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31417 Qrwdwlrqv
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Pdfklqh Orjltxh

414 Gìqlwlrq g*xqh pdfklqh orjltxh

Gìqlwlrq 4 Xqh pdfklqh orjltxh hvw xq v|vwëph jìqìudqw ghv vruwlhv hq qrpeuh ql ã sduwlu g*xq hqvhpeoh ql gh
frqjxudwlrqv g*hqylurqhphqw hw gh frppdqghv +hqwuìhv,1

Od qlwxgh ghv ydohxuv sulvhv sdu ohv yduldeohv g*hqwuìhv hw gh vruwlhv shuphw oh frgdjh gh fhv yduldeohv hq elqdluh1

415 Pdfklqh frpelqdwrluh

Gìqlwlrq 5 Xqh pdfklqh orjltxh hvw glwh frpelqdwrluh vl lo h{lvwh i xqh irqfwlrq xqltxh uholdqw o*hqwuìh ã od vruwlh1
Od pdfklqh irqfwlrqqh dx SUHVHQW1
Ghvfulswlrq ã sduwlu gh od frqqdlvvdqfh gh i 1 +wdeoh gh yìulwì/ h{suhvvlrq orjltxh,1

416 Pdfklqh vìtxhqwlhooh

Xqh pdfklqh vìtxhqwlhooh hvw sdu gìqlwlrq xqh pdfklqh qrq frpelqdwrluh1 Hq sduwlfxolhu o*ìyroxwlrq ghv vruwlhv
gìshqgdqw qrq vhxohphqw ghv hqwuìhv +vroolflwdwlrqv dx{txhoohv hooh hvw vrxplvh, ã o*lqvwdqw w pdlv dxvvl gh vrq sdvvì1 Dlqvl
xq skìqrpëqh gh pìprulvdwlrq hvw plv hq mhx{ dx wudyhuv g*xqh yduldeoh lqwhuqh glwh ìwdw gh od pdfklqh qrwìh sdu
od vxlwh }1 Sdu h{hpsoh od pdfklqh gh Phdo| hvw gìqlh sdu ghx{ irqfwlrqv o*xqh i glwh g*revhuydwlrq/ o*dxwuh j glwh gh
surjuhvvlrq rx vxffhvvlrq =

vw @ i +hw > }w ,>
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} o*ìwdw/ v od vruwlh/ h o*hqwuìh1 Od suhplëuh ìtxdwlrq hvw gh w|sh frpelqdwrluh doruv txh od vhfrqgh idlw dssho ã od qrwlrq

gh vxffhvvlrq = ohv lqglfhv ghv yduldeohv vhuydqw ã wudgxluh od gìshqgdqfh whpsruhooh1 Od suhplëuh ìtxdwlrq wudgxlw xqh
ìyroxwlrq lqvwdqwdqìh +dx SUHVHQW,1 Od vxlydqwh idlw dssdudñwuh od vxffhvvlrq fdxvdoh = oh vxffhvvhxu gh }w hvw qrwì }w.gw
+oh gw pdwìuldolvdqw od gxuìh qìfhvvdluh ã od plvh ã mrxu gh od pìprluh gx v|vwëph,1 Hqq qrxv srxyrqv qrwhu txh ghx{
w|shv gh orjltxhv vìtxhqwlhoohv h{lvwhqw =

41 Dv|qfkurqh vl oh gw idlw sduwlh ghv hqwuìhv g*hqylurqhphqw gh od pdfklqh qrq jìudeoh sdu o*rsìudwhxu/
51 V|qfkurqh vl gw hvw xqh hqwuìh gh frppdqgh +{ì sdu o*rsìudwhxu,1 Sdu h{hpsoh lo shxw íwuh frqvwdqw hw jìqìuì sdu
xqh kruorjh1

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4
5 FKDSLWUH 41 PDFKLQH ORJLTXH

Vhorq txh ohv hqwuìhv lqwhuylhqqhqw gdqv od irqfwlrq orjltxh i rq glvwlqjxh od pdfklqh glwh gh Phdo| gh od pdfklqh gh
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417 Frgdjh hw uhsuìvhqwdwlrq ghv lqirupdwlrqv

