SCP - SS200 PDF

ST.
JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached
DEPARTMENT
SIMPLIFIED COURSE PACK (SCP) FOR SELF-DIRECTED

LEARNING
Teaching Social Studies in Primary Grades (Philippine

History and Government
This Simplified Course Pack (SCP) is a draft version only and may not be
used, published or redistributed without the prior written consent of the
Academic Council of SJPIICD. Contents of this SCP are only intended for
the consumption of the students who are officially enrolled in the
course/subject. Revision and modification process of this SCP are
expected.
SCP-SS200 | 1
ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO

DEPARTMENT
Vision By 2023, a recognized professional institution providing

quality, economically accessible, and transformative
education grounded on the teachings of St. John Paul II.
Serve the nation by providing competent JPCean graduates

Mission through quality teaching and learning, transparent
governance, holistic student services, and meaningful
community-oriented researches, guided by the ideals of St.
John Paul II.
Respect
Hard Work
Core Values Perseverance
Self-Sacrifice
Compassion
Family Attachment
Inquisitive
Ingenious
Graduate Attributes
Innovative
Inspiring
SS200 -Teaching Social Studies in the Elementary Level
Course Code/Title
(Philippine History and Government)
This course emphasizes the contents of Philippine History
and government that are necessary in teaching elementary
education teacher students. Further, different and various
Course Description
teaching strategies, assessments methods shall be included
to prepare to become a 21st century competent and quality
elementary grades teacher.
Course Requirement Video Presentation
Time Frame 54 Hours
“Based 40” Cumulative Averaging Grading System
Grading System Periodical Grading = Attendance (5%) + Participation (10%)

+ Quiz (25%) + Exam (60%)
Final-Final Grade = Prelim Grade (30%) + Midterm Grade
(30%) + Final Grade (40%)
Contact Detail
Dean/Program Head Amie P. Matalam
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DEPARTMENT
COURSE MAP
Teaching Social Studies in Primary Grades (Philippine History and Government) - Simplified Course Pack (SCP)
SCP-Topics: Prelim Period SCP- Topics: Midterm Period SCP- Topics: Final Period
Meaning, Nature and The Philippines as a colony

Week 1 Week 13 American Occupation
Scope of History Week 7 of Spain: Politics and
Economy
Environment and Asian Japanese Occupation to

Week 2 Week 14
Heritage The Philippines as a colony Third Republic
Week 8 of Spain: Culture and
Society
Week 3 Our Filipino Ancestry Fourth Republic to Fifth
Week 15
Republic
Week 9 Resistance to Spanish Rule
Our Malayan Heritage and
Political Ideologies and
Week 4 Indian, Chinese, and Week 16
Elements of the State
Arabian Influences Filipino Nationalism and
Week 10
Katipunan
Branches of the
Week 5 The Coming of Spain Week 17 Government Branches of
Phases of Philippine the Government
Week 11
Revolution
Week 6 Preliminary Examination

Week 18 Final Examination
Week 12 Midterm Examination
Course Outcomes
 Identify the meaning, scope and nature of history
 Determine the different environment and Asian heritage
 Evaluate the primary and secondary sources such as its credibility, authenticity and validity
 Encourage students to value the significance of having a government in our country
 Provide accurate and relevant reason(s) about the change/s in the Philippine government through scrutinizing the factors and other information that affects it
 Discuss the role of every Filipino citizen in imparting and disseminating the rich history of the Philippines.
 Develop an appropriate classroom/school based activities that will help improve their critical thinking through conceptualized learning.
 Trace the origins and ways of living among Filipinos.
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DEPARTMENT
SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS
Week 1
Lesson Title Meaning, Nature and Scope of History
Learning Outcome(s) Explain the meaning, nature, and scope of history
At SJPIICD, I Matter!
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
MEANING OF HISTORY
From the Greek word “historia” or to thoroughly investigate. Meaning the
generalization of a historical claim should be grounded in the comprehensive
and all-encompassing acquisition of relevant and sound information, findings
and discovery which will help in attaining a helpful conclusion.
History, the discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting
a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and
usually presenting an explanation of their causes.
History is treated in several articles. For the principal treatment of the subject of
historiography and the scholarly research necessary for the discipline, see
historiography. Information on any specific historical topic, such as the history
of specific peoples, cultures, countries, and regions, will be found under the
relevant title. For information on the historical aspects of military affairs,
economics, law, literature, sciences, art, philosophy, religion, and other fields of
human endeavor.
NATURE OF HISTORY
History is linear – Those who hold the linear view of history think it to be a
straight line from an unknown past passing through the known present to the
unknown future. According to this view there is close continuity in history,
forward thrust in its movement, never reversing its course, and making progress
as it goes. If this were to be true, we have to accept the linear view of history that
the entire march of history is one continuous whole. All history is contemporary
history. Croce is a strong advocate of this view, whereby the past and the
present are linked in one chain of common process. The modern thinker,
R.G. Collingwood, too subscribes to this idea through his philosophy that history
is nothing but the re-enactment of past experience and that the subject matter
of history is reflective. Thucydides said that all historical facts are related to one
another in some rational and permanent manner.
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DEPARTMENT
History is cyclical –
Those who hold the
cyclical view of
history think that
history moves in a
circle. There is a
starting point, and
then the upward
movement until it
reaches the peak
then the downward
movement sets in
until it touches the
lowest point where it
disappears. The
process starts all over again, and hence the cyclical view conforms to the organic
view of birth, growth, maturity, decline, downfall and disintegration. History
repeats itself in the sense that things of the world are the same all the time, but
the ways are different every time. Although historical events do not occur in the
same order and in the same place, they have a basic unity, and conform to a
pattern which is easily discernible on closer study.
History is dialectical – History is an unending dialogue between the present
and the past. This is a view held by E.H. Carr. According to him history without
a problem to solve or a fresh idea to display is a bare chronicle, a sort of catalogue
of events lacking in soul and spirit. What gives history real life is the mental
activity of the historian who poses a series of questions and gets and answer.
Since the past is an unexplored region waiting to be discovered, the only tool
with which a historian can reconstruct the past is his reflective ability which
forms an image of his mind through close discussion or dialogue with the
subject.
SCOPE OF HISTORY
History is no longer a branch of literature or politics or philosophy or any
other discipline. It has an independent status and its own whose main function
is now to study society in its aspects of promoting a culture, which constitutes
knowledge, faith, belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabilities or habits
acquired by man as a member of society.
The scope of history includes both human and nature. Though history
excludes from its scope the study of nature and confines its attention to the story
of man’s evolution from humble beginnings to complex achievements, nature
also comes within the scope of history, if it has anything to do with man. For,
the rivers, hills, lakes, mountains, and seas figure greatly in history in the
context of their shaping man’s destiny.
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DEPARTMENT
The scope of history includes all activities of human. The historian must look
beyond government to people, beyond laws to legends, beyond religion to folklore
and the arts, and he must study every phenomenon, whether intellectual,
political, social, philosophical, material, moral or emotional relation to man
in society. History has to consider all human achievements in all their aspects
such as science, technology, discoveries, inventions and adventures. But
primarily the social life of man, his political achievements, his cultural
attainments, his constitutional management, and his economic endeavors
form the main scope of history, as it is through the medium of state and society
that man finds his identity. Further, it was always the great man who had
become the center of attraction even though the common men were the one who
played the vital role in assisting the great man to achieve fame. Now, the common
man and his life is attracting the attention of the historian, who had so long
neglected the study of this essential element.
The scope of history includes the study of economic and social change. In
communist countries the entire orientation is on Marxist-dialecticism. The labor
movement, the class struggle, inland and international trade, arts, crafts,
industry, business, commerce, agriculture, peasant movement and so on are
receiving increasing attention. Likewise social reforms, caste and class
distinctions, family life, position of women, customs, manners, and way of life
are exciting the interest of historians.
The scope of history includes Anthropology. It has also excited the interest
of the historians and much useful work has been done in this field by scholars
who have traced historically the customs and manners of the aborigines; social
stratification of small communities who are a little higher up than the aborigines
have been greatly facilitated by the availability of modern sophisticated
techniques.
The scope of history has been enlarged from objective empiricism to
historicism. Objective empiricism means the establishment of facts as they
really were. It is sometime like presenting a photographic copy of how things
really existed in the past. Historicism means tracing the growth and development
of an event from its early stages. It is like a genetic process which considers
evolutionary trends and how progress has been made from age to age.
Finally, the scope of history was further widened when attempts were made to
develop a new concept called ‘historical relativism’. This concept was the by-
product of the closer study of Freud and Einstein whose principals were applied
to historical growth and development
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DEPARTMENT
SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons.
Search Indicator
Historiography, Definitions, Nature and Scope of History
https://www.academia.edu/31041228/Historiography_Definitions_Nature_and_Scope
_of_History
Scope and the Value of History | Study of History
https://www.historydiscussion.net/history/scope-and-the-value-of-history-study-of-
history/634
I
LET’S NITIATE!
Activity 1. Let’s us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your answer to
the space provided below every after the questions.
1. What are the meanings of history?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the breadth and scope of history?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Differentiate the main concepts of the nature of history.

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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DEPARTMENT
I
LET’S NQUIRE!
Activity 1. Let’s us try to check your understanding of the topics. In this activity, you
are required to expound your answer to each of the questions below.
1. What are examples in our history that you think have already been in cycle for many
years?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does history transcends from a mere part of literature and philosophy to become
an independent body of knowledge?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
I
LET’S NFER!
Activity 1. Answer the question given below.
1. If you could turn or tweak a little about the history of our nation, what would
it be?
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DEPARTMENT

Week 2
Lesson Title Environment and Asian Heritage
Learning Outcome(s) Explain the physical and historical features of the Philippines
such as its geographical location, topography, climates, and
natural resources.
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
LAND
The Philippine archipelago is bounded by the Philippine Sea to the east, the
Celebes Sea to the south, the Sulu Sea to the southwest, and the South China Sea
(WEST PHILIPPINES SEA) to the west and north. The islands spread out in the shape
of a triangle, with those south of Palawan, the Sulu Archipelago, and the island of
Mindanao outlining (from west to east, respectively) its southern base and the
Batanes Islands to the north of Luzon forming its apex. The archipelago stretches
about 1,150 miles (1,850 km) from north to south, and its widest east-west extent,
at its southern base, is some 700 miles (1,130 km). The island of Taiwan lies north
of the Batanes group, the Malaysian portion of the island of Borneo is to the south of
Palawan, and the eastern islands of Indonesia lie to the south and southeast of
Mindanao. Only about two-fifths of the islands and islets have names, and only some
350 have areas of 1 square mile (2.6 square km) or more. The large islands fall into
three groups: (1) the Luzon group in the north and west, consisting of Luzon,
Mindoro, and Palawan, (2) the Visayas group in the center, consisting of Bohol, Cebu,
Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar, and (3) Mindanao in the south.
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Outstanding physical features of the Philippines

