TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 RESULT & CALCULATION
2.1 EXPERIMENT 1: STEP UP TRANSFORMER WITH NO LOAD 2-4
2.2 EXPERIMENT 2: STEP UP TRANSFORMER WITH LOAD 5-10
2.3 EXPERIMENT 3: STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER WITH NO LOAD 11-13
2.4 EXPERIMENT 4: STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER WITH LOAD 14-19

3.0 DISCUSSION 20
4.0 ANALYSIS 21
5.0 CONCLUSION 22
6.0 REFERENCES 23
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is defined as a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. The transformer in
the simplest way can be described as a thing that steps up or steps down voltage without
change in the frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer works on basic principles
of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction. Mutual induction between two or more
winding allows for electrical energy to be transferred between circuits.
The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
and mutual induction. There are two types of coils which is primary coil and secondary coil
on the transformer core.  The two coils have high mutual inductance. When an alternating
current pass through the primary coil it creates a varying magnetic flux. According to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be an EMF induced in the second
winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding is closed, then a current will flow through it.
The winding that receives power from source is known as primary winding. The
winding that gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction is known as secondary
winding. A transformer that increases voltage between the primary to secondary winding is
defined as a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer that decreases voltage between
the primary to secondary winding is defined as a step-down transformer. Other than that, if
there are more turns on the primary coil than the secondary coil then the voltage will decrease
(step down). If there are more turns on the primary coil than the secondary coil then the
voltage will decrease (step down).
There have 3 main parts in the transformer which are primary winding of transformer,
magnetic core of transformer, and secondary winding of transformer. The primary winding
transformer work to produce magnetic flux when it is connected to an electrical source. The
magnetic core is the magnetic flux produced by the primary winding, that will pass through
this low reluctance path linked with secondary winding and create a closed magnetic circuit.
Lastly for secondary winding of transformer is the flux that produced by primary winding
will passes through the core and link with the secondary winding. This winding is also wound
on the same core and gives the desired transformer output.

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2.0 RESULT & CALCULATION
2.1 Experiment 1: Step up transformer with no load
Voltage Level [V] V1[V] V2[V] Voltage Ratio
10 10.08 18.98 0.5311

30 30.2 57.8 0.5225

50 50.2 96.4 0.5207

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70 70.8 136.2 0.5198

100 100.2 192.5 0.5205

Table 1: Step up transformer with no load

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Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = n1/n2 = V1/V2

 10V  70V
= 10.08/18.98 = 70.8/136.2
= 0.5311V = 0.5198V

 30V  100V
= 30.2/57.8 = 100.2/192.5
= 0.5225V = 0.5205V

 50V
= 50.2/96.4
= 0.5207V

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2.2 Experiment 2: Step up transformer with load
a) Resistor Load = 220Ω

Voltage V1 (V) I1(A) V2 (V) I2(A) Voltage Current Power

Level Ratio Ratio Efficiency
(V) (V) (A) (%)

10 10.3 0.23 19.01 0.09 0.54 0.39 72.22

30 30.5 0.61 57.2 0.26 0.53 0.43 79.94

50 50.7 0.97 95.1 0.44 0.53 0.45 85.09

70 70.1 1.35 132.1 0.61 0.53 0.45 85.15

100 100.3 1.95 188.5 0.86 0.53 0.44 82.88

Table 2: Step up transformer with resistor load 220Ω

Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = V1/V2
 10V  70V
10.3 70.1
a= a=
19.01 132.1
= 0.54V = 0.53V
 30V  100V
30.5 100.3
a= a=
57.2 188.5
=0.53V = 0.53V
 50V
50.7
a=
95.1
= 0.53V

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Current Ratio, a
a= I2/I1
 10V  70V
0.09 0.61
a= a=
0.23 1.35
= 0.39A = 0.45A

 30V  100V
0.26 0.86
a= a=
0.61 1.95
= 0.43A
= 0.44A
 50V
0.44
a=
0.97
= 0.45A

Power Efficiency
Ƞ= (Pout/Pin) X 100

 10V  70V
19.01 x 0.09 132.1 x 0.61
Ƞ= x 100 Ƞ= x 100
10.3 x 0.23 70.1 x 1.35
= 72.22% =85.15%
 30V  100V
57.2 x 0.26 188.5 x 0.86
Ƞ= x 100 Ƞ= x 100
30.5 x 0.61 100.3 x 1.95
= 79.94% =82.88%
 50V
95.1 x 0.44
Ƞ= x 100
50.7 x 0.97
= 85.09%

