‫جامعة ميسان‬

‫كلية الهندسة‬
‫قسم هندسة الكهرباء‬

‫أعداد الطالب ‪:‬حيدر صدام‬

‫مختبر ‪ :‬السيطرة‬

‫رقم التجربة ‪3:‬‬

‫المرحلة الرابعة \ الدراسة المسائية‬

‫الكورس الثاني‬

‫‪2022‬‬
Introduction

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) have become an integral part of modern

industrial automation systems. They are designed to control and monitor the
operation of machinery and equipment in manufacturing plants, power stations,
and other industrial facilities.

PLCs are essentially digital computers that are programmed to perform specific
tasks, such as controlling temperature, pressure, or speed. They can be used to
automate a wide range of processes, from simple on/off controls to complex
sequencing and timing operations.

The first programmable logic controller was developed in the late 1960s by a
team at General Motors led by engineer Dick Morley. The device, called the
Modicon, was designed to replace traditional relay-based control systems in
automotive manufacturing plants.

Since then, PLC technology has evolved significantly, with advances in

microprocessors, memory storage, and communication protocols. Today's PLCs
are highly sophisticated devices that can handle complex automation tasks with
precision and reliability. A typical PLC consists of several key components,
including a processor module, input/output modules, power supply, and
programming software. The processor module is the brain of the PLC, responsible
for executing the user-defined program instructions.

Input/output modules provide the interface between the PLC and the external
world, allowing it to communicate with sensors, actuators, and other devices. The
power supply ensures that the PLC has a steady source of electrical power.
Programming software is used to create, edit, and download programs to the PLC.
PLCs offer several advantages over traditional relay-based control systems,
including faster response times, greater flexibility, and easier maintenance.
Because they are programmable, PLCs can be reconfigured quickly and easily to
adapt to changing production requirements.
Input and output devices of PLC

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are widely used in various industries for
automation and control purposes. The input and output devices of PLCs play a
crucial role in the functioning of these systems. An input device is used to provide
signals to the PLC, while an output device is used to receive signals from the PLC.

In this presentation, we will discuss the different types of input and output
devices used in PLCs, their functions, and how they work.

Input devices are used to provide signals to

the PLC. These signals can be in the form of
digital or analog signals. Digital signals are
binary in nature and can have only two
states - ON or OFF. Analog signals, on the
other hand, can have a range of values.

Some common examples of input devices

used in PLCs include sensors, switches, and
transducers. Sensors are used to detect
changes in temperature, pressure, or other
physical parameters. Switches are used to
detect the presence or absence of objects,
while transducers are used to convert one form of energy into another.

Output devices are used to receive signals from the PLC. These signals can be in
the form of digital or analog signals. Digital signals are used to control devices that
have only two states - ON or OFF. Analog signals, on the other hand, are used to
control devices that have a range of values.

Some common examples of output devices used in PLCs include relays, solenoids,
and motors. Relays are used to switch on or off electrical circuits. Solenoids are
used to control mechanical devices, while motors are used to drive machines and
equipment.
Digital Input and Output Devices
Digital input devices are used to provide binary signals to the PLC. These signals
can be in the form of voltage levels, current
levels, or contact closures. Digital output
devices, on the other hand, are used to
control devices that have only two states -
ON or OFF. Some common examples of
digital input and output devices used in PLCs
include limit switches, push buttons, and
relays. Limit switches are used to detect the
position of objects, while push buttons are
used to start or stop machines. Relays are
used to switch on or off electrical circuits.

Analog Input and Output Devices

Analog input devices are used to provide
signals that have a range of values to the
PLC. These signals can be in the form of
voltage, current, or resistance. Analog
output devices, on the other hand, are used
to control devices that have a range of
values.

Some common examples of analog input

and output devices used in PLCs include
temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and variable speed drives. Temperature
sensors are used to measure the temperature of a process, while pressure
sensors are used to measure the pressure of a fluid. Variable speed drives are
used to control the speed of motors.
PLC Basics
There are several programming languages available for programming PLCs,
including ladder logic, function block diagrams, structured text, and sequential
function charts. Ladder logic is the most commonly used language and is based on
relay logic diagrams.

Function block diagrams use graphical symbols to represent mathematical

functions, while structured text is a high-level programming language similar to
Pascal. Sequential function charts are used to represent complex processes and
are often used in conjunction with other programming languages. There are
several advantages to using PLCs in industrial automation, including increased
efficiency, reliability, and flexibility. PLCs can perform tasks faster and more
accurately than humans, leading to increased productivity and reduced costs.

PLCs are also more reliable than traditional relay systems because they have no
moving parts and can easily detect faults. Additionally, PLCs are highly flexible and
can be reprogrammed to perform different tasks without the need for physical
rewiring. PLCs are used in a wide range of industries, including manufacturing,
automotive, food and beverage, and pharmaceuticals. They are used to control
various processes, such as assembly lines, packaging machines, and conveyor
systems.PLCs are also used in building automation systems to control lighting,
heating, and air conditioning. They are even used in amusement park rides to
control the movement and safety of the ride. The future of PLCs looks promising,
with new advancements in technology making them even more powerful and
efficient. For example, the use of cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT)
is allowing PLCs to connect to other devices and systems, providing greater
control and visibility over industrial processes.Additionally, the development of
artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning is expected to have a significant
impact on PLCs, allowing them to learn from data and make decisions
autonomously. With these advancements, PLCs will continue to play a vital role in
industrial automation for years to come.