include the irregular configuration of the archipelago, the coastline of some 22,550
miles (36,290 km), the great extent of mountainous country, the narrow and
interrupted coastal plains, the generally northward trend of the river systems, and
the spectacular lakes. The islands are composed primarily of volcanic rock and
coral, but all principal rock formations are present. The mountain ranges
(UNBROKEN SERIES OF MOUNTAINS IN HUNDREDS OF KILOMETERS) for the
most part run in the same general direction as the islands themselves, approximately
north to south.
The Cordillera Central, the central mountain chain of Luzon, running
north to the Luzon Strait from the northern boundary of the central plain, is the most
prominent range. It consists of two and in places three parallel ranges, each with an
average elevation of about 5,900 feet (1,800 meters). The Sierra Madre, extending
along the Pacific coast from northern to central Luzon, is the longest mountain range
in the country. That range and the Cordillera Central merge in north-central Luzon
to form the Caraballo Mountains. To the north of the latter, and between the two
ranges, is the fertile Cagayan Valley. The narrow Ilocos, or Malayan, range, lying close
along the west coast of northern Luzon, rises in places to elevations above 5,000 feet
(1,500 meters) and is seldom below 3,500 feet (1,000 meters); it is largely volcanic. In
the southwestern part of northern Luzon are the rugged Zambales Mountains (MT.
PINATUBO), consisting of more or less isolated old volcanic stocks (rock formed
under great heat and pressure deep beneath the Earth’s surface).
Most of the central plain of Luzon, about 150 by 50 miles (240 by 80 km), is
only about 100 feet (30 meters) above sea level. The greater part of southern Luzon
is occupied by isolated volcanoes (9 VOLCANOES) and irregular masses of hills and
mountains. The highest peak is Mayon Volcano (8,077 feet [2,462 meters]), near the
city of Legaspi (Legazpi) in Albay province on the island’s Bicol Peninsula in the
southeast.
The island of Palawan is about 25 miles (40 km) wide and more than 250 miles
(400 km) long; through it extends a range with an average elevation of 4,000 to 5,000
feet (1,200 to 1,500 meters). Each of the Visayan Islands except Samar and Bohol is
traversed longitudinally by a single range with occasional spurs. Several peaks on
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Panay and Negros reach a height of 6,000 feet (1,800 meters) or more. Mount
Canlaon (Canlaon Volcano), on Negros, rises to 8,086 feet (2,465 meters).
There are several important ranges on Mindanao; the Diuata (Diwata)
Mountains along the eastern coast are the most prominent. To the west lies another
range that stretches from the center of the island southward. Farther west the Butig
Mountains trend northwestward from the northeastern edge of the Moro Gulf. A range
also runs northwest southeast along the southwestern coast. Near Mindanao’s south-
central coast is Mount Apo, which at 9,692 feet (2,954 meters) is the highest peak in
the Philippines. Several volcanic peaks surround Lake Sultan Alonto (Lake Lanao),
and a low cordillera extends through the Zamboanga Peninsula in the far west.
Although volcanoes are a conspicuous feature of the landscape, there is relatively
little volcanic activity. There are altogether about 50 volcanoes, of which more than
10 are known to be active. Mount Pinatubo on Luzon, once regarded as extinct, was
in 1991 the site of one of the world’s largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century.
All gradations of volcanoes can be seen, from the almost perfect cone of Mayon, which
has been compared to Mount Fuji in Japan, to old, worn-down volcanic stocks, the
present forms of which give little indication of their origin. The several distinct
volcanic areas are in south-central and southern Luzon and on the islands of Negros,
Mindanao, Jolo, and elsewhere. Tremors and earthquakes are common.
BODIES OF WATER
The most important rivers of the Philippines are the Cagayan (Rio Grande), Agno,
Pampanga, Pasig, and Bicol in Luzon and the Mindanao (Río Grande de Mindanao -
Agusan) and Agusan in Mindanao. The northern plain between the Sierra Madre and
the Cordillera Central is drained by the Cagayan, while the central plain is drained
in the north by the Agno (central Luzon) and in the south by the Pampanga. The
Pasig (exits in Laguna de Bay), which flows through the city of Manila, was once
commercially important as a nexus for interisland trade but is no longer navigable
except by small craft; heavy pollution has required significant cleanup efforts. Most
of the Bicol Peninsula lies in the Bicol basin. In Mindanao the Agusan drains the
fertile lands of the island’s northeastern quadrant, while the Mindanao River drains
the Cotabato Valley in the southwest. One of the Philippines’ most unique waterways
lies underground, emerging directly into the ocean at Puerto Princesa Subterranean
River National Park on the island of Palawan; the park was designated a UNESCO
World Heritage site in 1999.
The largest lake in the archipelago, with an area of 356 square miles (922 square
km), is Laguna de Bay,(CaLaBARZON) in the island of Luzon. In Luzon and just to
the southwest of Laguna de Bay is Taal Lake, which occupies 94 square miles (244
square km) inside a volcanic crater; a volcanic cone emerges from the lake’s center.
Lake Sultan Alonto (Lanao Lake) in Mindanao is the country’s second largest lake,
covering an area of 131 square miles (340 square km).
The climate of the Philippines is tropical and strongly monsoonal (i.e., wet-
dry). In general, rain-bearing winds blow from the southwest from approximately
May to October, and drier winds come from the northeast from November to February.
Thus, temperatures remain relatively constant from north to south during the
year, and seasons consist of periods of wet and dry. Throughout the country,
however, there are considerable variations in the frequency and amount of
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precipitation. The western shores facing the South China Sea have the most marked
dry and wet seasons. The dry season generally begins in December and ends in May,
the first three months being cool and the second three hot; the rest of the year
constitutes the wet season. The dry season shortens progressively to the east until it
ceases to occur. During the wet season, rainfall is heavy in all parts of the archipelago
except for an area extending southward through the center of the Visayan group to
central Mindanao and then southwestward through the Sulu Archipelago; rain is
heaviest along the eastern shores facing the Pacific Ocean.
From June to December tropical cyclones (typhoons) often strike the
Philippines. Most of these storms come from the southeast, their frequency generally
increasing from south to north; in some years the number of cyclones reaches 25 or
more. Typhoons are heaviest in Samar, Leyte, south-central Luzon, and the Bataan
Islands, and, when accompanied by floods or high winds, they may cause great loss
of life and property. Mindanao is generally free from such storms.
November through February constitutes the most agreeable season; the air is
cool and invigorating at night, and the days are pleasant and sunny. During the hot
part of the dry season in most places—especially in the cities of Cebu, Davao, and
Manila—the temperature sometimes rises as high as 100 °F (38 °C). Overall
temperatures decline with elevation, however, and cities and towns located at higher
elevations—such as Baguio in northern Luzon, Majayjay and Lucban south of Manila,
and Malaybalay in central Mindanao—experience a pleasant climate throughout the
year; at times the temperature in those places dips close to 40 °F (4 °C).
PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE (FLORA AND FAUNA)

Although many of the mountain regions and some of the lowlands remain heavily
forested, the country’s forests have been shrinking rapidly for decades. Between the
mid-20th century and the early 21st century, the country’s forestland was reduced
by more than half—largely a result of logging, mining, and farming activities—and
now accounts for less than one-fourth of the country’s total land area. Where forests
remain in northern Luzon, the principal mountain tree is pine. In other areas, lauan
(Philippine mahogany) often predominates.
Most of the Philippines’ vegetation is indigenous and largely resembles that of
Malaysia; the plants and trees of the coastal areas, including the mangrove swamps,
are practically identical with those of similar regions throughout the Malay
Archipelago. Himalayan elements occur in the mountains of northern Luzon, while a
few Australian types are found at various altitudes. The islands are home to
thousands of species of flowering plants and ferns, including hundreds of species
of orchids, some of which are extremely rare. Tall, coarse grasses such as cogon
(genus Imperata) have arisen in many places where the forests have been burned
away.
The Philippines is inhabited by more than 200 species of mammals, including
water buffalo (carabao), goats, horses, hogs, cats, dogs, monkeys, squirrels, lemurs,
mice, pangolins (scaly anteaters), chevrotains (mouse deer), mongooses, civet cats,
and red and brown deer, among others. The tamarau (Anoa mindorensis), a species
of small water buffalo, is found only in Mindoro. Of more than 50 species of bats,
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many are peculiar to the Philippines. Fossil remains show that elephants once lived
in the islands.
Hundreds of species of birds live in the Philippines, either for all or part of the
year. Prominent birdlife includes jungle fowl, pigeons, peacocks, pheasants, doves,
parrots, hornbills, kingfishers, sunbirds, tailorbirds, weaverbirds, herons, and quails.
Many species are endemic to the island of Palawan. The endangered Philippine eagle
(Pithecophaga jefferyi) is limited mainly to isolated areas in Mindanao and in the
Sierra Madre on Luzon.
The seas surrounding the islands and the inland lakes, rivers, estuaries, and
ponds are inhabited by no fewer than 2,000 varieties of fish. The Tubbataha Reefs
in the Sulu Sea were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993 in recognition
of their abundance and diversity of marine life; in 2009 the boundaries of the World
Heritage site were extended to triple its original size. The milkfish, a popular food
fish and the national fish of the Philippines, is plentiful in brackish and marine
waters. Sea horses are common in the reefs of the Visayan Islands.
Several species of marine turtles, including the leatherback turtle, are
protected, and the Philippine crocodile and saltwater crocodile. The islands are home
to a diverse array of reptiles and amphibians. Water monitor lizards (Varanus
salvator) of various sorts have been prized for their skins. Skinks, geckos, and snakes
are abundant, and more than 100 species are endemic to the Philippines. The country
is also host to many types of frogs, including several flying varieties; most are endemic
to the islands.
PEOPLE ETHNIC GROUPS

The ethnically diverse people of the
Philippines collectively are called Filipinos. The
ancestors of the vast majority of the population
were of Malay descent and came from the
Southeast Asian mainland as well as from what
is now Indonesia. Contemporary Filipino society
consists of nearly 100 culturally and
linguistically distinct ethnic groups. Of these, the
largest are the Tagalog of Luzon and the Cebuano
of the Visayan Islands, each of which constitutes
about one-fifth of the country’s total population. Other prominent groups include the
Ilocano of northern Luzon and the Hiligaynon (Ilongo) of the Visayan islands of Panay
and Negros, comprising roughly one-tenth of the population each. The Waray-Waray
of the islands of Samar and Leyte in the Visayas and the Bicol (Bikol) of the Bicol
Peninsula together account for another one-tenth. Filipino mestizos and the
Kapampangans (Pampango) of south-central Luzon each make up small proportions
of the population.
Many smaller groups of indigenous and immigrant peoples account for the
remainder of the Philippines’ population. The aboriginal inhabitants of the islands
were the Negritos, a term referring collectively to numerous peoples of dark skin and
small stature, including the Aeta, Ita, Agta, and others. Those communities now
constitute only a tiny percentage of the total population. From the 10th century,
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contacts with China resulted in a group of mixed Filipino-Chinese descent, who also
account for a minority of the population. Small numbers of resident Chinese
nationals, emigrants from the Indian subcontinent, U.S. nationals, and Spanish add
to the population’s ethnic and cultural diversity.
LANGUAGES
Estimates of the total number of native languages and dialects spoken in the
Philippines differ, but scholarly studies suggest that there are some 150. Most of the
country’s languages are closely related, belonging to one of several subfamilies of
Austronesian—more specifically, Western Malayo-Polynesian—languages. The major
languages of the country generally correspond to the largest ethnic groups. Tagalog
is the most widespread language of the Central Philippine subfamily, with the bulk
of its native speakers concentrated in Manila, central and south-central Luzon, and
the islands of Mindoro and Marinduque. The national language of the Philippines,
Pilipino (also called Filipino), is based in Tagalog and shares a place with English (the
lingua franca) as an official language and medium of instruction. Tagalog (including
Pilipino) has the most extensive written literature of all Philippine languages.
Cebuano, also a Central Philippine language, is used widely in Cebu, Bohol, eastern
Negros, western Leyte, and parts of Mindanao. Ilocano is the most spoken language
of the Northern Luzon subfamily, and its speakers constitute the third largest
language community of the Philippines.
Other prominent languages of the Central Philippine group include Hiligaynon
and Waray-Waray, both spoken in the Visayas, as well as several varieties of Bicol,
spoken in southern Luzon. The language of the Tausug is widespread in both Palawan
and the Sulu Archipelago, where it is used in Tausug as well as many non-Tausug
communities. Similarly, the languages of the Kapampangans and Pangasinan, both
of the Northern Philippine subfamily, have many speakers in central Luzon. Notable
languages of the Southern Philippine subfamily are those spoken by the
Maguindanao and Maranao of western Mindanao.
RELIGION
Some four-fifths of Filipinos profess Roman Catholicism. During the 20th
century the religion gained strength through growth in the number of Filipinos in the
church hierarchy, construction of seminaries, and, especially after 1970, increased
involvement of the church in the political and social life of the country. Jaime
Cardinal Sin, archbishop of Manila, was one of the country’s most politically
outspoken spiritual leaders of the late 20th century.
Adherents of other denominations of Christianity constitute roughly one-tenth
of the population. The Philippine Independent Church (the Aglipayans), established
in 1902 in protest against Spanish control of the Roman Catholic Church, has several
million members. The indigenous church called Iglesia ni Cristo, also founded in the
early 20th century, has a smaller but nonetheless significant following.
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Islam was brought to the southern Philippines in the 15th century from Brunei
(on Borneo), to the west. The religion was already well established in the Sulu
Archipelago and Mindanao by the time of European contact, and it had a growing
following around Manila. Contemporary Muslim Filipino communities, collectively
known as Moros, are largely limited to the southern islands and account for about 5
percent of the population.
Small numbers of Filipinos practice Buddhism or local religions. Buddhism is
associated primarily with communities of Chinese descent. Local religions are
maintained by some of the rural indigenous peoples.
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
The plains lying amid the mountains—for
example, the central plain of Luzon and the
central plain of Panay—have long had the
greatest density of population in the islands,
except Cebu, where the people have lived
mostly on the coastal plain because of the
island’s high and rugged interior. In the non-
industrialized areas of these regions, the
cultivation of rice or corn (maize) and fishing
provide basic subsistence.
In the rural areas, houses are often
small, consisting of just one or two rooms, and are elevated on piles. The open spaces
below the structures are used to store tools and other household belongings, as well
as live chickens and other smaller farm animals. Especially in the fishing
communities of coastal regions, houses are typically raised above the ocean, river, or
floodplain to accommodate boat traffic and flow of the tides. There are often elevated
networks of walkways that connect the houses within the community.
In addition to many smaller settlement units, there are a number of major cities.
Some of these, including Manila, Cebu, Jaro, Vigan, and Naga (formerly Nueva
Caceras), were granted charters by the Spanish colonial government. More chartered
cities were founded under U.S. administration and since independence in 1946.
Metropolitan (Metro) Manila—an agglomeration consisting of Quezon City, Manila,
Pasay, Caloocan, and several other cities and municipalities in southern Luzon—is
by far the largest urban area in the country. Other principal cities include Davao in
Mindanao and Cebu in the Visayas.
In the urban areas, the wealthier residents typically live in two- or three-story
single-family homes. However, a significant proportion of city dwellers live in poverty,
often occupying any vacant piece of land and building their homes from bamboo,
wood, sheet metal, and other scavenged items. The people in such communities
usually do not have regular access to running water and electricity or to sanitary
services.
SCP-SS200 | 15

