Fifth SI Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
6 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Shearing Stresses in
David F. Mazurek Beams and Thin-
Lecture Notes: Walled Members
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.04
SOLUTION:
•  Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plank.

q= =
(
VQ (2500 N ) 64296 mm3
= 15 .
)
6
N
I 10332 mm 4 mm
q N
f = = 7.8
2 mm
For the upper plank, = edge force per unit length

Q = A!y = (18mm )(76 mm )(47 mm )

•  Based on the spacing between nails,
= 64296 mm3
determine the shear force in each
nail.
For the overall beam cross-section,
& N #
I= 1
(112 mm)4
− 1 4
(76 mm) F = f  = $ 7.8 !(44 mm )
12 12 % mm "
= 10332 mm 4 F = 343.2 N

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

•  Consider a segment of a wide-flange
beam subjected to the vertical shear V.

•  The longitudinal shear force on the

element is
VQ
ΔH = Δx
I
•  The corresponding shear stress is
ΔH VQ
τ zx = τ xz ≈ =
t Δx It

•  Previously found a similar expression

for the shearing stress in the web
VQ
τ xy =
It
•  NOTE: τ xy ≈ 0 in the flanges
τ xz ≈ 0 in the web

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

•  The variation of shear flow across the
section depends only on the variation of
the first moment.
VQ
q =τt =
I

•  For a box beam, q grows smoothly from

zero at A to a maximum at C and C and
then decreases back to zero at E.

•  The sense of q in the horizontal portions

of the section may be deduced from the
sense in the vertical portions or the
sense of the shear V.

WHAT IS WRONG WITH

THIS DIAGRAM ?
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

•  For a wide-flange beam, the shear flow

increases symmetrically from zero at A
and A , reaches a maximum at C and
then decreases to zero at E and E .

•  The continuity of the variation in q and

the merging of q from section branches
suggests an analogy to fluid flow.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Plastic Deformations
I
M
•  Recall: Y = σ Y = maximum elastic moment
c
•  For M = PL < MY , the normal stress does
not exceed the yield stress anywhere along
the beam.
•  For PL > MY , yield is initiated at B and B .
For an elastoplastic material, the half-thickness
of the elastic core is found from
3 & 1 yY2 #
Px = M Y $1 − 2 !
2 $ 3c !
% "
•  The section becomes fully plastic (yY = 0) at
the wall when
3
PL = M Y = M p
2
•  Maximum load which the beam can support is
Mp
Pmax =
L
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Plastic Deformations
•  Preceding discussion was based on
normal stresses only

•  Consider horizontal shear force on an

element within the plastic zone,
ΔH = −(σ C − σ D )dA = −(σ Y − σ Y )dA = 0
Therefore, the shear stress is zero in the
plastic zone.

•  Shear load is carried by the elastic

core, 3 P ' y 2 $
τ xy = %1 − " where A! = 2byY
% 2
2 A! & yY "#
3P
τ max =
2 A!

•  As A decreases, τmax increases and

may exceed τY
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 6.3

SOLUTION:
•  For the shaded area,
Q = (108 mm)(19.6 mm)(122.2 mm)
= 258700 mm3

•  The shear stress at a,

Knowing that the vertical shear is 200 τ=

( )(
VQ 200 ×103 N 258.7 ×10 −6 m3
=
)
kN in a W250x101 rolled-steel beam, It ( )
164 ×10 −6 m 4 (0.0196 m )
determine the horizontal shearing τ = 16.1 MPa
stress in the top flange at the point a.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

•  Beam loaded in a vertical plane

of symmetry deforms in the
symmetry plane without
twisting.
My VQ
σx = − τ ave =
I It

•  Beam without a vertical plane

of symmetry bends and twists
under loading.
My VQ
σx = − τ ave ≠
I It

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

•  If the shear load is applied such that the beam
does not twist, then the shear stress distribution
satisfies
VQ D B E
τ ave = V = ∫ q ds F = ∫ q ds = − ∫ q ds = − F !
It B A D

•  F and F indicate a couple Fh and the need for

the application of a torque as well as the shear
load.
F h = Ve

•  When the force P is applied at a distance e to the

left of the web centerline, the member bends in a
vertical plane without twisting.

