NON-NURSING THEORY

CATEGORY 1 2 3
THEORIST Ludwig Von Bertalanffy Kurt Lewin Erik H. Erikson
PICTURE

THEORY System Theory Change Theory Developmental Theory

DIED 12 June 1972 February 12, 1947 12 May 1994
BORN 19 September 1901 September 9, 1890 15 June 1902
SCHOOL • The University of
Innsbruck and then
• The University of
Vienna.
CONCEPTS It is constantly receiving
positive input from the
environment and giving
outputs more likely to
achieve and maintain health.
A system is a complex of
interacting elements that
they are open to and interact
with their environments. In
addition, they can acquire
qualitatively new properties
through emergence, thus
they are in a continual
evolution
• Kaiserin Augusta
Gymnasium
• University of Freiburg
• University of Freiburg
• Royal Friedrich-Wilhelms
University of Berlin
First, increase the driving forces
that direct behavior away from
the existing situation or status
quo. Second, decrease the
restraining forces that affect
movement negatively. Third, find
some combination of the first two
methods.
The second stage involves a
process of change in feeling,
behavior, thought, or all three,
that is more productive in some
way. The refreezing stage involves
establishing the change as a habit,
so it becomes the standard.
Without the refreezing stage, the
old ways can easily return.
• Maria Montessori School
• Vienna Psychoanalytic
Institute
• Institute of Human Relations
• Each stage signifies a task to
be accomplished by an
individual so act to move
forward to the next task.
• People continue to develop
throughout life.
• There are eight stages of
development or levels of
achievement
• Failure to complete a
developmental stage
influences the person’s ability
to progress to the next level.
 BOOKS • 1928, Nikolaus von • Lewin, K. (1936). • Insight and Responsibility
Kues, G. Müller, Principles of topological (1966)
München 1928. psychology New York: • Identity: Youth and Crisis
• 1930, McGraw-Hill (1968)
Lebenswissenschaft • Lewin, K. (1938). The • Life History and the Historical
und Bildung, Stenger, conceptual representation Moment (1975)
Erfurt 1930 and measurement of • Adulthood (edited book, 1978)
• 1962, Modern psychological forces • Toys and Reasons: Stages in
Theories of • Durham, NC: Duke the Ritualization of Experience
Development, New University Press (1977)
York: Harper • Lewin, K., and Dorwin • Vital Involvement in Old Age
Cartwright (Ed.) (1951). (with J. M. Erikson and H.
Field theory in social Kivnick, 1986
science. New York:
Harper.
ASSUMPTIONS • The system can be • All our experiences and • Erikson’s highly influential
open or closed environments will affect eight-stage theory of
• Open systems move our behavior at any given development also expanded
in the direction of time. Freud’s original five stages to
higher organization encompass the years of life
• Closed systems after early childhood.
toward disorder, • Within this theory, Erikson
illness and death. introduced and described the
characteristics of adolescent
identity crisis and the adult’s
midlife crisis.
CAREER Considered to be a founder • Involved with schools of • He became the first child
and one of the principal behavioral psychology analyst in Boston and a
authors of the before changing directions research associate at Harvard
interdisciplinary school of in research and Medical School.
thought known as general undertaking work with
systems theory. psychologists of the
 Gestalt school of
psychology
• He served as a professor
at the University of Berlin
from 1926 to 1932, during
which time he conducted
experiments about
tension states, needs,
motivation, and learning
• He served as a research
associate at Yale, then at the
University of California
• finally receiving a professional
appointment at the latter
institution.