AS Level Physics (9702)

Data, Formulae and Relationships Booklet

Physics

Physics

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Data, Formulae and Relationships

Data

Values are given to three significant figures, except where more – or fewer – are useful.

Physical constants

acceleration of free fall g 9.81 m s–2

elementary charge e 1.60 × 10–19 C

speed of light in a vacuum c 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Planck constant h 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Avogadro constant NA 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R 8.31 J mol–1 K–1

Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space 8.85 × 10–12 C2 N–1 m–2 (F m–1)

electron rest mass me 9.11 × 10–31 kg

proton rest mass mp 1.673 × 10–27 kg

neutron rest mass mn 1.675 × 10–27 kg

alpha particle rest mass mα 6.646 × 10–27 kg

Stefan constant σ 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Quarks

2
up quark charge = + 3 e
1
down quark charge = – 3 e
1
strange quark charge = – 3 e

CAIE Physics A

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Conversion factors

unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.661 × 10–27 kg

electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J

day 1 day = 8.64 × 104 s

year 1 year ≈ 3.16 × 107 s

light year 1 light year ≈ 9.5 × 1015 m

parsec 1 parsec ≈ 3.1 × 1016 m

Mathematical equations

arc length = rθ

circumference of circle = 2πr

area of circle = πr 2

curved surface area of cylinder = 2πrh

surface area of sphere = 4πr 2

1
area of trapezium = 2 (a + b)h

volume of cylinder = πr 2h
4
volume of sphere = 3 πr 3

Pythagoras’ theorem: a 2 = b 2 + c 2

cosine rule: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 – 2bc cos A

a b c
sine rule: = =
sinA sinB sinC

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Formulae and relationships

Module 2 – Foundations of physics

vectors Resolution Fx = F cos θ

Fy = F sin θ

Module 3 – Forces and motion

uniformly accelerated motion v = u + at

1
s = 2 (u + v)t
1
s = ut + 2 at 2

v2 = u2 + 2as
∆p
force F = ∆t

p = mv

turning effects Moment = Fx M = Fx.sinθ

Torque = Fd
m
density ρ=
V
F
pressure p=
A
p = hρg

CAIE Physics A

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FORMULAS.notebook October 03, 2021

FORCES

Force per  Pressure in a 
unit area liquid column

Barometer
Pressure Equilibrium
Manometer

Principle of moments

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 PREFIXES FOR UNITS

Magnifying:
Kilo 103
Mega 106
Giga 109
Tera 1012

Diminishing:
Deci 10-1
Centi 10-2
Milli 10-3
Micro (μ) 10-6
Nano 10-9
Pico 10-12
SI UNITS

SI BASE & DERIVED QUANTITIES

7.1 Summary of key quantities, symbols and units

Candidates should be able to state the symbols for the following physical quantities and, where indicated,
state the units in which they are measured.

Candidates should be familiar with the following multipliers: M mega, k kilo, c centi, m milli.

Quantity usual symbol SI unit

length l m
area A m2
volume V m3
weight W N

L
mass m kg
time t s

density ρ
SA kg / m3
speed v m /s
I
acceleration a m / s2
FA

acceleration of free fall g m / s2

force F N
gravitational field strength g N / kg
M
R

moment of a force Nm
heat Q J
SI

work done W J
energy E J
power P W
pressure p Pa, N / m2
resistivity ρ Ωm

temperature θ, T °C
heat capacity c J / °C
specific heat capacity C J / (kg °C)
latent heat L J
specific latent heat l J / kg
frequency f Hz
wavelength Λ m

1
 Appendix

Quantity usual symbol SI unit

focal length f m
angle of incidence i degree (°)
angles of reflection, refraction r degree (°)
critical angle c degree (°)
refractive index n No unit
linear magnification M No unit
potential difference/voltage V V
current I A
charge Q C
e.m.f. E V
resistance R Ω (ohm)

L
I SA
FA
R
SI

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