•  The point O is referred to as the shear center of

the beam section.
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.05
•  Determine the location for the shear center of the
channel section with b = 100 mm, h = 150 mm, and t = 4
mm
Fh
e=
I
•  where
b b VQ
Vb h
F = ∫ q ds = ∫ ds = ∫ st ds
0 0 I I0 2
Vthb 2
=
4I
'1 3 2
1 3 -h* $
I = I web + 2 I flange = th + 2 % bt + bt + ( "
12 %&12 , 2 ) "#
1 th 2 (6b + h )
≅ 12

•  Combining,
b 100 mm e = 40 mm
e= =
h 150 mm
2+ 2+
3b 3(100 mm )
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.06
•  Determine the shear stress distribution for
V = 10 kN
q VQ
τ= =
t It
•  Shearing stresses in the flanges,
VQ V h Vh
τ= = (st ) = s
It It 2 2I
Vhb 6Vb
τB = 1 2 =
( )
2 12 th (6b + h ) th(6b + h )
6(10000 N )(0.1 m )
= = 13.3 MPa
(0.004 m )(0.15 m )(6 × 0.1 m + 0.15 m )
•  Shearing stress in the web,
VQ V (18 ht )(4b + h ) 3V (4b + h )
τ max = = 1 2 =
It 12 th (6b + h )t 2th(6b + h )
3(10000 N )(4 × 0.1 m + 0.15 m )
= = 18.3 MPa
2(0.004 m )(0.15 m )(6 × 0.1 m + 0.15 m )

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Contents
Introduction
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Example 6.01
Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
Shearing Stresses τxy in Common Types of Beams
Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses in a ...
Sample Problem 6.2
Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element of Arbitrary Shape
Example 6.04
Example 6.04
Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
Plastic Deformations
Sample Problem 6.3
Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members
Example 6.05
Example 6.06
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Introduction
•  Transverse loading applied to a beam
results in normal and shearing stresses in
transverse sections.

•  Distribution of normal and shearing

stresses satisfies
Fx = ∫ σ x dA = 0 ( )
M x = ∫ y τ xz − z τ xy dA = 0
Fy = ∫ τ xy dA = −V M y = ∫ z σ x dA = 0
Fz = ∫ τ xz dA = 0 M z = ∫ (− y σ x ) = M

•  When shearing stresses are exerted on the

vertical faces of an element, equal stresses
must be exerted on the horizontal faces

•  Longitudinal shearing stresses must exist

in any member subjected to transverse
loading.
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

•  Consider prismatic beam
•  For equilibrium of beam element
∑ Fx = 0 = ΔH + ∫ (σ D − σ C )dA
A
M D − MC
ΔH = ∫ y dA
I A
•  Note,
Q = ∫ y dA
A
dM
M D − MC = Δx = V Δx
dx

•  Substituting,
VQ
ΔH = Δx
I
ΔH VQ
q= = = shear flow
Δx I

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

•  Shear flow,
ΔH VQ
q= = = shear flow
Δx I
•  where
Q = ∫ y dA
A
= first moment of area above y1
2
I= ∫ y dA
A + A'
= second moment of full cross section

•  Same result found for lower area

ΔH ! VQ!
q! = = = −q
Δx I
Q + Q! = 0
= first moment with respect
to neutral axis
ΔH ! = −ΔH

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.01

SOLUTION:
•  Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.

•  Calculate the corresponding shear

force in each nail.
A beam is made of three planks,
nailed together. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 25 mm and
that the vertical shear in the beam is
V = 500 N, determine the shear force
in each nail.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.01

SOLUTION:
•  Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
VQ (500 N)(120 × 10−6 m3 )
q= =
I 16.20 × 10-6 m 4
Q = Ay
= 3704 N
= (0.020 m × 0.100 m )(0.060 m ) m

= 120 × 10−6 m3
•  Calculate the corresponding shear
1 (0.020 m )(0.100 m )3
I = 12 force in each nail for a nail spacing of
+ 2[121 (0.100 m )(0.020 m )3 25 mm.
F = (0.025 m)q = (0.025 m)(3704 N m
+ (0.020 m × 0.100 m )(0.060 m )2 ]
F = 92.6 N
= 16.20 × 10−6 m 4

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam

•  The average shearing stress on the horizontal
face of the element is obtained by dividing the
shearing force on the element by the area of
the face.
ΔH q Δx VQ Δx
τ ave = = =
ΔA ΔA I t Δx
VQ
=
It

•  On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam,

τyx= 0. It follows that τxy= 0 on the upper and
lower edges of the transverse sections.

