This chapter outlines the basic criteria for personal protective equipment (PPE)

selection and application.

 When a hazardous condition is identified, engineering or administrative measures must be used to

minimize the risk. If engineering and administrative measures are insufficient to remove the hazard,
personal protective equipment (PPE) must be employed to safeguard employees.

 Hard helmets, protective goggles, and safety footwear must be used at all times. Further PPE will
be acquired and utilized based on the findings of a documented PPE requirements analysis, which
will take into account the environmental hazard(s), chemicals handled, and employee tasks.

 Supervisors must assure that their employees are instructed in the examination, application,
administration, and preservation of personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with the
supplier's guidelines and this chapter.

 Personal protective equipment (PPE) must satisfy appropriate ANSI criteria.

 When/where necessary, appropriate PPE (e.g., appropriate for kind of contact, scaled to suit the
employee, satisfies applicable requirements, no flaws) must be given to workers.

 Prior each usage, the worker must carefully examine the PPE. PPE that is damaged or defective
should not be utilized and should be changed as soon as possible.

 Personal protective equipment (PPE) that has outlived its useful life must be substituted promptly.

 Garment must be free of tears, abrasions, and other flaws. Employees conducting construction,
repair, and operations tasks should wear (e.g., conventional loose flowing "Eastern" style clothing
should not be used, since it creates tripping and entanglement dangers) only suitable safety clothes
(e.g., coveralls, sleeved shirt, and long pants).

 Employees must wear authorized hard helmets in designated locations, such as (1) construction
areas, (2) functioning plant zones, (3) where overhanging items or operations might cause in falling
or flying materials, or (4) when conducting activities that could cause electrical shock or burns to
the head.
 Hard hats must comply with ANSI Z89.1, Type “1,” Class “E” (electrical) standards and must have
a suspension cradle, shell, and, if desired, a chin strap.

 Suspension cradles for safety hats must be correctly adjusted. The distance between the tip of the
bassinet and the inside of the hard helmet shell must be at least 3.8 cm (1.5 inches).

1
 Hard helmets must include labeling on the interior of the shell that includes the company's name,
ANSI Z89.1 conformity, the date of production, and the hard hat's class.

 Ear plugs, welder's screens, and/or face screens must be suitable with the hard helmet being worn.

 Hard helmets must not be sprayed, pierced, or covered with big stickers.

 If a hard helmet has been broken (e.g., has a tear, scratch, fracture, or a faulty suspension cradle),
sprayed, or has been subjected to a sharp impact, it must be discarded.

 No metallic hard helmets are permitted.

 Hard hats must be used according to the supplier's instructions, and they must be changed within 5
years after the production date printed/stamped/embossed on the interior of the shell, or as
otherwise advised by the supplier (e.g., every 3 years). Suspension cradles must be changed after a
period of no more than one year.

 Face and eye safety equipment must comply with ANSI Z87.1 standards.

 Employees must utilize authorized protective goggles with side shielding in authorized locations
and as required to shield their eyes from flying particulates, toxins, and other hazards.

 Employees who require pharmaceutical protective goggles (spectacles) with side screens and
shatter-proof lenses, or over eyeglasses that fully cover the employee's standard prescription
glasses, must be delivered.

 Further authorized potential hazard eye/facial equipment (e.g., protective goggles, face screen)
should be used as necessary to protect the employee's neck and face from falling materials, toxic
fluid sprays, molten metal sprays, and other risks.

 The risk and the intended individual's optical needs/limitations should guide the selection,
application, and usage of eye and face safety equipment. Examples of common ocular and facial
protective equipment are shown in Figure 3.1.

 Below a facial cover and welding helmets, eye protection or goggles must always be used.

 Employees who deal with or around toxic substances must use splash-proof eyewear with rubber
gaskets that fit flush against the face, as well as a facial mask if necessary.

 Electrician must wear an arc-rated protective mask or arc flash hood.

 Welders must use an authorized welder's helmets with the right lens shade when executing welding
activities. Specially colored eyewear must be used by torch welder, cutters, and brazers. Cutting,
Welding, and Brazing is covered in Chapter II-10.

2
 Depending on the substances or apparatus being treated, gloves should be chosen and used. Gloves
must be resilient to job-specific dangers like heat sources, acid/caustic/corrosive substances,
abrasive, rough corners, voltage spikes, and freezing textured surfaces, among others. Illustrations
of common glove kinds may be found in Figure 3.2.

 Gloves must be the correct size for the user's hand in order to provide adequate grip. There is no such
thing as a one-size-fits-all solution.

 Electricity workers must wear high-voltage rubber gloves with leather protection as needed.

 Gloves must not be used around moving parts of machinery or spinning apparatus, or in any other
situation where they might pose a safety concern (e.g., where gloves may become entangled in
moving equipment pieces).

3
 In field activities, industrial places, and other authorized locations, authorized protective footwear
must be used.

 Abrasion/oil/impact/chemical resistance, thermal prevention, electromagnetic shielding, and

convenience are all requirements for protective equipment.

 Protective footwear must fit comfortably and protect the whole foot, along with the heel.

 Leather uppers and/or leather compositions and metal or nonmetals composite toecaps are required
in protective shoes. The bottoms and heels of the shoes must be non-slip. Latex protective boots
are authorized while performing in liquid or damp environments that require impermeable shoes.

 Employees who operate with or around jackhammers, dirt dumpsters, and concrete breakers must
have appropriate protective footwear, ideally with foot protections.

 Everyone operating with electrical devices must wear non - conducting protective shoes. While
operating on electrical devices, protective shoes must not be broken if the shoe gets moist, the
leather sole is worn completely, or metal fragments get trapped in the shoe's bottom or heel.

 Appropriate auditory safety (e.g., earplugs) must be available on the work place and used in high-
noise environments (i.e., 85 decibels [dBA] or higher).

 Earmuffs made of simple cotton are not to be utilized for ear protection.

4
 Employees must not be subjected to impulse or influence noise levels. Before to doing tasks, the
necessity for extra ear protective equipment must be assessed.

 At the end of each shift, consumable earphones must be destroyed.

 Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be supplied and used as required to guard from dangers
such as fiery explosion, electric discharge flash abrasion blast, welding, asbestos treatment, and
acidified liquid managing, among others. Flame resistant clothing (FRC), Tyvek, leather, or non-
permeable substances may be used to provide this safety.

 In the specified sites and working zones where the SAPO has evaluated the flash fire risk and
decided that FRC is necessary, FRC should be given to and used by client and contractor workers.

 FRC for flash fire protection must follow the client Safety Management Guide for Flame Resistant
Clothing (FRC). Electrical arc flash risks are not adequately protected by the FRC described in this
safety management guidance. Electrical personnel must be given with and wear suitable arc flash
FRC/PPE, according

 Basic RPE Requirements

 Employees exposed to air pollutants in excess of the permissible exposure limit (PEL) must be
equipped with and utilize RPE. The many kinds of RPE may be seen in Figure 3.3.

 RPE must comply with ANSI Z88.2 standards.

 Positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is required. SCBA with a negative

pressure should not be utilized.

 Breathing quality of air must exceed CGA Grade and be delivered by SCBA, air-line cascade
system, or air-fed hoods with adequate particles filtration and atmospheric temperature control.

 When an oxygen-deficient environment is possible or when hazardous risks present and

cartridge/filter RPE is insufficient, an atmosphere-supplying respirator should be utilized (e.g.,
H2S).

 Before each usage, employees must utilize a facial seal inspection to guarantee a good seal.

 Prior and after every usage, the person must examine the RPE.

 RPE kept for critical circumstances must be examined at least once a week.

 After usage, RPE must be washed and disinfected.

5
 RPE must be stored in a way that protects it from dust, heat, sunlight, and potentially harmful
substances.

 Recognize and assess breathing risks in the workplace.

 Choose the right RPE for the job based on the risk (s).
 Check that the filters, cartridges, and/or RPE are in good working order and are approved for use
in the risky environment.

 Assure that staff are adequately taught on the dangers that need RPE, as well as how to use,
maintain, and store RPE.

 Fit-test individuals while they are using the RPE to ensure that the face mask seal is adequate to
avoid leakage.

 Make sure that other PPE (such as protective eyewear) doesn't really obstruct the RPE's appropriate
fit.

 Check that the exposure does not surpass the company's limitations for the RPE, filter, or inhaling
air you've chosen (e.g., could decline RPE efficiency by blocking the filter).

 Perform RPE inspections on a regular basis and keep track of the results.

 Personnel must be taught how to utilize RPE in a secure and effective manner. This training will
cover the following topics:

 Particular dangers from which the RPE is meant to prevent.

 How to put on the RPE, the appropriate facial posture, where to put the head restraints, as well as
how to regulate strap strength

 Exhalation filters and valves and their function.

 How to sweep and maintain RPE correctly.

 How to tell whether RPE is no longer secure to wear (e.g., if the mask is broken or if the
filter/cartridge has surpassed its exposure limitations).

 The indications and symptoms of RPE impairment.

 When possible levels of exposure are beyond the RPE-rated capability or the material's immediately
dangerous to life or health (IDLH) level, do not employ air-purifying (cartridge type) RPE.

 Do not use RPE that purifies the air (cartridge type) in deficient oxygen atmospheres (less than
20% oxygen) or for vapors and gasses with weak alerting qualities (e.g., no odor or reduces the
sense of smell).

 Do not use cartridges or filters that are inappropriate for the kind and level of air pollutant.

6
 Do not use faulty devices.

 Do not use devices until you have received appropriate instruction.

 Do not wear clothing that is ill-fitting or has been changed.

 Do not combine and match RPE components from various suppliers.

 Do not use dust covers to shield yourself from dangerous gases or vapors that need breathing safety.

 Use a full-face, positive-pressure type air-line RPE. Air-line RPE with a half-face or negative-
pressure type is not permitted.

 When air pollutant levels exceed 1,000 times the PEL, full-face airline RPE is not recommended.
When air pollutant levels are or might be over 1,000 times the PEL, SCBA should be utilized.

 When exposure concentrations surpass the IDLH threshold, five-minute evacuation packs must be
connected to air-line RPE.

 The breathing quality of air must be tested on a regular basis to ensure that it is preserved.

 The temperature of the air supplied to the air-line RPE must not exceed 37.8 °C (100 °F). It's
possible that air-cooling equipment (such as vortex tubes) will be required.

 When the range from the supply of breathing air is higher than 91 meters, air-line RPE should not
be utilized (300 ft).

This chapter explains the Work Permit System's minimal criteria for workers and companies
working on repair and/or development projects.

 There are four different categories of work permits

7
 
Release Of Hazardous liquid and Gases
 The aim of the Permit for the Discharge of Toxic Liquids or Gases is to guarantee that adequate
preparation and measures are followed throughout work operations where dangerous liquids or
gases may be released.

 This permit is not intended to permit discharges; instead, it is intended to confirm that the necessary
measures are in operation.

Hot Work
 The Hot Work Permit's purpose is to regulate job tasks that might create enough power to spark
combustible surroundings or flammable substances.

 This permission may be used for the following purposes:

 Cutting using an ignition source, welding, or a torch in a confined space.

 Cutting using an ignition source, welding, or torch within 30 meters (100 feet) of a hydrocarbon
network or plant.

 Working on active electronic components or using non-intrinsically secure electronic items (e.g.,
computer, borescopes, and cellphones) in a closed area.

 Various activities/jobs inside a limited zone that might provide a fire danger (e.g., internal
combustion engine, electrical hand tools, or grit-blasting processes).

Cold Work
The Cold Work Permit's aim is to regulate job tasks that would not create enough power to fire combustible
environments or flammable substances but may cause damage. This permit may be used for, but is not
confined to, the following constrained activities:

 Painting.

 Mining by hand.

 The usage of basic tools that are not powered by electricity.

 Mechanical destruction or breakdown of nonoperational constructions.

 Elimination or disruption of asbestos-containing substances.

 Job activities including cryogenic substances.

 Scaffold destruction or erection.

8
  Concrete formwork and pouring.

Confined Space Entry

The aim of the Confined Space Access Permit is to guarantee that:

 Restricted areas are properly prepared prior to arrival.

 Employee entrance must be secure, with options for rescue.

 Restorative work in restricted areas.

 Jobs tasks within a restricted area may need the issuance of a Hot or Cold Work Permit in addition

 Receivers and issuers must have a valid work permit certification on hand.

 Before beginning any task, Client and contractor-certified permit receivers must obtain the
appropriate permit(s) from a certified permit issuer (e.g., supervisory operator, operational
supervisor). Craft and location-specific permits are required.

 The issuer may only accept and issue a permit after performing a combined site examination with
the recipient to determine possible risks, performing required gas testing, and writing particular
measures on the work permit so that the work may be done safely. General phrases such as "operate
safely" or "use personal protective equipment" are insufficient and should not be put on the permit.

 The completed permission must have the signatures of the issuer and receiver, as well as any other
needed authorizations. As appropriate, issuers must acquire countersignature from relevant
units/departments.

 Renewed/extended permits will require further authorizations.

 If job tasks or project circumstances change in a way that might jeopardize the security of site
employees, permits will be revoked, work will be halted, and new permits will be granted.

 Typically, permits are given for a single working shift.

 Permits may be extended for two successive working shifts, irrespective of shift period, but not for
more than 24hrs.

 Only under the accompanying circumstances may a work permit be given for up to 30 days for
lengthy construction or repair work when the employment criteria maintain substantially constant:

 It is extremely improbable that circumstances on the work site would alter or evolve in a way that

9
 would endanger workers, cause apparatus degradation, disrupt processes, or damage the
surroundings.

 Precautions are considered before to executing the job to guarantee that all required tasks are carried
out in a safe manner.

 Both the maintenance/construction and operations division head the must sign the permission and
agreed to the work requirements and regulatory methods to be utilized.

 Receivers must always be present on the work place. If a receiver is required to quit the place of
work, he should hand over the permit to another certified permit recipient who is a competent
experienced member of the crew and has been consented to in advance by the issuer and who will
oversee the job tasks until the recipient arrives. The issuer must write the receiver-name alternate's
and badge number on the authorized permission.

 Permit copies must be kept in the custody of recipients or placed in plain view at the project site at
all times.

 When the project is finished or the permit has expired, the receiver must take the permission to the
issuance for closeout approvals on both duplicates of the permit.

 The sole exemption at distant working places, where a permit can be closed over the phone provided
the issuer agrees at the time of the permit's issuance.

 The issuing department must keep the original permit on record for at least three months.

 Before signing the permit, the issuer and receiver must perform a combined field examination.
Project cannot proceed until the permit has been issued correctly.

 The proper permit(s) for the project must be provided: Hot, Cold, Enclosed Space Entrance, and/or
Toxic Liquids or Gases Release. Certain tasks could need several permits (e.g., restricted place
entry).

 The issuer must check the permit and regulations for the kind of activity, confirm needed gas
testing, and specify any separation or other measures that apply.

 For Enclosed Space Entrance Permits, Release of Harmful Gases or Liquids Permits, and Hot Work
Permits where the existence of combustible gases or fumes is expected, atmospheric gas monitoring
with approved portable gas monitoring apparatus is required. Before awarding these licenses,
checks for hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxygen content, combustible gases, or any relevant hazardous
compounds must be undertaken. Where appropriate, gas testing for Cold Work Permits is required.

 If the atmosphere contains more than 0% of the lower explosive limit (LEL), hot work is prohibited.

10
 If any of the below environmental conditions present, a respiratory equipment (e.g., self-contained
breathing tool) must be used:
 The amount of oxygen (O2) in the air is lower than 20%.
 Combustible substances have a concentration of at least 5% but lower than
50% of the LEL.
 The concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ranges between 10 and 100
parts per million (ppm).

