ner Inrush Currents on Sensitive Protection Fun:
Imp
3. GROUND OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Neutral and negative-sequence overcurrent elements are used for their good sensitivity
When directional, these functions ore excellent additions to pilot-ossisted schemes
enhancing both sensitivity and speed of line protection. CT saturation during transformer
inrush conditions could produce spurious zero- and negative-sequence currents. Lasting
long, these spurious signals could cause misoperations.
Particular care must be taken in application cases based on “hard facts’, such as no-zero
sequence current supplied the delta-connected windings. While true for the primary
currents, the principle fails for the secondary currents under CT saturation (Figure 16}
Figure 16. Transformer is energized from its delta winding, Spurious zero-sequence current as high os
3096 of the inrush current
Desensitizing the function as a way of coping with spurious operating signals defeats the
purpose of sensitive ground overcurrent protection. One solution {] uses an adaptive
threshold - a small portion of the positive-sequence current is subtracted from the
operating signal prior to comparing with the constant, potentially sensitive, user setting, In
this way, the amount of extra security increases automatically as the danger of saturation
increases {current magnitude).
With reference to Figure 17 this approach uses positive-sequence restraint to cope with
spurious symmetrical components, and on energy-based directional comparison in the di-
rectional part to cope with angle uncertainty during transients.