551 M.F.

Jhocson St, Sampaloc, Manila, 1008 Metro Manila

In Partial fulfillment of the course

Engineering Utilities 2

Utilization of High-density Polyethylene (HDPE)

as an Alternative Pipe for Drainage System

2nd Year - ESE201

Submitted by:

Dullete, Jhomarie

Santos, Kenneth

Soriano, Sheldreik

Batitis, Xylle Christine

Pascual, Khayla

Rey, Angelyn

Sta. Maria, Jeena Sophia

Submitted To:

Sir. Patrick D. Liwag

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Background of the Study

1.3 Statement of the Problem

1.4 Theoretical Framework/ Conceptual Framework

1.5 Assumptions and Hypothesis

1.6 Significance of the Study

1.7 Scope and Delimitation

1.8 Definition of Terms

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

This chapter contains a discussion about the effectiveness of utilizing high density

polyethylene (HDPE) as an alternative material for use in piping systems other than

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). In this paper, they are compared to each other regarding the

strength, durability, corrosion resistance and cost efficiency. The existence of things that

do not disintegrate quickly in landfills is a major concern when it comes to minimizing solid

waste and conserving natural resources. Plastic products used for short-life consumer

goods, such as soap bottles, milk jugs, soft-drink containers, and a variety of other small

miscellaneous items, account for 20% of landfill volume. High-density polyethylene is

used to make many of these things (HDPE). Recycling solid waste materials and using

the recycled resources to generate new products is one effective strategy to reduce solid

waste.

1.2 Background of the Study

Drainage and sanitation are the difficult part during the construction process, poor

drainage may cause several problems leading to flood, may cause soil erosion, as well

as causing different diseases to occur. According to the World Health Organization,

proper installation of drainage is an essential ecological health measure that can minimize

disease outbreaks. To discuss it further, a sanitary drainage system is a pipe system that

transports sewage and other liquid waste to an authorized place of disposal within state

property. The drainage pipes differ in terms of material and use— size, strength, and

installation ease— but it is all similar due to it being all plastic yet resilient to change of

weather. Generally, pipe used as a common drainage line is the Polyvinyl Chloride pipe

known as PVC pipes; according to the statistics, this is the most cost-effective one.

Furthermore, as a matter of public awareness, recycling building materials is

strongly encouraged in order for the ecosystem to thrive. HDPE pipe might be a cost-

effective recycling option. It has a limited life cycle and is a significant constituent of liquid

drinks or detergent bottles. Thus, they don't contribute a significant amount of pollutants.
Compared to PVC, it has a significant recycling cost (Dylag et al, 2013). In addition, it is

evident from the previous research that these are ideal for underground plumbing

because they dampen and absorb shock waves, reducing the likelihood of system

disruption. They also ensure maximum connection pressure resistance and are more

abrasion and heat resistant (Emelda,2011). Thus, the usage of high-density polyethylene

(HDPE) pipe can have the possibility to become an effective alternative piping material.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to develop a drainage sewer system utilizing High-density

Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes as an alternative plumbing material other than Polyvinyl

Chloride (PVC) pipes. This study also seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the advantages of using HDPE pipe?

2. What is the significant difference between HDPE pipe from PVC in terms of:

a. Affordability

b. Utilization

c. Properties and Versatility

1.4 Theoretical Framework/ Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework

HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPE

(ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL)

What is the significant What is the advantage

difference of HDPE in using HDPE pipe?
pipe in terms of:

a. Affordability
b. Utilization
c. Properties and
Versatile
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the study

This figure above explains the relationship of each variable used. The selection of

pipe of the building water supply and drainage system in buildings is important for energy

conservation. In the past, the building designer mainly considered the use performance

and one-time cost of pipes in building water supply and drainage systems but ignored the

differences in resources, energy consumption and pollutant emissions in the whole life

cycle of different pipes (Xiong et al. 2020).

Affordability discusses the HDPE’s ability to measure a population's ability to

afford to purchase a HDPE pipe. Several recent studies have confirmed that HDPE is

durable with an extended service-life performance of over 100 years. (Nguyen et al. 2021)

Properties and Versatility discusses the HDPE’s characteristics for evaluating

the quality of HDPE products. The High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is amply used in

the fabrication of pipes due to its versatility, low cost and lightweight (Gonzales et al.

2014).