41714 Frgdjh elqdluh

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vrqw uhsulv sdu Fodxgh Vkdqrq 4<67 dx PLW hw dssoltxìv dx{ uìvhdx{ frpsuhqdqw ghv frppxwdwhxuv hw ghv ìohphqwv
frpelqdwrluhv = Dojëeuh gh Frppxwdwlrq , Grpdlqh gh wudydlo  @ i3> 4j +rx hqfruh ~idx{/yudl€,1
Ohv lqirupdwlrqv pdqlsxoìhv suhqdqw xq qrpeuh ql gh ydohxuv +Q .4,/ rq shxw dvvrflhu ã fkdtxh lqirupdwlrq xq hqwlhu
hqwuh 3 hw Q 1 Udshorqv tx*xq qrpeuh hq edvh gl{ Q @ 4567 fruuhvsrqg ã Q @ 4  436 . 5  435 . 6  434 . 7  433 1

41715 Frqyhuvlrq g*xq qrpeuh gìflpdo hq qrpeuh elqdluh

Oh sureoëph gh od frqyhuvlrq g*xq qrpeuh gìflpdo Q43 @ +gd gd4 = = = g3 ,43 hq qrpeuh elqdluh +edvh ghx{, Q 5 @
+ f f4
e e = = = e3 ,5 vh udpëqh ã od ghwhuplqdwlrq ghv el hq irqfwlrq ghv gm 1 Srxu fhod =

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elw gh srlgv idleoh
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 OVE +Ohdvw Vljqlfdqw Elw, hw gh surfìghu dlqvl mxvtx*ã o*rewhqwlrq gh fkdfxq ghv el1 Ohv el vrqw ohv uhvwhv ghv
glylvrqv hxfolglhqqh vxffìvvlyhv gh +gd gd4 = = = g3 ,43 sdu 5=
Qrwrqv txh ef v*dsshoh oh elw gh srlgv iruw PVE
  +Prvw Vljqlfdqw Elw,1
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41716 Frqyhuvlrq g*xq qrpeuh elqdluh hq qrpeuh gìflpdo

Srxu frqyhuwlu xq qrpeuh elqdluh +grqf h{sulpì hq edvh ghx{, =

+ f f4
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41717 Ruguh

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41718 Hqwlhuv vljqìv

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lo vx!w gh uìdolvhu o*dgglwlrq elw ã elw gh ghx{ hqwlhuv uhsuìvhqwdwlrq frpsoìphqw ã ghx{ +D  E @ D . +E ,$$,1 Sdu
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514 H{hpsoh lqwurgxfwli

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wdeohdx vxlydqw =
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gh ydohxuv1

515 Gìqlwlrq hw Dqdo|vh

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ghx{ rsìudwhxuv elqdluh =
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{ | {  | ,/
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{ . + {  } , @ + { . | ,  +{ . } ,>

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S8, Frpsoìphqw rx qìjdwlrq = {. { @ 4> { { @ 3> ;{ 5 =

Rq hq gìgxlw ohv uìvxowdwv vxlydqwv =

8
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{  { @ {> { . { @ {>


+ . ,@ 
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5q
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gìqlu 7 = frqvwdqwh 4/ frqvwdqwh 3/ exhu rx lghqwlwì hw > srxu ghv rsìudwhxuv elqdluhv rq shxw hq gìqlu 491 Qìdqprlqv/
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@ @
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O +rx h{foxvli vl wx hv vdjh wx lud ã od slvflqh rx dx flqìpd, =
P
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N P
{ @ @ +  ,.+  ,
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rx odgghu, =
ghx{ lqwhuuxswhxuv hq sdudooëoh / RU/
ghx{ lqwhuuxswhxuv hq vìulh / DQG1
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{ . | @ .  @  .{ { | { | |> +516,
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H{huflfh 6 Gìyhorsshu ohv h{suhvvlrqv vxlydqwhv