 On the permit, job responsibilities and material to be employed must be properly mentioned (s).
Permits for certain activities at particular places must be given. A single permit may not be used to
represent more than one area.

 All check boxes must be completed in accurately or labeled N/A. Gas test results must also be kept
track of.

 Where appropriate, appropriate locks and hold labels must be employed (e.g., chains with locks or
numerous clips with locks).
 Permits will be provided for the exact amount of period needed to finish the project.

 Before to the commencement of task, the work permit receiver must inform all personnel operating
under the permit of the job's risks and cautions, as well as any additional conditions on the
permission.

 As needed, frequent assessments of the work place, comprising gas testing, will be carried out.

 When extending permit durations to another shift, oncoming shift issuers and receivers must
examine the workplace, record the additional duration, and verify the permits.

 The permit must include particular provisions and precautions which including smoke monitors,
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), lifelines, and/or barriers.

 In the case of emergency, all active licenses must be revoked promptly, and activity must be halted.

 Non-essential workers should be removed from working zones to prevent exposing them to further
risks.

 If modifications in work place operations or circumstances have an unfavorable effect on

employees or occupational safety, the issuer or receiver must halt work and terminate the permit.
A new permission will be given after the working area has been rendered secure if a permit is
revoked.

 When the work is done or the permission expires, permits must be closed out. The issuer and
receiver must review and sign the permit to close the job site.

11
12
 Throughout maintenance, examination, and construction projects, involving facility
alterations, this chapter defines minimum criteria for securely separating sources of energy
and controlling accompanying dangers. This is true for both electrical and non-electric
power sources that could be preserved.

 When no related control device is effective of powering the apparatus, segregation is considered
sufficient.

 If locking out an isolating equipment is not practicable, separation can be achieved by removing
fuses, disconnecting electric power connections, or physically removing a part of the circuit
delivering electricity to the apparatus. A completely finished hold tag must be used to identify the
moment of physical stoppage.

 A subsequent hold tag must be attached to every lock on a piece of apparatus or on a multiple
lockout clip. See Figure 5.3 for more information.

 Each lock-issuing entity must have a mechanism of precisely recognized locks. Color labeling,
stamping, and engraving locks are all acceptable options.

 Every lock must be secured properly, with no duplicated keys, to assure that only registered users
can remove it.

 Operations professionals must be the earliest to apply and the last to retrieve their lock(s).

 Maintenance staff are responsible for installing their lock(s) at every isolated location. At all
lockout sites, each individual employee must have his or her own private lock(s).

 No working or maintenance components shall be installed on the segregated apparatus until a

13
 confirmation test has been done to establish that isolation has been properly conducted and that no
remaining energy remains within the device. Remove all possible threats linked with an
unintentional start-up from the vicinity (e.g., personnel, tools, materials at a hazardous place). After
that, all impacted participants must observe a confirmation test (or "Try") for every potential source
of energy for the device being disconnected.

 Without the consent of the lock owner's superintendent or operational shift superintendent, no
padlock/lockout equipment shall be cut or removed by force.

 During construction and maintenance tasks including significant groups of people, including
turnarounds and inspections (T&Is), compressor maintenance, or facility expansions, a "group
lockout" policy must be developed. Personal safety must be provided to employees, and the
following procedures must be followed in the event of a group lockout:

 In accordance with the provisions of this document or published departmental isolation guidelines,
an operational person shall lock and label every isolation site with single-keyed locks.

 Each isolation point must be locked and tagged by the construction/maintenance supervisor.

 The key(s) to these locks must be kept in a group lockout cabinet by the maintenance/construction
supervisors.

 Several lock clips (hasps) must be added to the closed group lockout cabinet as needed.

 The operations specialist will be the first to put his lock and label on the group lockout container.
He is responsible for keeping his key(s) till the operation is finished.

 After that, every worker of the maintenance/construction team must set their lock and label on the
group lockout container (using a multiple lock clip (hasp) if needed) and keep his key(s) until the
task is over.

 Whenever task has not been finished when a craft shift changes, the approaching shift either can

 Replace the preceding shift's locks and labels according to their own
locks and labels, in which case the off-going shift must discard their
locks and labels.

 During shifts, swap keys. This transfer necessitates a thorough

examination of the fitted locks and labels by the craft supervisors.
Approaching shift employees must sign hold labels belonging to the main
shift staff, or completely new labels must be accomplished by the
oncoming shift and assembled to replace the original shift's hold labels.

 Before any work is done, equipment or piping must be separated and/or blinded, and the
components must be emptied, evacuated, or purified (inspections, repairs, maintenance,
modifications, etc.).

14
  When such actions are carried out, operations or proponent entities must guarantee that proper
isolation, lock, and hold label processes are in effect to secure employees.

 The stages of isolation are described in Table 5.1 in increasing protection order (first being the
lowest and last being the greatest) and must be used in accordance with the type of the job.

 If isolating by double block and bleed (DB&B), which entails locking closed two isolation valves
in series and locking open a drain/vent valve between the two isolation valves (see Figure 5.4), a
hose or hard piping must be connected to the drain valve to ensure that any liquid that may pass is
carried away from the work site, and all locks must be tagged.

Single block valve Minimum Changing a gauge or sock filter,

swinging a blind (minimum routine
maintenance)

Double block and Medium Removing a control valve

bleed (DB&B)
Disconnection Maximum Long-term construction/maintenance
(removal/dropping of work
a spool piece)

Blinding Maximum Confined space entry/hot work

Notes:
 All isolation devices must be properly secured and labeled.
 Before beginning work with a single block valve, the fluid must be withdrawn
and the valve checked for leaking.

 In addition for DB&B to work, the second bleed (vent/drain) valve must be large enough to withstand
the upstream flow if the first isolation valve breaks or fails. It is necessary to inspect vents and drains
for obstructions.

15
 When apparatus or pipe carrying toxic chemicals is to be exposed for constrained area access or hot
work activities, single block valves and DB&B isolations must not be utilized. This sort of activity
necessitates blinding seclusion.

 Blinding a grooved connection entails installing a slip blind or blind flange, or swinging (rolling) a
spectacle blind if one is supplied by design. Figures 5.5, 5.6, and 5.7 are examples.

 All blinds must have their rating, size, and placement confirmed
before to placement and documented on the blind list. The correct
pressure grade must be marked on each blind, and corresponding seals
must be fitted.

 Before installing/swinging blinds, examine blind seals for deterioration.

 Written guidelines for big machinery with many linkages and various low places where toxic chemicals
could be entrapped must be created and executed.

 These printed processes shall contain, but not be restricted to:

 Drawings (P&IDs, isometric drawings, etc.) identifying all isolation
sites, drainage, and outlets.
 The blind list, which keeps record of all blinds' placement (and subsequent

16
 removal).
 The procedure for depressurizing, emptying, and purifying apparatus and rela
ted piping before to the installation of blinds.
 Procedures for area preparation (e.g., covering sewers).
 Blinds should be installed in the correct order.
 Ventilation and removal of any evacuated waste in a safe manner.

 Closing block valves, discharge pressure, drainage, and purifying (for combustible service pipe) should
be used to separate related apparatus and piping. Before opening the gasket, the valves must be chain-
lock closed and marked, and they must stay that way while any blinds are in position. When the
following blinds are withdrawn and the flanged attachment is returned to its original state, the valve
locks and labels can be eliminated.

 Before starting work, separate, depressurize, and draining piping portions with valves on both ends,
drainage at low places, and outlets at high locations. It is forbidden to open piping that has no drainage
or outlets.

 Before beginning any blinding action, a Release Permit must be obtained. A Hot or Cold Work Permit
is required for blind swinging/insertion, according on the conditions (Utilizing a generator with an
impact wrench vs. employing hand equipment).

 Blinding is done by removing the bolts and breaking the flanged connector at the “5 o'clock position”
(below and far from the individual doing the job) to enable any potentially hazardous fumes or fluids
to escape.

 When apparatus (e.g., a compressor, a gauge, or a filter) is taken out of operation for long-term repair
or development, additional shutters for connected pipes are necessary.

 Only the separated side (i.e., downstream) of every isolation gate that has been secured closed and
labeled should have blinds installed.

 Blinds must be available, and scaffolding must be available if required.

 The final blind to be eliminated is the one that was initially installed.

 When installing blinds, make sure to use all of the blind's bolt openings and the matching flange
connections.

 As illustrated in Figure 5.5, all slip blinds must have tail.

 When eliminating blinds, take protective measures (e.g., use self-contained respiratory gear) since
potentially dangerous chemicals could have collected between the blind and the associated isolated
valve if it was open.

17
 Before any work is done on or around high-voltage electronic components, the Power Operations
Department must grant approvals (e.g., which has been de-energized and properly separated from the
electricity system).

In this chapter, the minimal workplace safety standards for employees working in
restricted areas are described.

 After hydrocarbons have been introduced, restricted area access within an operated facility or at a
project area must follow this chapter and regional guidelines.

 Before entering a restricted area within an -operated facility or at a work site after hydrocarbons have
been delivered, a restricted space entrance permission must be granted. Based on the sort of job to be
done in the restricted area, additional permissions (such as a hot or a cold work permit) may be
necessary.

 The restricted area entrance permit should be given to an -certified Work Permit Receiver from the
proponents of organization for confined area entry conducted solely by employees from a proponent
organization (e.g., plant processes).

 Contractors must use similar restricted area access permission processes for grassroots construction
activities to guarantee that construction operations are carried out safely.

 Every task that necessitates restricted area access must have a confined area entrance supervisor
assigned to it (CSES).

 At each specified entrance point, the CSES should designate a standby man who will continually watch
the confined space entry when employees are within the confined area. More than one confined area
standby person is necessary in some scenarios (e.g., numerous entry/exit points).

 In the case of an incident, standby personnel must be equipped with suitable communication (e.g., two-
way communication) to maintain constant connection with participants and with the appropriate
professionals (e.g., CSES, rescue team).

 If the place is inside processing apparatus (e.g., tank, vessel, column) or where flammable or explosive
substance may be located, at least one fire hydrant (30 lb.) must be supplied at each authorized confined
area entrance point (including residue). CO2 fire hydrants are not permitted to be used within closed
restricted areas.

18
 The CSES, etc., should utilize a confined area entrance checklist (such as the example checklist at the
end of this chapter) to verify that safety standards are satisfied.

 Men on standby in confined areas and entrants must be physically fit to enter.

 Every confined area entrance location must be assessed to verify that entrants may approach and depart
the confined area securely. When entrants are within the area, authorized entrance spots must not be
obstructed or hindered with apparatus (e.g., air cooling/ventilation hose obstructing a point of entry).

 Outside the restricted area, the completed job permit(s) (e.g., confined area entrance, hot work),
confined area alert signs, and obstacles must be displayed to alert employees that a confined area
entrance is in process and to prevent unauthorized access.

 Physical and chemical dangers must be removed or managed prior to entrance using one or more of the
following techniques: apparatus isolation (e.g., lockout/tagout), drainage, water cleaning, steam
cleaning and purge etc.

 In confined places where a risky environment present or might arise during the duration of scheduled
activity, adequate ventilation (e.g., air movers) must be employed to guarantee the evacuation of all
harmful airborne pollutants.

 Employees approaching a restricted location and each standby person must be equipped with the
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). During the restricted area entrance, PPE must be
worn at all times.

 A restricted place should only be entered by appropriately experienced and licensed individuals.
 Everyone who enters or leaves a confined location must sign a log in and log out sheet.

 Within a restricted environment, combustion sources must be removed or regulated. A hot work permit
must be granted and frequent gas tests must be done if ignition sources (e.g., open flames or sparks) are
available.

 In an electronically categorized location, electronic devices, such as lighting, must be listed by

Underwriters' Laboratories (UL), Factory Mutual (FM) certified, or similar.

 GFCIs must be used on any electrical devices used within a confined area, irrespective of the electrical
classification of the place.

 Lighting must be supplied as required to properly enter, depart, and operate inside a confined area.
Lighting must be connected to a separate electrical circuit than the rest of the restricted space's electrical
equipment and tools.

 If the restrained area is within processing devices (e.g., a tank, column, or vessel) or where flammable
or combustible substance (including residue) might be available, mobile lighting must be rated for an
electronic categorization of at least Class I, Zone 2 and should not be utilized in the constrained area
without a hot work permit, with the exception of explosion proof flashlights.
 To minimize destruction to electrical energy cables when they are utilized inside a restricted area,
protection must be applied at sharp corners as well as at entrance locations.

19
 Do not store pressurized gas cylinders in a tight location.

 Internal fire engines should not be used in restricted spaces or in locations where fumes might enter the
area. Downwind of confined area entry/exit locations and airflow intakes, this sort of device must be
installed.

 Wearing a full-body harness in a closed restricted area where vertical evacuation may be necessary
(e.g., within a tank, column, or vessel) is essential.

 If people may fall more than 1.8 m (6 ft) while operating within the restricted area, fall safety (e.g.,
scaffolding, harness for entire body) must be employed.

 Those entering a process-related restricted environment or one where mobility is restricted or difficult
(e.g., within a tank, column, or vessel) should be provided breaks and permitted to relax out in an open
field.
 No combustible or flammable items should be kept in a restricted location.

 Entrance into a restricted place with naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) contaminated is
due to the following controls:

 Before entering an enclosed restricted area (e.g., a tank, column, or vessel), it must be mechanically
vented for at least four hours.

 A NORM contamination assessment of apparatus and workers departing the restricted area is required.

 Individuals or devices that has been exposed to NORM must be separated and decontaminated.

 Low point drainage must stay open (car sealed) when hydro blasting activities are taking place within
a confined area to prevent water collection

 Rescue apparatus and a rescue crew must be ready in the case of an incident necessitating escape of the
confined space.

 In the case of a confined area rescue, the confined area surroundings must be regarded immediately
dangerous to life or health (IDLH), and all staff entering the small space must wear positive-pressure
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or air-line respirators with an emergency evacuation
cylinder.

 If restricted space entrance is halted, the entry point(s) must be blocked and a “NO ENTRY” sign must
be displayed.

 When the operation is finished and the confined area is prepared to be put back into operation, it must
be examined to confirm that all tools and equipment have been eliminated, among other things.

CSESs (e.g., Work Permit Issuer, Supervising Operator) shall:

20
 Analyze the confined area entrance strategy that is specific to the individual confined area.

 Inform entrants and standby personnel about the confined area entry strategy (e.g., particular confined
area dangers, preventative measures, duties, and emergency plans).

 Assure that necessary occupational permissions are provided (confined area entrance, hot work, etc.).

 Authenticate that the restricted area entrance system's precautions and relevant work permits are
appropriately executed.

 Appoint competent standby personnel who are conversant in the language used by the CSES or rescue
group.

 Ensure that all entrants and standby workers have received adequate training.

 Organize restricted space activities when many maintenance crews or contractors will be operating
within or next to the confined area at the same time.

 Give adequate manpower and tools for protected confined area entry and job in the area.

 Makes sure that the confined area is adequately separated, cleansed, and the environment is safe to
enter.

 Make sure the environment within the confined area is supervised as designated on the confined area
entry permit and/or the confined area entry plan.

 Ensure confined area entry and records of gas test are appropriately accomplished.

 Verify that all employees entering the restricted area and every standby person have the necessary PPE.

 Verify that every standby person has access to appropriate communication (e.g., two-way radio), a fire
extinguisher (non-CO2 type), and SCBA.

 Ensure that rescue tools and a rescue staff are on hand in the case of an incident that necessitates
confined area escape.

 If the restricted area entry is halted, make sure the entry is blocked /obstructed and a “NO ENTRY”
notice is placed.

 If required, cease confined area entrance and withdraw work permits (e.g., unsafe conditions develop).

Confined area standby persons shall:

 Assess the restricted space entrance strategy and relevant work permits to learn about the dangers,
preventive measures, duties, and emergency plans in confined areas.