Utilization discusses the action of making practical and effective use of HDPE

pipes. Plastic use in road construction is not new. It is already in use as PVC or HDPE

pipe mat crossings built by cabling together PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or HDPE (high-

density polyethylene) pipes to form plastic mats. The plastic roads include transition mats

to ease the passage of tires up to and down from the crossing. Both options help protect

wetland haul roads from rutting by distributing the load across the surface. But the use of

plastic-waste has been a concern for scientists and engineers for a quite long time

(Korake et al. 2021).

1.5 Assumptions and Hypothesis

The researchers established two hypotheses that depict the study's potential outcomes.

Null Hypothesis

High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe is an effective piping material for building

drainage systems.

Alternate Hypothesis

High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe is not an effective piping material for

building drainage systems.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The researchers conducted this study because their curiosity led them to consider

that High-density Polyethylene pipe is the appropriate alternative material for a more

efficient and sustainable drainage system. Withal, being more informed about eco-friendly

plastics can assist society by reducing the total amount of hazardous waste in the

environment; future researchers, by giving them a reliable resource for their incoming

research; HDPE Industries, by giving them an information and refer to pipes made of

HDPE; And lastly, environment, by having fewer plastics that causes pollution who

destroys the environment itself.

1.7 Scope and Delimitation

This study is conducted to determine the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to be

utilized as a drainage pipe that would be a better substitute for polyvinyl chloride or other

types of pipes as well as making the drainage constructions more efficacious. Further,

this is conducted on a group online consultation in which the researchers look for HDPE-

related research publications. It delimits on identifying the capability and potential of the

alternative pipe to distinguish the standard properties and versatility of the material for it

to achieve the appropriate characteristics of a drainage pipe. In addition, this includes the

advantage of the alternative material of how it will contribute to the plumbing industry,
convincing them to change from a common one to a recyclable and economical drainage

pipe. The study, which lasts about a month, requires acute cognitive skills.

1.8 Definition of Terms

This is to define unfamiliar terms relevant to the research, such that the researchers can

better understand it.

· Abrasion. An area damaged by scraping or wearing away.

· Alternative. One of two or more available possibilities.

· Corrugate. A material, surface, or structure shaped into alternate ridges and

grooves.

· Culvert. A tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railroad.

· Durability. The ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.

· Drainage System. It is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a

particular drainage basin.

· Efficacious. Having the power to produce a desired effect; successful in

producing a desired or intended result.

· High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). A thermoplastic polymer produced from a

monomer ethylene. Often referred to as “alkathene” or “polythene”

· Pipes. A tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey water, gas, oil, or

other fluid substances.

· Polybutylene. A thermoplastic polymer used in water pipes.

· Polyethylene. A thermoplastic polymer with a variable crystalline structure and a

vast range of applications depending on the particular type.

· Polyolefin. A polymer made by the polymerization of an olefin. Produced mainly

from oil and natural gas by a process of polymerization of ethylene and propylene.

· Polypropylene. A synthetic resin that is a polymer of propylene, used especially

for ropes, fabrics, and molded objects.

· Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). A tough chemically resistant synthetic resin made by

polymerizing vinyl chloride and used for a wide variety of products including pipes,

flooring, and sheeting. A thermoplastic made of 57% chlorine and 43% carbon.

· Properties. Physical, chemical, or mechanical components of a specific product

that would determine its functionality and manufacturability

· Thermoplastic. A substance that becomes plastic when heated and rigid when

cooled and is able to repeat these processes.

· Sewage. Waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers.

· Utilize. To make use of something or to find a practical purpose for something.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains a review of related literature relating to the effectiveness of

utilizing High-density Polyethylene to build a drainage sewer system. Its feasibility

influenced by a variety of factors were studied in terms of (a) Potential utilization of HDPE

in pipe manufacturing and drainage construction, (b) Ability of HDPE as a plumbing

material to reduce PVC pipes, (c) Chemical and Physical properties affecting drainage

lines.

Potential utilization of HDPE in pipe manufacturing and drainage construction

It is important to guarantee effective use of materials throughout the development

and design of polymer goods to prevent early failure or an insupportable deformation.

Polyethylene was originally manufactured in England in the 1930’s and has become

extensively utilized in industry as a product consequence of high-pressure reaction

research by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).

