INTRODUCTION Greek word dus (bad) and aster (star)- Calamity

-Disaster are not confined to a particular part of due to position of a planet or a star.It evolves in
the world; they can occur anywhere and any the Italian word as disatro, French word
time. disastre then later became disaster.
-Disasters are characteristically predictable and
-a sudden event, such as an accident or a
controllable as long as there is an early
natural catastrophe, that causes great damage
forewarning.
or loss of life. -(wikipedia) a serious distruction
-Early forwarning greatly reduce the duration,
of the functioning of a community or a society
scope and intensity of impact of disasters.
involving wide spreading human, material,
-COVID-19 infection and variants should be
economic or environmental losses and impacts,
treated as disasters. Even localized epidemics as
which exceeds the ability of the affected
disasters for which we need preparedness and
community or society to cope using its own
mitigation strategies. (-DOST NRCP).
resources. -(UN-DRR)
“Human activities like deforestation resulting to
any occurence that causes damage, ecological
desertification, generating powers, manufacting
disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of
goods, and transportations triggers global
health and health services, on a scale sufficient
warming and therefore affects the frequency
to warrant and extraordinary response form
and intensity of extreme climate events thus
outside the affected community or area. -
increasing the impacts of disaster. (impact on
(WHO)
personal,community, economic and
-an occurence either natural or man-made that
environment).
causes human suffering and creates human
DISASTER ALPHABETICALLY MEANS
needs that victims cannot alleviate w/o
D- Destruction assistance -(American Red Cross)
I- Incidents -Is is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or
S- Sufferings progressive, which impacts with such severity
A- Administrative, Financial Failures that the community has to respond taking
S- Sentiments exceptional measures. -(W. Nick Carter)
T- Tragedies When is an event a Disaster?
E- Erruption of Cmomunicable Diseases 1. At least 20% population are in need of
R- Reasearch Programme and Its emergency assistance/whose dwelling units
Implementation have been destroyed.
2. At least 40% livelihood are destroyed
Philippine Disaster and Risk Profile
3. Disrupted flow of transport and commerce
Disaster as old as mankind. (Noah and his ark)
for a week.
Philippines was found to be one of the most
4. Widespread destruction of agricultural
disaster-prone country (3rd rank in top 10
products.
countries) in the world for the past century.
5. Epidemics
Occupies the western rim of Pacific Ocean
(VULNERABILITY + HAZARD) / CAPACITY =
(western segment of Pacific ring of fire).
DISASTER
The Ring of Fire is a region around much of the
VULNERABILITY - conditions determined by
rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic
physical, social, economic and environmental
eruptions and earthquakes occur. Also known
factors or processes which increase the
as “Circum-Pacific belt”.
susceptibility to the impacts of hazards.
CONCEPT OF DISASTER
(UNISDR)
Vulnerability to a natural hazard depends on
the following factors:
Wealth
Education
Governance
Technology
Age and Gender
When is an event a Disaster?
Hazard- any phenomenon that has potential
to cause disruption or damage to people and
environment. “A hazard is perceived natural
event which threatens both life and property.
A disaster is a realization of this hazard.”
(Whittow, J n.d.)
Capacity or coping capacity refers to the
ability of people, organizations and systems
using available skills and resources to deal
with and manage conditions such as hazards,
emergencies or disasters.
NATURAL HAZARD- is a threat of a natura
lly occuring event that has operated trougho
ut earth’s history.
Disaster occurs when hazards meets
vulnerability.
“Disaster is a crisis situation that exceeds the cap
abilities.” (Duarentelli, 1985)
CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK
Disaster risk is the product of the possible
damage caused by a hazard due to vulnerability
within a community. (Dar, 2014).
DISASTER RISK = (HAZARD X
VULNERABILITY / COPING CAPACITY)
CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION (DRR)
Disaster risk reduction is viewed as a concept
and practice of reducing disaster risks through
systematic efforts to analyze and manage the
causal factors of different disasters.
Disaster risk reduction includes:
- Reducing exposures to hazards.
- Lessening vulnerability of prople and property.
- Wise management of land and the
environment.
- Improving preparedness for adverse events.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT is an applied
science, which seeks by systematic observation
and analysis of disasters, so improve measures
relating to prevention, emergency, response,
recovery, and medication.