 Recognize the consequences of being exposed to a potentially dangerous material(s) in a confined

21
 environment.

 Keep a restricted area entrance record and a continuous track of those who enter.

 Keep unauthorized employees out of the restricted area.

 Keep an eye on what's happening on inside and outside the confined location to see if it's secure for
people to come and/or stay within.

 Establish two-way communication with entrants to track their state (e.g., behavioral consequences of
exposure to the hazard) and notify them if the confined area has to be evacuated.

 Have communications tools on hand and alert appropriate people (e.g., CSES, rescue team) quickly in
the case of an emergency.

 Stay at the restricted area entrance site till another authorized standby person arrives or until all entrants
have departed.

 Never enter a restricted place until you've been eased, even if it's an emergency.

 Don't conduct any additional activities that might conflict with his core obligations as a restricted area
standby person.

 Instruct entrants to leave the restricted space if one of the following events occurs:
 A hazardous condition arises within or outside the confined area.
 A participant shows aberrant behavioral outcomes of exposure to the hazard.
 If he has to depart the location and there isn't a restricted space standby person available.

Entrants into a confined area must do the following:

A. Examine the confined area entry authorization and restricted area entry strategy to ensure that
all measures have been taken.

B. Recognize the consequences of being exposed to a potentially dangerous material(s) in a

confined environment.

C. Know how to utilize personal protective equipment (PPE) properly inside a confined
environment.

D. Never enter a restricted area unless they are certain that all essential precautions have been
taken to guarantee their protection and that they have a clear understanding of their job that is
assigned in the area.

E. Interact with the confined area standby person so that he may keep track of the entrants'
progress (e.g., behavioral outcomes of hazard exposure).

F. Inform the confined area standby person and other entrants promptly, and/or depart the

22
  The confined area standby person or the CSES issues an instruction to
escape
 The entrant identifies any caution signals or indicators of contact to a
risky situation or material.
 An emergency alert is triggered.

Prior to entering a restricted area, the contractor (for example, for a grassroots building project)
must establish a confined area entrance strategy.

The following factors must be included, but are not restricted to these, in the restricted space
entrance strategy:

• Opportunity of work.

• The outcomes of the risk assessment (e.g., potential risks in the confined area and the nearby
area).

• Each confined area isolation point's site and technique, as well as a drawing (e.g., P&ID) and
blinding list to aid in the verification of all power sources' isolation.

• Cleansing, draining, purging, and/or ventilation methods to remove or manage air da

ngers in confined spaces.

• Egress and access necessities.

• Vehicle, pedestrian or other obstructions as essential.

• Fall protective preparations if an entry is likely to fall higher than 1.8 meters (6 ft.).

• Atmospheric gas testing methods and frequencies.

• Kind of PPE necessary (e.g., flame

resistant apparel [FRC], faceshield, protective eyewear, safety footwear, respiratory pro
tection tools, suitable gloves, protection suits depending on possible dangerous substan
ce dermal exposure).

• Work permits are required to control risks within the restricted area.

• Variations of restricted area entry tools needed (e.g., rescue equipment, air movers, sca
ffolding, fire extinguishers, and communication equipment).

• Methods for emergency intervention and evacuation.

 The confined area entrance strategy must manage possible dangers that may arise whe
n multiple maintenance crews or contractors are operating as authorized entrants in the

23
 confined area at the same time.

 Employees participating in the confined area entrance must have access to the
confined area entrance strategy for evaluation.

 All apparatus and suppliers of stored potential energy and kinetic energy must be
manually de-energized, immobilized, degraded, released, detached, and/or constrained
before workers are authorized to access a confined area. Electrical, hydraulic, hydraulic,
chemical, and compressed air systems are all significant sources of energy

 The only approved way of restricted space entrance isolation is to blind or terminate
pipes. For restricted area entrance, a single closed valve or a double block and bleed are
not suitable isolation options.

 Take measures to guarantee that air pollutants from nearby manufacturing or

chemical handling do not reach the restricted area.

 Testing for oxygen (O2), combustible mixes (Lower Explosive Limit [LEL]), and hazardous
gases in confined areas should include, but not be restricted to, testing for oxygen (O 2),
combustible mixtures (Lower Explosive Limit [LEL]), and toxic gases (e.g., H2S). To
adequately determine the existence of flammable or explosive gases, gas-testing tools (i.e.,
Industrial Scientific LTX-310 and LTX-412) needs a minimum of 16.0 percent oxygen (i.e.,
LEL).
 Atmospheric gas testing must be done and promptly documented:
 Before to entry.
 After interruptions or other breaks in the employment.
 If there's any cause to assume the restricted space's circumstances have altered.
 At regular intervals (e.g., every 2 hours) as needed to ensure that appropriate
environmental parameters are preserved during the confined area entrance.

 Only a certified gas tester may perform atmospheric gas testing.

 Before to entrance, all adequate ventilation must be turned off for at least 15 minutes before the
preliminary gas testing.

 If gas testing reveals an oxygen shortage or the presence of flammable (LEL) or hazardous
chemicals, etc., within the confined area, first access will be banned. Initial entrance will be
permitted only after purging using mechanical ventilation and/or cleaning has made the area free
of dangerous concentrations (as determined by continuous gas monitoring within the confined
space).

 Additional gas testing with the ventilation equipment switched on (e.g., during breaks) is required

24
 to confirm that pollutants are being eliminated and that the ventilation system is not a cause of
contamination.

 If the environment within the confined area is susceptible to alter or if confined area entry
operations include burning, continuous gas testing (e.g., using personal gas monitors) must be
employed (e.g., welding or torch cutting).

 If combustion takes place inside the restricted area, carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring is required
(e.g., welding, torch cutting).

 If a dangerous environment is discovered, all employees must be removed from the confined area
until preventive steps have been implemented and the CSES has confirmed that the confined area
is safe to re-enter.

 If the air contains more than 0% of the LEL, hot work is prohibited.

 The following criteria are necessary before to entrance into or work within a restricted area:

 No ambiance providing respirator is necessary if:

 The percentage of oxygen (O2) is 20.0% to 23.5%.
 Combustible mixes account for below than 5% of the LEL.
 Concentrations of CO are at or below 35 ppm.
 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels are at or below 10 parts per million.
 Other possible hazardous gas levels are at or lower their upper limit (TLV).

 An atmosphere supplying respirator would be damaged constantly if:

 Oxygen concentrations are below than 20 percent
 Combustible combinations are less than 50% but at or above 5% of the LEL.
 CO levels are over 35 parts per million and at or below 1200 parts per million.
 The quantity of H2S is greater than 10 ppm but less than 100 ppm.
 Further possible hazardous concentrations of gas are above their TLV but below or
equal to their IDLH threshold.
 The work permit is written and signed by the head of the approved client representative.

 Concentrations of 23.5 percent O2, at or above 50 percent LEL, over 1,200 ppm CO, above
100 ppm H2S, or above the IDLH of any other possible hazardous gas are not authorized in
confined spaces.
 Table 6.1 summarizes these criteria.

25
 Oxygen (O2)

Permitted without 20% ≤ O2 ≤ LEL < 5% CO ≤ 35 ppm H2S ≤ 10 ppm

an atmosphere- 23.5%
supplying respirator

Permitted only while O2 < 20% 5% ≤ LEL < 50% 35 < CO ≤ 1,200 10 < H2S ≤ 100
continuously wearing ppm ppm
an atmosphere-
supplying respirator

No entry permitted O2 > 23.5% LEL ≤ 50% CO > 1,200 ppm H2S > 100 ppm

 In confined places where a risky environment present or might emerge during the course
of intended activity, mechanical ventilation (e.g., air movers) should be utilized to
guarantee the elimination of any harmful airborne pollutants (painting, welding, etc.).

 Even if testing of gas reveals no hazardous concentrations inside the area, mechanical
ventilation must be employed for the whole duration of use if the confined area is within
processing equipment or where flammable or combustible substance may be located.

 Flammable/toxic gases or fumes perforated from a confined area must be eliminated in

such a way that they do not endanger workers, tools, or processes. In locations where
combustible gases or fumes are released into the atmosphere, precautionary measures
must be taken to eliminate possible ignition sources.

 When mechanical ventilation is used, air should be blown into the lower or bottom
section of the confined space and drained out of the upper or top portion.

 Ventilators or other ways of supplying air into a confined area must be placed in such
a way that pollutants are not introduced (e.g., CO).

 The vessel/tank must be properly grounded and bonded to all electrical and static-
producing equipment, including air movers (if applicable).

 For confined area activities requiring the application of protective coatings, particularly
during the paint curing procedure, the mechanical ventilation rates must fulfill the
minimal criteria of Table 6.2.

26
  Mechanical ventilation/cooling should be aimed to the instantaneous regions where people are
performing in the confined area, and it should continue until everyone has departed.

 Introduce ventilation may be required for some tasks, such as welding, grit blasting, and spray
painting, to adequately prevent the collection of harmful vapors, mists, or particles. When the
interior structure of the restricted area prevents air movement, local exhaust ventilation may be
necessary.

 Never utilize pressurized air from a factory or an engine for mechanical ventilation.

 Natural ventilation may be utilized as a source of ventilation in a confined area instead of

mechanical ventilation only if there is no risk of a risky environment developing. Entrance into
exposed excavations or buildings, diked regions enclosing tanks, and so on are examples of such
sites.

 Dangerous items must be cleansed and decontaminated from confined areas. Before personnel enter,
the area must be cleaned and decontaminated to the greatest degree possible.

 Hazardous substance and harmful pollutants must be evacuated, cleaned, or flushed from piping
between the confined area and the site(s) of isolation.

 When cleaning insulated, jacketed, double-walled, or lined pipe and tools in tight areas, further
measures (e.g., more frequent gas monitoring) must be taken to avoid contamination from trapped
materials. When cleaning containers with chemicals, extra measures must be used because they may
contain dangerous compounds.

 The cleaning technique, kind of equipment utilized, and safe work practices should all be determined
by the confined space's unique risks.

27
 Samples of unknown residual materials must be appropriately tested (e.g., lab analysis) before to
entering a confined area with unknown residual compounds to establish their harmful properties.
Samples should be taken without accessing the restricted space if feasible. (Note: The existence of
byproduct sludges, scales, fluids, gases, and other wastes can cause a variety of dangers in confined
areas.)

 Hazardous materials, such as pyrophoric waste, must be handled properly.

 During and after the confined area work, participants and apparatus must be sanitized and cleaned as
needed.

28
 The fundamental rules for protective and preventing from fires in construction and
maintenance workplaces are outlined in this chapter. The design of fixed fire protection
systems is not covered in this chapter.

To reduce fire hazards, the following recommendations of project site structure and organization must be
followed:

• Avoid congested areas around apparatus and devices, particularly where there is a lot of activit
ies and traffic.

• High-risk operations, such as welding and open-

flame activities, must be separated or otherwise safeguarded from ignitable substances.

• There must be enough emergency access roads. The width of fire department access routes must
be at least 6 m (20 ft) with an unobstructed above clearance of at least 5.5 m. (18 ft). At no time
should emergency access roads be hindered.

• When emergency access through a single road is hampered by car congestion, topographical
constraints, climatic circumstances, or other causes, more than one access route must be
supplied.

• The storage of combustible and explosive substances must be limited to the bare minimum
required to maintain a continuous cycle of operation or construction tasks.

• Work locations must be equipped with the appropriate number and kind of fire extinguishers, as
needed.

• To examine the construction site and storage yards/areas, a fire protection inspection checklist
will be utilized. See the example checklist at the end of the chapter for further information.

 Combustible materials must be carefully piled, taking into account the stack's stability, and must
not exceed 6 meters in height (20 ft).

 Solid flammable substances must be stacked in stacks of no more than 141 m3 (5,000 ft3).

 Within an outdoor storage yard, access routes between and near highly flammable storage
stacks/areas must be at least 4.5 m (15 ft) wide and kept clear of garbage, tools, and other materials.
See Figure 7.2 for further information.

 At storing yards, access roads must be placed at a maximum grid size of 45.7 m x 15 m (150 ft. x

29
 50 ft.).
 Combustible materials (such as paints, chemicals, and fuels) must be segregated and kept away
from heat sources, electronic devices, and other sources of ignition in a designated flammable
substance store room.
 Materials that are incompatible (for example, flammables and oxidizers) should not be kept tog
ether.

 Vegetation (e.g., grass and weeds) must be kept to a minimum, and a regular routine for cleaning t
he entire area must be established.

 Storage facilities must be graded or bordered by a curb or earth dike at least 30 cm (12 inches) high
to deflect any spills away from populated areas and surrounding place of work. When curbs or dikes
are utilized, provisions must be provided for draining accumulations of ground/rain water and spills
of flammable/combustible substances.

 All items must be kept and handled in accordance with their flammability.

 Incompatible materials that may cause a fire danger must be separated by a barrier with a fire resistance
of at least one hour, and material must be piled to prevent fire spread and allow firefighting access.

 In constructing places without sprinklers, a minimum clearance of 0.6 m (2 ft) is needed between the
ceiling and the upper level of any stacked substance lower.

 A minimum clearance of 0.5 m (18 inches) must be maintained between the upper level of any piled
substance and the sprinkler heads/deflectors in building areas with sprinklers.

 Maintain adequate space around lighting and heating equipment to avoid flammable items from
igniting.

 A clearance of at least 0.6 m (2 ft) between combustible/flammable materials and fire-rated doors is
required.

 Materials must not be kept or placed in such a way that they impede exits or the sight of exit
signs.

 Employees must take all required measures to avoid the ignition of materials, lubricants, and
fuels utilized on the job, including the following:

 Electrical equipment must be inspected for faults on a regular basis.

 Where required ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) must be installed.

 Only approved smoking locations are authorized. Signs stating "No Smoking" must be

30
 conspicuously placed, especially in areas where flammable or combustible items are housed.

 Flammable and combustible items must be kept apart from asphalt kettles, welding
equipment, heating appliances, and other hot surfaces or open flames.

 If necessary, precautions will be taken to control indirect causes of explosion (e.g., sparks
from a fire below an asphalt kettle or hot welding slag dropping from an altitude).

 Open fires and open material burning are absolutely forbidden.

 For any activity in which static electricity might turn into a source of explosion, proper
bonding and grounding procedures must be employed.

 If there is a hydrocarbon gas or liquid leak, ignition sources must be eliminated promptly
(e.g., engines must be turned down).

 Burning, cutting, or welding operations close to or above hydrocarbon processes or

combustible substances must have non-combustible welding screens installed under or
around them.

 For any burning, welding, or cutting activity, a certified fire watch must be appointed and
must stay in the work area for at least 12 hours after the job is completed.

 Fire retardant materials must be used to create temporary enclosures for the security of
operating tools and components.

 Flammable liquids must be stored in tightly sealed metal containers or steel drums with
properly indicated contents.

 Gasoline, acetone, and other volatile liquids with flash points below 32 °C (90 °F) must be
stored in well-ventilated, noncombustible huts or sheds in strong metal lockers.
 Flammable materials must not be kept in direct sunlight or in a way that exposes them to
heat higher than their auto ignition temperature. Flammable items can be housed in an open
shelter with a roof and walls as long as the walls don't trap heat, smoke, or flammable gases,
or impede firefighter access.

 Flammable storage locations must be secured (e.g., locked, gated) and situated at least 15
meters (50 feet) away from any other combustible storage area. Other items must not be
kept near flammable liquids.

 At flammable storage locations, proper threatening signs (e.g., "Combustible Fluids,"

"No Smoking," "Flammable - Keep Fire Away") must be displayed, which must
include an internationally recognized danger pictogram(s).

