The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5.

Prior to the isentropic

compression process, the air is at 100 kPa, 35°C, and 600 cm3. The temperature at
the end of the isentropic expansion process is 800 K. Using specific heat values at
room temperature, determine

(a) the highest temperature and pressure in the cycle

(b) the amount of heat transferred in, in kJ
(c) the thermal efficiency and
(d) the mean effective pressure.

Solution:

Assumptions
1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.

1
1-2 Isentropic Compression 2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑢2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑢3
𝑢1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑢2 𝑢2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢3
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚2 𝑠2 𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛 +𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑠3
𝑠
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠2 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝑇𝑠
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝐸𝑥𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 2

𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (𝑢𝑖 − 𝑢0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠𝑖 − 𝑠0 )

3-4 Isentropic Expansion 4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑢3 = 𝑚4 𝑢4 + 𝑊𝑒 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑢4 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑢3 = 𝑢4 + 𝑤𝑒 𝑢4 = 𝑢1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚4 𝑠4 𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑠4 +𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑢
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊𝑒 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝑇𝑠𝑢
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑒 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
𝐸𝑥𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 3
𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (𝑢𝑖 − 𝑢0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠𝑖 − 𝑠0 )
Using specific heat values at room temperature
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = 𝑚 = 6.788 × 10−4 𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑢2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑢3
𝑢2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢3
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚(𝑢3 − 𝑢2 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
kj
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 6.788 × 10−4 𝑘𝑔 0.718 kgK 1969 − 757.9 K = 0.59kJ

4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1 = 𝑚 = 6.788 × 10−4 kg
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑢4 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑢4 = 𝑢1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑢4 − 𝑢1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − 𝑇1
kj
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 6.788 × 10−4 𝑘𝑔 0.718 kgK (800 − 308)K = 0.24kJ

5
6
An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8.
The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 300 and 1340 K.
Accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a)
the amount of heat transferred to the air during the heat-addition process, (b)
the thermal efficiency, and (c) the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating
between the same temperature limits.

Solution:

𝑣2 1
𝑣𝑟2 = 𝑣𝑟1 = 𝑣𝑟1
𝑣1 𝑟 7
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑢2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑢3
𝑢2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢3

𝑇3 = 1340𝐾 => 𝑢3 = 1058.94𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 (Table A-17)

𝑣𝑟 3 = 10.247

𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢3 − 𝑢2 = 1058.94 − 491.22 = 567.72kJ/kg

4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑢4 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑢4 = 𝑢1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢4 − 𝑢1 = 480.82 − 214.07 = 266.75𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

9
 An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air as the working
fluid. The state of air at the beginning of the compression process is 95 kPa and
20°C. If the maximum temperature in the cycle is not to exceed 2200 K,
determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the mean effective pressure.
Assume constant specific heats for air at room temperature.

Solution:

Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are

applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific
heats.

Analysis (a) Process 1−2: isentropic compression.

10
11
Balance Equations for 1-2 Balance Equations for 2-3

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 = 𝑚3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 ℎ2 + 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 ℎ3
𝑢1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑢2 ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚2 𝑠2 𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛 +𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑠3
𝑠
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝑠2 + + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝑇𝑠
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

Balance Equations for 3-4 Balance Equations for 4-1

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 = 𝑚1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑢3 = 𝑚4 𝑢4 + 𝑊𝑒 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑢4 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑢3 = 𝑢4 + 𝑤𝑒 𝑢4 = 𝑢1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚4 𝑠4 𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑠4 +𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑢
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊𝑒 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷 𝑇𝑠𝑢
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑒 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥𝐷
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷
12
Process 2−3: P = constant heat addition.

Process 3−4: isentropic expansion.

