○ Real-time systems are systems
that process transactions
Record Layout Diagrams
● Record layout diagrams are used to
reveal the internal structure of the
records that constitute a file or
database table. The layout diagram
usually shows the name, data type, and
length of each attribute (or field) in the
record.
● Detailed data structure information is
needed for such tasks as identifying
certain types of system failures,
analyzing error reports, and designing
tests of computer logic for debugging
and auditing purposes.
● Record Layout Diagram for Customer
File
● Record Structures for Sales,
Inventory, and Accounting Receivable
Files
Examples of Batch and Real-Time Processing
Transaction Processing System Models
Characteristic Differences between Batch
and Real-Time Processing
Batch Processing Using Real-Time Data
Collection
● Information Time Frame
○ Batch Systems are systems
that assemble transactions into
groups for processing
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individually at the moment the
economic event occurs
● Resources
● Operational Efficiency
● Efficiency VS Effectiveness
○ Designers consider the
trade-off between these two
○ Efficiency - Doing things right
■ Since there are fewer
resources involved in
batch processing, it is
more efficient to utilize
■ Ano ‘yung mas mura at
mas mabilis?
○ Effectiveness - Doing the right
thing
■ Since there is no
time-lag in the
real-time processing, it
is more effective to
utilize
■ How correct/accurate is
a transaction? (Batch
Processing since there is
more time to correct
errors)
● Ex. Customer bought a product using
their debit card. The deduction of the
purchase to their savings account is a
real-time processing transaction, thus
presenting the new total of their
balance. Meanwhile, the details of the
transaction itself will be posted the day
after which is under the batch
processing (processed at the end of the
banking day).
● Ex. Customer bought shoes in SM.
Purchase of the shoes transaction is
real-time processing. Meanwhile, the
reduction of inventory of shoes is batch
processing.
● A popular data processing approach,
particularly for large operations, is to
digitally capture and process aspects of
the transaction at the source as they
 occur, and process other aspects of the
transaction in batch mode.
Data Coding Schemes
● E.g. Customer bought a product using
their debit card.
● Deadlock or "wait" is a state that Data Coding
occurs between sites when data is ● Involves creating simple numeric or
locked by multiple sites that are waiting alphabetic codes to represent complex
for the removal of the locks from the economic phenomena that facilitate
other sites. efficient data processing
○ Data/sites that don’t allow ● Ex. CA51019
simultaneous access ○ CA - Accounting Courses
○ E.g. Blackboard Timeout ○ 5 - AMV-COA
(Remedy: Proper scheduling of ○ 1019 - AIS
online examinations to avoid
overwhelming the site) A System Without Codes
● Business organizations process large
Updating Master Files from Transactions volumes of transactions that are similar
● Updating a master file record involves in their basic attributes.
changing the value of one or more of ● Uncoded entry takes a great deal of
its variable fields to reflect the effects recording space, is time-consuming to
of a transaction. record, and is obviously prone to many
● Master file backup is a standard types of errors.
procedure to maintain file integrity in ● Advantages of Data Coding in AIS
the event that:
○ Concisely representing large
○ An update program error
amounts of complex
corrupts the master file being information that would
updated otherwise be unmanageable.
○ Undetected transaction errors ○ Providing a means of
result in corrupted balances accountability over the
○ A disaster physically destroys completeness of the
current master files transactions processed.
● If the current master file becomes ○ Identifying unique transactions
corrupted or is destroyed, corporate IT and accounts within a file.
professionals can retrieve the most ○ Supporting the audit function
current backed-up file from the by providing an effective audit
archives. trail.

Numeric and Alphabetic Coding Schemes

● Sequential Codes
○ Codes that represent items in
some sequential order
(ascending or descending)
○ E.g. ABCD - Alpha, Beta,
Charlie, Data
● Block Codes
○ A coding scheme that assigns
ranges of values to specific
attributes such as account
classifications.
○ A chart of accounts is a listing
of an organization's accounts
showing the account number
and name.

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