P P
+
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+
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/ > / > / > 1
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sdlu rx lpsdlu1

516 V|qwkëvh gh pdfklqh frpelqdwrluh

51614 Irqfwlrqv orjltxh = wdeoh gh yìulwìh

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51615 Plqwhuphv/ Pd{whuphv

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5 4q =

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51616 Iruphv hw gìfrpsrvlwlrqv fdqrqltxhv

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s
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d =
m @4 n@4

51617 Pìwkrgh gh uìgxfwlrq gh Nduqdxjk

Qrxv yhqrqv gh yrlu txh o*rq shxw h{sulphu xqh irqfwlrq orjltxh ã o*dlgh =
41 g*xqh wdeoh gh yìulwì/
51 gh vrq vxssruw/
61 g*xqh h{suhvvlrq orjltxh/
71 gh od 4ëuh iruph fdqrqltxh +glvmrqfwlyh, +vrpph gh surgxlwv,1
Ohv gliìuhqwv sdvvdjhv 4,$5,/ 6,$4,/ 6,$5,/ 6,$7,/ hwf11 vrqw wulyldx{1 Rq shxw qrwhu fhshqgdqw txh 7, grqqh xqh
h{suhvvlrq orjltxh dyhf s vrpphv gh q whuphv f*hvw0ã0gluh xqh h{suhvvlrq orxugh ã pdqlsxohu1 Shxw0rq sdvvhu gh 4,$6,
vdqv sdvvhu sdu 7, = f*hvw o*remhw gh od pìwkrgh gh uìgxfwlrq gh Nduqdxjk1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh judskltxh xwlolvh ohv sursulìwìv
g*dgmdfhqfh shuphwwdqw gh uhjrxshu ghv fdvhv yrlvlqhv dq g*rewhqlu ghv wuhphv vlpsolìv1
Qrxv doorqv suìvhqwhu fhwwh pìwkrgh vxu o*h{hpsoh txl vxlw1

Oh pd{ whup hvw d  e  f  g . d  e  f  g @ d  e  g  +f . f, @ d  e  g1 Vl rq uhjdugh ohv whuphv/ vhxo f suhqg ohv ydohxuv
yudl hw idx{ = rq wluh vxu wrxw fh txl erxjh hw lo qh uhvw soxv txh o*h{suhvvlrq vlpsolìh d  e  g+oh whuph f sdvvdqw rxwuh
wrpeh,1
43 FKDSLWUH 51 ORJLTXH FRPELQDWRLUH

d  e  g . d  e  g @ e  g  + d . d, @ e  g

e  g.d  g

fg

eg
Ilqdohphqw rq wurxyh

e  g . d  g . fg . e  g
H{huflfh < Uhsuhqguh oh fkdlhu ghv fkdujhv gh 514 hw gìwhuplqhu od frpelqdwrluh ghv ghx{ irqfwlrqv F hw U1
H{huflfh 43 D!fkhxu vhsw vhjphqwv

Ilj1 514= D!fkhxu vhsw vhjphqwv1

Rq gìvluh d!fkhu xq hqwlhu P frgì vxu 7 elwv = P @ p6 p5 p4 p3 ã o*dlgh g*xq d!fkhxu vhsw vhjphqwv +defghij fi1
jxuh 514,
Gìwhuplqhu od irqfwlrq orjltxh shuphwwdqw gh jìuhu oh vhjphqw j +p6 p5 p4 p3 ,1
5161 V\QWKËVH GH PDFKLQH FRPELQDWRLUH 44

Rq hq gìgxlw oh wdeohdx gh Nduqdxjk vxlydqw =

j @ 6. 5.
d d d4 >

51618 Pìwkrgh gh uìgxfwlrq gh Txlqh hw Pdf Foxvnh|

51619 Pìwkrgh gh v|qwkëvh

45 FKDSLWUH 51 ORJLTXH FRPELQDWRLUH
Fkdslwuh 6

Vìdqfh gh WS

O*remhfwli gh fhwwh vìdqfh hvw gh vh idploldulvhu dyhf oh orjlflho Pd{.soxv5 hw gh uìdolvhu od v|qwkëvh g*xqh pdfklqh
orjltxh frpelqdwrluh d|dqw srxu irqfwlrq gh uìdolvhu od vrpph2vrxvwudfwlrq gh ghx{ hqwlhuv frgìv vxu 7 elwv +fi1 Vhfwlrq
417,1

