
∙ search for the object in the Data page of the Browser
window and double-click / use the Edit button
- * means: mandatory input!

66
Inserting non-physcial components RECAP!

67
 RECAP!

Always link the curve or pattern to the physical object!

68
QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 2

Please ask your questions in the chat!

69
BLOCK 3
Exercise
- Project setup (defaults and units)
- Set time options
- Drawing a network
- Editing properties

Run a hydraulic analysis

Viewing results

70
Let’s start with a new EPANET file!

71
 Save your model!
Use logical EPANET file names and save them in folders with logical names

72
Exercise - Configure EPANET (set defaults and units)

73
 RECAP!

Units
Depend on the chosen
unit for flow (discharge)

74
Exercise – Set time options

75
Exercise – Set time options

76
Exercise – Draw a network

77
Map options
Options for displaying nodes,
links, labels etc...

Map options

78
Exercise – Draw a network

79
Exercise – Add labels

Add a label

80
Exercise – Edit node properties

node 1 = reservoir

node 8 = tank

Reservoir Elevation = Total Head = 700 m (for node 1)

Use tank defaults (tank levels are with respect to the tank’s bottom elevation!) for node 8

81
Tank defaults

82
Exercise – Edit pipe properties

83
Exercise – Insert a pump curve

Add new

84
 RECAP!

Link the pump curve to the pump

85
Steps to modelling with EPANET

1. Set up a new project (set defaults, units and time options)

2. Draw a network representation of your distribution system (or import the network)
3. Edit the properties of the objects that make up the system

4. Run a hydraulic analysis

5. View the results of the analysis
6. Repeat step 3 to 5 up to the desired result

86
Run Analysis

87
Viewing results
Results can be viewed in:
- the network map (over time)
- graphs
- tables

88
 Viewing the results in the network map

Click on Map page in the browser and choose what you want to see in the network
map (node and link properties / run results and moment in time)

89
Adjust legends

This menu appears when you

click with the right mouse
button in the network map
The legend editor appears when you click
with your right mouse button on the legend

90
Add values to nodes
and links in the map

The values that will be shown on the map are the V

node and link properties or run results that you

select on the Map page of the Browser!

91
View results in time

92
Graphs

Graph
93
Tables

Table

94
QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 3

Please ask your questions in the chat!

95
EPANET module 1
- Block 1: What is Epanet? / How does a hydraulic model work? / EPANET
components / Physical components
- Block 2: Non-physical components / EPANET workspace / Steps in hydraulic
modelling / Steps to modelling with EPANET / Project setup (defaults
and units) / Time options / Drawing a network / Editing properties
- Block 3: Exercise / Run a hydraulic analysis / Viewing results

96
Schedule of webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Five modules (sessions) in two batches:
- 20 & 21 May: Basic hydraulics
- 27 & 28 May: EPANET 1 (introduction to EPANET: workspace, project setup)
- 17 & 18 June: EPANET 2 (data input, model calibration, network design)
- 24 & 25 June: EPANET 3 (analysis of hydraulic modelling results)
- 1 & 2 July: EPANET 4 (network improvement / optimization)

Please have EPANET available during all EPANET webinar sessions 1-4!

97
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