DEPARTMENT
Search Indicator
Philippines - https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines
The Philippine Territorial Boundaries
https://www.s1expeditions.com/2015/08/199-philippine-territorial-bounds.html?m=1
LET’S INITIATE!
1. What are the boundaries of the Philippines?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Examine the topographical feature of the Philippines, ( Luzon Visayas, Mibdanao)

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the major groups of people in the Philippines?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
SCP-SS200 | 16

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. If we based on our natural resources, people, and culture, do you think that the
Philippines is a rich nation?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do you assess the profile of the Philippines? What can you say about its
topography, climate, plant and animal life, and the people that resides in it?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1.
1. Based on the profile of the Philippines what do you think would be the future of the
nation in the near future and on the 22nd century?
SCP-SS200 | 17

DEPARTMENT

Week 3
Lesson Title Our Filipino Ancestry
Learning Outcome(s) Trace the ancestry of the Filipino People
I
LEARNING NTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Ancient History - Belonging to times long past especially of the historical period
before the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Ancient history refers to the time
period in which scientists have found the earliest remains of human activity,
approximately 60,000 BC. It ends with the fall of several significant empires,
such as the Western Roman Empire in the Mediterranean, the Han Dynasty in
China, and the Gupta Empire in India.
Theory - A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world;
an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of
circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena
Migration - The periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes)
from one region to another for feeding or breeding. A group of people migrating
together (especially in some given time period)
Essential Content
PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES.

Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains
in Rizal, Kalinga has pushed back evidence of early hominins in the country to
as early as 709,000 years. Some archeological evidence suggested humans lived
in the archipelago 67,000 years ago, with the "Callao Man" of Cagayan and the
Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal suggesting the presence of human settlement
before the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people. Continued
excavations in Callao Cave however led to 12 bones from three hominin
individuals being identified as a new species named Homo luzonensis. For
modern humans, the Tabon remains are the oldest known at about 47,000 years.
Land Bridge Theory - Up to the early 1970s, it had been assumed that the
Philippines was part of mainland China. It was theorized that during the
Pleistocene or Ice Age, the waters surrounding what is now the Philippines fell
about 156 feet below the present levels. As a result, a vast area of land was
exposed and become sort of land bridges to the mainland of Asia.
SCP-SS200 | 18

DEPARTMENT
Beyer's Theory of Waves of Migration – The first, and most widely known
theory of the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines posits that the ancestors of
the Filipinos came to the islands first via land bridges which would occur during
times when the sea level was low, and then later in seagoing vessels such as the
balangay. Thus, he differentiated these ancestors as arriving in different "waves
of migration", as follows:
 "Dawn Man", a type similar to Java man, Peking Man, and other Asian
Homo erectus of 250,000 years ago.
 The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos, who arrived between 25,000
and 30,000 years ago.
 The seafaring tool-using "Indonesian" group who arrived about 5,000 to

6,000 years ago and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by
sea.
 The seafaring "Malays" who brought the Iron Age culture and were the
real colonizers and dominant cultural group in the pre-Hispanic
Philippines.
Earth’s Crust Movement – According to Dr. Fritjof Voss, the Philippines was
never a part of the mainland of Asia but that it rose from the bottom of the sea
and “continues to rise as the thin Pacific crust move below it.” As proof, Dr. Voss
points to the fact that when scientific studies were done in 1964-1967 on the
thickness of the earth’s crust, it was found out that the 35-kilometer-thick crust
underneath China does not extend to the Philippines. The Philippines lies along
the great earth faults extending to deep undersea trenches and so through
violent earthquakes, what is now Philippines rose to the surface of the sea.
Bellwood's Austronesian Diffusion theory (Austronesian Model) – This model
suggests that between 4500 BC and 4000 BC, developments in agricultural
technology in the Yunnan Plateau in China created pressures which drove
certain peoples to migrate to Taiwan. These people either already had or began
to develop a unique language of their own, now referred to as Proto-
Austronesian.
By around 3000 BC, these groups started differentiating into three or four
distinct subcultures, and by 2500 to 1500 BC, one of these groups began
migrating southwards towards the Philippines and Indonesia, reaching as far as
Borneo and the Moluccas by 1500 BC, forming new cultural groupings and
developing unique languages.
By 1500 BC, some of these groups started migrating west, reaching as far as
Madagascar around the 1st millennium. Others migrated east, settling as far as
Easter Island by the mid-13th century, giving the Austronesian language group
the distinction of being one of the most widely distributed language groups in
the world at that time, in terms of the geographical span of the homelands of its
languages. According to this theory, the peoples of the Philippines are the
descendants of those cultures who remained in the Philippine islands when
others moved first southwards, then eastward and westward.
SCP-SS200 | 19

DEPARTMENT
Jocano's local origins theory (Core Population) – Present day Filipinos are
products of the long process of evolution and movement of people. He also adds
that this is also true of Indonesians and Malaysians, with none among the three
peoples being the dominant carrier of culture. In fact, he suggests that the
ancient humans who populated Southeast Asia cannot be categorized under any
of these three groups. He thus further suggests that it is not correct to consider
Filipino culture as being Malayan in orientation.
ANCIENT PEOPLE GROUPS

Stone-Age (c.50,000 - c.500 BC) - The first evidence of the systematic use of
Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is estimated to have dated back to
about 50,000 BC, and this phase in the development of proto-Philippine societies
is considered to end with the rise of metal tools in about 500 BC, although stone
tools continued to be used past that date. Filipino Anthropologist F. Landa
Jocano refers to the earliest noticeable stage in the development of proto-
Philippine societiesas the Formative Phase. He also identified stone tool and
ceramics making as the two core industries that defined the economic activity of
the time, and which shaped the means by which early Filipinos adapted to their
environment during this period.
Tabon Man (c. 24000 or 22,000 BC) – The earliest human remains known in
the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone of three
individuals, discovered on May 28, 1962, by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American
anthropologist of the National Museum. These fragments are collectively called
"Tabon Man" after the place where they were found on the west coast of Palawan.
Tabon Cave appears to be a kind of Stone Age factory, with both finished stone
flake tools and waste core flakes having been found at four separate levels in the
main chamber. Charcoal left from three assemblages of cooking fires there has
been Carbon-14 dated to roughly 7,000, 20,000, and 22,000 BCE. (In Mindanao,
the existence and importance of these prehistoric tools was noted by famed José
Rizal himself, because of his acquaintance with Spanish and German scientific
archaeologists in the 1880s, while in Europe.)
SCP-SS200 | 20

DEPARTMENT
The Negritos - were early settlers, but their appearance in the Philippines has
not been reliably dated. They were followed by speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian
languages, a branch of the Austronesian language family. The first
Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes
Islands and northern Luzon. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the
rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, as well as voyaging
further east to reach the Northern Mariana Islands by around 1500 BC. They
assimilated earlier Australo-Melanesian groups (the Negritos) that arrived during
the Paleolithic, resulting in the modern Filipino ethnic groups that all display
various ratios of genetic admixture between Austronesian and Negrito groups.
Before the expansion out of Taiwan, archaeological, linguistic, and genetic
evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures
such as the Hemudu, its successor the Liangzhu and Dapenkeng in Neolithic
China.
Malay People - It is believed that around 3000 B.C. Malay people—or people
that evolved into the Malay tribes that dominate Malaysia, Indonesia and the
Philippines—arrived in the Philippines. About 2300 years ago Malay people from
the Asian mainland or Indonesia arrived in the Philippines and brought a more
advanced culture; iron melting and production of iron tools, pottery techniques
and the system of sawah's (rice fields). Additional migrations took place over the
next millennia.
By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into
four distinct kinds of peoples: tribal groups, such as the Aetas, Hanunoo,
Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended on hunter-gathering and were
concentrated in forests; warrior societies, such as the Isneg and Kalinga who
practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains; the petty
plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the mountain
ranges of Luzon; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that
grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans-island maritime
trade. It was also during the first millennium BC that early metallurgy was said
to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast
Asia Via Trade With India.
Around 300–700 AD, the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays
began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the
nearby East Asian principalities, adopting influences from both Buddhism and
Hinduism.
SCP-SS200 | 21

DEPARTMENT
Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several
communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine
kingdoms. South Asian and East Asian people together with the people of the
Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and
introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most
of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into
local societies.
Many of the barangay (tribal municipalities) were, to a varying extent,
under the de jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among
them the Malay Srivijaya, Javanese Majapahit, Brunei, Malacca, Indian Chola,
Champa and Khmer empires, although de facto had established their own
independent system of rule. Trading links with Sumatra, Borneo, Java,
Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Indochina, China, Japan, India and Arabia. A
thalassocracy had thus emerged based on international trade. Even scattered
barangays, through the development of inter-island and international trade,
became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. Hindu-Buddhist
culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era.
In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries,
numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of
Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay, Cebu, Iloilo, Butuan, the
Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdom of Luzon now known
as Pampanga which specialized in trade with most of what is now known as
Southeast Asia, and with China, Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa.
From the 9th century onwards, a large number of Arab traders from the
Middle East settled in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local
Malay, Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian, and Luzon and Visayas indigenous
populations.
In the years leading up to 1000 AD, there were already several maritime societies
existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing
the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous
SCP-SS200 | 22

DEPARTMENT
semi-autonomous barangays (settlements ranging in size from villages to city-

states) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus, rajahs
or sultans or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". States
such as the Wangdoms of Ma-i and Pangasinan, Kingdom of Maynila, Namayan,
the Kingdom of Tondo, the Kedatuans of Madja-as, and Dapitan, the Rajahnates
of Butuan and Cebu and the sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu existed
alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan. Some of these
regions were part of the Malayan empires of Srivijaya, Majapahit and Brunei.
Search Indicator
PHILIPPINES BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANISH
http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6a/entry-
3833.html
Models of migration to the Philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines
Prehistory of the Philippines

https://www.coursehero.com/file/78368894/Prehistory-of-the-
Philippinesdocx/
LET’S INITIATE!
1. What theory do you believe to be the probable explanation regarding the geological
formation of the Philippine Islands?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which theory pertains to the peopling of the islands?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Compare and contrast the works of Landa Jocano’s Core Population Theory and
Otley Beyer’s Waves of Migration Theory.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
SCP-SS200 | 23

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. If we say that there are people in the islands of Philippines long before our
conquistadores came, what could be its importance?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Assuming that the Migration Theory in the Philippines is true, does it explain why
some Filipinos have light, brown, and dark complexion?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1.
1. What is the significance of our early Filipino ancestors in the present? Are they even
important now? Explain your answers.
SCP-SS200 | 24