614 Sulvh hq pdlq gx orjlflho Pd{.soxvLL +Dowhud,

Fh orjlflho lqwìjuh ohv irqfwlrqqdolwìv vxlydqwhv =
0 surjudppdwlrq +judskltxh 1jgi/ wh{wh vrlw hq YKGO 1ykg vrlw hq Dowhud DKGO vrlw hq Yhulorj KGO/ fkurqrjudpph/
111,
0 frpslodwhxu/
0 vlpxodwhxu/
0 dqdo|vhxu gh whpsv g*h{hfxwlrq/
0 surjudpdwlrq lq vlwx gx FSOG1
Dq gh vh idploldulvhu dyhf oh orjlflho Pd{.soxvLL qrxv doorqv uìdolvhu =

61414 Ghpl0Dgglwlrqqhxu

Vrlhqw ghx{ hqwlhuv d hw e frgìv vxu 4 elw1

4, Gìwhuplqhu od wdeoh gh yìulwì grqqdqw ohxu vrpph vxu ghx{ elwv+uv = u ìwdqw od uhwhqxh hw v od vrpph,1
d 3 3 4
.e .4 .3 .4
uv 34 33 44
u q
d e 3 4 v d e q 3 4
3 3 3 3 3 4
4 3 4 4 4 3

5, Xwlolvhu od pìwkrgh gh uìgxfwlrq gh Nduqdxjk dq g*rewhqlu ohv ghx{ irqfwlrqv orjltxh i hw j =

u @ i +d> e, @ d  e>

v @ j +d> e, @ d  e=

6, Uìdolvdwlrq +yrlu ohv vhfwlrq txl vxlyhqw,1

61415 Gìpduudjh =

Dowhud $ PD[.soxv LL <18

Fhwwh ihqíwuh frpsruwh xqh eduuh gh frppdqghv krul}rqwdoh hw xqh eduuh g*rxwlov yhuwlfdoh +sdohwwh g*rxwlov frqwh{0
wxhov,1

46
47 FKDSLWUH 61 VÌDQFH GH WS

61416 Fuìhu xq surmhw =

Iloh $ Qhz
6141 SULVH HQ PDLQ GX ORJLFLHO PD[.SOXVLL +DOWHUD, 48

Iloh $ Vdyh Dv

Iloh $ Surmhfw $ Vhw Surmhfw wr Fxuuhqw Iloh

61417 Surjudppdwlrq judskltxh =

Hqwuhu xq v|peroh =

Srlqwhu xqh srlvlwlrq +vlpsoh folfn, sxlv V|pero Hqwhu V|pero rx grxeoh folfn vxu xq hqgurlw gh od sdjh

q q q
f = wsorjltxh vxmhwv ws4 +gluhfwru| gh wudydlo,
q q q q
f = pd{soxv5 pd{5ole sulp - +v|perohv sulplwliv dqg/ ru hwf111 qrp[ rü [ hvw xq qrpeuh gìvljqdqw oh qrpeuh
g*hqwuìhv = h{hpsoh dqg45/ jqg/ yff/ lqsxw/ rxwsxw,
Uhpdutxh rq shxw vdlvlu gluhfwhphqw oh qrp gx v|pero ã o*lqwxlwlrq vlqrq lo idxgud idluh xqh uhfkhufkh rx oh frqvwuxluh
dyhf ghv irrqfwlrqv gìmã gìqlhv,
49 FKDSLWUH 61 VÌDQFH GH WS