 Combustible and flammable fluids must be stored outside in flasks that are below than

31
 227 L (60 gal) individually, and below than 4,160 L (1,100 gal) in any one pile or
space. A 1.5 m (5 foot) clearance between stacks or groups of containers is required,
as well as a distance of 6 m (20 ft.) from any structure or building.

 Within 60 meters (200 feet) of any outdoor area or stack containing combustible or flammable
containers, there must be a 3.6 m (12 ft.) minimum breadth access path to allow firefighting
apparatus to approach.

 Combustible and flammable items must not be stored within 3 meters (10 feet) of a structure
or building. For a minimum space of 9 m (30 ft.) from deposited combustible goods, outdoor
storage spaces must be kept clear of combustible materials.

 Indoor storing of combustible and flammable fluids over 95 L (25 gal) must be kept in
combustible fluid storage cabinets (see Figure 7.1) or specifically constructed
buildings/rooms that fulfill the NFPA 30 criteria. Outside of an approved flammable storage
cabinet, below than 95 L (25 gal) of combustible/flammable fluids may be stored in a
confined area.

 A single storage cabinet must hold no more than 227 L (60 gal) of combustible fluids and no
more than 454 L (120 gal) of flammable fluids. In a single warehouse, no more than three
cabinets are allowed. Every cabinet must be grounded.

 Flammable storage cabinets must be clearly labeled with the internationally recognized danger
symbol "Flammable - Keep Fire Away" (s).

 Combustible or flammable substances must not be placed near exits, stairwells, or other locations
where people usually pass safely.

 Combustible cylinders of gas (e.g., propane, acetylene) should be kept separately from other
items in an open, ventilated shade of Sun. Oxidizing gases (such as oxygen and chlorine) must be

32
 kept apart.

When working with flammable and combustible liquids, use the following precautions:

 Combustible and flammable liquids must be transported in closed metal containers at all times. The
storing of flammable and combustible substances in plastic containers is banned.

 All flammable and combustible liquid containers must be appropriately labeled, whether at
operational facilities, construction sites, or within structures.
 Containers carrying flammable liquids must be Factory Mutual (FM) certified or classified and
labeled as such by Underwriters' Laboratories (UL).

 During filling, portable gasoline canisters must be put on the ground and never within car
passenger compartments.

 Containers must be recapped as soon as possible after use.

 Do not use gasoline as a cleaning agent.

 Only refill gasoline and diesel-powered equipment in well-ventilated places. Exhaust pipes must
be kept away from flammable or combustible objects. Before refilling, all engines must be turned
off.

 Areas where combustible or flammable fluids in amounts larger than 19 L (5 gal) are transferred
from one tank or container to another will be separated from activities that are a cause of explosion
(e.g., grinding, welding) by a distance of 7.6 m (25 ft) or by a barrier with a fire resistance of at least
sixty minutes. Unless conditions necessitate a larger clearance, there must be no open flames within
15 meters (50 feet) of the transfer process.

 Sufficient natural or mechanical ventilation must be provided to keep flammable/combustible

vapor concentrations at or below 10% of the lower explosive limit when being transferred/handled
(LEL).

 When transporting flammable or combustible substances, containers must be grounded and

bonded.

 When transferring flammable substances or fuelling cars, cell phones or other electronic
devices must not be utilized.

 When suction hoses, vacuum hoses, inert gas hoses, pumping equipment, steam lines, and
other metallic parts (e.g., nozzles, fittings) are used in the cleaning or ventilation of tanks and
vessels that contain hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, they must be
bonded to the tank or vessel shell. In dangerous quantities of combustible gases or vapors,
bonding devices must not be attached or removed.

33
 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) must be stored, handled, and used properly.

 Proper mobile and portable firefighting equipment should be placed as needed to handle job
site dangers in line with Standards (e.g., hot work activities). For further information about
portable fire extinguishers.
 Firefighting tools must be easily accessible and positioned in handy, visible areas.

 Portable fire extinguisher(s) adequate for the fire danger involved must be positioned not less
than 7.6 m (25 ft) nor more than 23 m (75 ft) from flammable/combustible liquid storage
locations located outdoors.

 Portable fire extinguisher(s) adequate for the fire danger involved should be positioned such
that the maximum travel distance to the next unit doesn't exceed 30 m for storing spaces
situated outdoors without combustible or flammable substances (100 ft).

 Firefighting tools must be kept in excellent operating order and shielded from extreme
weather when necessary (e.g., cover wheeled fire extinguishers).

 Clear the space around firefighting tools (e.g., fire hydrants, fire extinguishers) so that it is
easily accessible in the event of an emergency.

 All appropriate workers (including contractor staff) must be aware of and trained in the
operation of the firefighting tools on-site.

 All temporary and permanent fire prevention systems and equipment must be examined and
maintained.

 Equipment inspection records must be kept (at a minimum, an inspection log book and tools
inspection labels) and made accessible to client for review upon request.

 Any component of the fire safety system or firefighting tools that fails inspection must be
replaced or repaired promptly.

 According to International standards all fire prevention equipment must be identified in

safety red.

34
 Waste must be collected from the working place at scheduled periods and at the conclusion
of every work day.

 Flammable substances must not be stored below buildings or staircases

 Oily rags, wood shavings, and other highly flammable garbage must be disposed of in metal
containers with tight-fitting lids. Oily rags must not be disposed of with other combustible
waste in the same container.

 Ash trays should not be combined with other combustible or flammable trash.

 Oil leakage or spills must be cleaned up with non - flammable absorbent materials.

No Yes No Yes
Ordinary
combustibles (wood,
paper, trash, etc.)
Yes No Yes Yes
Flammables and
combustibles (e.g.,
gasoline, oil, paint,
grease)
Yes No Yes Yes
Energized electrical
equipment
1.5-6 m 9-12 m 1-2.4 m 1.5-6 m
(5-20 ft) (30-40 ft) (3-8 ft) (5-20 ft)
1000124972 1000124949 1000808216 1000124942
(125 lb. Wheeled)
1000124945
(30 lb. Type)

35
36
 This chapter outlines the minimal criteria for safe compressed gas
cylinder storage, handling, and transportation.

 Compressed cylinders of gas must be appropriately tagged or labeled, including their contents, using
English and Arabic letters. This covers all bottled gases used in industry, medicine, laboratories, and
aircraft.

 The contents of a cylinder must be verified using the supplier's identifying tag.

 Cylinders must not be put in tight areas or near excavations

 Before each usage, cylinders must be examined for severe corrosion, damage, valve leakage, and the
present date of hydro test.

 Damaged or faulty cylinders must not be utilized.

 A leaking cylinder must be relocated to an open area away from any buildings, persons, and any
potential ignition source.

 All cylinders must have a regulator for pressure reducing with a check valve attached to the cylinder
valve.
 Regulators must be closed (adjusting screws backed out) before being connected to the valve of
cylinder.

 To avoid causing damage to the regulator, the cylinder valve should always be opened carefully.

 Cylinder valves must not be opened more than 1½ turns.

 The threads on the fittings must match the cylinder valve outputs.

 Always close the cylinder valve before attempting to halt a leak.

 On valves, fittings, and threaded attachments, no grease, oil, or other hydrocarbons should be employed
as lubricants.

 Grease and oil must be kept away from hose connectors.

37
 Cylinders must be kept in a secure and easily accessible area. Cylinder storage sites must be
planned and reserved in a dry, well-ventilated space.

 Corrosive compounds and combustible/flammable substances (e.g., grease, oil, and volatile liquids)
should not be kept near gas cylinders.

 Cylinders of Oxygen and cylinders holding other oxidizers (e.g., nitrous oxide, chlorine) must be kept
at least 6.1 meters (20 feet) away from combustible cylinders of gas, or separated by a 12-hour fire-
rated barrier at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) high.

 Smoking and other ignition sources are not permitted nearby storage facilities.

 “No Smoking” and “Gas Cylinder Storage Area” signage in Arabic and English must be conspicuously
posted in storage areas.

 Cylinders must be chained or otherwise secured in an upright posture; wherever feasible, utilize
bottle/cylinder racks.

 Cylinders kept in the open should not come into direct touch with the ground, be exposed to harsh
climate, or come into contact with water

 The number of cylinders on the job site should be maintained to a minimum.

 When regulators are detached from cylinders, they must be deemed "stored" or, "not in use" and
cylinder valve covers must be replaced.

 Water and dry chemical fire extinguishers must be promptly obtainable within 15 m (50 ft.) of the
storing area.

 Cylinders must not be stored at temperatures or places that might cause the cylinder to surpass 54
degrees Celsius (130 degrees Fahrenheit). Protective enclosures or sun shelters must be constructed as
needed in outdoor cylinder storage sites to keep cylinders from exceeding 54 °C (130 °F).

 Cylinders must not be stored near heat sources (e.g., furnaces) or direct flames.

 Cylinder storage must be organized so that cylinders are operated in the order that they are taken from
the contractor.

 Full and Empty cylinders must be stored distinctly, with empty cylinders clearly marked to prevent
misunderstanding.

 Cylinders (vacant and filled) shall be separate out according to the kind of gas they comprise.

38
39
 Cylinder storage chambers must be well vented to prevent explosive gas concentrations from forming.

 In cylinder storage rooms, electrical systems (wiring, connectors, conduits, lighting fixtures, and so
on) must fulfill standards for hazardous locations.

 A cylinder's valve must never be used to lift it.

 When the cylinder is not in use, a protective cap must be left on the valve.

 A cylinder's valve must be completely closed before it may be moved.

 Regulators and hoses must be disconnected and cylinder valve covers must be replaced before
transporting, unless a trolley or special carrier is utilized.

 Specially designed bottle carriers with lifting eyes must be used if cylinders are to be raised by a crane.
Electromagnetic devices, slings, chains, or ropes are not permitted to be used to raise cylinders.

 Cylinders must not be smashed together, dropped, hurled, dragged, or used as rollers or supports.

 Cylinders that have been involved in a fire must be returned to the supplier as soon as possible, with a
note indicating that the cylinders have been exposed to a fire.

 All cylinders, including those labelled empty, must be considered as potential hazards and handled
with extreme caution. There is no cylinder that is totally devoid of gas.

 Employees who handle hazardous gas cylinders must be taught on the dangers of the gas and how to
utilize a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

 Return empty cylinders to the provider with closed valves and the valve covers of cylinder in place.

 To carry cylinders, material baskets, cylinder trolleys, cylinder racks, and other appropriate apparatus
must be utilized.

 All cylinders carried by vehicle must be fitted with cylinder valve caps, positioned upright, and
securely fastened to prevent movement.

 Cylinder transport vehicles must have the necessary firefighting and first-aid equipment.

40
 The minimum standards for the safe use, storage, handling, and removal of harmful substances
are outlined in this chapter.

 During transportation, hazardous goods must be safeguarded from shock, accidental mixing with other
products, container breakage, excessive heat from the sun or other sources, and theft.

 Hazardous material delivery vehicles must be appropriately labeled and must not be left unattended.
Drivers must have duplicates of the MSDS(s) or CHB(s) for the substance (s) being carried with them
at all times.

 Hazardous materials' MSDSs and/or CHBs must be followed for specific storage and handling
instructions.

 Prior to transportation or storage, MSDSs and/or CHBs must be consulted to determine whether
compounds are reactive.

 Chemicals must not combine with other substances unintentionally during transit, storage, or usage.

 Chemicals that are incompatible should not be kept together or combined. Reactive materials must not
be kept near flammable or corrosive chemicals.

 Chemical storing cabinets must be examined for container integrity on a regular basis.

 Toxic chemicals must be stored in clearly marked locations with adequate exhaust ventilation.

 Hazardous items must be kept, transported, and used in containers that are safe to store, transport, and
use.

 Vacant hazardous substance containers should be cleaned clean or disposed of. Container-washing
liquids must be disposed of as fluid hazardous waste.

 Spills must be cleaned up as soon as possible by workers wearing the proper PPE.

 Hazard communication (HAZCOM) training is required for those who store, handle, use, or discard
hazardous products or waste.

41
 When a contractor is obliged to dispose of trash that has been judged to be hazardous, the contractor
must adhere to Local Government rules and standards. Contractor must submit documentation to Client
demonstrating that hazardous wastes were appropriately disposed of at a licensed dangerous waste
disposal site.

 Employees who might be exposed to an H2S leak should have access to air-supplied breathing safety
tools (e.g., self-contained breathing apparatus [SCBA], air-line respirator).

 All employees in an area where the H2S concentration equals or exceeds 10 parts per million must
wear air-supplied respiratory protection equipment (ppm).

 Because greater concentrations can rapidly reduce the sense of smell, employees should not depend
on their sense of smell to identify H2S.

 Personnel working in H2S-affected regions must be taught on the dangers and consequences of H2S
exposure, as well as how to wear appropriate respiratory protection.

 Employees should not access or enter tanks, lines, vessels, or tools containing (or potentially
containing) H2S without first following a well-planned process. The method must comprise, but not
be restricted to:
 Work permits that have been properly completed (e.g., Discharge of Hazardous Fluids or Ga
ses permit).
 H2S detection devices and personal monitors that are properly calibrated.
 Testing the environment within the vessel/equipment prior to opening and/or entering space.
 Personnel on standby who have been educated on the risks and effects of H2S exposure, ho
w to utilize a SCBA, and basic life support (BLS).
 Personnel accessing any vessel, line or tools with H2S concentrations of 10 ppm or above
should wear a SCBA or an air-line respirator with a 5-minute escape pack.
 Notification of workers in the instant vicinity prior to the start of operations.
 If atmospheric testing shows level of H2S at or above 10 ppm, use the "buddy system."
 Observance of direction of wind.
 Controls that keep non-essential people upwind or crosswind of the worksite.
 In the case of an H2S leak or staff exposure to excessive amounts of H2S, have a contingenc
y plan and emergency response protocols in place.
 In the case of an emergency, pre-planned evacuation routes and assembly locations.
 Specific ways for notifying personnel in the event of an emergency.

 In places where concentrations of H2S have the potential to equal or exceed 10 ppm, personal H2S
monitors must be used as directed by local SAPO regulations.

 When working in places where there is an H2S threat, employees must utilize calibrated gas

42
 monitoring tools.

 Warning signs and barriers must be installed to alert workers to the possibility of H2S in the workplace.

 Employees should not be allowed to enter locations with an H2S concentration of 100 ppm or more,
unless it is an emergency. A concentration of H2S in the atmosphere of 100 parts per million (ppm) is
regarded immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH).

 When reacting to H2S crises or working in H2S IDLH circumstances, only fully trained people wearing
a SCBA should attempt to rescue a victim of H2S exposure.

 The "buddy system" is required when responding to H2S emergencies or working in H2S IDLH
conditions. A "buddy system" includes grouping employees into work groups and assigning each
employee in the group to be watched by at least one other employee in the group (e.g., be within line-
of-sight with each other).

 Employees who are required to wear a SCBA as part of their regular or emergency responsibilities
must get medical approval prior to donning the equipment.

 H2S Training

A. Personnel operating in locations where there is a risk of H2S exposure must get
training. Prior to being cleared for employment, training must be delivered and
documented.

B. Training must cover, at a minimum, the following:

C. Chemical and Physical characteristics of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

 Decomposition of organic materials (sewers, wastewater), waste streams from industrialized activities,
natural gas, crude petroleum and are all natural and industrial sources of H2S.
 The physical warning features of rotten egg stench, burning of eyes, and discomfort of throat, dizziness,
and nausea are all signs and symptoms of H2S exposure.
 Standby personnel's responsibilities include:
o Personnel are being monitored for the consequences of H2S exposure.
o Suitable H2S detection tools usage.
o A plan for monitoring (e.g., frequency of atmospheric testing).
o Securing the work environment (s).
o Keep an eye on the direction of the wind.
o Request for emergency help, if necessary.

 PPE, particularly respiratory safety:

o SCBA and spare cylinder locations.