13
14
 Brayton Cycle

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection
A simple Brayton cycle using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio
of 8. The minimum and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 310 and
1160 K. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75 percent for the
compressor and 82 percent for the turbine,
Take Ts= 1700K, Tb=306K and T0=298K and determine
(a) the air temperature at the turbine exit,
(b) the net work output,
(c) entropy generation
(d) exergy destruction
(e) the thermal efficiency, and
(f) exergy efficiency.
 Balance Equations

1-2 Isentropic Compression 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 𝑄
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2 𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝑇𝑠
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

𝑇0
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑠
ሶ
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (ℎ𝑖 − ℎ0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠𝑖 − 𝑠0 )
 Balance Equations

3-4 Isentropic Expansion 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 = 𝑚ሶ 1
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇 ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 ሶ 𝑄ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝑇𝑏
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑇 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥 ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
+
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

𝑇0
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
Assumptions Problem-1
1 Steady operating conditions exist,
2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable,
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
4 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.

Assuming an isentropic efficiency

of 75 percent for the compressor
(a) the air temperature at the
turbine exit (T4),

Assuming an isentropic efficiency

of 82 percent for the turbine
 b) the net work output (Wnet)=?

𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 − 𝑊ሶ 𝐶
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝐶 𝑤𝐶 =?

1-2 Isentropic Compression ℎ1 =310.24kJ/kg

ℎ2 =646.7kJ/kg ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 𝑤𝐶 =336.36 kJ/kg
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2
 b) the net work output (Wnet)=?

𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 − 𝑊ሶ 𝐶
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝐶 𝑤𝑇 =?

ℎ3 =1230.92kJ/kg ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇
3-4 Isentropic Expansion
ℎ4 =789.16kJ/kg 𝑤𝑇 =441.76 kJ/kg
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇
ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇 𝑤𝐶 =336.36 kJ/kg

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤𝑇 − 𝑤𝐶 =105.4kJ/kg
Compressor

ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2
𝑠1 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠2

𝑠1 𝑜 = 1.73498 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑠2 𝑜 = 2.47319 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

𝑃2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 𝑜 − 𝑠1 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑃1

𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 = (2.47319 − 1.73498)𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾 − (0.287𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)𝑙𝑛8

𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.141 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝐾

Heat Exchanger or Combustion Chamber

𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑠2 + ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞
𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠

𝑠2 𝑜 =2.47319 kJ/kgK
𝑠3 𝑜 =3.13916 kJ/kgK

ℎ2 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 ➔ 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 584.22 kj/kg

𝑃3
𝑠3 − 𝑠2 = 𝑠3 𝑜 − 𝑠2 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑃3 = 𝑃2
𝑃2

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑠 = 1700 𝐾

𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.322 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

Turbine

ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠4
𝑠3 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠4

𝑠3 𝑜 =3.13916 kJ/kgK
𝑠4 𝑜 =2.67601 kJ/kgK

𝑃4
𝑠4 − 𝑠3 = 𝑠4 𝑜 − 𝑠3 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑃3
𝑜 𝑜
𝑘𝑗 1
𝑠4 − 𝑠3 = 𝑠4 − 𝑠3 − 0.287 𝑙𝑛 = 0.1339 = 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑘𝑔𝐾 8
Heat Exchanger (in Closed Cycle)

𝑄 ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑏
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏

𝑠4 𝑜 =2.67601 kJ/kgK
𝑠1 𝑜 = 1.73498 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

𝑃1
𝑠1 − 𝑠4 = 𝑠1 𝑜 − 𝑠4 𝑜 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑃1 = 𝑃4
𝑃4

𝑠1 − 𝑠4 = 𝑠1 𝑜 − 𝑠4 𝑜

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 − 𝑠4 +
𝑇𝑠𝑢
Heat Exchanger (in Closed Cycle)

𝑄 ሶ
ሶ
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑠1 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑏
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠4 +𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 +
𝑇𝑏

𝑠4 𝑜 =2.67601 kJ/kgK
𝑠1 𝑜 = 1.73498 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

ℎ4 = ℎ1 + 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 ➔𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 479.36kJ/kg