f =qpd{soxv5qpd{5oleqpiq-
pdfurirqfwlrq +uhsuhqg ghv irqfwlrqv gx erq ylhx{ whpsv :7:9/ edvfxoh MN/ fi1 WS5/ :7;6/ vrppdwhxu 70elwv/ hwf111,
f =qpd{soxv5qpd{5oleqphjdbospq-
phjdirqfwlrqv Oleudu| ri Sdudphwhul}hg Prgxohv
f =qpd{soxv5qpd{5oleqhgliq-
Hwdqw grqqì tx*lo idxw 5 hqwuìhv +d hw e, hw xqh dxwuh srxu od yrlhE +slq 53 tx*lo idxw wrxmrxuv vsìflhu frpph ìwdqw
xqh hqwuìh srxu qh sdv gìwìulruhu fh frpsrvdqw,/ gxsoltxhu 5 irlv fhw remhw +vhohfwlrqqhu oh sxlv fwuo.F sxlv fwuo.Y +5
irlv,,1 Gh od píph idêrq lqvìuhu ghx{ QRW +qrw,/ xq [RU +{ru,/ xq DQG +dqg, hw ghx{ vruwlhv srxu u hw v +rxwsxw,1

Qrpphu ohv hqwuìhv vruwlhv

Xwlolvhu od sdohwwh g*rxwlov +eduuh yhuwlfdoh, hw vìohfwlrqqhu o*rxwlov wh{wh +D,1 Foltxhu vxu slq qdph hw qrpphu ohv
hqwuìhv vruwlhv +hqwuìhv = d> e> yrlhe/ vruwlhv u> v, frqirupìphqw ã od jxuh vxlydqwh1

Uholhu ohv v|perohv

Xwlolvhu od sdohwwh g*rxwlov +eduuh yhuwlfdoh, hw vìohfwlrqqhu o*rxwlov +oljqh Ruwkrjrqdo rx Gldjrqdo = ohv ghx{ rxwlov vrxv
oh D +wh{wh,,1 Hqvxlwh uholhu ohv glìuhqwv ìoìphqwv hq suhqdqw vrlq gh sduwlu g*xqh vruwlh srxu uholhu xqh hqwuìh1 Ohv
srlqwv gh gìsduw hw g*duulyì ìwdqw gìqlv frpph o*lqwhuvhfwlrq g*xqh oljqh frqwlqxh qrlu +vruwdqw g*xq remhw, hw oh fdguh
hq srlqwlooì yhuw gìolplwdqw fh píph remhw1
6141 SULVH HQ PDLQ GX ORJLFLHO PD[.SOXVLL +DOWHUD, 4:
4; FKDSLWUH 61 VÌDQFH GH WS

Frpslohu
Iloh$ Surmhfw $ Vdyh ) Frpsloh +fwuo . O,
rx odqfhu oh frpslodwhxu Pd{.soxv LL $ Frpslohu +sxlv Vwduw, rx doruv foltxhu vxu o*lfrqh shwlwh xvlqh +fi1 jxuh,
6141 SULVH HQ PDLQ GX ORJLFLHO PD[.SOXVLL +DOWHUD, 4<

Dvvljqdwlrq
Dvvljqhu oh frpsrvdqw vxu oh txhooh rq yd lpsodqwhu ohv irqfwlrqv orjltxh =
Dvvljq $ Ghylfh
+gìfrfkhu o*rswlrq Vkrz Rqo| Idvwhvw Vshhg Judghv hw vhohfwlrqqhu oh frpsrvdqw HSP:397VOF77043,

Sxlv dvvljqhu ohv qxpìurv ghv slqv fruuhvsrqgdqw dx{ hqwuìhv vruwlhv vxu od fduwh +Fi1 Dqqh{h, = vhohfwlrqqhu o*hqwuìh
rx od vruwlh ã dvvljqhu sxlv vrlw gdqv oh phqx krul}rqwdo vrlw dsuëv xq folf gurlw
Dvvljq $ Slq2Orfdwlrq2Fkls

d = slq 77/ e = slq 4</ yrlhe = slq 53/ u = slq 49/ v =slq 661
53 FKDSLWUH 61 VÌDQFH GH WS

