Luutu muhammad@0750380134

NAMUNGOONA SALAF SECONDARY SCHOOL

BIOLOGY DEPRTMENT

Nervous Coordination test

December, 2021

Instructions
Attempt all questions in section B and two questions in section C
All answers of section B must written in the spaces provided

1. In an investigation to determine the effect of light intensity

on the diameter of pupil. A person was exposed to varying
light intensities and the diameter of pupil was measured.The
results are shown in the table below

Light intensity Diameter of the

(a.u) pupil (mm)

0 8.5

5 8.0

10 7.1
Luutu muhammad@0750380134

15 6.3

20 5.4

25 4.5

a) Plot a graph to represent the Information (07marks)

a) Describe the trend of the graph (02marks)

…………………………………………………………………..........
Luutu muhammad@0750380134
…………………………………………………………………………

b) Explain the trend of the graph (04marks)

…………………………………………………………………..........

………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

c) Identify the above response demonstrated in the

experiment and state any 4 features of the response.

Response ( 01mark)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………
Features (04marks)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

d) Explain the significance of the above response to the

human eye (02marks)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………
Luutu muhammad@0750380134
2. The figure below is an eye defect, study it carefully and
answer the questions that follow

Figure 1

a) Identify the eye defect (01mark)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

b) What are the causes of the above defect (02marks)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

c) With the aid of a well labelled diagram, describe how the

above defect can be corrected. (03marks)
Luutu muhammad@0750380134

d) Describe the changes in each of the following parts of

the eye when a person looks at a humming bird flying
over a tree
i) Pupil. (02marks)

…………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………..

ii) Lens. (02marks)

…………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………

3. Define a reflex action (01mark)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

b) State any 3 differences between conditioned reflex and

reflex action/ simple reflex (03marks)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………
Luutu muhammad@0750380134
c) State two receptors in the human body that are sensitive
to chemicals and state the nature of stimuli, they respond
to (04marks)

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

d) State the roles of the following parts on the neurone

i) Schwan cells
…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

ii) Axon
…………………………………………………………………..........

…………………………………………………………………………

Section C
Attempt only two questions

4. Describe the structure of a motor neurone (10marks)

b) State any 5 differences between a motor neuron and a
sensory neuron (05marks)

5. Describe how each of the following parts of the mammalian

eye is adapted to perform its function. (15marks)
a) Lens
b) Retina
c) Choroid
Luutu muhammad@0750380134

6. Describe how the human eye responds when

a) A person who was previously in darkness enters and
switches on light for 10 minutes and then switches it off
again (08marks)

b) A person looks at humming feeding from a flower close

to the person and then fly away from the person
(07mark)

Passing biology is always about patience,

confidence and possibility. Think positive
 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

BI
OLOGY DEPARTMENT

NAMUNGOONA SALAFSEC.SCH

GASEOUS EXCHANGE.Thur
,June
25t
h,

SECTI
ON B (
40MRKS)

I
nst
ruct
ions

 Answeral
lquest
ionsi
nsect
ionB

 Answeranyt
woquest
ionsf
rom sect
ionC

Not
e.

Af
teranswer
ingt
hequest
ionst
akeapi
ctur
eofy
ourwor
k andsend
t
otheWhat
sAppnumberabov
e

1
.A st
udywascar
ri
edoutonaanat
hlet
ewhowasunderan
exer
cise.Thechangesi
nthebr
eat
hingr
ateandt
her
ateofhear
t
beat wer
emoni
tor
ed.Ther
esul
tswer
eref
lect
edi
nthegr
aphs(
a)
and(
b)
 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

a)Descr
ibewhati
shappeni
ngi
neachgr
aph
 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

I
)Gr
aph(
a) (.mr
ks)

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i
i
)Fi
gur
e(b)( mr
ks)

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b)Gi
veanexpl
anat
ion f
ort
heobser
vat
ionshowni
nfi
gur
e(a)
(.mr
ks)

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c)Fr
om f
igur
e(b)
,whati
sthesi
gni
fi
canceofi
ncr
easei
nthet
he
r
ateofhear
tbeatdur
inganexer
cise( mr
ks)

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 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

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di
)St
ateanyt
hreeot
herchangest
hatoccuri
nahumanbodydur
ing
anexer
ciseapar
tfr
om t
hosei
nfi
gur
e(b)and(
a)