43
 o SCBA and air-line respirator limitations and capabilities.
o Proven competency in the usage of a SCBA.
 Emergency response processes comprising:
o Guidelines for informing workers of an emergency
o Organizations and persons involved in emergency response are notified.
o Routes of evacuation and assembling zones
o Site-specific emergency protocols are detailed.
 Techniques for detecting and monitoring H2S, as well as information on the many types of monitoring
tools provided, including:
o Calibrations.
o Limitations.
o Function testing.
 At least every two years, refresher training must be offered and documented.
 Visitors will get a site-specific briefing on local H2S sources, health dangers and symptoms of H2S
exposure, emergency exits and evacuation assembly sites, appropriate warning indicators, and how to
respond in the event of an emergency.

44
 11. Hand Tools and Power Tools

Purpose

This chapter outlines the basic safety standards for selecting, using, and caring for portable and fixed hand and power
equipment.

General Requirements

Work permits are required for using manual and electrical equipment

 When utilizing hand and power equipment, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used at all
times (e.g., hard helmet, safety eyewear, auditory protector, safety footwear, gloves, and facemask). Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE).

 Employees must be properly taught in the selection, usage, maintenance, and storage of all equipment before they
may use them. On demand, training records must be provided.

 Only high-quality materials should be utilized in the construction of the tools. It is illegal to use "homemade" tools.

 Tools must be kept completely hygienic at all time, and they must be examined prior and after each use and
also while being stored.

 Tools that are excessively damaged, faulty, or misshapen should not be utilized.
If considerable wear, flaw, or damage is discovered, the instrument must be labeled and removed from usages for main
tenance or discard.

 Appropriate shelves and containers must be established and used for tool storage.

 For every work, the appropriate equipment type, weight, and size must be utilized.

 While working on or around power devices, only properly insulated or nonconductive instruments should be used.
An authorized/certified electrician must examine the insulation integrity on a frequent basis.
 A record of all equipment provided, returned to service, or removed from service must be kept.

Portable Power Tools – General Requirements

 Portable power equipment must have appropriately working constant pressure controls or switches that
turn off the power when the pressure is removed (i.e., a "dead man" switch).

 Trigger locks are not permitted on power equipment.

 The safety shields/guards that come with the equipment (as specified by the manufacturer) must not be withdr

45
 awn.

 The operating control on hand-held power equipment must be placed such that unintentional operation is not
possible.

 Spinning portable power equipment must be turned off and kept until the movement has properly ceased before
being placed down. The spinning component must not be grasped to stop them.

 Before replacing blades, bits, wheels, or cutters, power equipment must be removed from the electrical supply.

 Portable power equipment must be kept in a dry and clean environment.

 Portable power equipment must not be left lying near the workplace, since they may be destroyed.

 Cables, cords, and other similar items must be placed in locations where they are unlikely to be harmed (e.g., run
overhead) or otherwise protected from impairment (e.g., Using abrasion-resistant supply lines or passing them via
impact-resistant conduit).

 It is forbidden to use the power wire to lift or lower electrical equipment.

Portable Pneumatic Power Tools

 Hoses for compressed air must be the proper size and grade for the equipment being utilized.

 To prevent the equipment and hose attachments from being unintentionally detached, compressed air hose
connections (twist lock fittings) must be fastened with appropriate safety pins/wires, couplers, and whip checks.

 To fasten compressed air hoses to couplers/ fittings, employ clamped, crimped, or banded connections (see photo).

46
 13. Heat Stress
Purpose

The basic criteria for identifying, assessing, and avoiding heat-related diseases at work are outlined in this chapter.

Responsibilities

Site Management, Supervisors and Foremen

 Monitoring environmental factors (e.g., humidity and temperature of air) and transmit the existing heat stress risk
category and appropriate management actions to specific client and contactor personnel when there is a risk of
heat-related sickness.

 Describe heat stress reduction strategies in the particular work strategy, which must define the precise employment
practices to be performed at the workplace to minimize heat-related disease throughout phases of high heat stress
risk, and could include following:
 Arranging the most physically demanding tasks for the coolest parts of the day (e.g., early morni
ng and evening/night).
 While working in direct sunlight, take precautions such as shade and local aeration.
 Employees are being monitored for signs of heat sickness.
 As much as feasible, rotate employees in and out of heated locations.
 Workers should be informed about dedicated break/recovery spaces, emergency reporting proto
cols, and nearby medical services.
 Workers' work/rest shifts are scheduled depending on the existing heat index, which is calculate
d using humidity and temperature.
 As much as possible, adjusting execution/work plans (e.g., using powered/mechanical apparatus
to alternate manual labor).

 Don't let time constraints or productivity expectations take precedence over heat stress management or the
measures taken to avoid heat-related sickness.

 Hold regular (e.g., weekly) safety talks/meetings in hot weather to emphasize heat stress risks and measures, with
a special focus on this risk during month of Ramadan if it falls during the summer.

 Pole instructional material on notice boards, break/recovery spaces, and other locations on conditions of heat
stress, illnesses/symptoms, and protective methods (e.g., Appendices A and B). Additionally, during safety
meetings/talks, etc., communicate heat stress information in a way that is understandable by employees (e.g.,
laminated pocket cards).

 Provide heat stress instruction and monitor new hires and staff resuming after holidays to assure that they acclimate
to the change in ambient circumstances at a gradual and regulated rate.

 Employees should have access to drinking water facilities (e.g., coolers with chilled or ice water) and be reminded

47
 to drink lots of water even if they are not thirsty.

 Refill drinking water sources as required to guarantee accessibility, and gather sanitary wastewater from portable
toilets more often.

 As required, supply staff with individual bottles of water or insulated containers (2 liter volume) (e.g., during
times of extreme heat stress danger categories)

 Provide shady and cooler spaces for frequent "cool down" pauses and rehabilitation from mild heat-related
illnesses. These spaces should be air conditioned whenever feasible.

 Track the heat-related health status of workers, and also the performance of any administrative/engineering
controls and personal protective equipment (PPE) being utilized.

 Identify the symptoms and signs of heat - related sickness and take necessary measures to avoid major heat disease.

 In the event of a heat-related sickness, respond quickly.

 Be familiar with emergency warning and response protocols, as well as the site of the nearby medical institution
with a trained medical practitioner who can treat a patient of extreme heatstroke or heat exhaustion properly.

 Follow the heat stress guidelines, which include taking frequent "cool down" pauses and consuming plenty of
water . Start drink water early in the morning.

 Dress in proper attire (e.g., lightweight, light colored, loose clothing, breathable is best).

 Recognize the symptoms of heat-related diseases in oneself and many others, and be on the alert for these. See
Appendix B for more information.

 If you have signs of heat exhaustion, heat stroke, or heat cramps, take action immediately.
Heat Stress Danger Category

 When there is a risk of heat-related disease, the actual heat index at the workplace must be assessed on a regular
basis (e.g., every hour) using calibrated climate measuring instruments supplied by the company (e.g., the
contractor company).

 When the risk for heat-related disease arises, the heat stress hazard class, as determined by the present heat index
(see Appendix A), must be stated at the work place.

 As circumstances change, workers should be informed of the existing heat stress hazard category and the related
management actions (e.g., by use of information signs, color-coded flags, mass spreading of SMS portable phone
text messages to site supervisors).

Control of Heat Stress

 To regulate heat stress at the working place during phases of high heat stress risk (i.e., hazard categories III
or IV in Appendix A), the following procedures must be taken as needed. As with any danger, the main control

48
 technique is feasible engineering controls, accompanied by organizational (work practice) controls, and
personal protective controls, in that sequence.

 Engineering Controls

 Shade: Personnel working in direct sunlight for prolonged durations of time must be supplied with
specified shaded break/rest spaces at a proximity of not more than 100 m (330 ft.). Shade should be
given for work places wherever possible, incorporating individual shades to facilitate flagmen, etc.

 Local Ventilation: Fans or transportable air movers can be adopted to alleviate heat stress by boosting
flow of air in the work place when the ambient temperature is lower than 37 °C (99 °F).

 Portable Air Cooling Systems: Portable blowers with built-in air cooling systems should be utilized
as required to facilitate cooling for confined areas and comparable enclosed work areas (e.g., when
ambient temperatures in enclosed areas and confined workplaces reach 43 °C [110 °F]).

 Administrative Controls

 Scheduling: Organize your activities for the cooler hours of the day, particularly if Ramadan comes
during the warmer months.

 Acclimatization: New workers will be exposed to employment in a hot atmosphere for gradually
greater durations of time through systematic acclimatization. On day one, new individuals in
occupations where heat intensities may cause heat stress should be subjected to 20% of their typical
contact, with a 20% rise in exposure every day after that.

 Water Replacement (Hydration): Employees will be advised to consume lots of water before start
of every shift. Ample quantities of cool drinking water must be available within 100 meters (330
feet) of each employee, as well as in all authorized break/rest places (see appendix A). Workers must
drink modest quantities of water often, according to the real heat index at the job site. Personnel may
also be given sports beverages, juices, and electrolyte replacement/rehydration mixes to assist them
maintain their body's water and salt levels. Workers, on the other hand, are not permitted to drink
more of these beverages than pure water. Because of the potential for negative side effects (e.g.,
nausea/vomiting, dehydration), workers are not allowed to use salt pills.

 Work/Rest Rotations: The specific heat index at the work location will determine the work and rest
cycles. See Appendix A for more information. For personnel conducting distant operations in high
heat stress environments, work rotations must be arranged (e.g., flagmen). Workers will be given as
much extra break time and water as they need for their safety.

 Personal Monitoring: Personnel must work in groups and keep an eye on one another for symptoms
of decreased ability or heat-related sickness. To establish if a worker is suffering decreased capability
or signs of heat stress, prescribed check periods and monitoring controls must be utilized.
 Red Heat Stress Danger Category IV Work Practices

Whereas a red heat stress risk category IV, "Extreme Danger," (see Appendix A) occurs at the working place,
the following additional measures must be considered:

49
 The hazards connected with work that will be done in direct sunlight for a lengthy period of time must be assessed
by the Client or contractor site management. Client management will decide whether the work should proceed.

 For job tasks that carry a higher level of danger, engineering measures like shade and ventilation/cooling facilities
are necessary (e.g., work in confined spaces, at elevated locations or involving high physical exertion).

 Employees who develop signs of a significant heat-related illness should get medical care right once and be given
time to heal before going back to job.

 Throughout job tasks, individuals must be allowed to take breaks. During daily job scheduling, the time and
amount of breaks will be determined depending on the kind of work tasks and control mechanisms available. Work
periods will be tracked to ensure that adequate breaks are provided.

 Employees should consume one cup of water every ten minutes. Each employee must have his or her own water
bottle/insulated container (2 liter volume) with them at all times. A rigorous “no water, no work” regulation must
be followed.

 While a red heat stress risk category IV condition occurs at the working place, no one must work separately (i.e.,
alone).

 When flame-resistant clothing (FRC) is necessary to be used while a red heat stress hazard category IV occurs at
the working area, additional measures must be taken since such materials can exacerbate heat stress. While a
hazard category IV exists at the job site, other forms of textiles that might cause heat stress (e.g., polyester, nylon)
should not be worn.

 Recovery: Before going back to work, any individual who is suffering signs of a heat-related disease (see
Appendix B) must be permitted to make a full recovery in a designated recovery room. Shaded, cool, and watered
recovery spaces are required. Patients of extreme heat exhaustion or heat stroke should be taken to the nearby
medical institution where they may be treated by a skilled medical practitioner. Such occurrences must be reported
in a timely manner.

 Special Considerations during Ramadan: If Ramadan falls during the warmer months, proper scheduling and
heat stress reduction procedures must be integrated into the particular work strategy (e.g., Analysis of Job Safety)
for individuals who are fasting. In Ramadan, quantities of cold drinking water will be made available to staff as
required (e.g., for a employee suffering signs of a heat-related illness).

 Other Administrative Controls: Other administrative measures, such as employing powered apparatus to
substitute manual labor, restricting worker occupancy length inside limited spaces, and altering work plans, will
be utilized as needed to decrease heat stress.

 Personal Protective Controls

 Ice Cooling Garments: Employees may be given available commercially ice jackets,
neck/wrist bands, and other protective gear as required (e.g., people spend long periods of time
in a confined place in hot climate). As needed, ice packs will be replenished.

50
  Clothing: While working in intense sunlight, wear breathable, light-colored, lightweight
clothing that protects as much of the skin as possible, along with the head. Because FRC as well
as other synthetic fabrics (e.g., nylon, polyester) enhance heat stress, specialized work plans
(e.g., Job Safety Analysis) for employees using this sort of apparel while functioning in settings
with a high heat stress potential must include suitable planning and preventive procedures.

 Wetted Clothing/Towels: Companies are required to give staff with moistened terry cloth
towels and enable them to damp their usual work clothing as needed to provide coolness for
their bodies in times of high heat stress potential. For this reason, cool water sources (not ice
water) distinct from drinkable water must be utilized (e.g., clean water bottles with a
faucet/spigot for hygienic distribution, rather than dipping).

Training

 All appropriate people (e.g., those who work outside) and those who supervise staff and have responsibility for
developing heat stress measures to mitigate should receive heat stress awareness programs shortly prior and
throughout the hotter months.

 The following components must be included in heat stress awareness instruction:

 The dangers of heat exhaustion.
 Recognize the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion.
 Heat stroke and other heat-related diseases first-aid techniques.
 Responsibilities of employees in preventing and reacting to heat-related sickness.
 Responsibilities of supervisors in preventing and reacting to heat-related sickness.
 The dangers of using drugs in hot work settings, including prescription and over-the-counter
medications.
 Preventative measures that employees may take to reduce the impact of heat stress (work pace,
hydration, good nutritional habits, use of wet towels, etc.).
 Controls for personal monitoring and buddy systems. Heat stress can impair an individual's capacity
to reason effectively, therefore training should highlight this. This may make it difficult to detect
the symptoms and signs of heat stress. As a result, self-monitoring must be supplemented by check
times and monitoring controls. Instead of waiting for signs to emerge, a heat stress-trained
supervisor or observer (including a coworker) checks at regular periods to see whether there are any
visible signs of heat-related sickness or if there is any sense of decreased ability in himself and his
coworkers.

 First aid and other rescue teams must be adequately educated in recognizing and treating heat-related diseases.

51
 Heat Index
Work: Rest
Danger Category
Heat Index Min. Water Need
Heat Stress Illness/Symptoms Periods (Minutes)

IV. Extreme Danger ** 1 cup every

> 52 Heat stroke imminent. 20:10
10 minutes
Heat cramps, heat exhaustion or heat stroke likely
1 cup every
III. Danger 39–51 with prolonged exposure and physical activity.30:10
15 minutes

Heat cramps, heat exhaustion or heat stroke possible

II. Extreme Caution 1 cup every
30–38 with prolonged exposure and physical activity.50:10
20 minutes

Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical 1 cup every

I. Caution 25–29 Normal/Scheduled
activity. 20 minutes
* 1 cup = 250 ml ** See Section 13.4.2(F) for precautions

Relative Humidity
Heat Index
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
>50 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
50 48 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
49 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
48 45 53** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
47 44 51 ** ** ** ** ** ** **
46 43 49 ** ** ** ** ** ** **
45 42 47 ** ** ** ** ** ** **
44 41 46 52** ** ** ** ** ** **
43 40 44 49 ** ** ** ** ** **
42 39 42 47 54** ** ** ** ** **
41 38 41 45 51 ** ** ** ** **
40 37 39 43 48 ** ** ** ** **
Air Temp
39 36 38 41 46 52** ** ** ** **
°C
38 35 37 39 43 49 55** ** ** **
37 34 35 38 41 46 51 ** ** **
36 33 34 36 39 43 48 54** ** **
35 32 33 35 37 41 45 50 ** **
34 31 32 33 35 38 42 47 52** **
33 31 31 32 34 36 40 44 48 54**
32 30 30 31 32 34 37 40 44 49
31 29 29 30 31 33 35 38 41 45
30 28 28 29 30 31 33 35 38 41
29 27 27 28 29 30 31 33 35 37
28 27 27 27 28 28 29 31 32 34
27 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 30 31
26 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 28
Note: This table is adapted from “Heat Stress: Improving Safety ” from

52
 Professional Safety: Journal of the American Society of Safety Engineers, August 2008, pages 31-36.

This chapter outlines the basic technical criteria for person access scaffolds with static platform elevations in terms of
protection. specifies the basic administrative standards for the safe design, installation, monitoring, inspection, usage,
labeling, modification, and deconstruction of personnel access scaffolds.

