THERMODYNAMICS

INTRODUCTION

How do we ‘feel’ heat?

Steam feels hot but ice feels cold.
We have specialised cells, called thermoreceptors,
which help us detect heat.

Thermoreceptors respond to variations in

temperature. They are found mostly in the skin and
detect temperatures that are above or below body
temperature.
What is Thermodynamics?
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that
deals with how thermal energy (heat) is
transferred to and from other forms of energy,
and the effect of their transfer on the physical
properties (volume, temperature, pressure) of
matter.
It is based on observations of common
experiments which have been formulated into
laws.
The applications of thermodynamics
are found in all fields
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
 Describe the kinetic particle model of matter.
 Define thermal energy, temperature, kinetic energy, heat and
internal energy.
 Distinguish between thermal energy, temperature, kinetic
energy, heat and internal energy.
 Explain that a change in temperature is due to the addition or
removal of energy from a system (without phase change).
 Retrieval Activity 5
Minutes

Fill in the blanks with the following words:

Strong, close, vibrate, fixed, collide, quickly, close, compressed, solids

In a solid the particles In a gas the particles are

_________ around a very far apart and move
_________ position. There _________ in all
is a _________ force of directions. They often
attraction between every _________ with each
particle and they are very other and because they
_________ together. are far apart they can be
easily _________.
In a liquid the particles are
_________ together but can
move in any direction. They
won’t keep a _________
shape like _________ do.
Kinetic Particle Theory
The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of very small particles
which are in a continual state of motion.

This model can be used to explain the physical properties of

matter and what happens during physical changes such as
melting, boiling and evaporating. Particles might be atoms,
molecules, or ions; the precise
nature of the particles does not
Other Key Assumptions have to be specified.
↘ There are spaces between the particles. These spaces are largest in
a gas, and smallest in a solid.
↘ There are forces of attraction between the particles.
↘ The particles are in constant motion and collide with one another.
↘ No kinetic energy is lost or gained when these particles collide, only
transferred.
States of matter
Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Atomic structure
All atoms are extremely The random structure Atoms are far apart,
close together, the only allows for atoms to slide meaning there is more
movements possible are over each other, allowing space between each,
slight vibrations liquids to flow allowing for compression.
Compressibility
Incompressible Incompressible Compressible
(macroscopic scale)
Ability to flow Holds shape, cannot flow Flows Flows
Energy Recall: Work is the change in energy

Energy is the ability to do work.

We can investigate energy at different levels:

Macroscopic Microscopic
Large scale; energy you can easily OBSERVE Very small scale; energy you cannot
without special tools such as a microscope. easily OBSERVE.

Energy due to motion on location in a The scale is so tiny, we can’t keep

gravitation, electric or magnetic field. track of individual contributions.

For example: A boulder rolling down a cliff For example: The particles within the
has GPE and KE. boulder have microscopic PE and KE.
 Internal Energy, U
Internal energy is the total energy of the particles of a system.
Internal energy, U is the sum of 𝒌 𝒑

Potential Energy Kinetic Energy

Symbol: 𝐩 Symbol:
Potential energy of the particles is due: Kinetic energy of the particles is due to
• The intermolecular forces between the particles their random (Brownian) motion:
(caused by electrostatic force). Vibrational, rotational, translational.
• The intramolecular forces within the particles
(chemical energy stored in covalent, ionic and
metallic bonds)
• The nuclear energy stored in
the nucleus of the atom (nuclear Vibrational Rotation Translation
energy).
TASK 10
Minutes

Read Oxford Textbook, Chapter 1.3, pp.

64 – 67.

Summarise the forms of energy that

make up total energy of a system.
Activity 10
Minutes

Using the syllabus construct a mind map

for the given key terms with their
definitions.

With your elbow buddies, analyse the

key terms to identify similarities and
differences between them. This is critical
to ensure you can “distinguish” between
them.