TYPES OF HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
1. NATURAL vs. TECHNOLOGICAL
HAZARDS (MAN-MADE)
OVERLAND FLOODING
NATURAL
Forces of Nature “Acts of God”
Humans have limited control
Have occurred throughtout the history of
mankind
SEWER BACKUP
TECHNOLOGICAL
Caused by human-made systems
Systems not designed to fall
Humans had control
Point of blame
2. Internal vs External Hazards and Disasters
Geophysical- A hazard originating from solid
earth. This term is used to interchangeably with
the term geological hazard.
Meteorological- A hazard caused by short-
lived, micro-to-meso-scale exterme weather and
atmospeheric conditions that last from minutes
to days.
Hydrological- A hazard caused by the
occurence, movement, and distribution of
surface and subsurface freshwarter and
saltwater.
Climatological- A hazard caused by long-lived,
meso-to-macro-scale atmospheric processes
ranging from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal
climate variability.
Biological- A hazard caused by the exposure to
living organisms and their toxic substances (eg,
venom, mold) or vector-borne diseases that they
may carry.Ex., venomous wildlife, poisonous
plants, micro-organism carrying diseases.
COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines
(Date) - (reported cases)
Philippines- the fifth-highest in Southeast
Asia,behind Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and
Thailand.
The first case in the Philippines was identified
on January 30, 2020, and involved a 38-year-old
Chinese woman who was confined at San
Lazaro Hospital in Metro Manila. On February
1, 2020, a posthumous test result from a 44-
year-old Chinese man turned out positive for the
virus, making the Philippines the first country
outside China to record a confirmed death from
the disease.
Philippines confirmed its first local transmission
on March 7, 2020.
Virus has spread to the country's 81 provinces.
March 15, 2020- imposing of community
quarantines as a measure to limit the spread of
the virus.
Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine
(ECQ) that was implemented in March-May
2020.
March 24,2020- President Rodrigo Duterte
signed the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act.
September 11, 2020- revoke and renamed as
Bayanihan to Recover as One Act (Bayanihan 2-
RA 11494).
COVID-19 cases throughout the country started
declining in February 2022.
"minimal-risk case classification" with an
average of only 159 cases per day recorded from
May 3 to 9.
Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic in Daily Life
Healthcare
Challenges in the diagnosis, quarantine and
treatment of suspected or confirmed cases
High burden of the functioning of the existing
medical system
Patients with other disease and health problems
are getting neglected
Overload on doctors and other healthcare
professionals, who are at a very high risk
Overloading of medical shops
Requirement for high protection
Disruption of medical supply chain 
Economic
Slowing of the manufacturing of essential goods
Disrupt the supply chain of products
Losses in national and international business
Poor cash flow in the market
Significant slowing down in the revenue growth
Social
Service sector is not being able to provide their
proper service
Cancellation or postponement of large-scale
sports and tournaments
Avoiding the national and international
travelling and cancellation of services
Disruption of celebration of cultural, religious
and festive events
Undue stress among the population
Social distancing with our peers and family
members. 
Closure of the hotels, restaurants and religious
places
Closure of places for entertainment such as
movie and play theatres, sports clubs,
gymnasiums, swimming pools, and so on.
Postponement of examinations
The list of top 10 global natural disasters are
as follows:
1. Cyclone.                       6. Flood
2. Earthquake                 7. Wildfire
3. Tornado.                       8. Drought
4. Volcanic eruption.         9. Avalanche
5. Tsunami.                     10. Landslide
The 5 common disasters in the Philippines are
as follows:
1. Typhoon
2. Earthquake
3. Fire
4. Volcanic eruption
5. Drought

Definition of Terms
Cyclone- is an area of closed, circular fluid
motion. It has low pressure on the inside and
high pressure on the outside. The center of the
storm is called the eye, and it has the calmest
water and the lowest pressure.
Earthquakes- It is the result of a sudden release
of energy from the earth's crust that creates
seismic waves. They are measured using
seismographs. The Valdivia earthquake also
known as the great Chilean earthquake is the
biggest earthquake ever recorded. It hit Chile on
May 22, 1960 with a magnitude of 9.5 and a
death toll of around 6,000 people.
The following are the top 3 strongest
earthquakes in the Philippines that caused major
destructions and casualties:
1. Magnitude 8.0 earthquake in Mindanao (Aug.
17, 1976) .
This was followed by a massive tsunami which
was 4 to 5 meters high. Since it occurred past
midnight, it was dark, and it claimed 8,000 lives,
injuring 10,000, and leaving 90,000 more,
homeless.
