Exercises 10.

7
19. a 20. a 2n(2x + 5)n
Intervals of Convergence q
2nxn
q
n
In Exercises 1–36, (a) find the series’ radius and interval of conver- 3n
n=0 n=1
gence. For what values of x does the series converge (b) absolutely, (c)
21. a (2 + (-1)n) # (x + 1)n - 1
q
conditionally?

1. a xn 2. a (x + 5)n
q q n=1

22. a
n=0 n=0
q
(-1)n 32n(x - 2)n

3. a (-1)n(4x + 1)n 4. a
q q
(3x - 2)n n=1 3n

23. a a1 + n b xn 24. a (ln n)xn

n q q
n=0 n=1 1 n

5. a 6. a (2x)n
q
(x - 2)n q n=1 n=1

25. a nnxn 26. a n!(x - 4)n

n=0 10n n=0
q q

7. a 8. a
q
nxn
q
(- 1)n(x + 2)n n=1 n=0

27. a 28. a (-2)n(n + 1)(x - 1)n

n + 2 n q
(-1)n + 1(x + 2)n q
n=0 n=1

9. a 10. a
q q
(x - 1)n n2n
xn n=1 n=0

n = 1 n 2n 3 2n
n

29. a
n=1
q Get the information you need about
xn
11. a 12. a a 1> ( n(ln n) ) from Section 10.3,
q
(-1)nxn q
3nxn 2 2
n = 2 n(ln n)
n=0 n! n = 0 n! Exercise 55.

13. a 14. a
q n 2n q
(x - 1)n
30. a
4x Get the information you need about
a 1>(n ln n) from Section 10.3,
q
n 3 n xn
n=1 n=1 n 3
n = 2 n ln n

15. a 16. a
q q n n+1 Exercise 54.
xn (- 1) x

31. a 32. a
n = 0 2n + 3 2n + 3
2
n=0 q
(4x - 5)2n + 1 q
(3x + 1)n + 1

17. a 18. a n 2
q
n(x + 3)n q
nx n
n=1 n3>2
n=1 2n + 2
n=0 5n n=0 4 (n + 1)
 10.7  Power Series 625

33. a # #
q
1 Theory and Examples
xn 53. For what values of x does the series
2 4 6 g(2n)
n=1

34. a
q
3 # 5 # 7 g(2n + 1) n + 1
(x - 3) + (x - 3)2 + g + a- b (x - 3)n + g
x 1 1 1 n
n=1 n2 # 2n 1 -
2 4 2

35. a 2
q
1 + 2 + 3 + g + n n converge? What is its sum? What series do you get if you differ-
2 2 2
x
n=1 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n entiate the given series term by term? For what values of x does

36. a 1 2n + 1 - 2n 2(x - 3)n

q the new series converge? What is its sum?
n=1 54. If you integrate the series in Exercise 53 term by term, what new
series do you get? For what values of x does the new series con-
In Exercises 37–40, find the series’ radius of convergence. verge, and what is another name for its sum?

37. a # #
q
n! 55. The series
xn
n = 1 3 6 9 g3n
x3 x5 x7 x9 x11
38. a a # #
q
2 # 4 # 6 g(2n) sin x = x - + - + - + g
b xn
2
3! 5! 7! 9! 11!
n = 1 2 5 8 g(3n - 1) converges to sin x for all x.

39. a n
q
(n!)2 n a. Find the first six terms of a series for cos x. For what values
x
n = 1 2 (2n)! of x should the series converge?

40. a a
q 2
b. By replacing x by 2x in the series for sin x, find a series that
b xn
n
n
converges to sin 2x for all x.
n=1 n + 1
c. Using the result in part (a) and series multiplication, calculate
(Hint: Apply the Root Test.) the first six terms of a series for 2 sin x cos x. Compare your
In Exercises 41–48, use Theorem 20 to find the series’ interval of con- answer with the answer in part (b).
vergence and, within this interval, the sum of the series as a function 56. The series
of x.
x2 x3 x4 x5
41. a 3nxn 42. a (ex - 4)n
q q
ex = 1 + x + + + + +g
2! 3! 4! 5!
n=0 n=0

43. a 44. a
q
(x - 1) 2n q
(x + 1)2n converges to ex for all x.
4n 9n a. Find a series for (d>dx)ex. Do you get the series for ex?
n=0 n=0
Explain your answer.
45. a a 46. a (ln x)n b. Find a series for 1 ex dx. Do you get the series for ex? Explain
q q
2x n
- 1b
2
n=0 n=0 your answer.

47. a a 48. a a
q q
b b
x2 + 1 n x2 - 1 n c. Replace x by -x in the series for ex to find a series that con-
n=0 3 n=0 2 verges to e-x for all x. Then multiply the series for ex and e-x
to find the first six terms of a series for e-x # ex.
Using the Geometric Series 57. The series
49. In Example 2 we represented the function ƒ(x) = 2>x as a power
x3 2x5 17x7 62x9
tan x = x +
2835 g
series about x = 2. Use a geometric series to represent ƒ(x) as a + + + +
3 15 315
power series about x = 1, and find its interval of convergence.
50. Use a geometric series to represent each of the given functions as a converges to tan x for - p>2 6 x 6 p>2.
power series about x = 0, and find their intervals of convergence. a. Find the first five terms of the series for ln sec x . For what
5 3 values of x should the series converge?
a. ƒ(x) = b. g(x) =
3 - x x - 2 b. Find the first five terms of the series for sec2 x. For what val-
51. Represent the function g(x) in Exercise 50 as a power series about ues of x should this series converge?
x = 5, and find the interval of convergence. c. Check your result in part (b) by squaring the series given for
52. a. Find the interval of convergence of the power series sec x in Exercise 58.

a n+2 x .
q 58. The series
8n
n=0 4 x2 5 4 61 6 277 8
sec x = 1 + + x + x + x + g
2 24 720 8064
b. Represent the power series in part (a) as a power series about
x = 3 and identify the interval of convergence of the new converges to sec x for - p>2 6 x 6 p>2.
series. (Later in the chapter you will understand why the new a. Find the first five terms of a power series for the function
interval of convergence does not necessarily include all of the ln sec x + tan x . For what values of x should the series
numbers in the original interval of convergence.) converge?
626 Chapter 10: Infinite Sequences and Series

b. Show that if g n = 0 an xn = 0 for all x in an open interval

b. Find the first four terms of a series for sec x tan x. For what q

values of x should the series converge?

60. The sum of the series g H
(- c, c), then an = 0 for every n.
c. Check your result in part (b) by multiplying the series for
n=0 (n , 2 )
2 n
To find the sum of this
sec x by the series given for tan x in Exercise 57. series, express 1>(1 - x) as a geometric series, differentiate both

a. Show that if two power series g n = 0 an xn and g n = 0 bn xn are

59. Uniqueness of convergent power series sides of the resulting equation with respect to x, multiply both
q q sides of the result by x, differentiate again, multiply by x again,
convergent and equal for all values of x in an open interval and set x equal to 1 > 2. What do you get?

ƒ(x) = g n = 0 an xn = g n = 0 bn xn. Differentiate term by term

(- c, c), then an = bn for every n. (Hint: Let
q q

to show that an and bn both equal ƒ(n)(0)>(n!).)