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b) Resistor Load = 680Ω

Voltage V1 (V) I1(A) V2 (V) I2(A) Voltage Current Power

Level Ratio Ratio Efficiency
(V) (V) (A) (%)

10 10.42 0.14 19.49 0.03 0.53 0.21 40.08

30 30.1 0.30 57.2 0.09 0.53 0.30 57.00

50 50.4 0.45 96.2 0.14 0.52 0.31 59.38

70 70.9 0.6 135.4 0.2 0.52 0.33 63.66

100 100.5 0.9 191.7 0.28 0.52 0.31 59.34

Table 3: Step up transformer with resistor load 680Ω

Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = V1/V2
 10V  70V
10.42 70.9
a= a=
19.49 135.4
= 0.53V = 0.52V

 30V  100V
30.1 100.5
a= a=
57.2 191.7
= 0.52V
= 0.53V

 50V
50.4
a=
96.2
= 0.52V

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Current Ratio, a
a= I2/I1
 10V  70V
0.03 0.2
a= a=
0.14 0.6
= 0.21A
= 0.33A
 30V  100V
0.09 0.28
a= a=
0.30 0.9
= 0.31A
= 0.30A
 50V
0.14
a=
0.45
= 0.31A

Power Efficiency
Ƞ= (Pout/Pin) X 100

 10V  70V
19.49 x 0.03 135.4 x 0.2
Ƞ= x 100 Ƞ= x 100
10.42 x 0.14 70.9 x 0.6
= 40.08% =63.66 %
 30V  100V
57.2 x 0.09 191.7 x 0.28
Ƞ= x 100 Ƞ= x 100
30.1 x 0.30 100.5 x 0.9
= 57% =59.34%
 50V
96.2 x 0.14
Ƞ= x 100
50.4 x 0.45
= 59.38%

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c) Resistor Load = 1.5KΩ

Voltage V1 (V) I1(A) V2 (V) I2(A) Voltage Current Power

Level Ratio Ratio Efficiency
(V) (V) (A) (%)

10 10.56 0.12 19.80 0.02 0.53 0.17 31.25

30 30.04 0.23 58.00 0.04 0.52 0.17 33.58

50 50.9 0.33 97.20 0.07 0.52 0.21 40.51

70 70.4 0.43 134.90 0.09 0.52 0.21 40.12

100 100.2 0.68 191.60 0.13 0.52 0.19 36.56

Table 4: Step up transformer with resistor load 1.5KΩ

Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = V1/V2
 10V  70V
a= 0.56/19.80 a= 70.40/134.90
= 0.53V≈ 1V = 0.52V≈ 1V
 30V  100V
a= 30.04/58.00 a= 100.20/191.60
= 0.52V≈ 1V = 0.52V≈ 1V
 50V
a= 50.90/97.20
= 0.52V≈ 1V

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Current Ratio, a
a= I2/I1
 10V  70V
a= 0.02/0.12 a= 0.09/0.43
= 0.17A≈ 1A = 0.21A≈ 1A
 30V  100V
a= 0.04/0.23 a= 0.13/0.68
= 0.17A≈ 1A = 0.19A≈ 1A
 50V
a= 0.07/0.33
= 0.21A≈ 1A

Power Efficiency
Ƞ= (Pout/Pin) X 100

 10V  70V
Ƞ = (0.02)(19.80)/(0.12)(10.56) X 100 Ƞ = (0.09)(134.90)/(0.43)(70.40) X 100
= 31.25% = 40.12%

 30V  100V
Ƞ = (0.04)(58.00)/(0.23)(30.04) X 100 Ƞ = (0.13)(191.60)/(0.68)(100.20) X 100
=33.58 % =36.56%

 50V
Ƞ = 0.07)(97.20)/(0.33)(50.90) X 100
= 40.51%

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2.3 Experiment 3: Step down transformer with no load
Voltage V1[V] V2[V] Voltage Ratio
Level[V]
10 10.21 4.97 2.0523

30 30.8 15.72 1.9593

50 50.6 25.95 1.9499

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70 70.9 36.6 1.9372

100 100.7 52.1 1.9328

Table 5: Step down transformer with no load

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Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = n1/n2 = V1/V2
 10V  70V
= 10.2/4.97 = 70.9/36.6
= 2.0523V = 1.9372V
 30V  100V
= 30.8/15.72 = 100.7/52.1
= 1.9593V = 1.9328V
 50V
= 50.6/25.95
= 1.9499V