 Adjustable and nonadjustable suspension scaffolds (sky climbers, swinging scaffolds, etc.).

 Bricklayers’ square scaffolds.

 Boatswain’s chairs.

 Chimney hoists.

 Centenary scaffolds.

 Carpenters’ bracket scaffolds.

 Form scaffolds.

 Float (ship) scaffolds.

 Horse scaffolds.

 Lean-to scaffolds.

 Ladder jack scaffolds.

 Pump jack scaffolds.

 Outrigger scaffolds.

 Roof bracket scaffolds.

 Repair bracket scaffolds.

 Step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds.

 Single-pole scaffolds.

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 Shore scaffolds.

 Top plate bracket scaffolds.

 Window jack scaffolds.

General

 Prior each usage, the scaffolding elements must be examined and must meet the criteria of this chapter.

 Scaffold constituents from various suppliers must not be combined unless they are suitable (e.g., fit together
without mechanical energy) and the scaffold's structural stability is preserved. It is not permitted to modify
scaffold components made by various manufacturers in order to intermix them.
 All scaffold elements must be free of rust that is hazardous or destructive.

 Scaffold elements that are clearly broken, severely rusted, faulty, or do not satisfy appropriate norms and
standards must be identified. Damaged interconnects must be disposed of promptly and not utilized on any
Client property or project site. However, faulty boards or tube portions may be taken off if possible. The plank
or tube can be reused in this instance.

 Dissimilar metal scaffold elements must not be utilized combined (e.g., Aluminum staircases are not permitted
to be used on scaffolds made of steel tube.).

 Acids or other corrosive materials must not be applied to scaffold elements unless sufficient measures have
been made to avoid the element from harm.

 Scaffold elements must be kept correctly to avoid impairment.

 Tube-and-coupler scaffold tubing must be visibly, constantly, and persistently labelled (embossed) to
differentiate it from unsuitable, inferior tubing. Prior to galvanizing, tubing must also be labeled with the pipe
company's title or logo and appropriate pipe fabrication description (along with minimum yield strength and
insignificant layer width) using a low-stress rolling die engraved labelling system constantly along its entire
length, in a location distant from any powered resistance weld seam. The labeling interval should not be greater
than 1.5 m (5 ft.), with digits no less than 4 mm (0.16 in) high and an imprint depth of at least 0.2 mm (0.008
in) deep. Painted marks are not permitted.

 Scaffold tubing meeting other requirements may be used only if permitted in advance by the Client Consulting
Services Department (CSD) and examined and enduringly labeled as formerly indicated.

 Steel tubing for tube-and-coupler scaffolds must be warm galvanized (rather than painted) in line with ASTM
A123 or EN 10240 (Coating quality B.2). Metal tubing for system scaffolding and manufactured tubular
structure scaffolds can be painted.

 To prevent erosion, all fittings (e.g., joint pins, clamps, couplers) must be galvanized or zinc plated. All

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 significant test reports for couplers must be provided promptly accessible on request.

 Threaded sections of scaffold elements and connections must be able of complete thread attachment and must
be greased on a frequent basis.

 Scaffold elements and connections must be fitted in accordance with the company's specifications.

 Girder couplers must be utilized in pairings and fastened on opposing edges of the structural section.

 Individual couplers must meet the SWLs (rated safe working loads). This will be validated by the company's specialized
literature and also independent sample testing.

 To ensure a safety factor of four, applied gravity loads (unfactored) must be less than 40% of the rated SW L given
in Table 2.1. See Section 2.5.1 for further information. The rated SW L provided in Table 2.1 can be utilized for
wind loads in bracing.

* Note: The rated SW L shown is based on a slipping safety factor of only 1.6.

Platform Units

 Solid sawn wooden planks, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks, manufactured planks, and fabricated
platforms are all acceptable scaffold platform pieces.

All lumber grading association, platform unit producer, or inspection agency guidelines must be followed.

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 Solid sawn wood boards must be 10 x 2 inches nominal, 9 x 2 inches rough, 225 mm x 38 mm basic, or 225
mm x 50 mm basic (basic).

 The following standards must be met by LVL scaffold planks:

 LVL boards must be at least 1.5 inch (38 millimeters) thick and 9 inches (225 millimeters)
broad.
 Each LVL scaffold board must have the following permanently imprinted or embossed
along at least one edge: (1) a registered product mark or brand that clearly indicates the
permissible LVL plank span in combination with a published specification; (2) the name
or mark of the Product Certification authority; (3) the phrases "PROOF TESTED,"
"SCAFFOLD PLANK," and "OSHA;" and (4) the month and year of production.
 LVL scaffold boards must have an allowed span of at least 6 ft. (1.8 m). The manufacturer
must also give permissible spans for the other intense load scenarios. Allowable spans
must be calculated using 29 CFR (OSHA) 1926.451 and 29 CFR 1926, Subpart L,
Appendix A.
 In addition to the manufacturer's standard quality-control processes, LVL scaffold boards
must be individually proof-tested and rigidity monitored to ensure that the strength and
rigidity stated as the basis for determining permitted spans are accurate. The quality
certification body or grading/inspection agency must approve test techniques and
acceptance criteria, and they must be part of the foundation for product certification.
 An impartial third-party product certification grading or inspection agency shall certify
LVL scaffold planks as acceptable for usage as a scaffold plank in external (wet usage),
weather-exposed situations and for conformity with the criteria in this chapter.

 On demand, appropriate test results, certifications, and other documents for planks must be made quickly
accessible.

 Scaffold planks must meet the following requirements:

 Without metal banding, plank edges must not be broken more than 25 mm (1 in). Plank
ends must not be split above 300 mm, even if banding is used (12 in).
 Planks must not be bent or twisted over 13 mm (1/2 in) from edge to edge or side wards.
 Before each usage, planks must be examined for flaws such as breakage, rotting, and bending. Cracked,
twisted, warped, saw-cut, drilled, worn, decaying, damaged, or broken boards are not permitted to be used.
The faulty sections, on the other hand, may be chopped off to make shorter boards. The cut end(s) of solid
sawn boards must be banded in this situation.

 Planks must not be coated, painted, or treated in any manner (with the exception of the ends and corners).

 Planks must not be left standing on end unsupervised.

 The planks must be correctly piled, elevated off the ground, and supported by a sufficient foundation. When
a stack's height reaches 20 boards, actions must be made to connect or glue successive levels together.

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  Scaffold planks are not to be utilized as solid forms, shoring for trenches, or scaffold foundations.

Capacity
 Each accessible scaffold and scaffold element must be able of bearing its own load (dead load) as well as at least
four times the maximum planned weight (live load) imposed or transferred to it (D+4L). Platform units' self-
weight (including planks) may be termed dead load.

 Poles (standards) must be able of bearing four times all gravity loads (i.e., 4D+4L) without collapse.

 For structural designing of scaffolds, the current Scaffolding Structural Design Criteria should be utilized.

 Scaffolds must have a weight classification of light-duty, medium-duty, or special-duty, which corresponds to the
highest planned weight. The live weight will be used to determine the scaffold's capacity rating.

 Light-duty scaffolds must be built and certified for 120 kg/m2 (1.2 N/m2) (25 pound per square foot [psf]).
Scaffolds for medium-duty work must be built and certified for 240 kg/m2 (2.4 N/m2) (50 psf). Figures 2.12 and
2.13 are examples. Scaffolds built for greater than 240 kg/m2 (2.4 N/m2) are known as special-duty scaffolds (50
psf).

 The company shall establish the optimum permitted span for fabricated metal slats and fabricated metal systems,
which shall be the relatively short simple timeframe needed to support the platform unit's own load and at least
four times the one-man and two-man concentrated load.

 The maximum span for manufactured boards and fabricated platform must also be at least four times the light-
duty, medium-duty, or special-duty evenly distributed load, as applicable, based on the scaffold's load rating.
Foundations

 Scaffold supports must be solid, robust, and able to support the scaffold's own load as well as the utmost
planned (live) weight without settling or movement. Scaffolds, boards, and wood sills must not be supported
by unstable materials such as boxes, barrels, concrete blocks, or loose bricks.

 The load-bearing capability of the floor or surface on which a scaffold frames must be properly checked. To
avoid holes, gravel or made-up earth (fill) may need to be compacted. Floors, ceilings, and other foundations
may require propping from below.

 On sand, asphalt sidewalk, made-up ground, hardwood floors, and other soft or sliding materials, employ
timber sills (sole boards) at least 225 mm (9 in) wide by 38 mm (1.5 in) thick to disperse the load

 The ground below the ledges must be compacted and level. Unless rough or sloping terrain makes this
impossible, a sill must reach under at least two pillars (standards). Sills beneath specific poles (standards)
must be at least 765 mm (30 in) long in this scenario.

 All scaffold poles (standards) must be pitched on steel base plates with a minimum dimension of 150 mm (6

57
 in) x 150 mm (6 in) and a thickness of 6 mm (1/4 in). The foundation plates for "special scaffolds" must be
constructed to securely sustain the maximum scaffold pole (standard) load.

 To adjust for changes in ground surface, screw pegs must be utilized. Screw jacks must not be customized to
more than 2/3 of the threaded segment's entire length. Screw jacks must be used and loaded according to
company's instructions.

 Scaffolds should not be supported by front-end excavators, cranes, or other heavy machinery.

 Handrails and guardrails must not be used to hang scaffolds or scaffold boards.

 No scaffold should be raised by cranes or other uplifting equipment except it is a “special scaffold” that is
particularly intended to be lifted and the scaffold design has been evaluated.

Fall Protection for Scaffold Craftsmen

 When building, modifying, or disassembling a scaffold, scaffold artisans must wear a full harness with a
shock-absorbing lanyard at all times. Fall Protection is covered in Chapter II-5 of this handbook.

 When scaffold workers are not secured by a guardrail barrier and might fall more than 1.8 meters, they must
securely attach their rope (6 ft.). Only if no other firmer anchoring is available should the lanyards be secured
to the scaffold (including a lifeline).

Guardrail Systems

 On all open sides and edges of scaffold levels and stair/ladder steps where workers might fall 1.8 m (6 ft.) or
even more, guardrail structures (containing of top rails, midrails, and support uprights) must be provided.

 Top rails must have an upper border elevation of not less than 0.95 m (38 in) and not more than 1.15 m (45
in) above the platform's walking/working surface.

 Midrails are to be positioned midway between the walking/working surface and the top rail.
 Top rails and midrails must be permanently attached to the interior of vertical uprights (i.e., poles). Vertical
frames holding guardrails must not be more than 2.5 m (8.2 ft.) apart except otherwise specified in the
company's official specifications for a particular platform scaffolding.

 Guardrail systems, comprising platform scaffolding, must be capable to bear a vertical or horizontal pressure
of at least 90 kg (200 lb.) at any spot on the top rail or similar component without collapse.

 Horizontal guardrail ends must not extend beyond the end uprights unless the overhang does not pose a
projecting threat to employees.

 Gaps or holes in scaffold systems and stair/ladder steps must have a railing system constructed around them
or be safely protected with structurally significant material.

 When the horizontal range between the boundary of a scaffold system or landing and the head of the wall or
framework increases 360 mm (14 in), an entire guardrail system or individual slip arrest structures must be
erected along the corner or they must be safely protected with structurally significant substance.

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  Guardrail systems must be entirely fitted before anybody other than scaffold artisans uses a scaffold platform
or stair case landing.

 If obstructions prevent the construction of a whole guardrail system, the scaffold must be marked with a yellow
scaffold label, and all scaffold operators must dress up a securely secured full-body harness.

 No planks are allowed on midrails or top rails.

 A full guardrail structure of at least 1.2 m (4 ft.) length should be installed on either side of the access site by
which substance is hoisted at hoisting sites (where practicable). When hoisting processes are not in progress,
a chain or gate must be protected properly throughout the entrance between the guardrail sections.

Falling Object Protection

 Toe boards must be fitted along the whole corners of scaffold systems and ladders landings which are more
than 1.8 m (6 ft.) over a lower level, unless employee access to the lower level is usually prohibited physically.

 Toe boards must meet the following criteria:

 A vertical space of at least 100 mm must exist between the top edge of the toe board and
the level of the walking/working surface (4 in).
 Toe boards made of wood must be at least 25 mm (1 in) thick.
 Toe boards must be firmly secured along the platform's outer edge(s) and also have a
clearance of no more than 6 mm (1/4 in) just above walking area.
 Toe boards must be sturdy and sufficient to bear a weight of at least 23 kg (50 lb.) in either
downward or horizontal direction at any position without failing.
 Toe boards must not be fastened to scaffold boards.

 Where instruments, equipment, or devices are stacked higher than the top boundary of a toe board, and there
is a risk of falling objects through safety barriers and striking employees or tools below, a protective screen
made of a minimum No. 18 gauge wire with a maximum 13 mm (1/2 in) mesh must be firmly adjusted to the
midrails, top rail, and toe board.

 In addition to using hardhats, the following techniques can give extra safety from falling items:
 Securing the space under where things might fall and prohibiting workers from entering
the hazard zone.
 Setting up trash nets, capture platforms, and canopy structures

 Trash nets, capture platforms, and canopy components must be able to endure the collision forces of falling
items.

 Substances must be stable and self-supporting before being heaped, piled, or combined.

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Scaffold Platform Construction and Use

 Guardrails are not required at the front end of a scaffold structure if it is lower than 360 mm (14 in) from the
wall face or structure. Nevertheless, as specified in Section 2.5.5, falling object safety must be maintained by
filling the space with planks or utilizing toe boards, netting, barricades, or other means.

 Scaffold platforms must be completely enclosed planked or decked between the guardrails. (With the
exceptions of platforms and pathways presently being constructed or used only by personnel undertaking
scaffold erection or deconstruction, the need to supply entire planking or decking does not apply.)

 At least one board carrier (intermediate transom) should be utilized in each bay at every platform stage that is
made utilizing firm sawn wood or LVL boards for medium-duty and more heavily laden scaffolds.

 Fiber cable or cord lashing, fastened toe boards, or other comparable measures must be used to attach planks
at both sides to limit vertical and horizontal motion. This is particularly true for planks under 1.8 m (6 ft.) in
length.

 Plank ends must extend at least 150 mm (6 in) over the midline of their end supporting carrier (transom),
except cleated or otherwise controlled by comparable means.

 Plank sides must not exceed further than the midline of their terminal supporting bearer by more than 300 mm
(12 in) (transom).

 Plank overlaps are only permitted above support (i.e., bearers or board bearers). The lap length of planks must
not be lower than 300 mm (12 in). Nails are not allowed to be used to join planks.

 On all scaffold platform and stair/ladder steps, planks must be placed flat side-by-side.

 Any planks that lay on a holder (transom) at an angular position besides a right angle shall be set initially, and
slats that lay at perpendicularly over the same holder (transom) should also be laid second, on top of the first
plank, at all locations of a scaffold in which the planks change the direction, such as turning the corner.