•  If the width of the beam is comparable or large

relative to its depth, the shearing stresses at D1
and D2 are significantly higher than at D.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shearing Stresses τxy in Common Types of Beams

•  For a narrow rectangular beam,
VQ 3 V &$ y 2 #!
τ xy = = 1−
$
Ib 2 A % c 2 !"
3V
τ max =
2A

•  For American Standard (S-beam)

and wide-flange (W-beam) beams
VQ
τ ave =
It
V
τ max =
Aweb

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Further Discussion of the Distribution of

Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam
•  Consider a narrow rectangular cantilever beam
subjected to load P at its free end:
3 P &$ y 2 #! Pxy
τ xy = 1− σx = +
2 A $% c 2 !" I

•  Shearing stresses are independent of the distance

from the point of application of the load.
•  Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected
by the shearing stresses.
•  From Saint-Venant s principle, effects of the load
application mode are negligible except in immediate
vicinity of load application points.
•  Stress/strain deviations for distributed loads are
negligible for typical beam sections of interest.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 6.2

SOLUTION:
•  Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.

•  Determine the beam depth based on

allowable normal stress.
A timber beam is to support the three
•  Determine the beam depth based on
concentrated loads shown. Knowing
allowable shear stress.
that for the grade of timber used,
σ all = 12 MPa τ all = 0.8 MPa •  Required beam depth is equal to the
larger of the two depths found.
determine the minimum required depth
d of the beam.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 6.2

SOLUTION:
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.

Vmax = 14.5 kN
M max = 10.95 kNm

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 6.2

•  Determine the beam depth based on allowable
normal stress.
M max
σ all =
S
6 10.95 × 10 3 Nm
12 × 10 Pa =
(0.015 m ) d 2
d = 0.246 m = 246mm

I = 121 b d 3 •  Determine the beam depth based on allowable

I 1 2 shear stress.
S= = 6 bd 3 Vmax
c τ all =
= 16 (0.09 m )d 2 2 A
3 14500
= (0.015 m )d 2 0.8 ×10 6 Pa =
2 (0.09 m ) d
d = 0.322 m = 322 mm

•  Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the two.

d = 322 mm

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element

of Arbitrary Shape
•  We have examined the distribution of
the vertical components τxy on a
transverse section of a beam. We now
wish to consider the horizontal
components τxz of the stresses.
•  Consider prismatic beam with an
element defined by the curved surface
CDD C .
∑ Fx = 0 = ΔH + ∫ (σ D − σ C )dA
a
•  Except for the differences in
integration areas, this is the same
result obtained before which led to
VQ ΔH VQ
ΔH = Δx q= =
I Δx I

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.04

SOLUTION:
•  Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plank.

•  Based on the spacing between nails,

determine the shear force in each
nail.

A square box beam is constructed from

four planks as shown. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 44 mm and the
beam is subjected to a vertical shear of
magnitude V = 2.5 kN, determine the
shearing force in each nail.

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.04
SOLUTION:
•  Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plank.

q= =
(
VQ (2500 N ) 64296 mm3
= 15 .
)
6
N
I 10332 mm 4 mm
q N
f = = 7.8
2 mm
For the upper plank, = edge force per unit length

Q = A!y = (18mm )(76 mm )(47 mm )

•  Based on the spacing between nails,
= 64296 mm3
determine the shear force in each
nail.
For the overall beam cross-section,
& N #
I= 1
(112 mm)4
− 1 4
(76 mm) F = f  = $ 7.8 !(44 mm )
12 12 % mm "
= 10332 mm 4 F = 343.2 N

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

•  Consider a segment of a wide-flange
beam subjected to the vertical shear V.

•  The longitudinal shear force on the

element is
VQ
ΔH = Δx
I
•  The corresponding shear stress is
ΔH VQ
τ zx = τ xz ≈ =
t Δx It

•  Previously found a similar expression

for the shearing stress in the web
VQ
τ xy =
It
•  NOTE: τ xy ≈ 0 in the flanges
τ xz ≈ 0 in the web

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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

•  The variation of shear flow across the
section depends only on the variation of
the first moment.
VQ
q =τt =
I

•  For a box beam, q grows smoothly from

zero at A to a maximum at C and C and
then decreases back to zero at E.