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2.4 Experiment 4: Step down transformer with load
a)Resistor Load = 220Ω

Voltage V1 (V) I1(A) V2 (V) I2(A) Voltage Current Power

Level Ratio Ratio Efficiency
(V) (V) (A) (%)

10 10.49 0.05 5.00 0.03 2.10 0.60 28.85

30 30.5 0.09 15.42 0.08 1.98 0.89 40.33

50 50.0 0.13 25.39 0.12 1.97 0.92 46.92

70 70.8 0.17 36.2 0.17 1.96 1.00 51.08

100 100.7 0.22 51.70 0.24 1.95 1.09 66.86

Table 6: Step down transformer with resistor load 220Ω

Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = V1/V2
 10V  70V
a= 10.49/5.0 a= 70.8/36.2
=2.10 V =1.96 V
 30V  100V
a= 30.5/15.42 a= 100.7/51.70
=1.98 V =1.95 V
 50V
a= 50.0/25.39
=1.97 V

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Current Ratio, a
a= I2/I1
 10V  70V
a= 0.03/0.05 a= 0.17/0.17
=0.06 A =1.00 A
 30V  100V
a= 0.08/0.09 a= 0.24/0.22
=0.89 A =1.09 A
 50V
a= 0.12/0.13
=0.92 A

Power Efficiency
Ƞ= (Pout/Pin) X 100

 10V  70V
Pout = 0.15W Pout = 6.15W
Pin = 0.52W Pin = 12.04W
Ƞ = (0.15/0.52) X 100% Ƞ = (6.15/12.04) X 100%
= 28.85% = 51.08%

 30V  100V
Pout = 1.23W Pout = 14.81W
Pin = 3.05W Pin = 22.15W
Ƞ = (1.23/3.05) X 100% Ƞ = (14.81/22.15) X 100%
= 40.33% = 66.86%

 50V
Pout = 3.05W
Pin = 6.50W
Ƞ = (3.05/6.50) X 100%
= 46.92%

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b) Resistor Load = 680Ω

Voltage V1 (V) I1(A) V2 (V) I2(A) Voltage Current Power

Level Ratio Ratio Efficiency
(V) (V) (A) (%)

10 10.11 0.04 4.84 0.02 2.08 0.50 25.00

30 30.6 0.08 15.48 0.03 1.97 0.38 18.78

50 50.2 0.10 25.60 0.04 1.96 0.40 20.32

70 70.00 0.12 35.90 0.06 1.95 0.50 25.60

100 100.90 0.16 52.00 0.08 1.94 0.50 25.77

Table 7: Step down transformer with resistor load 680Ω

Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = n1/n2 = V1/V2

 10V  70V
a= 10.11/4.84 a= 70.0/35.9
=2.08V =1.95V
 30V  100V
a= 30.6/15.48 a= 100.0/52.0
=1.97V =1.94V
 50V
a= 50.2/25.6
=1.96V

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Current Ratio, a
a= I2/I1
 10V  70V
a= 0.02/0.04 a= 0.06/0.12
=0.50A =0.50A
 30V  100V
a= 0.03/0.08 a= 0.08/0.16
=0.38A =0.50A
 50V
a= 0.04/010
=0.40A

Power Efficiency
Ƞ= (Pout/Pin) X 100

 10V  70V
Pout = 0.10W Pout = 2.15W
Pin = 0.40W Pin = 8.40W
Ƞ = (0.10/0.40) X 100% Ƞ = (2.15/8.40) X 100%
= 25% = 25.60%
 30V  100V
Pout = 0.46W Pout = 4.16W
Pin = 2.45W Pin = 16.14W
Ƞ = (0.46/2.45) X 100% Ƞ = (4.16/16.14) X 100%
= 18.78% = 25.77%
 50V
Pout = 1.02W
Pin = 5.02W
Ƞ = (1.02/5.02) X 100%
= 20.32%

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c) Resistor Load = 1.5KΩ

Voltage V1 (V) I1(A) V2 (V) I2(A) Voltage Current Power

Level Ratio Ratio Efficiency
(V) (V) (A) (%)