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i
i
)Dr
aw gr
aphonf
igur
e(a)t
oshow how t
hebr
eat
hingr
ateof non
at
hlet
ewi
l
lchangedur
ingt
heexer
cise( mr
ks)

2.Thef
igur
ebel
ow i
sanappar
atust
hati
susedt
odemonst
rat
e
br
eat
hingmechani
sm i
namammal

a)Descr
ibewhathappenswhent
her
ubbersheat
hispul
l
ed
downwar
ds(.mr
ks)
 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

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b)Whatdot
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
tsr
epr
esenti
namammal(
,½mr
ks)

I
)Bal
l
oon

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i
i
)Rubbersheat
h

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i
i
)Capi
l
lar
ytube

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c)Whatdoest
hismechani
sm l
ackt
ogi
veanaccur
atedemonst
rat
ion
oft
hebr
eat
hingmechani
sm ( mr
ks)

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d)A st
udentset
upanexper
imentt
oinv
est
igat
esomeaspectof
gaseousexchangeusi
ngt
heappar
atusr
epr
esent
edbel
ow

Thest
udentpl
acedt
hemout
hatt
ubeP andbr
eat
hedi
nandout
sev
eralt
imest
hrought
het
ube
 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

I
)Usi
ngar
rows,show t
hedi
rect
ionofai
rmov
emental
ongt
ubesM
andN ont
hedi
agr
am dur
ingt
heexper
iment(
½mr
ks)

i
i
)Suggestt
hepossi
bleai
m oft
hisexper
iment(,
mrk)

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i
i
)Whatr
esul
tswer
eexpect
edaf
terbr
eat
hingi
nandoutt
hrough
t
ubeP sev
eralt
imes( ½mr
ks)

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3.Thef
igur
ebel
ow showsoneoft
hest
ruct
ureusedbyanor
gani
sm
t
oenhancev
ent
il
ati
on
 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

a)Suggestt
henamet
hest
ruct
ure(
,mr
ks)

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b)Namet
hepar
tsl
abel
l
ed(
i)t
o(i
i
i) (.mr
ks)

I
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c)Basi
ngont
heev
idencef
rom t
hest
ruct
ure,expl
ainhow i
tis
adapt
edt
oit
sfunct
ion(.mr
ks)

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 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

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d)Descr
ibehow ai
rfr
om t
heat
mospher
ecanr
eacht
hebodyt
issues
oft
heor
gani
sm i
nthest
ruct
ure(.mr
ks)

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Sect
ionc

4.Descr
ibeandexpl
aint
hechangesi
ncomposi
ti
onoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
component
sini
nhal
edandexhal
edai
rwhenaper
sonwhowas
pr
evi
ousl
yatr
estengagesi
nav
igor
ousexer
cise

a)Car
bondi
oxi
de( mr
ks)

b)Oxygen. ( mr
ks)

c)Wat
erVapour
. ( mr
ks)

5.Descr
ibehow t
hef
oll
owi
nghow t
hef
oll
owi
ngst
ruct
uresar
eused
byt
hepl
ant
sdur
inggaseousexchange

a)Leaves( mr
ks)

b)St
ems( mr
ks)

c)Root
s( mr
ks)

6a)
.Descr
ibehow act
ionofmuscl
esbr
ingaboutmov
ementofai
r
f
rom t
heat
mospher
eint
othel
ungs(mr
ks)

b)Whatar
etheadapt
ati
onsoft
heal
veol
idur
inggaseousexchange
( r
ks)
 Luut
umuh
amma
d@07503
801
34

7a)Descr
ibet
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofagoodr
espi
rat
orysur
face( mr
ks)

b)Descr
ibet
hemechani
sm ofv
ent
il
ati
oni
nacockr
oach((mr
ks)
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

NAMUNGOONA SALAF SECONDARY SCHOOL

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT 2021 (O level)

Ecology questions and answers

By Luutu Muhammad
1. In an investigation, a cabbage pest (Target) was exposed to birds
as its control agent. The changes in the population of both was
monitored and recorded. The results were reflected on a graph.
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

a) Describe the changes in the population of the control agent

(05marks)