 Every platform item (scaffold plank, manufactured plank, fabricated decking, or fabricated platform) must be
placed with gaps of lower than 25 mm (1 in) between them. If a wider gap cannot be avoided, it must be filled
as follows:
 When there is a risk of falling objects by holes larger than 25 mm (1 in) but smaller than
50 mm (2 in) (e.g., the gap among planks generated by the inside vertical poles/standards
passing over the platform), such holes must be surrounded with secured properly wood
based strands or equivalent (e.g., “Uniq-Scaffgap” plastic strips).
 Gaps greater than 50 mm (2 in) in width but lower than 600 mm (2 ft.) in width must be
filled with external grade wood panels measuring at least 20 mm (3/4 in) thick. On the
both ends of the aperture, such plywood covers must be overlapped at least the breadth of
the space, 300 mm (12 in) least, and kept in place using cleats.
 Gaps wider than 600 mm (2 ft.) must be filled with cross boards that are suitably fastened
(not nailed).
 Obstructions, superfluous materials, protruding nails, and other tripping hazards must be removed from

60
 platforms (including uneven decking). Wherever items are put on platforms, adequate room for employees to
pass safely must be given and maintained

 Platform components that have become sloppy due to oil, mud, or any other contaminant must be wiped or
changed before being used again.

 Scaffold landings and platforms must be level. A slope of one vertical to three horizontal units should not be
exceeded on walkways or ramps (e.g., linking scaffold platforms). Cleats must be installed on walkways or
ramps that are steeper than one vertical to eight horizontal.

 During scaffold installation, deconstruction, and modification, scaffold levels, steps, and pathways must be at
least 675 mm (27 in) (3 planks) broad.

 To avoid wood planks from making contact with welding slag or open flames, preventative measures (such as
wrapping planks with flame resistant blankets) must be implemented. Rather than utilizing flammable wood
planks, a platform scaffold with suitable manufactured metal planks should be used if a scaffold is to be
constructed near a source of heat (such as a heater) or industrial machinery holding hydrocarbon substance
above its self - ignition temperature.

 Before transporting platform components up to that level, the following lift must be properly built and braced.

 Scaffold components must never be dropped or thrown from a great elevation

 At the peak of all staircases and at minimum every 9 m (30 ft.) of ladder elevation, secure landings must be
installed. Enclosed planked stairs must be supported by a guardrail system.

 If an interior staircase is utilized, the accessible aperture in a landing or platform by which it goes must be at
least 675 mm (27 in) broad and 900 mm (36 in) deep. Working platform access apertures must be secured by
a strong guardrail system with a self-closing drop bar (at top rail height). Alternatively, a hinged cover
(trapdoor) might be employed. Apart when employees are going by, such coverings must be kept locked at all
times.

 Instead of climbing over or through the guardrails, a step-through aperture in the guardrail system (protected
by a self-closing drop bar at top rail height) is preferable if an external ladder is utilized. As seen in Figure
2.28. The breadth of a guardrail system's step-through apertures must not be less than 675 mm (27 in) or
greater than 760 mm (30 in).
 No portable ladders are allowed to be used on top of scaffold platforms.

Entry and Exit

Movable ladders, hook-on ladders, adjustable ladders, stair towers/stairways, ramps, pathways, integrated
prefabricated scaffold access, or immediate access from another platform should be utilized when scaffold
platforms are more than 0.6 m (2 ft.) above or below a point of access.

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  On a scaffold platform, the greatest horizontal traveling distances to the closest exit (e.g., ladder) should
not approach 15 m. (50 ft.).

 A minimum of 1.8 m of unobstructed headroom over scaffold platforms and landings is required (6 ft.).

 Climbing of scaffold braces, runners, and other parts of the scaffold is prohibited, unless it is necessary
by scaffold artisans during scaffold installation, alteration, or removal.

Stability

 Scaffold poles and frameworks must be constructed and maintained vertically and plumb in both directions to
minimize wobbling and movement. A spirit level, plumb bob, or vertical lines on a nearby building structure
should all be used to verify for plumbness.

 Where uplifting or tension pressures may exist in poles (standards) or structures (such as the rear side of
cantilever scaffolds), the pillars or structures should be held together through screws (not joint pins), bolted
or hooked spigots, end-to-end (sleeve) couplers, or comparable tension-bearing methods.

 Tie, outboard frames, or comparable measures must be used to keep no movable supported scaffolds from
tilting if the elevation to the topmost planked level is more than four times the lowest base size (i.e., more than
a 4:1 height-to-width ratio). Unless ties are adequately placed to guarantee stability, the upper part(s) of a
raised scaffold should not have an elevation greater than four times the breadth of the scaffolding at the bottom
of that section.

 Ties shall be installed as follows:

 Ties are linked to structures and buildings able to support the applied (unfactored) weights
by joining a tie pipe to minimum two poles (standards) or two horizontal participants (e.g.,
runners) and coupling this to a two-way tie column package tie expose tie or a similar
connection
 Ties must be fitted in accordance with the scaffold company's guidelines.
 Right-angle (double) couplers are required for tie connections.
 Tie tubes must be placed if the pole (standard) is supported in both directions by runners
(ledgers) and bearers (transoms). Tie tubes must be attached to poles as near to the
horizontal elements as feasible, or to horizontal elements as close to the poles as feasible.
 Ties should be placed next to the transverse vertical bracing.
 The lowest tier of ties should be put on the lift that is nearest to an elevation of four times
the minimal base dimension (4:1 ratio).
 The topmost level of ties should be put as near to the scaffold's top as possible.
 Ties must be placed every 8 m (26 ft.) or fewer (4 lifts) vertically.
 Ties must be set at both sides of the scaffold and at 9 m (30 ft.) horizontal distances
calculated from one end to the other.

 When expose tubes are utilized, they must be firmly jammed between opposed sides of the structure or

62
 building and linked to tie tubes using expose pins reveal tubes must be checked for stiffness on a regular basis
to maintain their security. The overall number of ties used on the scaffold for revealing tubes must not exceed
50% of the total amount of ties used on the scaffold, and they must be uniformly distributed throughout the
face of the scaffold.

 Outrigger structures must stretch the base dimension(s) to at least 1/4 of the scaffold elevation when employed.

 Rakers can be used to stabilize a structure if ties or outrigger frames are not practicable.
 Each raker must be a separate piece of scaffold tubing with a maximum length of 6.4 m
(21 ft.) and must not be connected (spliced) together.
 The raker inclination above horizontal must not exceed 75 degrees (4:1) and must not be
below than 65 degrees (2:1).
 Only one extra lift may be built just above raker tie-in position on the scaffold.
 The raker's top must be attached to the scaffold no higher than the third lift.
 The raker's bottom must be secured to a strongly fixed ground stake or similarly tightly
attached opposing all directions of movements (including elevation).
 Furthermore, horizontal tubes connected to the raker and at least two scaffold poles must
always be linked back to the scaffold at the bottom and midpoint of every raker
(standards).

 In all situations where an eccentric weight, such as a cantilever working surface, is imposed or transferred to
the scaffold, outriggers or ties must be employed to avoid tilting of base-supported scaffolds.

 To guarantee scaffold integrity, the eccentric impacts of an access (e.g., stepladder) that is exterior to the work
surface and exterior the scaffold structure must be adequately handled.

 Before assembling the next lift, all attachments on a scaffolding lift must be secured and properly adjusted.

 When dismantling a scaffold, the elements over each tie must be withdrawn or deconstructed before the tie is
removed. While the scaffold is being demolished, safety must be preserved.

 A degreed structural engineer must design the scaffold (including tie spacings and layout) for higher wind
loads for scaffolds covered with tarps or plastic sheets.

Clearances

 Scaffold bases must be at least 1.5 times the depth of the trench distant from the excavation's boundary, except
sufficient precautions are implemented to avoid the trench from collapsing and to maintain the scaffold
foundation's stability.

Minimum
Voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives

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 Voltage Distance Alternatives

Reference: O SH A 3150, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry

 Scaffolds must not be constructed, utilized, disassembled, changed, or relocated in such a way that they, or
any dielectric material used on them (e.g., scaffold tubes), get any closer to exposed and electrified electrical
lines than those.

 Scaffolding near overhead power lines is forbidden unless one of the following requirements is met: the line
has been de-energized, moved, or protective covers have been placed to avoid contact with the line. Positive
measures (e.g., lockout/tag out) must be employed to prevent the power lines from being re-energized once
they have been de-energized.

Raising and Lowering Materials Using Gin Wheels

 Gin spinners must be attached to scaffolds in order to raise and lower materials throughout scaffold
construction or usage.

 Gin wheels must be installed on a cantilevered tube that projects outward from the scaffold and must be
maintained at a range of no more than 750 mm (30 in). Right-angle couplers must be used to secure the
horizontally tube bearing the gin wheel to two scaffold supports (standards).

 It's best to use a ring-style gin wheel. If a hook-type gin wheel is utilized, it must be tied to the bearing tube
with the hook moused rather than attached through a coupler. In any scenario, one coupler positioned on either
side of the gin wheel attaching to the tube must prohibit it from sliding towards and far from the scaffold.

 Substances to be lifted must be securely fastened to the gin wheel line and must not weigh more than 50 kg
(110 lb.).

High Winds

 Unless the scaffold or other temporarily raised workplace is inside or otherwise unaffected by weather
conditions, personnel should not remain on any scaffold or other temporarily elevated worksite while

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 thunderstorms or severe winds (i.e. sustained winds greater than 65 kph [40 mph]). During storms or when
there is a risk of lightening, outside scaffolds or high work locations must be avoided.

Tools

During scaffold installation and disassembly, only equipment approved by the scaffolding supplier should be used.

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Horizontal Members

 At each lift, runners (ledgers) must be fixed horizontally in continuous lengths along the full scaffold length
(longitudinally) and carriers (transoms) must be installed horizontally in continuous lengths through the whole
scaffold breadth (transversely).

 No lift height should be greater than 2 m. (6.5 ft.).

 Board bearers (intermediate transoms) must be fitted as necessary to reduce plank spans to the distances and where
essential to adjust variances in lengths of plank. These may be detached when not mandatory to aid any planks.

 Bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transoms) must be positioned on upper, rather than beneath,
supportive runners (ledgers).

 To avoid lateral torsional buckling, scaffold bridges, ladder beams, unit beams, and other structures must be
horizontally braced (e.g., with bridging braces) at the above and below cords as required by the designer (e.g.,
braced at the quarter points).

Vertical Bracing

 Vertical bracing to avoid extreme sway in both the horizontal and vertical planes of system and tube and coupler
scaffolds should be placed at an angle of between 35° and 55° over the horizontal throughout the whole elevation
of the scaffold.

 Transverse (sectional) braces must be attached to either poles (standards) or runners (ledgers) as near to the
intersecting (node point) of the carrier (transom) and pole (standard) as feasible, but no farther than 300 mm (12
in) from the node site.

 Horizontal (facade) bracing must be attached to poles (standards) as close to the intersecting (node point) of the
runners (ledger) and poles (standard) as feasible, but not more than 300 mm (12 in) from the node point.

 End-to-end (sleeve) interconnects, not joining screws, can be used to connect brace edges. Alternatively, brace
endpoints must be overlapped by at least 300 mm (12 in) and linked using at least two movable (swivel) couplers
for bracing susceptible to high tension stresses.

 Only certain companies and types of systems scaffoldings are authorized to be utilized. Neither any systems
scaffolding supplier or company may be utilized. System scaffolding must be planned and built-in accordance
with the system scaffolding company's information (e.g., grid size tables) for effective usage of their system
scaffolding.
 System scaffolding from various companies should not be interlinked until every company whose systems would
be intermixed has granted permission in written. Furthermore, tube-and-coupler scaffolding must not be combined

66
 with system scaffolding (except bracing as mentioned below)
 All outdoor system scaffolds must be vertically braced in both directions with diagonal braces (between 35 °and
55°) to their complete altitude for each 10 m (33 ft.) of run, except then indicated in the system scaffolding
company's specifications.
 System scaffold bracing must be specifically built for the scaffold's grid size. Tube-and-coupler scaffold
components can be utilized as bracing for system scaffolds when properly developed system bracing is not
possible.
 To ensure a high degree of stiffness, connections should be strengthened with a single hammer blow to the cup or
wedge.
 System scaffolding with locking pins must not be utilized.
 Poles (standards) should be linked by bolted spigots and held in place with two spigot pins in cases where uplift
may occur. The top (standard) pole should be able to slip over the spigot.
 Ladders designed for use with a certain scaffolding system must meet the standards for ladders.

Poles (Standards)

• Pole (standard) joints must be staggered (i.e., joints in adjacent poles shall not arise in the same lift altitude).

• For pole joints, joint pins or, ideally, end-to-end (sleeve) couplers must be utilized (standards). Joint pins, on the
other hand, are solely intended for compression stresses. End-to-end (sleeve) couplers that have been appropriately
adjusted should be used whenever tension (uplift) can be existent in a pole (standard) or other scaffold tube.

Runners (Ledgers) and Bearers (Transoms)

Every pole's runner (ledger) and carrier (transom) must be properly connected to the interior (standard).

• Only 90 angles (load-bearing) interconnects must be used to connect runner ledgers) to poles (standards).

• Only right-angle (load-bearing) interconnects should be used to link carriers (transoms) to poles (standards). The
holder's right-angle interconnects must rest exactly on the runners' (ledgers') couplers.

• When a carrier (transom) is linked to a supportive runner (ledger), the coupler must be as near to the pole (standard)
as feasible, never being more than 300 mm (12 in) away.

• When carriers (transoms) and board carriers (intermediate transoms) are linked to runners (ledgers), these must
usually be positioned on above of the supportive runners, never hanging from them.

• At plank ceiling lifts, right-angle (load-bearing) interconnects must not be utilized to connect carriers (transoms)
or board bearers (intermediate transoms) to runners (ledgers). Carrier (putlog) transceivers will be utilized instead.

• Board carriers (intermediate transoms) and carriers (transoms) must exceed 100 mm (4 in) even beyond runner
midline and make complete connection between the couplers.

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• Unless where this is not feasible, the lower runners and bearers (base lift) must be positioned about 150 mm (6 in)
over the scaffold foundation.

• There should be no more than one connection between neighboring poles on runners (ledgers) or carriers
(transoms) (standards). These connections must be separated and positioned as near to a pole as feasible (standard)
(i.e., adjacent joints shall not occur in the same bay.

• End-to-end (sleeve) couplers can be utilized for runner (ledger) or carrier connections (transoms). The junction
must not be and over 300 mm (12 in) from a pole in this scenario (standard).

• Conversely, pushing the runner or carrier terminals along with an end-to-end (sleeve) coupler and overlapped
these terminals with a distinct parallel tube at minimum 600 mm (24 in) long can be used to make junctions in
runners (ledgers) or bearers (transoms). At least two equal intervals movable (swivel) couplers must be connected
to every adjoins runners or bearer terminal of this parallel tube (i.e., minimum of four couplers per joint). The
connection must not be in the center third of the runner or carrier span in this scenario.

• Right angle (double) couplers must be fitted is such that the weight bears on the hinged flap rather than the screw.

• Tighten scaffold couplers to the manufacturer's specified torque, ideally between 4 kg-m (40 N-m) (30 ft-lb) and
8 kg-m (80 N-m) (60 ft-lb). Only appropriate scaffold spanner keys are permitted to be used. The use of "cheater
bars" or longer-handled fasteners is prohibited because they provide more leverage than appropriate scaffold
spanner wrenches and may harm the coupler.