𝑇1 = 310𝐾
𝑇0 = 298𝐾
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑏 = 306𝐾

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠1 − 𝑠4 + = 0.636𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
𝑇𝑠𝑢
Exergy Destruction (ExD, exD)

ሶ
𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑒𝑥𝐷 = 𝑇0 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛

𝑒𝑥𝐷,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 298𝐾 × 0.141𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 42.018𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑒𝑥𝐷,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 298𝐾 × 0.322𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 95.956𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑒𝑥𝐷,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 298𝐾 × 0.1339𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 39.902𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑒𝑥𝐷,ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 298𝐾 × 0.636𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 = 189.53𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Compressor Heat Exchanger or Combustion Chamber

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑤𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (ℎ𝑖 −ℎ0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠𝑖 −𝑠0 )

𝑒𝑥3 − 𝑒𝑥2 = (ℎ3 −ℎ2 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠3 −𝑠2 )
𝑒𝑥3 − 𝑒𝑥2 = 584.22 − 298 × 0.1623 = 535.85𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 535.85𝑘𝐽𝑘𝑔 + 95.956𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 = 631.806𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Turbine Heat Exchanger (in Closed Cycle)

𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 4 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷
𝑒𝑥3 = 𝑒𝑥4 + 𝑤𝑒 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷 𝑒𝑥4 = 𝑒𝑥1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

𝑒𝑥𝑖 = (ℎ𝑖 −ℎ0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠𝑖 −𝑠0 )

𝑒𝑥4 − 𝑒𝑥1 = (ℎ4 −ℎ1 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠4 −𝑠1 )
𝑒𝑥4 − 𝑒𝑥1 = 479.36 − 298 × 0.94103 = 198.85𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 198.85𝑘𝐽𝑘𝑔 + 189.53𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 = 388.38𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
 d) the thermal efficiency, and
e) exergy efficiency.

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 105.4
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 18%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 584.22

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 105.4
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = = 16.68%
𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 631.806
Problem

Repeat the problem using constant specific heats at room temperature.

Assumptions

1. Steady operating conditions exist,

2. The air-standard assumptions are applicable,
3. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible,
4. Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
An ideal Brayton cycle with regeneration has a pressure ratio of 10. Air
enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1200 K. Account for
the variation of specific heats with temperature. If the effectiveness of
the regenerator is 100 percent, determine
a) the net work output,
b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
c) exergy efficiency of the cycle
d) entropy generation in combustion chamber

Take T0 = 300 K and Ts = 1500 K

Assumptions
1 The air standard assumptions are applicable.
2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
1-2 Isentropic Compression 3-4 Isentropic Expansion
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 = 𝑚4
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑊𝐶 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚3 ℎ3 = 𝑚4 ℎ4 + 𝑊𝑇
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇

𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 𝑤𝑇
Combustion Chamber
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 = 𝑚ሶ 3
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 ℎ5 + 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3
ℎ5 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ5

𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 𝑠5 + ሶ
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑠3
𝑇𝑠
𝑞
𝑠5 + 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠3
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝜂𝑒𝑥 = =?
𝐸𝑥𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 5 𝑒𝑥5 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑥ሶ 𝐷 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑥5 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑥3 + 𝑒𝑥𝐷

𝑇0 300
𝑒𝑥 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 601.94 = 481.55 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝑠 1500

322.26
𝜂𝑒𝑥 = = 0.67 (67%)
481.55
Repeat the problem using constant specific heats at room temperature.

Assumptions
1 The air standard assumptions are applicable.
2 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature.
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Properties
The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K and k =
1.4 (Table A-2a).
1-2 Isentropic Compression 3-4 Isentropic Expansion
𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑚𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 = 𝑚ሶ 4
𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + 𝑊ሶ 𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 𝐸𝐵𝐸: 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 = 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑇
ℎ1 + 𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 ℎ3 = ℎ4 + 𝑤𝑇

𝑤𝐶 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑤𝑇 = ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )