2

LECTURE OUTLINE

Modular Coordination
- Introduction
- Basic of Module
- Positioning of Components and Space

3
Introduction
Evolution of Measurement Unit System

4
What is MODULAR COORDINATION?
• Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space in which buildings and
components are dimensioned and positioned in terms of basic unit or module.
• It is internationally accepted by the International Standard Organization and many other countries
including Malaysia.

Improves Productivity

Through Standardization

Promote Industrialization (component manufactured in factory)

Less wet work site.

Non dependence on unskilled labor Less modification on site

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Part 1: General principles

Part 2: Storey heights and room heights

Part 3: Coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for stairs and stair openings

Part 4: Coordinating sizes and preferred sized for door sets

Part 5: Coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for window sets

Part 6: Coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for rigid flat sheets

Part 7: Coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for tiles

Part 8: Coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for masonry bricks and blocks

Part 9: Coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for cabinets

Part 10: Coordinating sizes and preferred sizes for reinforced concrete
components

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Basics of Module
The basic module is known as 1M which is equivalent to 100mm.
1M = 100mm

There are three (3) types of MODULE :-

Basic Module
• It is the fundamental unit of size in modular coordination and for general application to building
and components. The size of basic Module is taken as 100mm denoted by “M”.
It is large enough to affect some variety reduction in range of component size and is small enough to
provide a flexible unit of measurement for the purpose of design.

Multi Module
• Certain whole multiples of basic module usually expressed in as “M” with numeric prefix as 2M, 3M,
4M etc are referred to as multi module.

Sub Module
• Certain submultiples of basic module which are whole simple fractions shall be chosen when
absolutely necessary for an increment smaller than the basic module. For practical considerations, this
sub modular increment shall be expressed as “M” with fractional prefix as 1/5M, 1/4M, 1/3M,etc

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Metric System to Modular Size

8
9
Positioning of Components and Space
• There are four (4) types of positioning system; boundary, axial, interaxial and flush reference
system. It also known as grid line, as normally being seen in the drawing specifications.

1. Boundary reference
• Coordinates the position of the building boundary grid
components.
• Determines the nominal size of components.
• Placement of component within two parallel
modular coordinating grids or planes so that
it fills the space.

2. Axial reference
• Coordinates the position of a components by
placing the component so that the middle- axis axial grid
coincides with a modular coordinating grid.

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3. Interaxial reference
• Coordinates the position and
dimension of building component
by a reference.
interaxial grid

4. Flush reference

modular zone
• Coordinates the position of
components by placing one surface
of the component flush on to a flush grid
modular coordinating grid or plane.

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12
 LECTURE OUTLINE
❑ Concept of Buildability
❑ Objectives
❑ Principles of IBS Score
❑ IBS Content Scoring System
▪ Computation of IBS Score
▪ IBS Factor
▪ The Formula
❑ IBS Score Calculation Example
❑ Successful Adoption of Buildability Concept in
Singapore
▪ Introduction
▪ The Legislation
▪ Code of Practice
▪ Submission Procedure
▪ Minimum Buildability Scores
13
Concept of Buildability
Definition
• Design details are sometimes very difficult and even impossible to construct, this is often
a result from design teams not considering problems which the contractor has to face on
site. It is also seen as a result of fragmentation between the design and construction
practitioners (Moore, 1998).

“Buildability is the share of the responsibility of all those disciplines whose

constitute the multi-disciplinary building team including architects, engineers,
surveyors, building contractors and sub-contractors, and not the individual
responsibility of the architect (Griffith, 1994).”

Buildability can be defined as the ability to construct a building

efficiently, economically and to agreed quality levels from its
constituent materials, components and sub assemblies.

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Principles of Buildability

Function and Buildability Aesthetics Cost

Performance

DESIGNER
CONTRACT

CONSTRUCTOR

Agreed Quality Buildability Costs

Levels

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Design Characteristics
KEY FEATURES OF BUILDABILITY DESIGN
• Usage of Components
Standardization
• Employment of Modular Coordination in Dimensions
• Repetitions of Grid
• Sizes of Components
• Standardised Modular Column/Beam sizes
• Connection of Details • Repeated Structural Grids Vertically (100%) and
Horizontally (60%)
Simplicity • Column/beams grouped and confined to few sizes
• Uncomplicated Building Construction System • Column/beams grouped and confined to few sizes
• Simple installation • Column/Beam sitting directly on pile caps
• Raft foundations
Single Integrated • System Toilets
Systems
• Precast/Preassembled Staircase
• Elements that combine components together
• Caging/Mesh of reinforcement
• Standard Modules Windows/Doors

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Unbuildable vs Buildable STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Flat plate

Integrated precast
column & beam

Precast slab Precast beam

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Steel Construction Formwork Systems
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 Unbuildable vs Buildable WALL SYSTEMS

Coloured Precast Facade Walls

Precast
Component with
Architectural
Finishes

Precast Facade Precast Façade

Traditional Brickwalls Walls with
Aircon Ledge 19
 Unbuildable vs Buildable FEATURES

Cast in-situ staircase Precast Balconies Precast Staircase

Precast Meter
Chamber
Cast in-situ bay windows Precast Bay Precast Boundary
Windows Wall 20
IBS Score
Objectives
To provide a well-structured assessment system for the IBS Score. It sets out the IBS Score
Formula, the IBS Factor for each of the elements used in the building, methods of calculating the
IBS Score, explanatory notes as well as sample calculations. It also intended to provide a
complete guidance for every professional to evaluate the IBS Score for any building project

Principles
The IBS Scoring System emphasizes on the following attributes:-
Usage of IBS components

Utilisation of standardised components based on MS1064

Repetition of structural layout

Usage of other productivity enhancing solutions such as volumetric modular units, BIM and MC

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Categories of Building
CATEGORIES TYPES OF BUILDING CATEGORIES TYPES OF BUILDING
Residential (Landed) • Terrace houses Industrial • Factories
• Semi-detached houses • Warehouses
• Bungalows • Sub-stations
• Clustered housing
Residential (Non-Landed) • Libraries
Residential (Non-Landed) • Condominiums • Hospitals
• Flats • Homes for the aged
• Serviced apartments • Child centres/Nurseries
• Apartments • Educational facilities
• Hostels • Terminal buildings
• Campuses
Commercial • Banks
• Medical centres
• Departmental stores
• Camps
• Shopping centres
• Embassies
• Office buildings
• Museums
• Supermarkets
• Crematoriums and columbariums
• Restaurants
• Club houses
• Conventional halls and facilities
• Cinemas/Theaters
• Exhibition halls
• Sport/Recreational facilities
• Stations for public transport
• Places of worship

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IBS Content Scoring System

The maximum IBS Score for a

building is 100 points

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The IBS Score is made up of the following component:

Part 1 – Structural Systems (Maximum score is 50 points)

Points are awarded for various types of structural systems used
e.g. precast concrete beams and columns, steel, prefabricated timber, etc.

Part 2 – Wall Systems (Maximum score is 20 points)

Points are awarded based on various types of wall systems used
e.g. precast concrete panel, glass, dry partition, block work, etc.

Part 3 – Other Simplified Construction Solutions (Maximum score is 30 points)

Points are awarded based on usage of other simplified construction solutions
e.g. standard components based on MS 1064, and repetition of structural layout

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 IBS SCORE

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Structural System Wall System Other Simplified
Construction Solutions
(IBS factor) (IBS Factor)
( Direct Points)

50 points 20 points
30 points
+
Bonus points
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 Derived from Productivity Studies

Given to each building system

More buildable systems

Higher Factor Shorter

Construction Time

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 Structural Systems Using Precast
Precast Full Precast
Beam IBS factor=1.00

Precast
Column

Precast
Plank

Types of Buildable Design - Structural Systems

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 Combination of Precast and CIS
Precast slab
IBS factor=0.6
CIS Beam Hollow core slab

CIS Column

Types of Buildable Design - Structural Systems

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 Steel Construction
Steel flooring system
IBS factor=1.0

Steel columns & beams

Types of Buildable Design - Structural Systems

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 The formula
IBS SCORE =
SCORE FOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
+
SCORE FOR WALL SYSTEMS
+ QWT - Total wall length (external and internal wall)
SCORE FOR OTHER SIMPLIFIED
CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS
2
Where:
QS - Construction area of a structural system
QST - Total construction area of building
FS - IBS Factor for structural system from Table 1
QW - Length of a wall system (external or internal wall)
FW - IBS Factor for wall system from Table 2
S - IBS Score for other simplified customer solutions from Table 3
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IBS score calculations consider
superstructure only

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 In the case of a group of buildings in one project, the
IBS Score of the project shall be calculated by
multiplying the percentage of area of the respective
building (out of total area of project); with the IBS Score
of the individual building

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Example 1

UEM ACADEMY
an
IBS Showcase

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Steel beam + Steel Column + 0.34x1.0x50 17.00
Precast Concrete Slab

1576/6361 = 0.25 0.25x1.0x50 12.50

Steel beam + Steel Column 1576
(no floor)

Prefab Metal Roof Truss

49.5

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 108/1164 = 0.09 0.09 x 1.0 x 20 1.80
96/1164 = 0.08 0.08 x 1.0 x 20 1.60
152/1164 = 0.13 0.13 x 1.0 x 20 2.60
24/1164 = 0.02 0.02 x 1.0 x 20 0.40

298/1164 = 0.26 0.26 x 0.5 x 20 2.60

364/1164 = 0.31 0.31 x 1.0 x 20 6.20

50/1164 = 0.04 0.04 x 1.0 x 20 0.80

72/1164 = 0.06 0.06 x 1.0 x 20 1.20

1164 17.20

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 (30 points)

4
4
4
4
4

Total – Part 3 26

36
92.7

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Example 2
Say, from measurement taken from drawings:-
1. Construction Area
Area for 1 unit of condominium = 94.4m²
Lift lobby area = 140m²
Area for 1 floor = (94.4x6units+140) = 706.4m²

2. Structural Systems
i. Tunnel formwork system
ii. Roof truss : prefab steel roof truss

3. Wall System
i. Internal wall : precast blockworks = 25.2m length
ii. External wall : Tunnel formwork = 41.06m length
iii. Wall at lobby : Tunnel formwork = 17.3m length

4. Other Simplified Construction Solutions

i. Doors : 100% comply to MS1064 Part 4 : 2001
Windows : 100% comply to MS1064 Part 5 : 2001
ii. Repetition of floor to floor height = 90%
18 storey Condominium Vertical repetition of structural floor layout = 80%
iii. Staircase : 100% prefab staircase
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 IBS SCORE – PART 1: STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

AREA (m²) or IBS IBS

ELEMENTS COVERAGE
length (m) FACTOR SCORE
PART 1: Structural Elements
Tunnel formwok system
i. Total area = 706.4m² x 18 storey = 12,715m² 0.60 0.95 28.50
12,715m²
ii Roof truss - prefab steel
. 706.4m² 1.00 0.05 2.50
Roof area = 706.4m²
Total PART 1 13,421.40m² 1.00 31.00

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 IBS SCORE – PART 2: WALL ELEMENTS
AREA (m²) or IBS IBS
ELEMENTS COVERAGE
length (m) FACTOR SCORE

PART 2: Wall Elements

Internal wall : precast blockwork

2,721.6m 0.50 0.36 3.60
i. Total length = 25.2m x 6 unit x 18
storey

External wall : tunnel formwork

4,434.5m 0.60 0.59 7.08
ii. Total length = 41.06m x 6 unit x 18
storey

Wall at lobby area : tunnel formwork

311.4m 0.60 0.04 0.48
iii.
Total length = 17.3m x 18 storey

Total PART 2 7,467.5m 1.00 11.16

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 IBS SCORE – PART 3: OTHER SIMPLIFIED
CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS

AREA (m²) or
ELEMENTS IBS FACTOR COVERAGE IBS SCORE
length (m)

PART 3: Other Simplified Construction Solution

i. 100% door sizes complies to MS1064 100% 4

ii. 100% of windows complies to MS1064 100% 4
iii. Repetition of floor height = 90% 90% 2
Vertical repetition of structure floor layout =
iv. 80% 2
80%
Total Part 3 12

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TOTAL IBS SCORE

PART 1
+
PART 2
+
PART 3
=
54.16 points

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.:Successful Adoption of Buildability
Concept in Singapore:.

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Successful Adoption of Buildability Concept in Singapore
Introduction

• First introduced in 1991 by Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) of

Singapore
• CIDB developed BuiIdable Design Appraisal System (BDAS) – a scoring system to
measure the potential impact of a building design on the usage of site labour
• Then, CIDB (later Building Control Authority or BCA) promote it and initiated an annual
Best Buildable Design Awards competition – to give recognition to designers and
contractors
• Finally, buildable design was legislated with effect from 1st January 2001

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The Legislation
• Applies to all new residential, commercial, industrial and institutional or other
development with gross floor area (GFA) of 5,000m² or more
• New extensions or additions to existing buildings are also subjected to the requirements
if their GFAs equal or exceed 5,000m²
• Some buildings such as places of worship and special utility are exempted

SUBMISSION AT BUILDING PLAN (BP) STAGE

SUBMISSION AT STRUCTURAL PLAN SUPERSTRUCTURAL STAGE

SUBMISSION AT TEMPORARY OCCUPATION PERMIT/CERTIFICATE OF

STATUTORY COMPLETION STAGE

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Code of Practice
• Scope of legislation, Minimum buildability scores, Responsibility for compliance,
Submission procedures and Buildable Design Appraisal System are drafted into a Code
of Practice on Buildable Design.

• The IBS Score is made up of the following component:

Part 1 – Structural Systems (Maximum 50 points). Points are awarded for various types
of structural systems used.

Part 2 – Wall Systems (Maximum 40 points). Points are awarded based on various types
of wall systems used.

Part 3 – Other Buildable Design Features (Maximum 10 points). Points are awarded for
standardization, modular dimensions, and use of precast or prefabricated components.

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 Minimum Buildability Scores (January, 2001)

CATEGORY 5,000m²< GFA < 25,000m² GFA>25,000m²

Residential (landed) 52 55
Residential (non-landed) 58 61
Commercial 65 68
Industrial 67 70
Institutional or others 64 67

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Minimum Buildability Scores for New Work (September, 2005)

CATEGORY OF MINIMUM BUIDABILITY SCORES

BUILDING
WORK / 2,000m²< GFA < 5,000m²< GFA < GFA>25,000
DEVELOPMENT 5,000m² 25,000m² m²

Residential (landed) 52 59 62
Residential (non-
63 65 68
landed)
Commercial 65 72 75
Industrial 67 74 77
School 64 69 72
Institutional or others 60 66 69

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 Minimum Buildability Scores for A&A
(September, 2005)

CATEGORY OF BUILDING
MINIMUM BUILDABILITY SCORES
WORK /DEVELOPMENT

Residential (landed) 57

Residential (non-landed) 60

Commercial 62

Industrial 62

School 60

Institutional or others 60

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Minimum Buildability Scores with effect from January 2007 and
August 2008
MINIMUM BUIDABILITY SCORES

1st JANUARY 2007 1ST AUGUST 2008

CATEGORY OF BUILDING
WORK /DEVELOPMENT 2,000m²<
2,000m²< GFA 5,000m²< GFA GFA > 5,000m²< GFA < GFA >
GFA <
< 5,000m² < 25,000m² 25,000m² 25,000m² 25,000m²
5,000m²

60 62 65 60 65 68
Residential (landed) 57
(A&A work within existing building)
66 68 71 67 72 75
Residential (non-landed) 60
(A&A work within existing building)
67 74 77 69 74 77
Commercial 62
(A&A work within existing building)
69 74 77 69 74 77
Industrial 62
(A&A work within existing building)
64 69 72 64 69 72
School 60
(A&A work within existing building)
60 66 69 60 66 69
Institutional or others 60
(A&A work within existing building)
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Minimum Buildability Scores for New Work (December, 2015)
CATEGORY OF MINIMUM BUIDABILITY SCORES
BUILDING
WORK / 2,000m²< GFA < 5,000m²< GFA < GFA>25,000
DEVELOPMENT 5,000m² 25,000m² m²

Residential (landed) 73 78 81
Residential (non-
80 85 88
landed)
Commercial 82 87 90
Industrial 82 87 90
School 77 82 85
Institutional or others 73 79 82
Part 1 – Structural Systems (Maximum 45 points)
Part 2 – Wall Systems (Maximum 45 points)
Part 3 – Other Buildable Design Features (Maximum 10 points).
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Minimum Buildability Scores for Superstructure of All New Buildings Work
(April, 2017)
CATEGORY OF MINIMUM BUIDABILITY SCORES
BUILDING
WORK / 2,000m²< GFA < 5,000m²< GFA < GFA>25,000
DEVELOPMENT 5,000m² 25,000m² m²

Residential (landed) 73 78 81
Residential (non-
80 85 88
landed)
Commercial 82 87 90
Industrial 82 87 90
School 77 82 85
Institutional or others 73 79 82
Part 1 – Structural Systems (Maximum 45 points)
Part 2 – Wall Systems (Maximum 45 points)
Part 3 – Other Buildable Design Features (Maximum 20 points).

Maximum Score = 110 points

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Minimum Buildability Scores for Basement of All New Buildings Work
(April, 2017)

CATEGORY OF MINIMUM BUIDABILITY SCORES

BUILDING
WORK / GFA>2,000m²
DEVELOPMENT

Residential (landed)
Residential (non-
landed)
Commercial 68
Industrial
School
Institutional or others

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