Withal, HDPE pipes are widely utilized in the transportation of energy resources,

contributing for over 80% of new pipeline installations. The subsequent investigations of

the Kobe (Japan) earthquake of 1995, during which many massive explosions from

broken piping systems caused significant loss of life and property, are one notable case

that demonstrates the resilience of HDPE pipes. Even under this intense service

condition, nonetheless, there seem to be no signs of HDPE pipe breakdown. The steel

pipes purportedly failed, causing severe damage. For the entirety of its life span, HDPE

pipes used for gas transportation are often under pressure. Pressure variations frequently

cause the load to be dynamic. Thus, identifying the load factor that such a pipe can bear

without deformation and damage during its projected lifetime is critical (Krishnaswamy,

2005).

As stated by Sezer S. et al.2008, high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe has good

potential for economic use for marine oil and gas pipelines, underdrains, storm sewers,
culverts, and other subsurface drainage structures. Over forty states in the United States

use HDPE pipe as part of a 40% annual growth for the use of thermoplastic, HDPE pipe

in transportation construction projects.

Furthermore, according to the research, high density polyethylene pipe has been

effectively used in a variety of applications for decades. A large number of long-term

lifespan studies of this pipe have been conducted in the United States and Europe. Thus,

HDPE pipe has the potential to be utilized in long-term drainage systems (Chudnovsky,

Uy, & Wienhold, 2012).

Ability of HDPE as a plumbing material to reduce PVC pipes

According to ICIBSE Journal (2018) Individual product standards must be followed

after the material has been decided upon, and items must be fitted in accordance with BS

EN12056-2 and Building Regulations Part H. A closer look at four different materials for

soil and waste drainage systems: For higher-end projects, cast iron and high-density

polyethylene (HDPE) are typically utilized, followed by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and

improved polypropylene composite, which are less expensive.

HDPE is becoming a more common material for drainage pipes and fittings in

commercial structures as a suitable alternative to cast iron. It combines the lightweight

flexibility and ease of installation of plastic pipes with the tough, long-lasting

characteristics required for commercial use. Although HDPE is not the cheapest material,

the initial outlay is frequently offset by lower maintenance costs and a longer system life

cycle – not to mention the piece of mind that comes with a strong and durable welded

solution.

Moreover, PVC is widely utilized for a variety of purposes as well as a fragile

material, especially in freezing temperatures. It is fairly uncommon for PVC drainage to

be installed in commercial applications only to be damaged subsequently by succeeding

contractors. This may result in additional project costs that were not anticipated. However,

there are several situations when employing high-density polyethylene is preferable.

 As stated by the American Water Works Association, the operating temperature of

PVC pipe has a considerable impact on its performance. PVC pipe's ability to expand and

contract in reaction to temperature variations. Sewers, irrigation, drains, and other

industrial uses frequently employ PVC. PVC pipes are easier to install. They can be

placed in any weather, don't require any special equipment, and go up rapidly. Overall

installation expenses are reduced as a result of these variables.

A trained operator and expensive energy-intensive equipment are required for the

assembling of HDPE pipes. Large diameter piping necessitates the use of additional

equipment. Fusing HDPE pipes together can be costly, and electrical generators are

necessary. According to Dyke (2018), it is worth noting that HDPE has a beneficial impact

on water treatment capacity, lowers electricity costs, and reduces the societal costs of

roads that are weakened by water leaks. Water loss has been shown to be greatly

decreased, while water quality has been maintained.

Chemical and Physical properties affecting drainage lines

HDPE drain pipe, a low-cost alternative to concrete and steel drainpipe, has just

become accessible. The development of an accelerated testing procedure for pipe

designed for 100-year life has become a significant economic and political concern.

The national and international standards for HDPE pressure pipe referenced

above unfortunately do not address the chemical degradation-driven fracture mode, also

known as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) or environmental stress cracking. There are

numerous other test standards qualitatively addressing material susceptibility to SCC, but

there is no accepted extrapolation procedure for accelerated testing for SCC. Additionally,

this mode of fracture will be the major life-limiting failure mode for corrugated HDPE drain

pipe since it is expected to experience low levels of stress (below 250 psi) and to have a

long service life (more than 100 years). This mode of failure has been the major cause of

premature failure of another member of the polyolefin family. polybutylene (PB) which is

a close relative of PE, in water distribution tubing applications in many parts of the US,
including California and Washington on the West coast, and Maryland and Georgia on

the East coast (Chutnovsky and Zho, 2005).