From 0weeks to 3weeks, the population of the control

agent increases gradually
From 3weeks to 5 weeks, the population of the control
agent increases rapidly up to a peak
From 5 weeks to 7 weeks, the population of the control
agent decreases rapidly
From 7 weeks to 9 weeks, the population of the control
agent decreases gradually

b) Account for the changes in the control agent between

i) In the first 3 weeks (02marks)
The population of the control agent increased
gradually because the agent was not yet adapted to
the new environment, they were also few reproducing
individuals of the agent.
ii) Between 3 and 5weeks (02marks)
The population of the agent increases rapidly up to a
peak because , the agent is now adapted to the new
environment and also there are many reproducing
individuals of the agent feeding on the pest as their
source of food
iii) Between 5 and 7weeks (02marks)
The population of the agent decreases rapidly
because of the rapid decrease in the population of the
pest which is there food, so the agents begin to
starve and competition sets in among members of the
agent leading to death of some agents.
c) Give an explanation for the decrease in the population of the
pest (02marks)
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

This is because they are being fed upon by the high

numbers well adapted control agents

d) u Compare the changes in the population of the control

agent and the pest (04marks)
Similarities
Between 5weeks and 7weeks, both the population of the
agent and the pest decreases
At 4.5weeks, the population of both the control and the
pest is the same

Differences
Between 0weeks and 3 weeks, the population of the
target remains constant while that of the agent increases
gradually
Between 3weeks and 5weeks, the population of the agent
increases while the population of the pest decreases

e) Identify the method used above (01mark)

Biological pest control method

ii) What are the advantages of using the above method

(02marks)

It doesn’t pollute the environment

The agent doesn’t affect the non targeted organisms

2. An owl in the sky can hunt and feed on a mouse at night

a) State the feeding relationship between a mouse and an owl
(01mrk)

Predator prey relationship

b) State any 3 adaptations of

i) An owl to successfully feed on the mouse (03mrks)
It has a very keen eye sight for proper vision at night
It has sharp claws for holding and tearing the mouse
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

It has powerful pectoral muscles for flight while attacking the

mouse.
ii) A mouse to successfully escape from the owl (03mrks)
Powerful muscles of the hind limb for faster running in.
order to escape danger.
They make alarm to alert other organism hence avoiding
predation
It has a sharp sense of hearing enabling it to detect danger at
distance

c) If a mouse feeds on maize grains and its also fed on by a snake

i) Draw a food chain to show the flow of energy between the
organism (01mrk)

Grain. Mouse Owl

ii) Explain what will happen to the food chain when the owls removed
The population of mouse will increase because they will not be eaten
by their natural enemy
The population of the grain decreases because they will be over
eaten by the high number of the mice.
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

3. Researchers investigated the changes in the population of two

species of mites P and Q. They placed a small number of P in a
6box with some oranges. Three days later a small number of Q were
added. The numbers of mites were estimated at weekly intervals for
eight weeks. Some of the results are shown in the table below. Use
them to answer questions that follow.

Week Number of mite species, Number of mites

P species, Q

1 210 100

3 1400 1250

4 750 1900

6 170 750

8 580 130

a) Plot a graph to represent the information (09marks)

Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

b) Explain the changes in the population of the mites (08marks)

Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

At 1 week the population of P is higher than of Q, in order

to provide sufficient food to Q

From 1week to 3week , the population of Q increases very

rapidly because of high numbers of P which is its prey

From 3 weeks to 7 weeks, the population of P decreases,

because they are over eaten by the high numbers of Q.

Then the number of Q begins to decrease from 4weeks to

7 weeks because the decreased number of P causes
starvation, there organisms of Q begin to compete for
little leading to death of some members.

From 6weeks to 8weeks the number of P increases again

because, the decreased number of Q to minimum reduces
the level of predation and this gives a chance for P to
recover.
c) Identify the type of relationship illustrated by P and Q
Predator prey relationship.
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

4. Two herbivorous mammalian species were introduced into an

ecosystem at the same time and in equal in numbers. The following
graph represents their population growth during their seven years.
Study the graph and answer the questions that follow.

a) Which species is better adapted to the ecosystem? Give a

reason (02marks)
Species A, because its population increases very rapidly
and attains a high maximum.
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

b) Account for the change in population of species A between

c) i.) 1½ years and 3½ years (03marks)

The population of species A increases very rapidly

because they are now adapted to the new environment,
they are also very many reproducing individuals and
abundant food supply
ii) 3½years and 7years (05marks)

From 3½years and 4years, the population increases

gradually because of increased competition among

members of species A for space, food and mates, also
there is increased accumulation of waste products leading
to death of some organism