•  The sense of q in the horizontal portions

of the section may be deduced from the
sense in the vertical portions or the
sense of the shear V.

WHAT IS WRONG WITH

THIS DIAGRAM ?
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6- 3
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

•  For a wide-flange beam, the shear flow

increases symmetrically from zero at A
and A , reaches a maximum at C and
then decreases to zero at E and E .

•  The continuity of the variation in q and

the merging of q from section branches
suggests an analogy to fluid flow.

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6- 4

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Plastic Deformations
I
M
•  Recall: Y = σ Y = maximum elastic moment
c
•  For M = PL < MY , the normal stress does
not exceed the yield stress anywhere along
the beam.
•  For PL > MY , yield is initiated at B and B .
For an elastoplastic material, the half-thickness
of the elastic core is found from
3 & 1 yY2 #
Px = M Y $1 − 2 !
2 $ 3c !
% "
•  The section becomes fully plastic (yY = 0) at
the wall when
3
PL = M Y = M p
2
•  Maximum load which the beam can support is
Mp
Pmax =
L
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Plastic Deformations
•  Preceding discussion was based on
normal stresses only

•  Consider horizontal shear force on an

element within the plastic zone,
ΔH = −(σ C − σ D )dA = −(σ Y − σ Y )dA = 0
Therefore, the shear stress is zero in the
plastic zone.

•  Shear load is carried by the elastic

core, 3 P ' y 2 $
τ xy = %1 − " where A! = 2byY
% 2
2 A! & yY "#
3P
τ max =
2 A!

•  As A decreases, τmax increases and

may exceed τY
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 6.3

SOLUTION:
•  For the shaded area,
Q = (108 mm)(19.6 mm)(122.2 mm)
= 258700 mm3

•  The shear stress at a,

Knowing that the vertical shear is 200 τ=

( )(
VQ 200 ×103 N 258.7 ×10 −6 m3
=
)
kN in a W250x101 rolled-steel beam, It ( )
164 ×10 −6 m 4 (0.0196 m )
determine the horizontal shearing τ = 16.1 MPa
stress in the top flange at the point a.

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6- 7

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

•  Beam loaded in a vertical plane

of symmetry deforms in the
symmetry plane without
twisting.
My VQ
σx = − τ ave =
I It

•  Beam without a vertical plane

of symmetry bends and twists
under loading.
My VQ
σx = − τ ave ≠
I It

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6- 8

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

•  If the shear load is applied such that the beam
does not twist, then the shear stress distribution
satisfies
VQ D B E
τ ave = V = ∫ q ds F = ∫ q ds = − ∫ q ds = − F !
It B A D

•  F and F indicate a couple Fh and the need for

the application of a torque as well as the shear
load.
F h = Ve

•  When the force P is applied at a distance e to the

left of the web centerline, the member bends in a
vertical plane without twisting.

•  The point O is referred to as the shear center of

the beam section.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6- 9
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Fifth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.05
•  Determine the location for the shear center of the
channel section with b = 100 mm, h = 150 mm, and t = 4
mm
Fh
e=
I
•  where
b b VQ
Vb h
F = ∫ q ds = ∫ ds = ∫ st ds
0 0 I I0 2
Vthb 2
=
4I
'1 3 2
1 3 -h* $
I = I web + 2 I flange = th + 2 % bt + bt + ( "
12 %&12 , 2 ) "#
1 th 2 (6b + h )
≅ 12

•  Combining,
b 100 mm e = 40 mm
e= =
h 150 mm
2+ 2+
3b 3(100 mm )
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 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 6.06
•  Determine the shear stress distribution for
V = 10 kN
q VQ
τ= =
t It
•  Shearing stresses in the flanges,
VQ V h Vh
τ= = (st ) = s
It It 2 2I
Vhb 6Vb
τB = 1 2 =
( )
2 12 th (6b + h ) th(6b + h )
6(10000 N )(0.1 m )
= = 13.3 MPa
(0.004 m )(0.15 m )(6 × 0.1 m + 0.15 m )
•  Shearing stress in the web,
VQ V (18 ht )(4b + h ) 3V (4b + h )
τ max = = 1 2 =
It 12 th (6b + h )t 2th(6b + h )
3(10000 N )(4 × 0.1 m + 0.15 m )
= = 18.3 MPa
2(0.004 m )(0.15 m )(6 × 0.1 m + 0.15 m )

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6- 11