DEPARTMENT

Week 4
Lesson Title Our Malayan Heritage and Indian, Chinese, and Arabian Influences
To determine the early relationships of the Philippines to its

Learning Outcome(s)
neighboring countries.
LEARNING NTENT! I
Terms to Ponder
Ancient History - Belonging to times long past especially of the historical period
before the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Ancient history refers to the period
in which scientists have found the earliest remains of human activity,
approximately 60,000 BC. It ends with the fall of several significant empires,
such as the Western Roman Empire in the Mediterranean, the Han Dynasty in
China, and the Gupta Empire in India.
Heritage – Practices that are handed down from the past by tradition. Any
attribute or immaterial possession that is inherited from ancestors
Essential Content
OUR MALAYAN HERITAGE
FOOD and DRINKS

 Staple food of the early Filipinos was rice. Aside from rice, their food
consisted of carabao meat, pork, chickens, sea turtles, fish, bananas and
other fruits and vegetables.
 They cooked their food in earthen pots or in bamboo tubes.
 They eat with their fingers, using banana plants as plates and coconut
shells as drinking cups.
 Made fire to cook their food by rubbing two pieces of dry wood which when
heated, produced a tiny flame.
 They stored their drinking water in big earthen jars or in huge clean
bamboo tubes.
 Tuba - popular wine which was made from coconut. Other wines being
manufactured was basi (an Ilocano wine made from sugarcane); pangasi
(Bisayan wine made from fermented rice); lambanog (tagalog wine taken
from the coconut palm); and the tapuy (an Igorot wine distilled from rice).
SCP-SS200 | 25

DEPARTMENT
MODE OF DRESSING
Men
 Wore a collarless, Short-sleeve jacket called kangan and strip cloth, called
bahag wrapped around the waist and in between legs.
 Kangan – reached slightly below the waist. It was dyed (tining) either in
blue or black, except that of the chief which was red.
 Men use the putong, a piece of cloth wound around the head.
 They had jewels, (gold necklaces, gold armlets called kalombigas and the
anklets filled with agates, carnelians, and other colored glass).
Women
 Wore a wide-sleeved jacket called Baro.
 Their skirt was called Patadyong. It was a piece of cotton cloth which they
wrapped about their waists and let fall to their feet.
 Jewels consisted of gold necklaces, gold bracelets, large gold earrings, and
gold rings.
 Men and women went barefoot and inserted gold between their teeth as an
ornament.
TATTOOS
 Tattoos served 2 purposes:
1. to enhance their bodily beauty
2. to show their war record.
 The more a men warrior had killed in a battle, the more tattooed he had.
 Women have less tattooed than men.
HOUSE
 Houses were made of wood, bamboo, and palm leaves.
 Each house had a bamboo ladder that could be drawn up at night or when
the family was out.
 Batalan - this is where jars of water were kept for household purposes.
 some of them lived in treehouses (house built on the top of trees) for better
protection from enemies
 Badjaos - (sea-gypsies) of the Sulu Sea still live in boathouses, as their
forefathers did.
NATURAL COURTESY and POLITENESS

 Early Filipinos were courteous and polite.
 When two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their
Putong (turban) as a sign of courtesy.
 When a person addressed his superior, he took off his Putong, put it over
his left shoulder like a towel, and bowed low.
 He addressed his superior with the word 'po', which is equivalent to 'sir'.
 He spoke in polite language.
 When walking, women walk ahead, and the men followed behind.
SCP-SS200 | 26

DEPARTMENT
CLEANLINESS and NEATNESS

 Filipinos were clean and neat in their personal habits. They bathed daily.
 They washed their hair regularly with Gugo and water. They anointed it
with coconut oil and other lotions.
 They washed their mouth and cleaned their teeth. They chewed buyo
which made their teeth colored but strong.
 They kept their homes clean.
 Father Francisco Collin said, "they keep a vessel full of water at the door
of every home, and every person, whether belonging to the house or not,
upon entering, takes water from the vessel and washes his feet, especially
during the rainy season."
AMUSEMENTS
 They held banquets to celebrate a good harvest, a wedding, a religious
sacrifice, and a victory in a war.
 These banquets were celebrated with much eating, drinking, singing, and
dancing.
 Other forms of amusements are games as carabao races, wrestling,
fencing, boat races, and stone-throwing contests.
MUSIC
They had various musical instruments and numerous dances and songs for
different occasions. Among their musical instruments were :
 Kudyapi - Tagalog Guitar
 Kalaleng - Tinggian Nose-Flute
 Kulintang - Moro Xylophone
 Tultogan - Bisayan Bamboo Drum
 Silbay - Ilocano Reed Flute
 Surcan - Subanum Cymbal
Folk Dances of The Early Filipinos Were Charming.
 Kumintang - Tagalog Love Dance

 Mahinhin - Tagalog Courtship Dance
 Dandansoy - Bisayan Tuba Dance
 Paujalay - Moro Wedding Dance
 Tadok - Tinggian Love Dance
 Their Songs Expressed All Aspects of Life - Love, War, Labor, Religion, And
Death
 Tagumpay - Tagalog Song of Victory
 Dallu - Negrito Religious Song
 Ayog-Ku - Igorot Serenade Song
 Bactal - Tagbanua Death Song
 Dallot - Ilocano Ballad Song
 Kuilay-Kuilay - Tingian Wine Song
 Tudob - Agusan Harvest Song
SCP-SS200 | 27

DEPARTMENT
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
 It is customary for them to marry within their rank. However, there was
no strict prohibition against intermarriages between the nobility and the
commoner and between the rich and the poor.
Before marriage:
 The groom gave a dowry (bigay-kaya) to the family of the bride. It consisted
of gold, land, slaves, or anything else of value.
 The groom had to work in the house of the girl for a certain period of time.
They already practiced divorce. The grounds for divorce were:

 Adultery on the part of the wife
 Desertion on the part of the husband
 Loss of affection
 Cruelty
 Insanity
 Childlessness
THE WEDDING CEREMONY

On the day of the wedding:
 Wedding ceremony would take place at the groom's house.
 The friends of the groom went to bride's house to bring her to the home of
the groom.
 The priestess joined the hands of the couple over a bowl of uncooked rice
and pronounced them man and wife.
GOVERNMENT
 Barangay - a Hispanized form of the Malayan word balangay, which means
"sailboat".
 They applied the name barangay to their settlement in honor of the
sailboat that brought them to Philippine shores.
 Each barangay is consisted of about 100 families.
 Ruler of barangay was called Datu.
 He was also known a hari or raja.
 In time of peace, he was the chief executive, legislator, and judge.
 In war, he was the commander of the barangay warriors.
 He usually obtained his position by inheritance.
 His son will inherit the datuship, if the datu dies.
 If the datu died childless, the barangay chose a man to be the datu on the
basis of his wisdom, physical strength, or wealth.
SCP-SS200 | 28

DEPARTMENT
LAWS
ORAL laws:
 Customs (ugali) of the race which were handed down orally from
generation to generation.
 Lubluban - a woman, legendry lawgiver.
 The great granddaughter of the first man and woman of the world
Written laws:
 Were promulgated by the Datus with the help of the elders and were put
into writing.
 Written laws were announced to the people by a barangay crier known as
Umalahokan.
 These laws were put on the barks of trees, wood, leaves or cloth.
 Code of Kalantiaw - a well-known code of laws supposedly given by Datu
Kalantiaw of Aklan in 1433 is a clever hoax. The hoax was done by Jose
E. Marco, an antique collector from negros occidental who gave the
document to James E. Robertson of the national library in 1914. It could
not be authenticated because of its suspicious origin, the strange writing
and modern words in the text, and the un-Filipino harshness of its laws
(e.g. Flogging, exposure to ants, swimming for hours).
RELIGION
 Ancient Filipinos were pagans. Their supreme God was Bathala, creator of
heaven, earth, and men.
 Early Filipinos worshipped ancestral spirits called anitos (Tagalog) or
diwatas (Bisayan).
 Sacrifices called maganito were offered.
 Sacrifices was performed by a priest or priestess called katalona or
baylana.
 They believed in life after death.
BURIAL and MOURNING CUSTOMS

 In burying their dead, the corpse was embalmed and was buried amidst
deep sorrow near his home, in cave, or on a headland overlooking the sea.
 During the period of mourning, relatives wore rattan bands around their
necks, arms, and legs.
 They abstained from eating meat and drinking wine.
 Larao - mourning custom for deceased Datu.
 No colored clothes were worn by the grieving people.
 All wars and quarrels were suspended.
 Singing in boats returning from the sea was prohibited.
 All warriors carried their spears with their tips pointed downward and their
daggers with hilts reversed.
SCP-SS200 | 29

DEPARTMENT
SUPERSTITIONS
 They believed in witches, such as the Aswang who assumed the form of a
dog, a bird, or any other animal.
 Mangkukulam - who caused people to die or to be sicked by pricking a toy
with his magic pin.
 Tianak - who sucked the baby's entrails by means of his elongated
proboscis.
 Tikbalang - who appeared in the form of a dog, a horse, or an old man to
deceive his victims.
They believed in the magical power of amulets or charms, such as the:

 Anting-anting - which was believed to make its possessor invulnerable to
iron weapons.
 Gayuma - a love potion which can arouse an adamant woman's affection.
 Odom - a Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible to the
human eye.
 Uiga - Bisayan charm which enables anyone to cross a river without
getting wet.
LANGUAGES
 Early Filipinos had different languages and dialects.
 All of them originated from a common linguistic source - the Malayo-
Polynesian language, the mother tongue of the Pacific races.
WRITING
 Early Filipinos used sharp pointed iron instrument called sipol as pen.
 They wrote on banana leaves, tree-barks, and bamboo tubes.
 The direction of their writing was from left to right.
 Ancient alphabet consisted of three vowels and 14 consonants.
LITERATURE
ORAL literature -
 Myths and legends which recounted of the world and the origin of man,
woman, and other creatures.
 Songs and poems which chanted the deeds of their gods and heroes.
 Fables, proverbs (sawikain) and riddles (bugtong).
 Darangan of the Maranaws and the Ilim and the Hud-hud of the Ifugaos
are examples of the existing specimens of ancient oral poetry
WRITTEN LITERATURE -
 Tarsilas - surviving pre-spanish specimen. It is a Muslim genealogy of
Mindanao and Sulu.
SCP-SS200 | 30

DEPARTMENT
EDUCATION
 They had INFORMAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
 The children studied in their own homes with their parents or with some
old men in the baranggays as tutors.
 They were taught how to read, write, perform simple arithmetic operation,
the use of weapons, lubus (art of acquiring amulets and talismans) and
tribal customs
 Boys - were trained to be warriors, hunters, fisherman, farmers,
marinersand craftsmen.
 Girls - were taught household chores.
ARTS
 Arts were part of their cultural heritage.
 Architecture - Bahay Kubo- style of home.
 Their houses of bamboo, wood , nipa, and palm-leaves which were cool,
cozy, and suitable shelters.
 Painting - was shown in their ancient tattoo art.
 The used of dagger or knife as brush, black soot and jungle spas as colors,
and human body as canvas
 Sculptors carved statues in wood, clay, gold, and ivory.
 Statues were called likha (in Tagalog) or landang (Bicol), were made in
memory of their anitos or ancestors.
 They also made fine carvings on the handles of daggers, krises, bolos, and
knives
 SCIENCES
 They possessed some knowledge of science.
 They knew curative value of medicinal plants and herbs.
 Medical men - had herbs as antidotes for all kinds of poison.
 Medical lore - was associated with religion and magic.
 They knew astronomy.
 Also engineering - construct forts(kuta).
 Irrigation ditches and rice terraces.
 Could perform arithmetic operation.
Native name for numerals:
 Isa (one)
 Puo (ten)
 Daan (hundred)
 Libo (thousand)
 Angao (one million)
 Kati (ten million)
 Gahala (one hundred million)
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DEPARTMENT
WEIGHTS and MEASURES