2. Magnitude 7.8 in Northern and Central
Luzon. (July 16,1990)
A total of 2,412 people died and at least 10 -
billion pesos worth of damages top public and
private properties was reported. Several hotels in
Baguio collapsed trapping and burying people
alive.
3. Magnitude 7.5 earthquake in Luzon
(November 30, 1645)
It has caused many landslides which buried
many people alive and destroyed many buildings
and churches including the Manila Cathedral.
Sinkholes - is a localized depression in the
surface topography, usually caused by the
collapse of a subterranean structure such as a
cave. Although rare, large sinkholes that develop
suddenly in populated areas can lead to the
collapse of buildings and other structures.
Epicenter of an earthquake is the location
directly above the hypocenter on the surface of
the earth.
Hypocenter of an earthquake is the location
beneath the earth's surface where the rupture of
the fault begins.
Tornados (twisters)- is a violently rotating
column of air that is touching both the ground
and a cumulonimbus cloud. Tornado conditions
are caused when different temperature and
humidity meet to form thunder clouds.
"Twisters" can attain speeds up to 100 miles an
hour.
The biggest tornado recorded was the Hallam,
Nebraska tornado on May 22, 2004. It was
around 2.5 miles big and had a death toll of
around 160 people.
The deadliest tornado recorded occurred in
Daultipur and Salturia, Bangladesh on April 26,
1989. One thousand three hundred people
recorded dead and 12,000 injured.
Volcanic eruptions- A volcano is an opening in
a planet's surface which allows hot magma to
escape from below the surface. Volcanic
eruptions are measured using volcanic
explosivity index. The highest volcano known to
humans is Olympus Mons on Mars. Olympus
Mons means Mount Olympus and is bigger than
Mount Everest, the highest peak in the planet
earth.The second largest volcanic eruption of the
20th century and by far the largest eruption
occurred at Mt. Pinatubo, Zambales on June 15,
1991.
Lahar- is a type of natural event closely related
to a volcanic eruption, and involves a large
amount of material originating from an eruption
of a glaciated volcano, including mud from the
melted ice, rock, and ash sliding down the side
of the volcano at a rapid pace. These flows can
destroy entire towns in seconds and kill
thousands of people and form flash basalt.
Tsunami means harbor wave and it is caused
by the displacement of a large body of water
normally an ocean or a large lake.
• The biggest tsunami ever happened at Lituya
bay, Alaska on juy 9, 1958. The mega - tsunami
was around 150 meters tall.
• The tsunami caused by 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake, is the 6u dead lieur ant ural disaster
in recorded history with a death toll of 230, 210
- 280,000 people.
Floods are caused when water overflows from a
water body.
One of the biggest floods in the world is
probably the yellow river in China in 1887,
which killed around 900,000 people.
Wildfire - is any uncontrolled fire in the
countryside or wilderness. It is also known as
brushfire, bushfire, forest - fire, desert - fire,
grass - fire, hill - fire, peat - fire, vegetation fire,
and veld fire.
Drought - is a long period of time in which a
certain region receives a shortage of water.
Lasting 3 years from 1958 to 1961, the great
Chinese famine is the worst on record, 15 to 43
million
died as a result.
Avalanche - is a sudden drop of snow. The
biggest avalanche happened on Mt. Hwascarany
with a death toll of 20,000.
Landslide or a landslip - is a movement in the
ground with a shallow flow of debris.
The largest landslide in history happened
because of Mt. St. Helena, when 3 km. of rock
moved downhill.
Unusual natural disasters.
1. Firenadoes - aka “firewhirl, firedevil or fire
tornadoes.”
- is a column of smoke and fire caused when
fire gets into a tornado.
HOW DO THEY FORM?
- intense heat that rises and combine with winds
- forms pockets of swirling winds
- swirling winds can tighten into twister-like
structure
2. Limnic eruptions or explosion is also called
a lake overturn and is caused by an explosion no
of gas from the lake (normally carbon dioxide)
erupting and suffocating people.
There are only three exploding lakes. They are
lake Menoun, lake Nyos, and lake Kivu.
The biggest eruption ever recorded is Lake
Nyos killing 1,800 people and many animals.
The biggest danger is Lake Kivu which would
cause a methane explosion and possibly kill
million people. All these lakes are in Africa and
both Menoun and Nyos are in Cameroon.