10 10.25 0.04 4.92 0.02 2.08 0.50 24%

30 30.03 0.07 15.21 0.02 1.97 0.29 14.50%

50 50.4 0.10 25.72 0.03 1.96 0.30 15.31%

70 70.2 0.11 36.1 0.03 1.94 0.27 14.02%

100 100.6 0.14 51.9 0.04 1.94 0.29 14.74%

Table 7: Step down transformer with resistor load 1.5KΩ

Calculation:
Voltage Ratio, a
a = n1/n2 = V1/V2

 10V  70V
a= 10.25/4.92 a= 70.20/36.10
= 2.08V ≈ 2V = 1.94V≈ 2V
 30V  100V
a= 30.03/15.21 a= 100.60/51.90
= 1.97V≈ 2V = 1.94V≈ 2V
 50V
a= 50.40/25.72
= 1.96V≈ 2V

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Current Ratio, a
a= I2/I1
 10V  70V
a= 0.02/0.04 a= 0.03/0.11
= 0.50A≈ 1A = 0.27A≈ 1A
 30V  100V
a= 0.02/0.07 a= 0.04/0.14
= 0.29A≈ 1A = 0.29A≈ 1A
 50V
a= 0.03/0.10
= 0.30A≈ 1A

Power Efficiency
Ƞ= (Pout/Pin) X 100

 10V  70V
Ƞ = (0.02)(4.92)/(0.04)(10.25) X 100 Ƞ = (0.03)(36.10)/(0.11)(70.20) X 100
=14.02 %
= 24%

 30V  100V
Ƞ = (0.02)(15.21)/(0.07)(30.03) X 100 Ƞ = (0.04)(51.90)/(0.14)(100.60) X 100
= 14.50% =14.74%

 50V
Ƞ = (0.03)(25.72)/(0.10)(50.40) X 100
= 15.31%

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3.0 DISCUSSION

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4.0 ANALYSIS

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5.0 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-
current (AC) circuit to one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing
(stepping down) the voltage. Transformers are used for a wide range of functions, including
raising the voltage from electric generators to enable long-distance transmission of electricity
and lowering the voltage of conventional power circuits to run low-voltage devices like
doorbells and toy electric trains.
In short, as a step-up transformer, it will convert low-voltage, high-current power into
high-voltage, low-current power and as a step-down transformer, it will convert high-voltage,
low current power into a low-voltage, high-current power. In addition, in step-up transformer,
there is more turns on the secondary coil than primary coil while in step-down transformer,
there is more turns on the primary coil than secondary coil.
Based on the laboratory results, for transformer with no load (step-up and step-down),
there is no current flow through the circuit. When transformer is operated at no load, its
secondary winding is in open circuit condition hence no current can flow through it.
Therefore, we can only observe the voltage value which is increasing from V1 to V2 in step
up transformer while the voltage value decreasing by half in step down transformer.
Moving to the transformer with load, it can be seen that when the value of resistive
load is increasing, the efficiency of transformer will also increase. But as some point of load,
efficiency attain a maxima or maximum efficiency and begin to decrease. Based on the
results for step up transformer with load, all power efficiency at 100V is decreasing. During
the maximum efficiency, it said that copper loss tends to become equal to core loss. Figure
below explain the transformer efficiency versus load curve.

Lastly, referring to the objective, ideal transformer can be achieved only if there is no
copper loss (no winding resistance), no iron loss in core and no leakage flux. In other words,
an ideal transformer gives output power exactly equal to the input power plus the power
available in secondary winding will be the same as the power in the primary winding. Thus,
in an ideal transformer, the voltage, V, multiplied by the current, I, will always remain
constant, making the Power Ratio equal to one (unity).

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6.0 REFERENCES
1) Transformer: What is it? (Definition and Working Principle)
https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-transformer-definition-working-principle-of-
transformer/
2) Transformer Basics
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/transformer-basics.html
3) Step-Up and Step-Down Transformer
https://mammothmemory.net/physics/transformers/step-up-or-step-down-transformer/step-
up-or-step-down-transformer.html#:~:text=Conclusion,increases%2C%20the%20current
%20is%20reduced.

4) Transformer Formula
https://www.vedantu.com/formula/transformer-formula
5) Transformer Efficiency Vs Load Curve
https://electricalvoice.com/transformer-efficiency-vs-load-curve/
6) Ideal Transformer Characteristics
https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/03/ideal-transformer-characteristics.html

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