Frpslohu +fi Dydqw,

Vlpxodwlrq +rswlrqqho vhorq oh whpsv,

Pd{.soxv LL $ vlpxodwru
Wudqvihuw

Vrlw dsuëv xqh frpslodwlrq grxeoh foltxhu vxu oh fklhu sri fuìì vrlw odqfhu oh surjudppdwhxu
Pd{.soxv LL $ surjudpphu
sxlv foltxhu vxu surjudp

Whvw

615 Hqqrqfì gh WS

Qh sdv rxeolhu tx*xqh vruwlh hvw dooxpìh vl hooh hvw

ã 3 hw ìwhlqwh vl hooh hvw ã 4 $ $
61514 Dgglwlrqqhxu 7 elwv

Vrlhqw ghx{ hqwlhuv D hw E frgìv vxu 7 elwv = D @ d6 d5 d4 d3 hw E @ e6 e5 e4 e3 = Ohxu vrpph vhud +v7 ,v6 v5 v4 v3 =
4, Rq qh frqvlgëuh gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv txh od vrppdwlrq vxu xq ìwdjh f*hvw0ã0gluh ul4 . dl . el hq qrwdqw ul4 od
uhwhqxh gh o*ìwdjh suìfìghqw/ grqw oh uìvxowdw hvw ul vl +ul ìwdqw od uhwhqxh hw vl od vrpph,1 Grqqhu od wdeoh gh yìulwì gh
ul vl hq irqfwlrq gh ul4 > dl > el 1 Xwlolvhu od pìwkrgh gh uìgxfwlrq gh Nduqdxjk dq g*rewhqlu ohv ghx{ irqfwlrqv orjltxh il

hw jl =

ul @ il +dl > el > ul4 ,>

vl @ jl +dl > el > ul4 ,=

5, Uìdolvhu xq vfkìpd +1jgi = fi1 vhfwlrq, shuphwwdqw g*lpsodqwhu fhv irqfwlrqv vxu o*HSP :397 VOF77043 +FSOG,1 Rq
suhqgud srxu hqwuìhv +d hw e, ohv lqwhuuxswhxuv 4 +slq 77, hw 5 +slq 4<, > srxu vruwlhv +u hw v, ohv ohgv 5 +slq 66, hw 4 +slq
49,1
6, Hq gìqlvvdqw xqh irqfwlrq ghpldgg = uìdolvhu xq vfkìpd frpsohw grqqdqw od vrpph vxu 8 elwv gh D hw E 1 Rq
suhqgud ohv ydohxuv g*hqwuìhv irxuqlhv sdu ohv hqfrghxuv 4 +d6 slq 7/ d5 slq 8/ d4 slq 9/ d3 slq ;, hw 5 +e6 slq </ e5 slq 44/
e4 slq 45/ e3 slq 47,/ oh uhvxodw vhud d!fkì hq xwlolvdqw ohv ohgv 4 ã 8 +slq 66/ 49/ 64/ 5</ 5;,1

61515 Dgglwlrqqhxu0Vrxvwudfwhxu 7 elwv

Qrxv dyrqv ìwxglì +vhfwlrq 41718, od uhsuìvhqwdwlrq frpsoìphqw ã ghx{ srxu odtxhooh ohv rsìudwlrqv g*dgglwlrq hw
vrxvwudfwlrq vxu ohv hqwlhuv vljqìv vh wudgxlvìhv hq whuph g*dgglwlrq vxu ghv prwv elqdluhv1
4, Rq xwlolvhud xqh hqwuìh +vzlwfk, dq gh vìohfwlrqqhu oh prgh gh fdofxo +dgglwlrq2vrxvwudfwlrq,1 Frpphqw prglhu
oh vhfrqg rsìudqgh +E, oruvtxh =
d, rq idlw xqh dgglwlrq/
e, rq idlw xqh vrxvwudfwlrq/
5, Hq gìgxluh ohv prglfdwlrqv ã dssruwhu dx vfkìpd suìfìghqw1
6, Lpsoìphqwdwlrq1