B.2. Man - made (Human-Induced) Hazards
and Disasters
1. Terrorism
* A man - made hazard is a threat having an
element of human intent, negligence or error, or
involving a failure. A man - made hazard may
eventually lead to man - made disaster.
FBI definition of terrorism: “The unlawful use
of force or violence against persons or property
to intimidate or coerce a Government, the
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives.”
What is Terrorism in the Philippines?
In Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) of 2020 Section 4,
terrorism is said to be committed by any person
who, within or outside the Philippines,
regardless of the stage of execution engages in
acts intended to cause death or serious bodily
injury to any person, or endangers a person's
life. Terrorism is also engaging in acts intended
to cause extensive damage or destruction to a
government or public facility, public place or
private property. It is also terrorism to do acts
intended to cause extensive interference with,
damage or destruction to critical infrastructure.
2. Technological Disasters
Radioactive Spills
Hazardous Waste
Toxic Chemicals
Oil Spills
Chemical or hazardous waste accidents
Fire
3. Transitional Human Shelters (Complex
Humanitarian) Disaster
Transitional Human Shelters are rapid, post
disaster shelters made from materials that can be
upgraded or re-used in more permanent
structures or that can be relocated from
temporary sites to permanent locations.
Impact of Man-made Hazards and Disasters
Direct Casualties, Emergency Workers suffered
from radiation, diseases caused by radiation,
increased birth defects, thyroid cancer, suicide
and violent death.
Environmental impact- contaminated soil,
ground water, air, foods.
Biological disasters- microorganisms that is
delivered using dusting airplanes or small
perfule atomizers that has the ability to generate
immediate offects. (Ex. ebola/swine flu)
Chemical disasters - these can be corrosive,
toxic or explosive when there is an irresponsible
handling or excessive use and misuse of
chemicals in industries.
Fire accidents -heavy damage or loss of life,
property.
Travel accidents- ex. air crash, train crash,
vehicle collisions, capsizing of boats and ships.
(large no. of people involved).
Terrorism- eg. use of bombs, guns (-Marawi
City, 2017)
-Epidemic of infectious disease (dengue,
cholera). Involves large no. of people at one
time.
*Pandemic- epidemic of infectious disease like
Covid-19 infection which affects the whole
continent or worldwide. Both affects health,
disrupts services and business, brings economic
and social costs.
Impact of Man-made Hazards and Disasters
- Climate change-
- Global Warming- term used to describe
gradual increase in the temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere and oceans.
* Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide and methane absord heat emitted
from the earth surface.
*Carbon Dioxide
*Methane
*Nitrous Oxide
Greenhouse effect-the earth’s atmosphere heat
up because greenhouse gases trap the heat from
the sun and doesnt radiat it back to the space
anymore.
Greenhouse gases means a warmer earth.
Causes of Global Warming and Climate
Change
*Natural Cause
-Earth’s orbit
-Sun’s intensity
-Circulation of the ocean and
atmosphere
-volcanic activities
* Man-made
-burning of fossil fuel
-deforestation
-growth in consumption exceeds
-increase in fertility
Effects of Climate change and global
warming!!!
1. Temperature→ extreme weather (hot days
and warm nights)
hotter heatwaves, longer dry periods intensified
by drought , powerful hurricanes→flash floods,
landslides,
2. Environmental→ sea level rises (early
snowmelt), ocean acidification→ destruction of
agriculture and fisheries, disruption of habitats,
fish kill, forest fires
3. Health→ allergies, asthma and infectious
disease outbreaks, nutritional insecurity.
4. Economic→ loss of livelihood.
IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS
* Displaced Population - people abandon
homes.
* Health Risks - unsterile drinking water due to
flooding
- waterborne microorganisms.
* Food Scarcity - crops and other agricultural
supplies are destroyed. Food prices rice demand
resulting to famine and malnutrition.
* Emotional Aftershocks-
PTSD- serious pychological condition
resulting from extreme trauma left untreated that
can lead to lasting pychological damage and
emotional distress.
TOP THINGS YOU CAN DO TO REDUCE
GLOBAL WARMING
............?????
Assessing Hazards and Risk
Risk is a statement of probability that an event
will cause an amount of damage or a statement
of the economic impact in monetary terms that
an event will cause.
Risk assessment involves both the assessment
of hazards from a scientific point of view, but
also socio economic impacts of a hazardous
events. This includes:
1. Hazard assessment
2. Location of buildings, highways,
infrastructures
3. Potential exposure to the physical
effectsof a hazardous situation.