Vertical Bracing for Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

 Transverse (sectional) “zig-zag” bracing

 The very first diagonally brace must be erected horizontally upward from the bottom of the
first pillar (standard) to the first lifting at whatever pole (standard) is necessary to create the
diagonal brace inclination between 35-55 degree (may be across two bays in one lift height).
 Place more diagonal bracing in alternate sides ("zig-zag") until you approach the peak of the
structure.
 For broad scaffolds, this longitudinal "zig-zag" bracing must be repeated all over the
scaffold's breadth, leaving no more than three neighboring bays free without transverse
bracing.
 This group of transverse "zig-zag" bracing must be put at both scaffold terminals and at least
each third line of poles throughout the length of the scaffold (standards).
 Transverse (sectional) “X” bracing
 Attach the first two diagonal braces, producing a "X" shape. As a result, the first brace is
erected obliquely upward from the bottom of the first column (standard) to the first lift at the
column (standard), requiring the brace to be within 35 and 55 angles (may be across two bays
in one lift height).
• The second brace is put obliquely upwards towards the base of the corresponding pole (standard) to the first
pole (standard).
 At least each third lift, this "X" bracing must be repeated across the elevation of the scaffold (two adjacent

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 open lift heights permitted).

 For broad scaffolds, such transverse "X" bracing must be repeated across the scaffold's width, leaving no
greater than three adjoining cells free without transverse bracing.

 This set of transverse "X" braces must be put at both scaffold ends and at least every third line of poles
throughout the length of the scaffold (standards).

 Lateral (pretense) bracing for scaffolds that are longer than they are tall
 From the foundation of the first terminal pole (standard) obliquely upward, at a 45-degree
angle, to the maximum height of the scaffold, a diagonal bracing should be erected.
 This longitudinal bracing must be performed every fifth pole throughout the length of the
scaffold (standard).
 The front (inner) and back (outer) lines of poles must have this longitudinal (facade)
bracing built in opposing directions (standards).

 Lateral (pretense) anchoring for a scaffold that is shorter than it is tall

• The first diagonally bracing should be put from the foundation of the first terminal pole
(standard) upwards, at a 45-degree angle, all the way to the ultimate terminal pole of the
scaffold (standard).
• Additional diagonal bracing must then be put in alternate directions (“zig-zag”) over the
whole scaffold length till reaching the top of the scaffold, at an angle of between 35 and
55 degrees.
• The front (inner) and back (outer) lines of poles should be braced using this pair of
longitudinal (facade) braces (standards).

• Internal "zig-zag" bracing for a scaffold with several bays across its width (i.e., a
"birdcage" scaffold) .The first diagonally brace should be put diagonally upwards from the
foundation of the initial post (standard) to the second post (standard) at the first lift, at a
45-degree angle (across one bay in one lift height).
• Further diagonal braces will be put in alternate directions ("zig-zag") until the scaffold
reaches the top
• This longitudinal "zig-zag" bracing will be continued until no more than four neighboring
bays are exposed without longitudinal bracing.
• At least every third line of poles, this set of longitudinal "zig-zag" bracing must be repeated
throughout the breadth of the scaffold (standards).
 Scaffolds with Light-Duty Tubes and Couplers
 The allowed transverse pole spacing (bearer/transom span) and accompanying highest longitudinal pole

spacing (runner/ledger span) for light-duty tube-and-coupler scaffolds built completely of tubing produced
and "embossed" (stamped) .

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  Higher pole distances for light-duty tube-and-coupler scaffolds might be utilized if mechanical measurements
or weight tests, as well as substance tensile/yield tension test results for the particular scaffold tubing to be
employed, are validated

O ption 1 4 1.0 m (3.25 ft) 2.3 m (7.5 ft) max.

O ption 2 5 1.2 m (4.0 ft) 1.8 m (6.0 ft) max.

* Based on 48.3 mm (2 in) O .D., 3.2 mm (0.126 in) wall thickness, Fy= 235 N /mm2, steel tubing

 Only if there are no further stages where platform components (e.g., planks) are fitted may light-duty tube-
and-coupler scaffolds have a total of three working stages in operation at any given time. For light-duty
scaffolds, the total maximum amount of levels that may be planked at one time is determined by the number
of working stages employed concurrently by employees. The highest evenly distributed stress on every
working stage in this scenario must be 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb/ft2) in this situation.

 Light-duty tube-and-coupler scaffolds that need more than the working/planked stages or maximum altitudes
listed in Table 2.5 are classed as "special scaffolds" and must be appropriately built and assessed in accordance
with GI 8.001. For scaffolds taller than 38 meters (125 feet), correctly constructed system scaffolding must

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 be utilized as a substitute of tube-and-coupler construction.

 Medium-Duty Tube-and-Coupler Scaffolds

 In line with Section 2.4.2, all tubing employed to build medium-duty and more severely laden
tube-and-coupler scaffolds must be produced and "embossed" (stamped)
 The highest possible transverse pole gap (bearer/transom span) for medium-duty tube-and-
coupler scaffolds is 1.2 m (4 ft.), and the greatest possible longitudinal pole spacing (runner/ledger
span) is 1.8 m. (6 ft.).
 For medium-duty tube-and-coupler scaffolds, wider pole spacings might be employed provided structural
measurements or capacity tests submitted, coupled with substance tensile/yield stress test reports for the
particular scaffold tubing to be utilized, are approved.

 For medium-duty tube-and-coupler scaffolds, at least one board bearer (intermediate transom) must be placed
in every bay of each platform (planked) level.

 Only when there are no further stages where platform units (e.g., planks) are fitted, medium-duty tube-and-
coupler scaffolds may have a highest of two working levels in operation at any given time. If just one
functioning level is in operation, up to six more levels can be planked if they are not in use at the same time.
The greatest distributed load on every operational level in this scenario must not surpass 240 kg/m2 (2.4
kN/m2) (50 lb/ft2).

Maximum Number of Maximum Total Number

Maximum Scaffold Height
Working Levels Planked/Platformed Levels
1 7 38 m (125 ft)
2 2 24 m (78 ft)

 Medium-duty tube-and-coupler scaffolds that need higher than the working/planked levels or greatest altitudes
listed in Table 2.6 are classed as "special scaffolds" and must be appropriately built and assessed in
accordance. For scaffolds taller than 38 meters (125 feet), correctly constructed system scaffolding should be
utilized instead of tube-and-coupler design.

Portable and Tower Scaffold Construction

 Portable and tower scaffolds must be level, square, and plumb, with diagonal braces bracing them vertically and
horizontally (in both directions).

 To avoid racking, plan (horizontal) bracing must be placed at the foundation lift, highest lift, and at least each
third lift of all portable and tower scaffolds (twisting).

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 Medium-duty tube-and-coupler portable and tower scaffolds measuring one bay lengthy by one bay broad (just
four poles) must be made wholly of steel piping that has been produced and "embossed" with a greatest pole
spacing of 1.5 m (5 ft.) in both sides.

 An interior staircase (with a movable cover over through the access gap in the platform) is preferable over an
exterior staircase for portable and tower scaffolds. Figures 2.26 and 2.27 are examples of this. If an exterior
staircase is required, it should be placed vertically on the scaffold's small side (to reduce the risk of overturning)
and a step-through opening in the guardrail structure (secured by a self-closing fall bar at top rail altitude) should
be delivered, rather than employees having to ascend over the safety barriers.

 If necessary, screw jacks will be utilized to level tower or portable scaffold.

 Heavy-duty steel caster wheels with a diameter of at least 18 cm (7 in) must be used on portable scaffolds certified
for moderate load.

 Steel caster wheels with a diameter of not lower than 13 cm (5 in) must be used on portable scaffolds certified for
mild load.

 Pole weights must not exceeding the caster wheels' secure functioning capability.

 To avoid mobility when the portable scaffold is in operation, caster wheels must be connected with a secure wheel
lock (that cannot be mistakenly removed). Rather than manual screw-type wheel locks, a latch-type wheel locking
mechanism is preferable.

 Securing pins must be used to fasten caster wheels to the bottom end of scaffold poles (standards) or screw jacks.

 Any platform's work place must not exceed the size of the scaffold platform. Portable and tower scaffolds are not
authorized to have cantilevered workspaces.

 Platform units (planks) must be firmly secured in place.

 The height of the topmost platform on portable scaffolds must not surpass three times the scaffold's minimal base
dimension.

 The topmost platform elevation of unsupported static tower scaffolds must not surpass four times the scaffold's
minimal foundation dimension.

 If the primary unsupported scaffold does not satisfy the aforementioned greatest height criteria, appropriate
outriggers must be placed on the scaffold to obtain the requisite base size and prevent tipping.

 The greatest elevation of movable scaffolds is 12.2 meters (40 ft.).

 Each platform must have a whole guardrail system, as specified in Section 2.5.4, as well as toe boards as specified.

Portable Scaffold Operation

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 Only utilize and move a portable scaffold on grounds that are adequately hard and straight to provide stability.
When utilized on a high surface or roof, the scaffold must be constructed to apply weights that are no larger than
the ground or roof's capability.

 The only way to move a movable scaffold is to physically push it from the bottom. Pushing power must not be
exerted over the scaffold's base/supporting surface by more than 1.5 m (5 ft.).

 Employees, tools, or substances must not be on the working area or anywhere else on a movable scaffold.

 Caster wheels must be secured at all situations, save while the portable scaffold is being moved.

 On soft or irregular terrain, temporary supports or rails must be correctly placed in order to allow the portable
scaffold to drive safely. The temporary base or track must be leveled and securely fastened.

The company's stated directions and the standards of this chapter must be followed while erecting manufactured
tubular structure scaffolds.

 Fabricated tubular structure scaffolds must not be utilized for loads more than 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb/ft2)
for light-duty applications.

 Fabricated tubular structure scaffolds must not exceed 6 meters in height (20 ft.).

 It is forbidden to mix elements from various producers of manufactured tubular structure scaffolding.

 Every frame must have in proper working order flip-lock fittings for the connection of horizontal elements (e.g.,
guardrails) and diagonal elements (e.g., bracing).

 In every bay between every lift, scissor (cross) bracing must be placed on both ends.

 Each platform must have a comprehensive guardrail structure, as specified in Section 2.5.4, as well as toe boards

Brackets and Straps

 Brackets and bracket straps must be built and installed in compliance with the company's written specifications as
well as this chapter, utilizing the minimum dimensions.

 Only light-duty loads of 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25 lb/ft2) will be supported by bracket scaffolds.

 Brackets, bracket straps, and other physical elements related with them must be free of damage, corrosion, or
flaws.

 Bracket straps welded to the container wall must be a minimum of 250 mm (10 in) wide, 75 mm (3 in) high, and
10 mm (3/8 in) thick, with curves in the middle for bracket insertion. The space produced by the bracket strap's

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 bent part must be suitable in size with the bracket to be installed, with a greatest clearance of 3 mm (1/8 in).

 Using a 5 mm (3/16 in) fillets welding, bracket straps must be welded to the tank shell for a size of minimum 150
mm (6 in) in length along the upper margin of the strap (two welds 75 mm [3 in] minimum) and bottom 25 mm
(1 in) along each side of the band. Along the lowest margin of the bracket straps, no welding is necessary. It is not
essential to have 25 mm (1 in) welds down the edges of the brackets strap if the sort of bracket strap illustrated.

 If you're using 38 mm (1 1/2 in) thick wood boards, the circumference between brackets can't be more than 1.5 m
(5 ft.) on central point. Larger spans permitted by the plank producer must comply with standards and must be
utilized only if the similar company's identifying label is distinctly visible on every plank.

 If 50 mm (2 in) thick wood planks are employed, the greatest circumference distance among brackets must not
exceed 2.4 m (8 ft.) on central point, other than as indicated in the following paragraph.

 SA must certify welders who attach bracket bands to the tanks.

 The engineering department of the organization must approve welding techniques and verify tanks durability
before to welding on any tanks.

 Entire bracket straps welds must be examined and authorized by a welding examiner who is qualified before to
being attached to the bracket.

 Before installing brackets, make sure they're in good shape. Broken or defective brackets must be removed from
service.

 Brackets should be installed in a vertical position.

Guardrails and Platforms for Bracket Scaffolds

 All bracket scaffolding must have a continual guardrail structure across the exterior platform margin.

 Where the distance between the platforms and the tanks above 360 mm, a guardrail system must be installed on
the inner platform side (14 in).

 Wire rope or steel tubing must be used to create bracket scaffold safety barriers. Wire rope handrails must have a
diameter of 10 mm (3/8 in) and be properly fastened and maintained (i.e., using turnbuckles).

 The uprights of the railing supports should be built of scaffold-grade tubing or structural angles. These uprights
should ideally be permanently soldered to the brackets. Every upright can be securely fastened into a 150 mm (6
in) minimal high sleeve or spigot screw that is welded to the bracket, as an appropriate substitute. A stub sleeve
or spigot pin welded to the bracket and utilized to attach a railing supports upright, on the other hand, may be 100
mm (4 in) in height if the upright is tightly attached to the stub sleeve or pin with a steel hairpin to avoid the
upright from breaking free.

 For bracket scaffolds, certified guardrails and support uprights that fulfill 29 CFR 1926 (OSHA), Subpart L,

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 Appendix A, Section 1(d) may be utilized.

 Guardrail support uprights must be built such that the top rail is at least 0.95 m (38 in) above the walking/working
surface and not more than 1.15 m (45 in) above it.

 Toe boards must be placed in accordance with Section 2.5.5, and they must not be fastened to scaffold planks.

 All work levels must be completely planked. Working levels must be at least two but no more than three boards
wide.

 Planks must only intersect in one side, with a minimum overlap of 23 cm (9 in).

 Platform units (planks) must be securely fastened to the brackets to avoid mobility.

 The region beneath bracket scaffolds must be cordoned off and cautionary signs erected.

Galvanized (unpainted) cup-locking, captive-wedge system scaffolding, or rosette, as well as galvanized tube-
and-coupler scaffolding, can be used to build underhung scaffolds. If captive-wedge system scaffolding or
rosette is utilized to build under suspended scaffolds, sufficient plan (horizontal) bracing must be fitted, and
each platform bay must be entirely filled with appropriately locked-in prefabricated steel planks (not wood
planks) that are produced for use with this particular network scaffolding.

 Underhung scaffolds must be suspended from structures efficient of securely sustaining the scaffold's
(unfactored) loads.

 Hanger tube suspension points must be firmly connected to the above supporting structure to avoid being
displaced by any potential forces operating on them.

 A box-type connection made consisting of two horizontal tubes coupled to the top and bottom flanges of the
supporting beam with a pair of girder couplers should be used to attach hanger tubes to the supporting beam.
Right-angle couplers must be used to connect the horizontal tubes to the hanger tubes.

 All hanger tubes must have check (safety) couplers fitted at the top and bottom. All trapeze tubes must also
have check (safety) couplers fitted directly beneath them.

 Vertical hanger tubes for tube-and-coupler underhung scaffolds should be one piece wherever possible. The
hanger tubes must be single-lapped utilizing at least four adjustable (swivel) couplers where joints are
required. Vertical hanger tubes in underhung scaffolds made of system scaffolding, on the other hand, must
be one piece (i.e., joints not permitted).

 To aid with installation, modification, and disassembly, trapeze tubes should be placed around 600 mm (2 ft.)
below the lowest platform level.

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  Runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms), and/or ladder beams must be linked to hanger tubes using right-angle
(non-adjustable) couplers for tube-and-coupler underhung scaffolds.

 Unless ladder beams are utilized, hanger tube spacing must meet the pole spacing criteria for the load duty of
the scaffold.

 For the stability of underhung scaffolding, only drop-forged girder interconnects should be utilized. Hanging
scaffolds must not be supported using compressed girder couplers.

 Splices in ladder beams must be as near to the hanger tubes as feasible, and they must not be in the center part
of the staircase span length.

Note: Several of the illustrations in this chapter were used with approval from the Construction Industry Training
Board's A Guide to Practical Scaffolding (CITB).

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