According to the article titled “Mechanical Properties of High-Density

Polyethylene/Modified Calcium Silicate Composites” indicates High density polyethylene

(HDPE)/calcium silicate (CS) composites containing calcium silicate levels treated with

Vinyltriethoxysilane ranging from 0 to 10 phr were prepared by injection molding. Thus,

the obtained HDPE/CS composites were characterized by thermal analyses.

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is rigid, strong and has a high melting

temperature. It is one of the most widely used plastics in many applications such as

bottles, film and packaging. In addition, modification of HDPE by various fillers has been

reported by many researchers. The fillers were used for the modification of HDPE such

as CaCO3, clay, bast fiber, rice husk, Cu nanofiber, titanium dioxide and nickel particles.

(Kusuktham,B & Teeranachaideekul, P.2014).

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study used the qualitative method that aims to define the High-Density

Polyethylene (HDPE) as an alternative pipe for Drainage System. Case Study research

designs are the secondary approach used to observe exploratory (ideas and insights)

relationships and to study the versatility between one variable and another. Summarily,

researchers use case study research to adapt for turning easily from one to another of

various tasks. In these designs, one variable is flexible to see if it influences the other

variable. Case study designs are used in this way to answer hypotheses.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers gather their data from scholarly and research journals and related

websites. As there will be no experiment nor survey that will be conducted, the

researchers used primary sources of data to conduct observations which will be utilized

for the data analysis. Also, the researchers sort them to include the studies that are five

(5) years older from the creation year of the study. In this way, the researchers can extract

relative and timely information to support and structure the ongoing research study.

Moreover, the researchers will analyze and identify the literature from their data-gathering

stage. From there, they will formulate the questions, criteria, and the required

methodology for the study that they will conduct.

Data Analysis

The researchers analyzed the data by using the Observation. The use of multiple

data collection techniques and sources strengthens the credibility of outcomes and

enables different interpretations and meanings to be included in data analysis. This is

known as triangulation (Flick, 2014). Through this scientific tool, it tells whether there is

an overall difference between the alternative material and common materials.

 Further, the researchers used an Observation to define the High-Density

Polyethylene (HDPE) as an alternative pipe for drainage systems in terms of properties

and versatility, affordability, utilization, and determine the significant difference between

one variable and another. The results presented are based on data gathered from related

literature and are not actually performed and attested to by the study’s researchers.
 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Potential Utilization of HDPE in pipe manufacturing and drainage construction

HDPE was created in the 1930s and utilized during the Second World War in high-

frequency radar cables. It was commercially introduced shortly afterwards. HDPE can

vary in flexibility; however, the higher density variants give a more rigid product. Low

thermoplastic density levels are less rigid and crystalline in high density grades. The

process, also called 'cracking,' contributes to producing ethylene gas. The gasses are

subsequently attached to the form of polymers during its manufacturing, which then make

polyethylene. The polyethylene will seem sludge following this procedure but then form

granules when it is passed through several processes. Once the forming is complete, you

have a strong polymer material, which may be used in your house or facility for several

applications.

Flexible and Fatigue Resistant

The HDPE may be bent 25 times the nominal tubing diameter to a radius.

This can remove numerous necessary fittings for directional changes in a pipe

system when accessories like thrust blocks and restraints with alternative materials

are required. The HDPE pressurizer pipe is flexible and is ideal for dynamic soils

including earthquake-prone locations. HDPE pressure tubes may accept repeated

pressures exceeding the static pressure rating of the pipe considerably.

Long term

For the HDPE pipe a lifetime of 50-100 years is calculated by the

polyethylene pipe industry. This concerns replacement cost reductions for future

generations. This does not make the collections meant for post-industrial or post-

consumer items desirable for recycling. However, they may either be kept safe in

the ground or recycled multiple times in different plastic applications at the end of
 their service life; just a cleaning and grinding process is necessary. HDPE articles

may be recycled as a source of energy once recycled at the end of life: 1 kilogram

of HDPE pipes can deliver up to 2 kg of coal in a calorific value.

Ability of HDPE as a plumbing material to reduce PVC pipes

HDPE pipes, as these are stronger and tougher than PVC pipes, are made from

petroleum. Semi-crystalline and more costly pipes than PVC pipes are these types of

pipes. HDPE pipes are also capable of resisting greater temperatures, have greater

resilience to joint pressure and are more abrasive than PVC pipes. They may damp and

absorb shock waves, minimizing any surges felt by the system in which they are utilized.