 Early Filipinos had their own weights and measures.
Weighting things:
 Talaro - a kind of balance scale.
Measures of capacity:
 Kaban - (25 gantas)
 Salop - (one ganta)
 Kaguitna - (one-half ganta)
 Gatang - (one chupa)
Measures of length:
 Dipa - the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the middle finger
when extended.
 Tumuro - the length between the tip of the thumb and that of forefinger
when extended
 Sandamak - the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together
 Sandali - the width of one finger
 CALENDARS
 Early calendars of the Bisayans contained seven days in a week, and
twelve months a year.
 Each of the 12 months contained 30 days, except the last month which
had 26 days or total of 365 days a year.
Ifugao calendars
 Contains 13 months a year, each having 28 days.
 The Ifugaos have a tribal keeper called tumunoh, 13 strings representing
the 13 months of the year.
COINAGE
 Early Filipinos knew the art of coinage.
 Several specimens of their ancient coins were found in jars (GUI's) which
had been excavated in Bataan and Manila.
Coins were:
 Cone-shaped gold pieces, usually bearing the imprint of the Malayan letter
M on their flat bases.
 They are called piloncitos by local numismatists, or collectors of coins.
DOMESTIC and FOREIGN TRADE

 Domestic trade was carried on by means of BARTER.
 Captain Miguel de Loarca said: "Filipinos of the inland region exchanged
their rice and cotton for fish, salt, and other products raised by the
dwellers of coastal district"
 The usual method of trading with foreign merchants was by barter in
which they offered their own products in exchange for the products of
other countries.
 Chao Ju-kua (1225) and Wang Tayuan (1349), Chinese writers observed
that they were honest in their commercial transaction
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DEPARTMENT
AGRICULTURE and INDUSTRIES

 Farming was the main industry of ancient Filipinos.
Two methods of cultivation were used:
 Kaingin method - in which the land was cleared by setting fire to the shrub
s and bushes, after which holes were bored in the ground with pointed
sticks and seeds were then planted there.
 Regular means of tillage using wooden plows and harrows drawn by
carabaos.
 Other industries of early Filipinos were fishing, mining, lumbering,
weaving, making tools and weapons, manufacturing of wines, rising of
poultry and stock, tanning and shipbuilding
OUR ASIAN INFLUENCES
INDIAN INFLUENCE
The Indian influences in early Philippine polities, particularly the
influence of the Srivijaya and Majapahit thassalocracies on cultural
development, is a significant area of research for scholars of Philippine,
Indonesian, and Southeast Asian history, and is believed to be the source
of Hindu and Buddhist elements in early Philippine culture, religion, and
language. Because the Indonesian thassalocracies of Srivijaya and Majapahit
acquired many of these Hindu and Buddhist elements through Indianization, the
introduction of such elements to early Philippine cultures has sometimes been
referred to as indianization. In more recent scholarship, it is
termed localization, as in, e.g., localization of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Some
scholars also place the Philippine archipelago within the outermost reaches of
the Indosphere, along with Northern Vietnam, where the Hindu and Buddhist
elements were not directly introduced by Indian travelers.
The most updated scholarship notes that there is no evidence of direct
political or economic interaction between India and the various polities of the
Philippine archipelago prior to the Philippines' European colonial era.
Indian influences in early Philippine polities

History
Historians prior to the later part of the twentieth century such as Zaide
and Manuel generally believed that Srivijaya and Majapahit played a significant
role in the development of cultures throughout the Philippine archipelago,
although the degree of Srivijayan influence was later questioned in seminal
works by Jocano and Scott.
Hindu and Buddhist influences first reached Nusantara or Maritime
Southeast Asia as early as the first century. There are two major theories for the
arrival of Hinduism in the region, both focusing in Indonesia. The first is that
South Indian Sea traders brought Hinduism with them, and second being that
Indonesian royalty welcomed Indian religions and culture, and it is they who first
adopted these spiritual ideas followed by the masses. Either way, Indonesian
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DEPARTMENT
islands adopted both Hindu and Buddhist ideas, fusing them with pre-existing
native folk religion and Animist beliefs.
"Indianization" in Maritime Southeast Asia

Historically Southeast Asia was under the influence of Ancient India,
where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourished for several
centuries in Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia,
Malaysia, and the southern part of Vietnam, with cultural influence also
spreading indirectly to the mostly Austronesian cultures of the Philippine
archipelago and the highly signified culture of Northern Vietnam. The influence
of Indian culture in these areas was given the term indianization. French
archaeologist, George Cœdès, defined it as the expansion of an organized culture
that was framed upon Indian originations of
royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism and the Sanskrit language. This can be seen
in the Indianization of Southeast Asia, spread of Hinduism and Buddhism.
"Indirect Indianization" in the Philippines

Historiographers — both from Southeast Asia in general, and the
Philippines specifically — agree that the impact of "indianization" in Philippines
was indirect in nature, occurring through contacts with
the Majapahit culture. Orborne (2004) notes that Vietnam and the Philippines
did not participate in the main wave of Indianization:
"In the case of Vietnam, who were in this period living under Chinese rule, the
process of Indianization never took place. For a different reason – distant
geographical location – neither did the Philippines participate in this process."
Jocano furthers:
"The Philippines is geographically outside the direct line of early commerce
between India and the rest of Southeast Asia. Moreover, the island world of
Indonesia, with Sumatra and Java controlling the traffic of trade, functioned as a
sieve for whatever influence (cultural, social, and commercial) India might have
had to offer beyond the Indonesian archipelago.[...]Thus, it can be said that Indian
Influence filtered into the Philippines only indirectly."
Possible influence through early contacts with the Srivijaya

Popular literature and some 20th century history textbooks often suggest
that Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences first came to the Philippines
through early contacts with the Srivijayan and Majapahit thassalocracies.
Jocano notes, however, that there is insufficient physical evidence to suggest
that Philippine polities traded extensively with the Srivijayan empire. He
suggests that contact between Philippine polities and the Srivijaya was probably
limited to small-scale trade.
Influence through trade with the Majapahit
Jocano suggests that the Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences in
Philippine cultures probably came through the Majapahit, as evidenced by
significant archeological findings:
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DEPARTMENT
"Philippine-Indonesian relations during precolonial times became intensified

during the rise of the Majapahit Empire. It was during this time that much of the
so-called Indian cultural influence reached the Philippines through Indonesia. But
what penetrated into our country, particularly in the seaport communities, was
already the modified version of the original Hindu cultural traits."
The Agusan Image

One major artifact often presented as physical evidence of early Indian
influence in the Philippines is the "golden image of Agusan" artifact, a 1.79
kilogram, 21 carat Majapahit-period gold image discovered by a Manobo woman
named Bilay Campos in Esperanza, Agusan in 1918.
H. Otley Beyer interpreted the image as that of a Sivaite goddess, but with
the religiously important hand signals improperly copied by local (probably
Mindanao) workmen. Thus it suggests that Hinduism was already in the
Philippines before Magellan arrived, but also suggests that the early Filipinos
had an imperfect version of Hinduism which they got from the Majapahit.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription

Another artifact often presented as physical evidence of early Indonesian
and Indian influence in the Philippines is the 10th century Laguna Copperplate
Inscription (LCI), found in 1989 and deciphered in 1992 by Dutch
anthropologist Antoon Postma, and famous as the earliest known written
document found in the Philippines.
The (LCI) was written in a variety of the Old Malay language, using the Old
Kawi script, and contains numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-
Malay vocabulary elements whose origin may be Old Javanese. The use of
Sanskrit loanwords is considered evidence of Indian cultural influences on the
cultures of the Malay Archipelago, which in turn had close trade and cultural
ties with early Philippine polities, including those mentioned in the LCI.
Sanskrit Loanwords and Scripts

According to Jocano, a total of 336 loanwords were identified by
Professor Juan R. Francisco to be Sanskrit in origin, "with 150 of them identified
as the origin of some major Philippine terms." Many of these loanwords concerned
governance and mythology, which were the particular concern of the Maginoo
class, indicating a desire of members of that class to validate their status as
rulers by associating themselves with foreign powers.
Indian honorifics also influenced the Filipino honorifics. Examples of
these include Raja, Rani, Maharlika, Datu, etc which were transmitted from
Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and Srivijaya empire.
The origins of various pre-colonial native filipino scripts such as
the Baybayin, the Visayan as badlit, the Ilocano kur-itan/kurditan, and
the Kapampangan kudlitan, can be traced to the Brahmic scripts of India and
first recorded in the 16th century.
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DEPARTMENT
Folk Literature
The most prominent example of Indian cultural influence on early
Philippine folk literature is the case of the Maharadia Lawana, a Maranao epic
which tells a local version of the Indian epic Ramayana, first documented by
Filipino anthropologist Juan R. Francisco in the late 1960s. Francisco believed
that the Ramayana narrative arrived in the Philippines sometime between the
17th to 19th centuries, via interactions with Javanese and Malaysian cultures
which traded extensively with India.
Some Philippine High School textbooks have also suggest that the Ilocano
epic Biag ni Lam-ang may have been influenced by Hindu epics
the Mahabharata and Ramayana, although the textbooks do not substantiate
this claim. Most of the scholarship around the poem focus instead on the
incorporation of syncretistic elements from Roman Catholicism, with no mention
of supposed Indian influence.
Degree and nature of "influence" in the Philippines

Regardless of how and when it actually happened, Historiographers
specializing in Southeast Asia note that this "influence" was cultural and
religious, rather than military or political in nature. For example, Osborne (2004)
posits
Beginning in the 2nd and third centuries C.E. there was a slow expansion of
[Indian] cultural contacts with the Southeast Asian region. It was an uneven
process, with some areas receiving Indian influence much later than others, and
the degree of influence varying from century to century. [...] Indianization did not
mean there was a mass migration of Indian population into Southeast Asia.
Rather, a relatively limited number of traders and priest scholars brought Indian
culture in its various forms to Southeast Asia where much, but not all, of this
culture was absorbed by the local population and joined to their existing cultural
patterns.
Osborne further emphasizes that this "indianization" of Southeast Asia did
not per-se overwrite existing indigenous patterns, cultures, and beliefs:
"Because Indian culture “came” to Southeast Asia, one must not think that
Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. … borrowed but they also adapted.
In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all. "
Localization of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs

Milner (2011) suggests that the cultural adaptation of Hindu and
Buddhist beliefs in Maritime Southeast Asia is better characterized as
"localization," which Wolters (1999) describes as a process by which foreign ideas
("specifically Indian materials" ) could be "fractured and restated and therefore
drained of their original significance" in the process of being adopted into
"various local complexes."
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DEPARTMENT
CHINESE INFLUENCE
Trade between China and the Philippines probably started centuries

before the advent of the Sung Dynasty. The "A Collection of Data in Chinese
Classical Books Regarding the Philippines" was published by the Institute of
Southeast Asian History of Zhongsan (Sun Yat Sen) University, Guangzhou
(1900). It states: “During the T’ang (Thang) dynasty China (in the 7th to the 9th
century AD) the two peoples of China and the Philippines already had relatively
close relations and material as well as cultural exchanges.”
During the Sung (960-1127 AD), Arab traders brought Philippine goods
to southwestern China through the port of Canton. Chinese posts were
established in coastal towns of the Philippines with the import of Chinese goods.
The trade culminated when Chao Ju-Kua wrote of the barter trade between the
Chinese and the natives of Mayi (Mindoro). The Chinese exchanged silk,
porcelain, colored glass, beads and iron ware for hemp cloth, tortoise shells,
pearls, and yellow wax of the Filipinos.
The Chinese became the dominant traders in the 12th and 13th centuries
during the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 AD). The shift in the commerce between
China and Southeast Asia saw Butuan send a tribute mission to the Sung
emperor. The Chinese notice of Luzon appears to have instigated a new round
of tributary missions in the early fifteenth century by Luzon, Pangasinan, and
a polity known as Mao-li-wu [possibly Ma-i on Mindoro].
The first reliable Chinese records of Borneo and the Philippines begins
with the accession of the last Sung dynasty, in the tenth century. From the
twelfth to the fifteenth century, accounts of Bruni, Sulu, Ma-i and others of the
Philippine Islands become more numerous. The first notices of the Philippines
are to be found in the work of Chao Ju-kua, collector of customs of Chuan-
chou, a city in Fo-Kien Province, between 1210 and 1240. Chao-Yu-Kua tells of
their settlements, some of a thousand families each, their houses of cane being
clustered on high places. In this work he speaks of the islands of Po-ni (Borneo),
Ma-i (probably Mindoro, or possibly Panay), and of the Pi-Sho-ye of Taiwan
(Formosa). This latter name sounds something like " Bisaya," the native name
for Visava. The book speaks also of the San-sii, or "Three Islands." Among the
place-names which Chao listed was Tung-lio” (probably the Chinese referred to
Tondo, a district of Manila).
Before 1225 the Chinese vessels were making regular trading-trips to
nearly all parts of the Philippines. Many places are mentioned in the records,
but descriptions are given of only a few. Apart from Sulu — which has always
maintained closer relations with Borneo than with the northern Philippines —
the most important trade-center appears to have been Mindoro, which was
mentioned as such in the tenth century.
In addition to Mindoro and Sulu, the following other Philippine islands
have been certainly identified as mentioned in the Chinese records: Palawan,
Kalamian (now Culion), Busuanga, Penon de Coron, Lubang, Luzon (probably
Manila Bay region and south coast), Masbate, Bohol (?), Leyte. Many other
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DEPARTMENT
names which must apply to Philippine localities are used by the Chinese writers,
but none of these have been identified with any degree of certainty. Some of
them are spoken of as dependencies of Ma-i, and others of Sulu or Bruni. Leyte
is called Si-lung, but no description of it has yet been found. This is also the
case with most of the other islands except Sulu, Palawan, Luzon and the
Kalamian group.
Though Luzon is mentioned early in the thirteenth century as a
dependency of Ma-i, under the name Liu-sin, the first real account of the largest
Philippine Island appears in Chapter 323 of the Ming Annals, where it is known
as Lu-sung. An embassy from this country arrived in China with tribute, in the
year 1372. "The site of Luzon is stated on this occasion to be in the South Sea
very close to Chang-chou in Fuhkien. The Emperor reciprocated the gifts of this
embassy by dispatching an official with presents of silk gauze woven of gold and
colored threads to the King of the country." In another early account it is stated
that "Luzon produces gold, which is the reason of its wealth; the people are
simple-minded and do not like to go to law."
These people had iron implements of warfare and various articles of other
metals; but contact with the continent of Asia explains these. They were in
regular intercourse with China and with Japan, Borneo, and other islands some
centuries before Spanish discovery. In the little-known work of Chao-Yu-Kua, a
Chinese geographer of the thirteenth century, is a chapter on the Philippine
trade. From the beginning of Philippine trade with China, the trade relations
between Philippine chieftains and Chinese traders were forged on the basis of
good political relations. Chinese records show that regular and active trade
between China and the Philippines took place only in the tenth century. Earlier
trade between China and the Philippines was transacted mainly through the
Champa (Vietnam) coast. But Mai-i (Mindoro) traders who previously went
through Vietnam before proceeding to China decided in 972 to circumvent
Vietnam and instead to trade directly with China by sailing into Canton.
Economic exchanges with the southern countries were so lucrative and
extensive that in 972 the first emperor of the Sung Dynasty established offices
of maritime trade in Kwangchow, Hangchow, and Minchow, with separate
superintendents to deal with all Arab, Achen, Java, Borneo, Ma-i (Mindoro), and
Srivijaya “barbarians.”
The Mai-i, Butuan and Sulu missions to China were attempts by separate
Philippine polities not only to bypass Champa as a trade entrepot and to
establish themselves as new centers of international trade. The Mindoro traders
had to secure the blessing of the Chinese emperor with a tribute mission. They
presented the emperor with exotic gifts like pearls, frankincense, myrrh, and
colorful animals. Thereafter Mindoro delegations were treated as state guests
and enlisted as feudatory princes of the empire. They were bestowed with
corresponding seals and patents of office. No doubt, the ceremonial
acknowledgment of Chinese imperial suzerainty by tributary missions was good
politics, it was in turn rewarded by the grant of accreditation to Mindoro traders
to engage in direct commercial activities with China.
The Celestials had always been a literary people and have always taken a
special interest in noting down what they could learn of foreign lands and
curious customs. The poverty of their records as regards the Philippines seems
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DEPARTMENT
to be due not so much to distance as to the relative insignificance of the local

states when compared, to the richer and more powerful kingdoms of Indo-
China, Sumatra and Java. This is the more evident from the fact that Formosa,
lying at the very door of one of China's greatest ports, is mentioned no more
frequently in the early records than are the Philippines. Another case in point
is the frequent mention of Bruni and Sulu, as compared with Luzon and the
other northern islands.
ARAB INFLUENCE
Arab Muslims had traded with neighboring island groups for many
centuries and had extended to Southeast Asia. Together with commercial
activities was the propagation of Islam. The new religion spread slowly until the
rise of the sultanate of Malacca on Malaya’s west coast. Eventually, Malacca
became a major emporium on the trade route between the Moluccas and the
West and the major diffusion center of Islam. From Malacca, the Arab traders
extended their commercial and political influences in the Philippines. Sultanates
were established, and first of which was in Sulu, and later throughout the entire
archipelago.
Another active economic activity was the spread of Islam from Old
Malaysia to nearby lands, including the Philippines. It was Mudum, and Arabian
scholar, who laid the foundation of Islam in Malaysia in the middle of the 14th
century. He succeeded in establishing a strong foothold of Islam in Malaysia.
About 1380, Mudum, proceeded to Sulu and propagated the Islamic faith. In
1390, Raja Baginda, one of the petty rulers of Menangkabaw, Sumatra arrived
in Sulu and converted the natives to Islam. At about 1450, Abu Bakr left
Palembang for Sulu. He married Paramisuli, the daughter of Raja Baginda. With
the death of Baginda, he was succeeded by Abu Bakr. He established a
government patterned after the sultanate of Arabia. With this, Sulu became the
first sultanate, and Islam spread rapidly to its parts. If AbuBakr laid the
foundation of Islam in Sulu, Serif Kabunsuan was credited with transforming
the whole Mindanao into an Islamic region. He and his men from Jojore, came
to Mindanao. Like Abu Bakr, the married a member of an influential family and
eventually won fame as a good leader. Thus, he became the first sultan of
Mindanao. Through his initiatives and later carried as a religious zeal of his
followers, Islam spread rapidly from Mindanao to Visayas and Luzon. If not for
the coming of the Spaniards during the second half of the 16th century, Islam
would have been rooted throughout the country. As a result of the pacification
campaign and Christianization the Muslims were driven back to the south where
they maintained their independence from Spanish colonial powers.
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DEPARTMENT
Search Indicator
Tradition, Misconception, and Contribution: Chinese Influences in Philippine
Culture Maningning C. Miclat
https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/Chinese-Influences-in-
Philippine-Culture.pdf
The China Trade - Philippines History - Porcelain Period

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/philippines/history-early-
china.htm
Indian influences in early Philippine polities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities
"OUR MALAYAN HERITAGE"

https://junemaessaga.blogspot.com/2005/10/chapter-4-our-malayan-
heritage.html
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let’s us try to check your understanding of the topics.
Write your answer to the space provided below every after the
questions.
1. List the early influencers that brought Asian cultures to the Philippines.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Give examples of cultures (material and immaterial) that were borrowed and adapted
by early Filipinos from foreigners.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What do you think is the method of cultural diffusion in the Philippines?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
SCP-SS200 | 40

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. Let’s us try to check your understanding of the topics. In this
activity, you are required to expound your answer to each of the questions
below.
1. Which among the foreigners who came to precolonial Philippines has the greatest
influence? Justify you answers.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did foreign influences help shape and develop the early Philippine Civilization?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1.
1. In what way can a future educator perpetuate and preserve our Malayan heritage?
SCP-SS200 | 41

DEPARTMENT

Week 5
Lesson Title The Coming of Spain
Learning Outcome(s) To determine the reasons why the Spaniards came to the Philippines.
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Conquest - Bring under control by force or authority by subjugation and
assumption of control of a place or people by use of military force.
Essential Content
Background
The Spaniards had been exploring the Philippines since the early 16th
century. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator in charge of a Spanish
expedition to circumnavigate the globe, attempted to conquer the islands but
was defeated and killed by the forces of Lapu-Lapu at the Battle of Mactan. In
1543, Ruy López de Villalobos arrived at the islands of Leyte and Samar and
named them Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain, at the time Prince
of Asturias. Philip became King of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his father,
Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor),
abdicated the Spanish throne. Philip was in Brussels at the time and his return
to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in
northern Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition
mounted to the Spice Islands, stating that its purpose was "to discover the
islands of the west". In reality its task was to conquer the Philippines for Spain.
At the time of the first Spanish missions, the population of Luzon and the Visayas
is estimated to lay somewhere between 1 and 1.5 million, with overall density
being low.
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DEPARTMENT
The Magellan Expedition
Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the

Spanish crown, was looking for a westward route to the to the
Spice Islands of Indonesia. On March 16, 1521, Magellan's
expedition landed on Homonhon island in the Philippines. He
was the first European to reach the islands. Rajah Humabon of
Cebu was friendly with Magellan and embraced Christianity,
but their enemy, Lapu-Lapu was not. Humabon wanted
Magellan to kill Lapu-Lapu while Magellan wanted to convert
Lapu-Lapu into Christianity. On April 17, 1521, Magellan
sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed Magellan by the
natives lead by Lapu-Lapu. Out of the five ships and more than
300 men who left on the Magellan expedition in 1519, only one ship (the Victoria)
and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain on September 6, 1522. Nevertheless, the
said expedition was considered historic because it marked the first
circumnavigation of the globe and proved that the world was round.
Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of ship "Concepcion" took over
the command of the expedition after the death of Magellan and captained the
ship "Victoria" back to Spain. He and his men earned the distinction of being the
first to circumnavigate the world in one full journey. After Magellan's death in
Cebu, it took 16 more months for Elcano to return to Spain. The Magellan
expedition started off through the westward route and returning to Spain by
going east; Magellan and Elcano's entire voyage took almost three years to
complete.
The Mass
After resting and gathering supplies for two weeks on the island of
Homonhon, Magellan and the crew left the island to continue sailing in search
of Moluccas. On the morning of 28 March, they saw the island of Limasawa and
encountered some natives in canoes whom they befriended and exchanged gifts
with. On Sunday 31 March, Easter Day, Magellan and fifty of his men came
ashore to Limasawa. He ordered the expedition's chaplain, Fray Pedro de
Valderrama, to celebrate Easter Sunday mass. It was only a few days after the
blood compact between Magellan and Rajah Kolambu of Leyte; because of this
alliance, the rajah allowed Magellan and his men to come ashore to celebrate
mass. Rajah Kolambu was also invited to the mass along with Rajah Siagu of
Butuan, his brother.
The mass was then attended by the two rajahs, Magellan, and members of
the crew, among them Antonio Pigafetta, Gines de Mafra, and Francisco Albo
who would thereafter write accounts of the first mass.
According to Pigafetta's account, Magellan “threw much rose muscat water
over those two kings,” largely interpreted as the baptism of the two rajahs. The
two rajahs then participated in the mass, kissing the cross in the same way as
the members of the expedition did, and receiving communion. After the mass,
Magellan asked that a cross be installed at the highest peak, explaining that the
cross would defend them from harm. To this the two rajahs agreed, and the cross
was set up on two hills on the western side of Limasawa.
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DEPARTMENT
Spain sends other expedition

After the Spain had celebrated Elcano’s return, King Charles I decided that
Spain should conquer the Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions were then
sent to the Islands. These were led by Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525),
Sebastian Cabot (1526), Alvaro de Saavedra (1527), Rudy Lopez de Villalobos
(1542) and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564). Only the last two actually reached
the Philippines; and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands.
The Villalobos Expedition

Rudy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico
on November 1, 1542. He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached
Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani but could
not stay long because of insufficient food supply. His fleet left the island and
landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese.
Villalobos is remembered for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of
King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain.
The Legazpi Expedition
Since none of the expedition after Magellan from

Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the
Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to
the Islands. However, when Philip II succeeded his father
to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the
viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be
headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de
Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission.
On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a
short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to
Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna
as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due
to his friendship with Sikatuna. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu;
destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of the
King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the port of Fuerza
de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the
region.
Hearing of the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin
de Goiti left Cebu for Manila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti
arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. At first, they were welcomed by the natives
and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals
sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of
Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. Because the Spaniards are more heavily
armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances and made peace
with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the
construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of
government of the colony and the capital of the islands. In 1572, Legaspi died
and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was
SCP-SS200 | 44

DEPARTMENT
bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and
ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain.
Why was the Philippines easily conquered?
Although largely outnumbered, the Spaniards who came to colonize the

Philippines easily took control of our country. How did this happen?
The best possible explanation is that the natives lacked unity and
a centralized form of government. Although the barangays already functioned as
units of governance, each one existed independently of the other, and the powers
that each Datu enjoyed were confined only to his own barangay. No higher
institution united the barangays, and the Spaniards took advantage of this
situation. They used the barangays that were friendly to them in order to subdue
the barangays that were not.
Conquest under Philip II