Add these elements to your mind map!

Definitions
Temperature Thermal Energy Heat

Temperature indicates how hot or cold something is.

Key Points
↘ It is measured in units or degrees.
• The most common is degrees Celsius ( ) which is based on
the freezing (0 ) and boiling (100 ) points of water.
• Some countries use degrees Fahrenheit (°F).
• SI unit = Kelvin (K) is based on total thermal energy. It uses
the same increments as the Celsius scale, however it starts
at absolute zero, the temperature at which there is a total Temperature is measured in
absence of heat energy and all molecular motion stops. units or degrees.
Definitions
Temperature Thermal Energy Heat

In physics: Temperature, T is a measure of energy.

Key Points
↘ It is a property of matter determined by the average kinetic
energy of the particles in the substance or system.
↘ Changes in temperature is due to the addition or removal of
energy.

Adding heat, increases the kinetic energy of the particles in

a system. The more energy the particles have, the faster
and further apart they move (expansion) and the density of
the substance decreases.
Definitions
Temperature Thermal Energy Heat

Temperature, T is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles.

As a substance is heated, the particles gain kinetic

0 °𝐶
energy. However, this doesn’t mean that all the
particles in a substance will be travelling at the
same speed at the same time. 500 °𝐶

The variation in the kinetic energy (KE) and 1000 °𝐶

therefore the speed of particles is demonstrated by
the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

The graph shows the probability distribution of the

The graph shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed-
KE of the particles at different temperatures. probability curve for oxygen molecules at different
temperatures.
Definitions
Temperature Thermal Energy Heat

Thermal energy is the is the internal energy present in a system due to its
temperature.

In other words, thermal energy measures the total

(internal) kinetic energy of the particles in a system.
Key points
↘ As heat is removed, particles lose KE and thermal energy
decreases.
↘ Absolute zero: Molecules of a substance stop moving
completely and their kinetic energy is zero.
↘ At absolute zero, potential energy is also at a minimum
therefore thermal energy / internal energy are at a minimum.
In the contexts we’re dealing with, the
energy in chemical and nuclear bonds
do not change with normal heating
and cooling.
As thermodynamics is concerned with
the change in energy, rather than the
total internal energy or total thermal
energy, outside of a phase change, a
change in internal energy is a change
in thermal energy.
Check your understanding
Contrast the temperature and the thermal energy of a cup of water at
60 is hotter than a bath of water at 40 .

The cup of water at 60 is hotter than a bath of water at 40

. The higher temperature means that the average kinetic
energy of the particles in the cup is greater than those in the
bath.
Click to show answer
However, the bath has more thermal energy because it has a
greater mass of water and therefore a greater sum of kinetic
and potential energy.
Definitions
Temperature Thermal Energy Heat

Heat, Q is the process of transferring thermal energy from one place to another due to
a difference in temperature.

Key Points HOT COLD

↘ Heat is measured in Joules (J).
↘ Heat cannot be created nor destroyed, only
transferred or transformed.
↘ Heat always moves from high to low temperature.
Equilibrium
↘ This will continue until both objects are at the same
temperature.
↘ When there is no net heat flow between the
objects, they are at thermal equilibrium.
Task
10
Minutes

In your groups, create a model response to the following question:

Explain that a change in temperature is due to the addition or
removal of energy from a system (without phase change).
Be prepared to share your response with the class.

We will come back

to this next lesson!
LET’S REVIEW
Can you:
 Describe the kinetic particle model of matter.