As a result, underground plumbing is frequently the primary choice.

Source: CUIRE, 2013.

HDPE pipes vs. the heavier, hard metallic or concrete tube section is considerably

simpler to handle and install, resulting in enormous cost benefits in building processes.

In cold weather installations where other pipes are more prone to fractures and breaks,

the polyethylene piping can structurally withstand up to the effect than PVC.
Chemical and Physical properties affecting drainage system

Low- cost effective

The installation of polyethylene pipes is affordable and has long-term cost

benefits owing to physical characteristics, leak-free joints, and lower maintenance

costs.

Flexible, transparent, waterproof, excellent durability at relatively low

temperature (to -60°C), versatile and useful with many of these techniques,

minimal cost, and chemical strength.

Chemical Durability

Figure 1: Chemical Properties of HDPE

Physical Durability

Figure 2: Physical Properties of HDPE

Temperature

Standard temperatures of 20° C or 23° C of the HDPE PE100 pipe are

determined. These temperature attributes are considerably altered such that the

characteristics decrease with higher temperatures. The following are illustrated.

Eco-friendly

Since HDPE is a versatile material, it is being used in many ways. Especially

for bottling it is utilized. It is one of the most sought-after materials for liquid

containers because of its robust construction and recyclability. It also houses

dangerous items and agrochemicals. It is also utilized. HDPE may be transformed

into solid and durable furnishings. HDPE may also be used and applied in the

commercial design of buildings. HDPE materials are resistant to temperature,

humidity and scratches and dents due to their chemical characteristics. It is thus

perfect for lawn furniture, business lockers and business bathrooms.

 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER

STUDIES

Summary

The primary goal of this study is to examine the use of high density polyethylene

as an alternative pipe for drainage systems in terms of cost, ease of use, characteristics,

and versatility. This study covers the benefit of the alternative material in terms of how it

will benefit the plumbing business, and to persuade them in using the recyclable and cost

effective pipe. The study was conducted as researchers' curiosity led them to think

(HDPE) pipes are the best alternative material for drainage systems that are more efficient

and eco-friendlier. Being more knowledgeable about eco-friendly plastic will provide

benefits to society, by decreasing the total number of the toxic waste in the environment.

The researchers used the qualitative method to aim the HDPE as an alternative pipe for

Drainage System.

The researchers also gathered their data from previous studies and journals that

is five years older from the creation of this study and examined it by using the Observation

method, it is the use of diverse data collecting techniques and sources that increases the

trustworthiness of the result. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a petroleum-based

thermoplastic polymer with excellent impact resistance and melting temperature, as well

as high tensile strength and a large strength-to-density ratio. For all pipeline applications,

including potable water, sewer, conduit and ducting, DWV (drain, waste, and vent),

agriculture, and ground drainage, it is a preferred alternative to polyvinyl chloride pipe.

The HDPE pressurizer pipe is excellent for use in dynamic soils, such as earthquake-

prone areas. The pipe may be bent to a radius 25 times its nominal tube diameter. When

accessories such as thrust blocks and restraints are required, this can eliminate the need

for multiple fittings for directional changes in a pipe system.

 A standard HDPE pipe has a lifespan of 50-100 years, which means it may be

recycled several times, these pipes are semi-crystalline and hence more expensive than

PVC pipes, this can also withstand higher temperatures, have greater resistance to joint

pressure, and are more abrasive. They have the ability to dampen and absorb shock

waves, reducing any surges felt by the system in which they are used, the installation of

this is also affordable and has a long term benefit, it is also a popular material for liquid

containers and is suitable for storing hazardous products and agricultural chemicals. It is

highly recyclable due to its strong construction and recyclability.

Conclusion

The efficacy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as an alternative drainage pipe

will make it the industry standard. Considering its qualities and adaptability, HDPE pipe

has the capability to be utilized in drainage systems due to its exceptional characteristics

and benefits. Thus, HDPE is generally acknowledged as a feasible drainage system

alternative.

Recommendation

Here are the most important findings in this study. HDPE pipe and fittings are

quickly becoming the material of choice among engineers, contractors and customers for

a wide range of industry applications, including municipal, industrial, energy, geothermal,

marine, mining, landfill, HVAC, gas, oil, mining, and agricultural applications.

Based on the process and outcome of the study, further research is needed to

determine outcomes for utilizing high density polyethylene (HDPE) as an alternative

material for use in piping systems other than Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC).
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