Conclusion

In a nutshell, transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-
current (AC) circuit to one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing
(stepping down) the voltage. Transformers are used for a wide range of functions, including
raising the voltage from electric generators to enable long-distance transmission of
electricity and lowering the voltage of conventional power circuits to run low-voltage
devices like doorbells and toy electric trains.
In short, as a step-up transformer, it will convert low-voltage, high-current power
into high-voltage, low-current power and as a step-down transformer, it will convert high-
voltage, low current power into a low-voltage, high-current power. In addition, in step-up
transformer, there is more turns on the secondary coil than primary coil while in step-down
transformer, there is more turns on the primary coil than secondary coil.
Based on the laboratory results, for transformer with no load (step-up and step-
down), there is no current flow through the circuit. When transformer is operated at no
load, its secondary winding is in open circuit condition hence no current can flow through it.
Therefore, we can only observe the voltage value which is increasing from V1 to V2 in step
up transformer while the voltage value decreasing by half in step down transformer.
Moving to the transformer with load, it can be seen that when the value of resistive
load is increasing, the efficiency of transformer will also increase. But as some point of load,
efficiency attain a maxima or maximum efficiency and begin to decrease. Based on the
results for step up transformer with load, all power efficiency at 100V is decreasing. During
the maximum efficiency, it said that copper loss tends to become equal to core loss. Figure
below explain the transformer efficiency versus load curve.

Lastly, referring to the objective, ideal transformer can be achieved only if there is no
copper loss (no winding resistance), no iron loss in core and no leakage flux. In other words,
an ideal transformer gives output power exactly equal to the input power plus the power
available in secondary winding will be the same as the power in the primary winding. Thus,
in an ideal transformer, the voltage, V, multiplied by the current, I, will always remain
constant, making the Power Ratio equal to one (unity).