RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

MODULE NO. 9
Title : CORRELATION

TOPIC OUTLINE :
1. The Coefficient of Correlation “r” or Pearson r or
Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
At the end of this Module the students will be able to :.
: 1. Investigate the linear relationship between two variables by
measuring the strength of association.
2. Determine the strength of the relationship between two variables
3. Test significant relationship between two linearly correlated variables

OVERVIEW:
Correlation is a statistical method used to determine whether a
relationship between variables exist. A variable here is the
characteristic of the population being observed or measured. For
example, the variable of interest might be advertising expense and
sales. The sample then consists of random observations of the variable
describing a given population.
Pearson product-moment correlation or the correlation
coefficient r or simply Pearson’s r is the most widely used in statistics
to measure the degree of the relationship between the linear related
variables. In other words it is a measure of the linear strength of the
association between two variables, independent variable x and a
dependent variable y.

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TOPIC PRESENTATION

Positive Correlation Negative Correlation No Correlation

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PROBLEM: A study was conducted to find whether there is any

relationship between the weight and blood pressure of an individual.
The following set of data was arrived at from a clinical study.

Patient Weight (lbs.) Blood

Number (𝒙) Pressure(𝒚)
1 78 140
2 86 160
3 72 134
4 82 144
5 80 180
6 86 176
7 84 174
8 89 178
9 68 128
10 71 132

A. To What Extent or to What Degree is the relationship between

Weight (x) and Blood Pressure (y) and interpret the results.
Solution :
1. Solve for Pearson’s r using the Formula for r.

FORMULA TO BE USED IN COMPUTING PEARSON ‘r’

Where :
n = number of subjects or respondents or sample size
𝒙 = Independent variable
𝒚 = Dependent variable
Σ𝒙 = sum of observed values in x
Σ𝒚 = sum of observed values in y

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Σ𝒙𝒚 = sum of the products in 𝒙 and 𝒚

Σ𝒙2 = sum of the squares in 𝒙
(Σ𝒙)2 = square of the sum of 𝒙
𝒓 = Pearson “r”

COMPUTATION :
Let us determine the coefficient of correlation for this set of data.
The first column represents the patient number and the second and
third columns represent the weight and blood pressure of each
patient.

Patient
Number 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙2 𝒚2 𝒙𝒚
1 78 140 6084 19600 10920
2 86 160 7396 25600 13760
3 72 134 5184 17956 9648
4 82 144 6724 20736 11808
5 80 180 6400 32400 14400
6 86 176 7396 30976 15136
7 84 174 7056 30276 14616
8 89 178 7921 31684 15842
9 68 128 4624 16384 8704
10 71 132 5041 17424 9372

n=10 Σ𝒙= Σ𝒚= Σ𝒙2=63,826 Σ𝒚2=243,036 Σ𝒙𝒚 =

796 1,546 124,206

Computed Value of r
SUBSTITUTE IN THE FORMULA;

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1242060−1230616
r =
√(638260−633616)(2430360−2390116)

11444
r =
√(4644)(40244)

11444
r =
√186893136

11444
r = 13670.8844

r = .8371

rc = .84

2. Use the Table for the values of r and the corresponding

interpretation of r or the strength of relationship. Then interpret
the results.

INTERPRETATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION “𝒓”

𝒓 VALUE INTERPRETATION
-1.00 Perfect negative correlation
−0.99 to – 0.60 Strong negative correlation
−0.59 to – 0.30 Moderate Negative correlation
−0.29 to – 0.10 Weak negative correlation
0.00 No correlation
+0.01 to +0.29 Weak positive correlation
0.30 to +0.59 Moderate positive correlation
+0.60 to +0.99 Strong positive correlation
+1.00 Perfect positive correlation

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Since r = 0.84 can be found within r = +0.60 to +0.99, strong

positive correlation meaning as the weight increases (x), blood
pressure (y) increases

PROBLEM: A study was conducted to find whether there is any

relationship between the weight and blood pressure of an individual.
The following set of data was arrived at from a clinical study. Is there
a significant relationship between weight and blood pressure of
patients? Use 𝛂= 0.05.

Patient Weight (lbs.) Blood

Number (𝒙) Pressure(𝒚)
1 78 140
2 86 160
3 72 134
4 82 144
5 80 180
6 86 176
7 84 174
8 89 178
9 68 128
10 71 132

METHOD 1
SOLUTION :
1) Ho : 𝛒=0
H1 : 𝛒≠𝟎

2) Use 𝛂 = 0.05
Two Tailed test (r ≠ 0 in H1))

3) Test Statistic Pearson r t-test to test the significance of r.

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FORMULA TO BE USED IN COMPUTING PEARSON ‘r’

Where :
n = number of subjects or respondents or sample size
𝒙 = Independent variable
𝒚 = Dependent variable
Σ𝒙 = sum of observed values in x
Σ𝒚 = sum of observed values in y
Σ𝒙𝒚 = sum of the products in 𝒙 and 𝒚
Σ𝒙2 = sum of the squares in 𝒙
(Σ𝒙)2 = square of the sum of 𝒙
𝒓 = Pearson “r”

COMPUTATION :
Let us determine the coefficient of correlation for this set of data.
The first column represents the patient number and the second and
third columns represent the weight and blood pressure of each
patient.

Patient
Number 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙2 𝒚2 𝒙𝒚
1 78 140 6084 19600 10920
2 86 160 7396 25600 13760
3 72 134 5184 17956 9648
4 82 144 6724 20736 11808
5 80 180 6400 32400 14400
6 86 176 7396 30976 15136

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7 84 174 7056 30276 14616

8 89 178 7921 31684 15842
9 68 128 4624 16384 8704
10 71 132 5041 17424 9372

n=10 Σ𝒙= Σ𝒚= Σ𝒙2=63,826 Σ𝒚2=243,036 Σ𝒙𝒚 =

796 1,546 1,242,206

4) Computed Value of r
SUBSTITUTE IN THE FORMULA;

1242060−1230616
r =
√(638260−633616)(2430360−2390116)

11444
r =
√(4644)(40244)

11444
r =
√186893136

11444
r = 13670.8844

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r = .8371

rc = .84

5) Find the critical value or the the tabular value of Pearson “r”
CRITICAL VALUES OF THE PEARSON

Level of Significance for a Directional

df = n−2 (one-tailed) test
.05 .025 .01 .005 .0005
Level of Significance for a non-directional
(two tailed) test
.10 .05 .02 .01 .001
1 .9877 .9909 .9995 .9999 1.0000
2 .9000 .9500 .9800 .9900 .9990
3 .8054 .8783 .9343 .9587 .9912
4 .7293 .8114 .8822 .9172 .9741
5 .6694 .7545 .8329 .8745 .9507

6 .6216 .7067 .7887 .8343 .9249

7 .5822 .6664 .7498 .7977 .8982
8 .5494 .6319 .7155 .7646 .8721
9 .5214 .6021 .6851 .7348 .8471
10 .4973 .5760 .6681 .7079 .8233

11 .4762 .5529 .6339 .6835 .8010

12 .4576 .5324 .6120 .6614 .7800
13 .4409 .5139 .5923 .6411 .7603
14 .4259 .4973 .5742 .6226 .7420
15 .4124 .4821 .5577 .6055 .7246

16 .4000 .4683 .5425 .5897 .7084

17 .3887 .4555 .5285 .5751 .6932
18 .3783 .4438 .5155 .5614 .6787
19 .3687 .4329 .5034 .5487 .6652
20 .3598 .4227 .4921 .5368 .6624

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6. Separate RR from AR
7. Locate rc = 0.8371 or .84

8) Since rc = 0.84 falls in the RR

DECISION : Reject Ho
9) CONCLUSION: There is significant relationship between weight and blood
pressure.

METHOD 2

1) Ho : 𝛒 = 0
H1 : 𝛒 ≠ 0
Note: Population correlation coefficient 𝛒(Rho) is used to measure
the strength of the linear relationship between two variables , X
and Y, that is independent of their respective scales of
measurement.

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2) α=.05
Two-tailed test

3) Test statistic Pearson r

and t-test to test the significance of r.
tTSR - t- test to test The Significance of “r”
n - no. of paired variables x and y
x – independent variable (weight in the above data)
y - dependent variable (blood pressure in the above data)
r - Pearson r (computed value) same formula as in Method 1
and

FORMULA for tTSR TO BE USED :

𝑛− 2
tTSR = r √
1−(𝑟)2

10− 2
= .8371 √
1−(.8371)2

8
= .8371 √
1−.70073641

8
= .8371 √
0.29926359

= .8371 √26.7322
= .8371 (5.1703)
= 4.3280

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tTSR = 4.33 This is the computed of test of significance

of r

5) Find the critical value of tTSR use student distribution table

Using this table at df = 8, non directional or two tailed test at 𝛂 = 0.05.

The critical value is 2.3060 or 2.31
6) Separate RR from AR
7) Locate computed value of tTSR = 4.33 so we chose the right side of the
RR

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0.05 0.05

Since we use the table for t test containing 1 tailed and 2 tailed test we use alpha =
0.05 in our RR.

Since tTSR = 4.33 Falls in RR

Decision : Reject Ho
Conclusion : There is significant relationship between weight
and blood pressure at 0.05 alpha.

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