Framed Structural

System
Norliana Binti Bakar | JKA | POLISAS
Definition
A combination of components
connected together in such a
way to serve a useful purpose

Framing means to give shape

Beam and support to a structure by
combining components in
building.

Slab Column

Framed structure is a
structure having the
combination of beam, column
and slab to resist the gravity
and other lateral loads.
Definition
A slab is molded layer of
plain or reinforced concrete,
flat, horizontal (or nearly so),
usually of uniform but
A Column is a vertical sometimes of variable
component in a building thickness, and supported by
structure, which is beams, columns, walls, other
mainly designed to carry framework, or on the ground.
the compressive and buckling.

The Beam is a horizontal

structural member which
is designed to carry shear
force, bending moment,
and transfer the load to
columns on both ends of it.
Loading
 framework structure system that spread load to the earth
through two component
F i. Horizontal ( beam, foundation and cantilever)
ii. Vertical ( column and load bearing wall )
 For column and wall to stand safely, they must comprise of a :
i. Gravity stability system.
ii. Lateral stability system.
 Gravity stability system resists gravity (vertical) load such as:
i. Self-weight of structure.
ii. Any applied vertical loads (live or dead load).
 Lateral stability system resists lateral (horizontal) load such as:
i. Wind loads.
ii. Earthquake (seismic) loads.
Vertical structural elements (column and wall) basically
F carries or resists compression load
 The failure for column sometimes does not give adequate warning and may happen
suddenly, and may lead to collapse of the entire structure.
Loading
A wall is a structure that
defines an exact area and
provides safety and shelter. It
is a structural element used
to divide or enclose and, in
building construction, to form
the perimeter of a room or a
building.
A load-bearing
wall or bearing wall is a
wall that is an active
structural element of a
building, which holds the
weight of the elements above
it, by conducting its weight to
a foundation structure below
it.
 Types Those type of horizontal
flexural (beam) structure
Also known as main beam
which Safely transfer the load
member which directly
to the column acting on it by
connected to supporting
the slab or by secondary
compressive structure
beam if it is present.
member that is column.
Main Beam

The Beam is a horizontal

structural member which
is designed to carry shear
force, bending moment,
and transfer the load to
columns on both ends of it.
Secondary Beam

Those type of horizontal

This beam is known as
flexural (beam) structure
secondary beam which Safely
member which directly
transfer the load to the
connected to primary beam
primary beam acting on it by
and not connected directly to
the slab.
column.
Bending, Deflection, Stress

Before Deformation

Natural Axis

F
After Deformation

Natural Axis
 Loads are distributed in both
Bending direction and it is supported
from all sides.
Longer span (L)
The slab in which the ratio
between longer span (L) and

Shorter span (B)

shorter span (B) is equal or
One Way Slab
greater than 2 is called one
L/B > 2
way slab.
Verandah is the best example Deformation on One way slab
A slab is molded layer of of one way slab.
plain or reinforced concrete,
flat, horizontal (or nearly so),
usually of uniform but
sometimes of variable
thickness, and supported by Longer span (L)
beams, columns, walls, other
framework, or on the ground. The slab in which the ratio

Shorter span (B)

between the longer span (L) & Two Way Slab Deformation on Two way slab
the shorter span (B) is less L/B < 2
than 2 is called two way Designed for the spanning
slabs. direction alone as it bends in
only one direction.
Examples
 Types

1. Rigid frame structure

Structures in which beams & columns are made
monolithically and act collectively to resist the moments
which are generating due to applied load
 Types
Benefits of Post and Beam Construction:

Post and beam 1. Post and beam building generally has

lower-skilled labor costs than timber frame
Post and beam structures are connected with metal fasteners and construction. Although post and beam
connectors. structures require plenty of labor, they tend
to be less complex in terms of engineering,
construction, and fabrication.
2. Disadvantages of Post and Beam
Construction
3. Moisture can condense on steel surfaces
causing the steel to rust and the
surrounding wood to decay. Depending on
the complexity of the metal plates, can be
more expensive than traditional timber
framing. Dissimilar materials (metal and
wood) tend to work loose over time.
 Types
Foundation First Floor
1. Balloon framing, framework of a wooden building in which the elements
consist of small members nailed together.

2. In balloon framing, the studs (vertical members) extend the full height of
the building (usually two stories) from foundation plate to rafter plate, as
contrasted with platform framing, in which each floor is framed
separately.

3. Upper floor construction is there for different. Floor joists are supported
on a ribbon rather than a joist header and all run off of the same studs
that is running up the house's entire height. Instead of relying on joinery,
nails are used to secure each piece and create the frame.