From 4years to 7years, the population remains constant,

because death rate is equal to birth rate. (maximum
population the given area can accommodate has been
reached/ carrying capacity)
c.) A natural predator for species A was introduced into the
ecosystem, with reason state how the population of A and B
will be affected. (04marks)
The population of species A will greatly reduce because it
will be eaten by the natural predator
The population of species B will increase because
decreased number of species reduces the competitive
among A and B,hence the population of species B
recovers.
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

5. In an ecosystem, there are the following organism hawks,

snakes, toads, lizards, worms, termites, grasshoppers, and grass.
a) Construct a food web to represent all the organisms
(03marks)

b) Construct a food chain consisting of worms, toads, hawks

and grass
Grass. Worms Toads Hawk
c) Construct a pyramid of number of organism in the food chain
above.
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

Hawk

Bbbb. Toads

Bb v. Worm

Grass B Grass

d) Identify the trophic level occupied by the following organism in the

ecosystem.
i) Toad
Secondary consumer
ii) Termite
Primary consumer
iii) Grass
Producer

Section C
6a) By giving examples describe the following association

i) Mutualism (03marks)
Mutualism is an association between organisms of different
species where both of them are benefiting from one another

Examples
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

The rhizobium bacteria in the root nodules of legumes fix

nitrogen into the soil to by the plant and the plant in turn
provides food and shelter to the bacteria

The cellulase digesting bacteria in the lumen of herbivores

produce cellulase enzyme that breaks down cellulose, the
bacteria in turns gets food and shelter from the herbivorous
ii) parasitism (02marks)
Is an association between organism where one organism
benefits from the association while the doesn’t benefit but
harmed e.g. cattle and ticks
b) What are the effects of a parasite to the host.(03marks)
It causes diseases to the horst e.g. malaria parasites cause
malaria
It cause anemia to the host
It destroys the tissues of the host
C) what are the adaptations of parasites to survive in the body of
hosts (05marks)
They have means of attachment to the host.
They have penetrative devices for entering and feeding on the
host
They show degeneration of unnecessary organs and systems to
reduce on their body size in order to fit in the host. e.g. eyes
They produce many eggs, seeds or spores to enhance their
survival.
They have vector intermediate hosts
They produce resistant stages to survive in periods when they
are outside the host
6. Explain the effect of pouring untreated sewage in a water body on
a) Dissolved oxygen
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

Dissolved oxygen decrease because the bacteria in the

water decompose sewage using oxygen in water, this leads
to a decrease in the oxygen concentration

b) Population aquatic plants

The population of plants increases, because sewage
contains ammonium compounds that are broken down by
the bacteria leading to production of ammonium ions
that are used by plants leading to a rapid increase in their
population.

c) Population of aquatic animals

The population of the animals decrease because the
decreased oxygen concentration results into suffocation of
the animals and eventually death.

7. Describe the effect of the following pollutants to the environment

and how the adverse effects can be overcome.
a) Sulphur dioxide
Causes lung diseases, irritation of eye surface, and asthma
resulting into death.
Forms acid rain which increases soil PH hence reduces growth
of plants.

How to avoid ad adverse effects

Using free Sulphur fuel like natural gas

b) Carbon dioxide

Increased carbon dioxide causes Green house effect –

warming up of the earth’s atmosphere as a result of the
blanket of carbon dioxide, preventing escape of solar
radiation higher into space.

How to overcome the effect.

Avoid deforestation.
Practicing afforestation.
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

c) Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin irreversibly
preventing oxygen transport throughout the body hence
causing suffocation and eventually death.

How to overcome the effects

Avoid smoking.
Ensuring complete combustion of fuel containing carbon.

d) Oil from boat engines

Oil prevents oxygen entering the water, this leads to
suffocation and death of aquatic organism.
Oil coats on the feathers of birds visiting the water bodies
hence affecting their flight and insulation.

How to overcome the effects

Inspecting all boats to make sure that their in proper
conditions.

(a) Describe how the activities carried out by humans adversely

affect the natural environment. .(10marks)

Bush burning
Deforestation
Mining
Monocropping
Discharge of untreated sewage in water bodies
Excessive use of artificial fertilizers
Swimming into water bodies
Over grazing
Burning of fossil fuels

(b) Suggest methods used by humans to conserve the natural

environment. (05 marks)
Luutu Muhammad @0750380134

Afforestation
Treating sewage before discharging it
Avoid disposal of garbage in water bodies
Use of natural gas as source of fuel
Improved methods of farming