4. Vulnerability of the community.
PREDICTION AND WARNING
PREDICTION- involves a statement that an
event may occur based on scientific observation
and technology. Also known as “forecasting”.
Early warning- is a statement that a high
probability, of a hazardous event will occur,
based on the prediction for forecast.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A WARNING
√ timeliness of the warning
√ public information system with effective
communications.
√ credibility of the sources.
EFFECTS OF HAZARDS
EARTHQUAKE
PRIMARY EFFECTS= COLLAPSE OF
BUILDING DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
SECONDARY EFFECTS= DESRUPTION OF
ELECTRIC SUPPLY
-FIRES IGNITE
TERTIARY EFFECTS= -LOSS OF HABITAT,
FOOD SHORTAGE, WATER SHORTAGE,
MALNUTRITION
RESILIENCE FACTORS
Social Support
Coping Confidence
Hope - being optimistic
-confidence
-religious faith
-practical resources, including
housing, job and money.
PHASES OF DISASTER
1. PRE -IMPACT
- initial phase of disaster, prior to the
actual occurence. A warning is given at the sign
of the first possible danger top of unity with the
aid of weather in the parts in satellite many
meteorological disasters can be predicted.
- period when emergency preparedness
plan is put into effect. Emergency symptoms are
open by the local civil, detention authority.
- Communication is very important for
during this space.
* The role of the nurse during this morning face
is the esses in preparing shelters, an emergency,
eight stations and establishing contact with other
emergency service group.
2. IMPACT PHASE
Occurs when the disaster actually happens. This
is the time of enduring hardship or injury end of
trying to survive.
May last for several minutes (for example, after
an earthquake, lean, crush, or explosion.) or for
days or weeks (example flood, famine or
epidemic.)
This is the time where they were agency
operation center is established and put in
operation. It serves as the center of
communication and other government agencies
of health care providers to staff shelters.
* The nurse is responsible for psychological
support to victims in the shelter.
3. POST-IMPACT PHASE
This is the time of recovery, and it begins during
the emergency phase and ends with the return of
normal community order and functioning.
4 Stages of Emotional
Response (DEAR)
1. Denial - During this stage, the victims lady
night, the magnitude of the problem I have not
fully registered. The victims may appear usually
unconcerned.
2. Strong Emotional Response- in this second
stage, the person is aware of the problem, but
regards, it is overwhelming and unbearable.
Victims have the following reactions: trembling,
tightening of muscles, weeping, restlessness,
sadness etc.
3. Acceptance- During this third stage, the
victim begins to accept the problems caused by
the disaster and makes a concentrated effects to
solve them.
4. Recovery- The fourth stage represents a
recovery from the crisis reaction. Victims feel
that they are back to normal. A sense of well-
being is restored. Victims develop the realistic
memory of the experience.
SUMMARY
Generally, speaking, this, disasters are
becoming less deadly, but more costly. Fewer
people are dying in disasters, but damages are
costing more in money. Improve science and
technology are the main reasons why fewer lives
are lost. We are now better at forecasting,
disasters, and our buildings and other structures
can better withstand the physical impacts. This
increases our resilience to hazards. Growth in
population and economy is a main reason that
more money is lost. Simply put, society now has
more of value that is exposed to hazards. Even
though much of this is also more resistant to
damage, the total money amount of damage has
been increasing. There is also an increase in the
number of disasters reported, which can be
caused by population, growth, economic growth,
or changes and reporting standards.
Nurses can make a lot of difference. I need
disasters with adequate knowledge, skills, and
positive attitude.
Disaster nursing can be defined as “the
adaptation of professional nursing knowledge,
skills and attitude in recognizing and meeting
the nursing health and emotional needs of
disaster victims.”
GOAL OF DISASTER NURSING
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to
achieve the best possible level of health for the
people and the community involved in the
disaster.
OTHER GOALS OF DISASTER NURSING
1. *To meet the immediate basic survival needs
of populations affected by disasters (water,
food,shelter, and security).
2. *To identify the potential for a secondary
disaster.
3. *To appraise both risks and resources in the
environment.
4. *To correct inequalities in access to
healthcare or appropriate resources.
5. *To empower survivors to participate in and
advocate for their own health and well-being.
6. *To respect cultural, lingual, and religious
diversity in individuals and families and to apply
this principle in all health promotion activities.
7. *To promote the highest achievable quality of
life for survivors.