4. A few disadvantages:
i. potential fire hazard (typically uninstalled wall cavities that
run continuously allow fire to spread quickly)
ii. labor intensive
iii. expensive (due to heavy and large amounts of wood used)
 Types
1. Platform framing is the industry standard for wood framing methods. It
is a light-weight construction type for roof, wall and floor planes.
Foundation
2. Additional members like studs and joists are used and are spaced
accordingly to account for various loads. In this method, each floor is
framed out as a separate unit by nailing the horizontal frame member to
the top of the wall studs. First Floor

3. In platform framing, each floor is framed separately, as contrasted

with balloon framing, in which the studs (vertical members) extend the
full height of the building.
4. Once the necessary amount of floors is reached, rafters and roof joints
are constructed. Advantages to using platform framing:
i. uses minimal amount of wood
ii. smaller pieces of wood can be used
iii. fire stopping does not need to be used (stud spaces are
enclosed by floor platforms)
iv. very safe to construct (simple tools are used)
v. requires less labor (low construction costs)
 Lateral
The capacity of an item to
create forces or have forces
imposed on it that restore or
Every structure must be designed and constructed to withstand retain its original condition
lateral loads and horizontal loads. Structures are braced against (position).
lateral and horizontal forces in several ways. Bracing is installed
perpendicular to the direction of the potential force. Bracing is often
installed in every direction because forces can come from every
direction.

The most common bracing methods for resisting lateral forces in

commercial buildings include moment frames, shear walls, and
braced frames. These are vertical elements that transfer lateral
loads, including wind, seismic forces, and stability forces through
floor or roof diaphragms to the building’s foundation. They help keep a
structure from blowing over or collapsing.
 Lateral
1. Steel moment frames are vertical frames consisting of traditional beams 6. Moment frames allow for larger openings and small wall sections
and columns that are typically connected by bolts and/or welds. while still supporting required loads and resisting various forces.

2. They are more flexible than shear walls and brace frame structures. 7. Some of the typical applications include:
i. structural steel buildings;
3. The rigid connection points permit the frame to resist lateral loads ii. large building entryways;
through the flexural strength (bending) and continuity of its beams and iii. walls with large openings; and
columns, such that moments are transferred from beams to columns at iv. tuck-under parking.
the connection points.

4. A moment frame will not move laterally without bending the beams or
columns. The three main types of connections are bolted, welded, and
proprietary, and there are several variations of each. Concrete frames
are also commonly considered moment frames because of their similar
continuity.
5. 5. Moment frames have several applications in single-story and multi-
story commercial buildings, but they’re used primarily in low-rise Large building entryway
buildings. moment frame
 Lateral

1. A shear wall is a structural member that resists cracking through in-plane

shear, such that ground movement enters the building and creates inertial
forces that move the floor diaphragms. Shear walls resist this movement, and
the forces are transmitted back down to the diaphragm below or to the
foundation. It essentially acts as a vertically spanning beam to resist lateral
forces. Shear walls typically span from the foundation to the top of a building.
They also perform well in areas with seismic activity.

2. Shear walls are typically constructed of concrete, masonry, cold-formed steel,

or wood framing. Shear walls are important in medium- to high-rise buildings,
or any building located in high wind or seismic activity areas. Many homes have
shear walls on the exterior perimeter.
4. A shear wall with openings is referred to as coupled shear
3. The strength and stiffness of a building depend on the shape and position of the
walls. In this case, the shear wall acts as an individual wall
shear wall. Common positioning includes the building’s perimeter or the center
section, and the slabs above and below the openings act as
of a building encasing an elevator shaft or stairwell. The latter is referred to as
a tie beam that distributes the load. The symmetrical
a shear core. Other shear wall shapes include a rectangle, L-shape, and C-
location of shear walls in buildings is desirable.
shape.
 Lateral
1. Braced frames are common in steel construction. They use
diagonal and/or triangulated steel beams or cables to resist
lateral forces. Resistance is provided by vertical bracing or
horizontal bracing. Vertical bracing between structural columns
transfers lateral forces to ground level. Horizontal bracing at
each floor or the roof transfers lateral forces to the vertical
bracing, and then it’s transferred to ground level. However, the
floor system is usually a sufficient diaphragm without the need
for additional steel bracing. Braced frames are suitable for
multi-story buildings in the low- to mid-rise range.

2. The two main types of braced frames are concentric bracing

and eccentric bracing. Concentrically braced frames are typically triangulated and connected at the endpoints of other framing
members (joints) to develop a truss. A few common configurations include a cross-brace (X-brace), inverted V-brace (chevron
brace), and a single diagonal brace. Eccentrically braced systems utilize diagonal braces with one or two ends deliberately offset
to the supporting member such that the bracing isn’t centered. The gap between the offset bracing is referred to as the structural
fuse region, and it’s designed to dissipate a lot of energy during an earthquake event.
Types
Framed Structural
System
Norliana Binti Bakar | JKA | POLISAS