King Philip II of Spain, whose name has remained attached to the islands,
ordered and oversaw the conquest and colonization of the Philippines. On
November 19 or 20, 1564 a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel
López de Legazpi departed Barra de Navidad, New Spain, arriving off Cebu on
February 13, 1565, conquering it despite Cebuano opposition. Spanish policy
towards the colonization of the Philippines was that it should be a peaceful
conversion rather than a military conquest, a product of internal Spanish
debates following the violence of their conquest of the New World, and of Philip
II's personal convictions. The reality on the ground was different, as hardship for
the colonizing soldiers contributed to looting and enslavement, despite the
entreaties of representatives of the church who accompanied them. In 1568, the
crown permitted the establishment of the encomienda system that it was
abolishing in the New World, effectively legalizing a more oppressive conquest.
Although slavery had been abolished in the Spanish Empire, it was allowed to
continue in some forms the Philippines due to its already present use on the
islands.
Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. since Spain
was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy
of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony. When Mexico regained its
freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a governor
general. A special government body that oversaw matters, pertaining to the
colonies assisted the king in this respect. This body became known by many
names. Council of the Indies (1565-1837), Overseas Council (1837-1863), and
Ministry of the Colonies (1863–1898). It is implemented the decrees and legal
codes Spain promulgated although many of its provisions could not apply to
condition in the colonies. It also exercised legislative and judicial powers.
SCP-SS200 | 45

DEPARTMENT
Search Indicator
Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines
https://www.philippine-history.org/spanish-expeditions.htm
First Mass in The Philippines

https://www.primidi.com/first_mass_in_the_philippines
First Mass in the Philippines
https://en.wikipilipinas.org/view/First_Mass_in_the_Philippines
History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931
898)
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Answer the following questions below.
1. What are the reasons on the conquest of the Philippine Islands?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Who are the key people that brought the Philippines towards colonization
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What could be the reasons why the Philippines easily fell to the hands of the
Spaniards?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
SCP-SS200 | 46

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. Can we say that the First Mass in the Philippines is a gesture of religious conquest
or simply a celebration of the Holy Week?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do you assess the conquest in the Philippines, was it peaceful through
Catholicism, or violent through military conquest? Justify your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1.
1. If you have been there in the conquest of the Philippines by the Spaniards, what
would you likely do to defend our nation?
SCP-SS200 | 47

DEPARTMENT
SCP-TOPICS: MIDTERM PERIOD TOPICS

Week 7
Lesson Title The Philippines as a colony of Spain: Politics and Economy
Explain the Spanish political and economic amalgamation to
Learning Outcome(s)
Philippine colony
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Colony - A body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their
homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally
under the home state's system of government. A geographical area politically
controlled by a distant country.
Essential Content
Political system
The Spanish quickly organized their new colony according to their model.
The first task was the reduction, or relocation of indigenous Filipinos into
settlements. The earliest political system used during the conquista period was
the encomienda system, which resembled the feudal system in medieval Europe.
The conquistadores, friars and native nobles were granted estates, in exchange
for their services to the King, and were given the privilege to collect tribute from
its inhabitants. In return, the person granted the encomienda, known as an
encomendero, was tasked to provide military protection to the inhabitants,
justice, and governance. In times of war, the encomendero was duty bound to
provide soldiers for the King, in particular, for the complete defense of the colony
from potential invasions of outside powers such as the Dutch, British and
Chinese. The encomienda system was abused by encomenderos and by 1700
was largely replaced by administrative provinces, each headed by an alcalde
mayor (provincial governor). The most prominent feature of Spanish cities was
the plaza, a central area for town activities such as the fiesta, and where
government buildings, the church, a market area and other infrastructures were
located. Residential areas lay around the plaza. During the conquista, the first
task of colonization was the reduction, or relocation of the indigenous population
into settlements surrounding the plaza.
SCP-SS200 | 48

DEPARTMENT
National government
On the national level or social class, the King of Spain, via his Council of
the Indies (Consejo de las Indias), governed through his representative in the
Philippines, the Governor-General of the Philippines (Gobernador y Capitán
General). With the seat of power in Intramuros, Manila, the Governor-General
was given several duties: head of the supreme court, the Royal Audiencia of
Manila; Commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and the economic planner of
the country. All executive power of the local government stemmed from him and
as regal patron, he had the authority to supervise mission work and oversee
ecclesiastical appointments. His yearly salary was 40,000 pesos. The Governor-
General was commonly a peninsular Spaniard, a Spaniard born in Spain, to
ensure loyalty of the colony to the crown or tiara.
Provincial government
In the local level, heading the pacified provinces (alcaldías), was the
provincial governor (alcalde mayor). The unpacified military zones
(corregimiento), such as Mariveles and Mindoro, were headed by the
corregidores. City governments (ayuntamientos) were also headed by an alcalde
mayor. Alcaldes mayores and corregidores exercised multiple prerogatives as
judge, inspector of encomiendas, chief of police, tribute collector, Capitan-
general of the province, and even vice-regal patron. Their annual salary ranged
from P300 to P2000 before 1847 and P1500 to P1600 after 1847. This could be
augmented through the special privilege of "indulto de commercio" where all
people were forced to do business with him. The alcalde mayor was usually an
Insular (Spaniard born in the Philippines). In the 19th century, the Peninsulares
began to displace the Insulares, which resulted in the political unrests of 1872,
notably the 1872 Cavite mutiny and the Gomburza executions.
Municipal government
The pueblo or town was headed by the Gobernadorcillo or little governor.
Among his administrative duties were the preparation of the tribute list (padron),
recruitment and distribution of men for draft labor, communal public work and
military conscription (quinto), postal clerk and judge in minor civil suits. He
intervened in all administrative cases pertaining to his town: lands, justice,
finance, and the municipal police. His annual salary, however, was only P24 but
he was exempted from taxation. Any native or Chinese mestizo, 25 years old,
proficient in oral or written Spanish and has been a cabeza de barangay of 4
years can be a gobernadorcillo.
Any member of the Principalía, who speaks or who has knowledge of the
Spanish language and has been a Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years can be a
Gobernadorcillo. Among those prominent is Emilio Aguinaldo, a chinese mestizo,
and who was the Gobernadorcillo of Cavite El Viejo (now Kawit). The officials of
the pueblo were proficient. taken from the Principalía, the noble class of pre-
colonial origin.
SCP-SS200 | 49

DEPARTMENT
Barrio government
Every barangay was further divided into "barrios", and the barrio
government (village or district) rested on the barrio administrator (cabeza de
barangay). He was responsible for peace and order, recruited men for communal
public works, and collecting the barrio's taxes. Cabezas should be literate in
Spanish and have good moral character and property. Cabezas who served for
25 years were exempted from forced labor.
The Residencia and the Visita

To check the abuse of power of royal officials, two ancient Castilian
institutions were brought to the Philippines: The Residencia, dating back to the
5th century, and the Visita, which differed from the residencia in that it was
conducted clandestinely by a visitador-general sent from Spain and might occur
anytime within the official's term, without any previous notice. Visitas could be
specific or general.
Maura law
The legal foundation for municipal governments in the country was laid
with the promulgation of the Maura Law on May 19, 1893. Named after its
author, Don Antonio Maura, the Spanish Minister of Colonies at the time, the
law reorganized town governments in the Philippines with the aim of making
them more effective and autonomous. This law created the municipal
organization that was later adopted, revised, and further strengthened by the
American and Filipino governments that succeeded Spanish.
Politics and Religion - Frailocracia
During the Spanish regime, there was union of church and state: The
governor-general had power over the church. At the same time the friars, played
a very important role in the government. The Archbishop was only the most
powerful in the church. However, it seemed that the church exercised more
power than the government and because of this; the government in the
Philippines was called “Frailocracia,” a government controlled by the friars.
There are a number of reasons why Spanish missionaries were successful
in this attempt:
1. Mass baptism – the initial practice of baptizing large numbers of Filipinos at

one time enabled the initial conversion to Christianity. It is said that many
Filipinos associated baptism with their own indigenous ‘healing rituals’, which
also rely on the symbolism of holy water–very typical of Southeast Asian
societies.
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DEPARTMENT
2. Reduccion policies – in areas where Filipinos lived scattered across the

landscape in small hamlets, the Spanish military employed a resettlement policy
that they had used successful. This policy was called reduccion, and essentially
meant a forced relocation of small, scattered settlements into one larger town.
 The policy was designed for the convenience of administration of the

Spanish colony’s population, a way for a small number of armed Spanish
constabulary to control more easily the movements and actions of a large
number of Filipinos.
 It was also designed to enable Spain to collect taxes from their
Christianized converts. Throughout Spanish rule, Christianized Filipinos
were forced to pay larger taxes than indios, or native, unchristian zed
peoples.
 The policy also made it easier for a single Spanish Catholic friar to ‘train’
Filipinos in the basic principles of Christianity.
 The policy was successful in some areas but impossible to enforce.
Spanish archives are full of exasperated colonial officials complaining
about how such settlements were ‘all but abandoned’ in many cases after
only a few weeks.
3. Attitude of the Spanish clergy in the early phase – Spanish friars was
forced to learn the native language of the peoples they sought to convert. Without
schools that trained people in Spanish, the Spanish friars had no choice but to
say Christian mass and otherwise communicate in the vernacular languages of
the Philippines.
In the late Spanish period, in contrast, Spanish priests enraged many Filipinos
for failing to:
 Allow otherwise ‘trained’ Filipino priests to ascend into the higher echelons
of the Catholic Church hierarchy in the Philippines;
 Return much of the land they had claimed as ‘friar estates’ to the
Philippine landless farmers;
 Recognizing nascent and emerging Filipino demands for more autonomy
and a greater say in how the colony was to be managed.
4. Adaptation of Christianity to the local context

Filipinos were mostly animistic in their religious beliefs and practices prior
to Spanish intervention. In most areas they revered the departed spirits of their
ancestors through ritual offerings, and also believed in a variety of nature spirits.
Such beliefs were central to healing practices, harvest rites, and to maintaining
a cosmological balance between this world and the afterlife. Spirits were
invisible, but also responsible for both good and bad events. Spirits could be
blamed for poor harvests, illness, and bad luck generally. Yet, Filipinos believed
SCP-SS200 | 51

DEPARTMENT
that proper ritual feasting of the spirits would appease them, and result in good
harvests, healthy recovery of the ill, and the fertility of women.
ECONOMY
The Encomienda
This system was implemented from which the king has the right to transfer
the authority of a particular land to any Spanish individual or institution.
Those individuals who possess the right of “encomienda” was called as
“Encomiendero”. An “Encomiendero” has authority to collect taxes from the
people in his jurisdiction. He also has the duty to care and look for the benefits
of those citizens. Unfortunately, the “encomienda” system was misused by some
“encomienderos”. A lot of them use the “encomienda” for their own interest. They
tend to abuse their power, collecting taxes more than the real tax value.
The “encomiendero’s” abuse their powers which sometimes made people
revolts against them. The “encomienda” system created hindrances for the
economic development of the masses. This making the elite richer and making
the economic situation of the majority underdeveloped.
Although the “encomienda” system is designed for governance, its
implementation gives negative effects to the people from which the
“encomienderos” abuse their power against the people, to whom they are bound
to govern.
Manila-Acapulco galleon trade

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the
colony during its early years. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued
into the early 19th century. The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain,
which was used to purchase Asian goods such as silk from China, spices from
the Moluccas, lacquerware from Japan and Philippine cotton textiles. These
goods were then exported to New Spain and ultimately Europe by way of Manila.
Thus, the Philippines earned its income through the trade of the Manila-
Acapulco Galleon. To Spain, the galleon trade was the link that bound the
Philippines to her.
While the trade did bring some results which were beneficial to the
Philippines, most effects were disadvantageous. However, the trade did result in
cultural and commercial exchanges between Asia and the Americas that led to
the introduction of new crops and animals to the Philippines such as tomatoes,
avocado, guava, papaya, pineapple, and horses. These gave the colony its first
real income. The trade lasted for over two hundred years and ceased in 1815 just
before the secession of American colonies from Spain.
SCP-SS200 | 52