 Define thermal energy, temperature, kinetic energy, heat

and internal energy.
 Distinguish between thermal energy, temperature, kinetic
energy, heat and internal energy.
 Explain that a change in temperature is due to the addition
or removal of energy from a system (without phase change).
Homework
DUE: Lesson 1 of following week
From this lesson, complete
 Oxford Revision Questions (p. 85): 1, 3, 7, 28


PMMA 09032023
Physics

Introduction

1.1 kinetic Thermodynamics

particle model

Objectives

Bagel

How

exactlyis heat Wefeelheat found on skin

defined

I
Why
thermoreceptions Ut body temp
The

total kinetic

energy allparticles Thermodynamics

to
nasystem

physicsbranch

deals

to and withetransferentengyheaormations
from

othereffects on
physical systems

basedon lawsderived

by Objectives

experiments

has manyapplications Deserkinetirpartielemodel

Def othermal

I energy
temperature

kinetic
energy

heat

internal energy

betweendef.s

Ding

Explaintemptransfers

quinine

dose compressed

done

xx

Thermodynamics

is a branch ofphysics that dealswith thetransfers and
ofthermal
energyand other

nansformations

effectsrelated to its

applications that be
can found anywhere from the human
respiratory
many

systems

to turbojetengines

Physics

PHY111A kineticparticle model 09032023

Themodel
1.1

kinetic

model frumptidons
particle

Explanations
eStates matter Page

of z

kineticparticle theory modelexplain

tostates matter is made

upof physicalproperties

somesmall particleswhich one and changes

co
contain motion o

melting

atoms molecules boiling Yphase
evaporation changes

a
or whatever

arbitrary

to

key
There is
assumptions

always spacesbetweenparticles

Osmallest in solid o
largest in
gas
There is a repulsive

forcebetweenparticles

its
force depends on phase state

WrongestRF repfire in gases

Weakest RF in solids

Particles always

moving
Bartwiler collide

No energygained bestduringparticle

collisions

only transferred
Gconservation

of energy

States matter

of

hard Liquid gas

tests

very close random far apart

fixedvolume fixedvolume variablevolume

fixed shape variableshape variableshape
Thekineticparticle

model states that matter is composed ofarbitrarily

smallparticles

notobservable thehuman eye

by and they continually
Its
n
motion model severalassumptions the
has key beingthat
ones there

s
a repulsiveforcebetweenall wherestrength
particles variesdepending
on
the state
of of object
matter the made up by particles
that is the

and

thatparticles cancollideandbounce of other each Notethat no
energy is
gained

by
or lost a closed
particlesystem due to the law conservation matter
of of


PMMA 0903202

Physics

Energy sizes
7.1.7 Macroscopic

kinetic

particle

model Microscopic

Listernalenergy

Microscopicmotion Page 3
what

istherigorous

Energy
formulationfor random to the todowork W SE

ability

microscopic motion
t

Levels observations
Brownian

motion y
of y

Macroscopic Microscopic

I t

Observable with Not macroscopic

withhumanvision Loneed specialinstruments

Internalenergy denoted U
total
LyEnttp of

energy theparticles in a system

Vibrational

Rotational

Translational

There is macroscopic

energy forbigobjects
Theres'smicroscopic

wggjwm.gg
chemicalenergy

Nuclear Mimoscopiemotion

energy
Vibrational

kinetic energy in different phases

Energy

theability
is todo work but work
this can be done ondifferentscales

Macroropicenenggiseningyposterredanderentedbyobjecorofaizes

energyporsertand
eyeMicroscopicenergy's

observable

by the human
exerted that small beexertedby
are too to the human

by of
objects sizes
thinetiemimonaparenergycomesinthrformof particle vibration
eye

