Homework (1)

1. What are directional and non-directional bonding?

Directional Bonds: Single or multiple bonds, which are localized and occur at xed angles with respect to each other. An example of directional bond

are covalent bond which arises from the electrostatic attraction between cations/cation cores and shared electron pairs. The electrons are said to be

localized, because they are con ned, primarily between adjacent cations.

Cl Cl

H H

Non-Directional Bonds: Bonding is equally probable at all angles. The bond is not localized to a speci c direction. An example of non-directional are

Ionic bonds which arises from the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Because the cations are everywhere positive and the anions

are everywhere negative

Na Cl

2. What are a Conductor, Semiconductors, And Insulators?

1- Conductor: A conductor is a type of material that allows the ow of charge otherwise known as electrical current. Most common electrical

conductors are made from metals. Such materials allow the current ow due to the presence of free electron or ions which starts moving when

voltage is applied.An example of conductors are Gold, Copper, Silver, Aluminum etc.

There is no or low energy gap between the conduction & valance band of a conductor. It does not need extra energy for the conduction state.

CB

VB

2-Semiconductors are materials that have conductivity in-between conductors and insulators. They can block or allow the current ow providing

total control over it. They are mostly modi ed by adding impurities called doping. It modi es its properties like unidirectional current ow or

ampli cation or energy conversion etc. An example of semiconductors are Silicon, Germanium, Selenium, Antimony, Boron etc.

The band gap of semiconductor is greater than the conductor but smaller than an insulator i.e. 1 eV. Their electrons need a little energy for conduction state.

CB

VB

3-An insulator is a material that has very high electrical resistance & it does not allow the ow of current. There are no free electrons in insulators

thus they do not conduct electricity. Thus they are used for protection against shock. An example of insulators are Rubber, Wood, Plastic,Paper etc.

The band gap in insulator is huge (+5 eV), which need an enormous amount of energy like lightning to push electrons into the conduction band.

CB

VB

3. Explain the Di erence Between Isotropic and Anisotropic materials?

Isotropic and anisotropic are two terms that are widely used in material science and crystallography to explain the atomic orientation, structure,

and morphology of materials. In isotropic materials such as cubic crystals and amorphous materials (ex: glass), the properties do not change along

the direction of the material. In anisotropic materials such as wood and composites, the properties vary along the directions of the material. This is

the main di erence between isotropic and anisotropic.

Isotropic
Anisotropic

4. What is the di erence between the macromolecules consisting of structural units and not consisting of structural

units, give an example.

Macromolecule is a giant molecule which may or may not contain monomer units. The polymers are called as macromolecules because of their big

size. A polymer always consists of thousands of repeating monomers units. For example polythene is a polymer as well as macromolecules as it

contains large number of repeating monomers whereas chlorophyll is a macromolecule but it is not a polymer as it does not contains monomer.Thus

all the polymers are macromolecules but reverse is not true.

Polythene Chlorophyll

Consist of repeating units Don’t consist of repeating

units

5. A sample of polystyrene is composed of a series of fractions of di erent-sized molecules. Calculate the number

average and weight average molecular weights of this sample as well as the PDI.

Fraction Weight fraction Molecular weight (g/mol)

A
0.130
11000

B
0.300
14000

C
0.400
17000

0.170 21000
D

a) Determine the number of moles in each fraction. Assume that the sample is 1g in the beginning. The number of moles of the fraction is n = w/M.

Fraction
Wi
Mi
ni

Number average molecular weight:

n
[g]
[g/mol]
[mmol]

A
0.130
11000
0.0118

Weight average molecular weight:

B
0.300
14000
0.0214

C
0.400
17000
0.0235

Polydispersity index:
D 0.170 21000 0.0081

b) Determine the number of moles in each fraction. Assume that the sample is 100 g in the beginning. The number of moles of the fraction is n, = w/M.

Fraction
Wi
Mi
ni

Number average molecular weight:

n
[g]
[g/mol]
[mmol]

A
13
11000
1.18

Weight average molecular weight:

B
30
14000
2.14

C
40
17000
2.35

Polydispersity index:
D 17
21000 8.09