called
can bemodelled something Brownian
rooardon

and translation This by

motion


Physics PHY111A mathy 0903202

Eman
7.1.7

kinetic Emir maths

particle

model U maths of
Energy asystem

Epreglection

Page 4

energy Eman Ekman Epmae

Macroscopic

mtg high

Microscopic Emin EkmictEpmin

energy to EchemtEmc

vibrationdotion

Internal energy
U Emir

Thermodynamics does not consider Epmie as they

are not considered to change

only veryhigh
at

energiesand reactionsdotherechange

ftp.keamie whenEpmie
o AU AU

System energy alwaysconserved

Egypt EnactEmir

Objectsare assumedto be stationary as well as Ernie O

Guys O Emin EmmetO U Alyssa

Eman E
Ekman Ep systEmactEmir

mac

Emin
EkmictEpmin

U

Emin

Assume

Echem 0
Ennio

they
as are DU DEth AEaysDU
not considered to
change


Physics PMMA Definitions 09032023

Thermalenergy
1.1

kinetic

particlemodel Temperature mindmap

Rinetirenergy

Heat Internalenergy Page 5

Thermal Q most

energy AU
energy due totemperature

U losystem'sinternal

Temperature

intensityofheatpresent in a substance

Kineticenergy

Energyresultingfrom an object's substance's motion

Heat

Energytransferredfrombetweensystems due to

Internalenergy AU Qt a temperaturedifference

system's totalpotentialandkineticenergy

imnÉY
ht

Tungfattagemed

System's internalenergydue

to between due to

temperature a systemsdifference
temperature

reliesonparticles

É potential kineticenergy
and kineticenergy

Wnbrieenengy
Energyresulting

in motion

Already
a

summary

Physics PHY111A Betterdefinitionsfor 09032023

1.1

kinetic Temperature

particlemodel

Thermalenergy

page6

Temperature Is Theaveragekinetic

indicates how hat or theparticles in

Luddsomething in

energyff
a
system

a measure
of
temperature
energy
not allparticle

changes

whenaddE or remove E speeds are the same

b Ek andtemp

temp 9 EY Ibariation of
demonstrated

temp Si EL

Thermal

energy is internal

presentdue to a
energy

system'stemperature

fetalkineticenergyofall
particlesin asystem
temp
theme 0 r unit
of
temperature
9 EY End Ok zero kelvins

f
temp I Ey Eng Lygamannenergimes ane

TK Toot273
The temperature
of a cupofwater is 602 whichis 20 C
greater than a bathofwater at 40 C meaningthatthe
averagekineticenergyof a cup is greaterthan that ofthe
bath

Temperature average kinetic energy all particles

of
energy totalkineticenergyofallparticles
Thermal

fmpÉÉÉf Eth Tete 273

a
Physics PHY111A Mathsfor 09032023

7.1.1 kinetic temperature

particlemodel Heat thermal energy
page 7

Cw packis Bu purlin while ne m

kinetic
TCw
InpEP InEpic average energy
of allparticles
Eaten totalkineticenergy
pkp ofallparticles
TKw InEden andreallyfor any closed
system S EPsniis
Kth
particleofsystems

Arethemodelsto foranyclosedsystem 5withparticlespie so SIPsakis

accuratelyapproximate whenthere are n particles givenEk is their kinetic
theseenergies energy Therefore
EatJesEulp Eyeales Ts EgEas
The temperature
of a cupofwater is 602 whichis 20 C
greater than a bathofwater at 40 C meaningthatthe
averagekineticenergyof a cup is greaterthan that ofthe
bath However thereis more thermalenergy the
in but
becausethere are much more
particles in thebath and
since thermal
energyis the sum oftheparticles kinetic
energy sothesum in thecupislessthan thebath as
there there are lessparticles to sum over The
temperatureis lowenoughforthe baththermalenergy
to beless

SIPsakis The Eta can be T even if T is less

as long as there are enoughenough
Ehs EesEulp ngEaly
particles
g th
s
Physics PMMA 0903202

7.1.7 kinetic Homework

particlemodel p 85 01,317,28

page 8
Q1 A
03 D
07 Volume Shape Density
Solid Fixed Fixed Lesser
LiquidFixed Variable In between
Gas Variable Variable Greater
028 Somemetals are more dense theothers so there are
moreparticles there are more collisions
betweenthem so
meaning
are pushedout more Therefore a
they
higherdensitymetal like brass will expandmore than
othermetalsfor the same temperature rise