DEPARTMENT
Royal Society of Friends of the Country

José de Basco y Vargas, following a royal order to form a society of
intellectuals who can produce new, useful ideas, formally established the
Spanish Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country, after the model of the
Royal Basque Society. Composed of leading men in local and foreign scholarships
and training grants in agriculture and established an academy of design. It was
also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the silversmiths and
gold beaters guild and the construction of the first paper mill in the Philippines
in 1825. It was introduced in 1780, vanished temporarily in 1787–1819, 1820–
1822 and 1875–1822, and ceased to exist in the middle of the 1890s.
Royal Company of the Philippines

On March 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain confirmed the establishment
of the Royal Philippine Company with a 25-year charter. After revocated the
Royal Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas that had a monopoly on Venezuelan
trade, the Basque-based company was granted a monopoly on the importation
of Chinese and Indian goods into the Philippines, as well as the shipping of the
goods directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. The Dutch and British both
bitterly opposed it because they saw the company as a direct attack on their
trade in Asia. It also faced the hostility of the traders of the Galleon trade (see
above) who saw it as competition. This gradually resulted in the death of both
institutions: The Royal Philippine Company in 1814 and the Galleon trade in
1815.
Taxation
Spanish coin minted in Manila 1829, during the reign of Ferdinand VII of
Spain. Also there was the bandalâ (from the Tagalog word mandalâ, a round
stack of rice stalks to be threshed), an annual forced sale and requisitioning of
goods such as rice. Custom duties and income tax were also collected. By 1884,
the tribute was replaced by the cedula personal, wherein everyone over 18 were
required to pay for personal identification. The local gobernadorcillos were
responsible for collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system taxpayers were
individually responsible to Spanish authorities for payment of the tax and were
subject to summary arrest for failure to show a cedula receipt.
Aside from paying a tribute, all male Filipinos as well as Chinese
immigrants from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor called
“polo”. This labor lasted for 40 days a year, later reduced to 15 days. It took
various forms such as the building and repairing of roads and bridges,
construction of public buildings and churches, cutting timber in the forest,
working in shipyards, and serving as soldiers in military expeditions. People who
rendered the forced labor was called “polistas”. He could be exempted by paying
the “falla” which is a sum of money. The polista were according to law, to be
given a daily rice ration during their working days which they often did not
receive.
SCP-SS200 | 53

DEPARTMENT
Search Indicator
SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Philippine
s#cite_note-24
The Philippine Government During The Spanish Colonial Period
http://varron.expertscolumn.com/article/philippine-government-during-
spanish-colonial-period
Politics and Religion
https://spanishcolonization.wordpress.com/topics/politics/
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1.
1. After the eventual colonization, what has become the political structure of the
Philippine Islands?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did the economy work with the Spaniards? What are the changes that they
brought to the Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is Frailocracy? Is it beneficial or inimical

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
SCP-SS200 | 54

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1.
1. Why religion and politics were wrought in one twine during Spanish colonization?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Was the creation of Royal Society of Friends of the Country by José de Basco y
Vargas useful and beneficial to the Filipinos at that time? Provide comprehensive
answers.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
1. What changes can you suggest if ever you see a problem with the combined
effort of church and government in ruling the Philippine colony or what
enhancements would you promulgate if ever you see that the joint effort of the
church and government was considered?
SCP-SS200 | 55

DEPARTMENT

Week 8
Lesson Title The Philippines as a colony of Spain: Culture and Society
Explain the Spanish cultural and societal amalgamation to
Learning Outcome(s)
Philippine colony
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Colony - A body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their
homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally
under the home state's system of government. A geographical area politically
controlled by a distant country.
Culture - Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior
and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts,
laws, customs, capabilities and habits of the individuals in these groups.
CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Content Covers topic in- Includes essential Includes Content is

depth with knowledge about essential minimal OR
details and the topic. Subject information there are several
examples. knowledge about the topic factual errors.
Subject appears to be but there are 1-2
knowledge is good. factual errors.
excellent.
Graphics All graphics are All graphics are All graphics Graphics do not
related to the related to the relate to the relate to the
topic and make topic and most topic. topic.
it easier to make it easier to
understand. understand.
Attractivenes Makes excellent Makes good use Makes use of Use of font,
s use of font, of font, color, font, color, color, graphics,
color, graphics, graphics, effects, graphics, effects, effects etc. but
effects, etc. to etc. to enhance to etc. but these often
enhance the presentation. occasionally distract from
presentation. these detract the presentation
from the content.
presentation
content.
Mechanics No misspellings Two or fewer Three Four or more

or grammatical misspellings misspellings spelling or
errors. and/or and/or grammar errors.
mechanical grammatical
errors. errors.
SCP-SS200 | 56

DEPARTMENT
Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and

socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies.
Influence - the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or
behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself.
Essential Content
SPANISH COLONIZATION
Everything started when Ferdinand Magellan discovered this place and
was dazzled by the diverse and bountiful natural resources that one tropical
destination in the east possessed. This is now what we call The Philippines. The
Spanish colonization of the Philippines brought about numerous influences
because the Spaniards had the luxury of time in penetrating the Filipino culture.
The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries, the
longest period that the Philippines experienced foreign rule.
BELIEFS
Before the discovery of the Philippines, Filipinos were Pagans – their gods
and goddesses were embedded in nature. However, with the arrival of the
Spaniards, the Filipinos learned to embrace Christianity. They started to believe
in Christ and the concept of salvation and afterlife. Instead of anitos, they now
have saints.
Perhaps the most notable influence of the Spaniards to the Filipino culture is
Christianity. Today, there are more than 600,000 churches in the Philippines.
These churches cater to about 93% of the current population of the Philippines
– the Christian population. In fact, the Philippines is now the 5th largest
Christian country in the world.
Famous churches in the Philippines include:
 Manila Cathedral
Located within the walls of Intramuros, the Manila Cathedral serves as the
residence of the Archbishop of Manila.
SCP-SS200 | 57

DEPARTMENT
 San Agustin Church
Also located within the walls of Intramuros, San Agustin Church is the oldest-
standing church in the Philippines, having been completed in 1607.
 Barasoain Church
The Barasoain Church, named the Cradle of Democracy in the East, is among the
most important churches in the history of the Philippines. It served as the venue
for three historic events in the Philippine history: the convention of First Philippine
Congress, the drafting of the Malolos Constitution, and the inauguration of the First
Philippine Republic.
PRACTICES
Along with Christianity came Christian practices necessary in establishing faith
in Christ. These include the Seven Sacraments namely:
 Baptism
 Holy Communion
 Reconciliation
 Confirmation
 Marriage
 Holy Orders
 Anointing of the Sick
SCP-SS200 | 58

DEPARTMENT
Christianity is also responsible for the numerous festivals celebrated in the

Philippines, usually depicting the religiosity of the Filipino people. Famous
religious festivals include:
 Sinulog Festival
The Sinulog festival, held every third Sunday of January, commemorates the
acceptance of Christianity by the Filipino people. It is dedicated to Sr. Sto. Niño de
Cebu, a statue of whom was given by Ferdinand Magellan to the wife of Rajah
Humabon upon her baptism.
 Flores de Mayo

The Flores de Mayo Festival, also called Santacruzan, is a parade that features
beautiful ladies holding religious artifacts such as a bible, a small cross, or a
statue of the Sto. Niño. This festival is held during the month of May in honor of
Reyna Elena and Constantine.
SCP-SS200 | 59

DEPARTMENT
 Feast of the Black Nazarene
The Feast of the Black Nazarene is attended by millions of devotees around the
world every 9th of January, in honor of the miraculous statue of Jesus Christ that
survived a fire without being deformed in any way.
Aside from religious practices, the Spanish colonization brought day-to-

day practices that were eventually became part of the Filipino culture.
Among these include the patriarchal culture. Filipinos from the pre-
colonial period honored women. Not only were women considered to be as
powerful as men during that time, but, in fact, there were times when women
were given more authority than men. However, this is not being practiced
nowadays. This can be attributed to the patriarchal culture of the Spanish
people, which was apparently embraced by the Filipinos.
The Filipinos also learned the Mañana Habit from the Spaniards, a habit
called procrastination in English. Mañana which literally means tomorrow in
Spanish was coined because Filipinos will usually say “mamaya na,” a Filipino
phrase meaning later in English, when asked to accomplish duties.
The Siesta is another Filipino practice we inherited from the Spaniards. It is the
act of taking a nap during the afternoon, usually after eating lunch.
The term Filipino Time is linked to Filipinos always being late. Although
there is no direct link between the two, I believe that the practice of the Filipino
Time also came from the Spanish. The Spanish start and end their day late, and
the Filipinos must have acquired this attitude from them.
SCP-SS200 | 60

DEPARTMENT
LANGUAGE
The Spanish language is among the many components of the Filipino language.
As a matter of fact, it is very common to hear Filipinos count in Spanish rather
than in Filipino or in English. Also, about 40 percent of informal Filipino
conversation consists of Spanish loan words. Here is a list of borrowed words as
provided by Wikipedia:
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DEPARTMENT
SCP-SS200 | 62

DEPARTMENT
FOOD
The Filipino cuisine is apparently a fusion of many different cuisines, including
Chinese, Malay, Spanish, and many more. However, food historians claim that
about 80% of Filipino food were derived from Spanish influence. Filipino food
that was adapted from Spain include:
 Pan De Sal
The typical Filipino breakfast always includes pan de sal (Spanish for salt bread),
a soft bread usually eaten with coffee as a drink.
 Ensaymada
Ensaymada is a sweet, soft bread usually topped with butter and cheese.
Originally called ensaimada, this sweet pastry originated from Majorca, Spain.
SCP-SS200 | 63

DEPARTMENT
 Leche Flan
Leche flan, meaning “milk flan” in Spanish, is a Filipino version of Spanish flan
made of egg yolks and condensed milk.
 Longganisa
Longganisa is a term for the Filipino sausage similar to the Spanish chorizo.
Longganisa is typically bought from the wet market and is cooked at home.
 Kaldereta
Kaldereta is a dish of meat stewed in tomato sauce with potatoes, liver, cheese,
olives, bell pepper and chilli. usually served with rice. Kaldereta means “cauldron”
in Spanish.
SCP-SS200 | 64

DEPARTMENT
 Paella
Paella is a rice dish from Valencia, Spain, various types of which have different
ingredients such as seafood, meat, and herbs and spices.
 Picadillo
Picadillo, meaning “mince” in Spanish, is a dish made of ground beef, potatoes,

tomatoes, and other ingredients. What differentiates the Filipino picadillo from
other versions is its soupy characteristic. Picadillo is usually served with rice.
SCP-SS200 | 65

DEPARTMENT
EDUCATION
Filipinos were first given formal education under the Spanish rule. Augustinian
priests were the first to build schools in the Philippines, to be followed
by Francians, Jesuits, and Dominican priests. During the Spanish colonization,
these schools mainly taught Spanish, Theology, Philosophy, and Geography.
Today, there are still schools and universities built during the Spanish era that
are still operating.
GOVERNMENT
During the pre-colonial period, the Filipino people were divided – in culture and
in state. The Spaniards were the first to introduce a centralized government to
them. During the Spanish era, the Philippines (governed by the Spanish) had a
government hierarchy primarily composed of the nacional, the alcaldia or
encomienda, the pueblo, and the barrio. These sections of the government may
be linked to what we now know as the national government, the provincial
government, the city government, and the barangays.
TRANSPORTATION
The kalesa, originally spelled as calesa in Spanish, is a Filipino version of the
horse-drawn carriage known as calash in the western parts of the world. The
kalesa typically has a higher ceiling than a calash.
Kalesas can still be seen nowadays in historic sites in the Philippines such as in
Intramuros and Vigan to add up to the historical feel of the surroundings.
ECONOMY
During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos did not have currencies. Their
only way of acquiring materials and properties was only through barter. Filipinos
gave crops and other materials to the chieftain as taxes. However, the Spanish
colonization introduced money currency to the Filipinos and along with this
came a standardized taxation system. Through this, Filipinos learned to work for
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money and use it to pay for their needs and, at the same time, there was also a
standard amount of money to be paid by Filipinos to the government and to the
church.
The Spaniards also introduced a system of forced labor called the polo y
servicios wherein Filipinos were sent to different places to serve 40 days of
construction work. The Filipinos were made to build roads, bridges, and
infrastructure. Today, Filipinos under the tertiary program are required to
undergo the National Service Training Program (NSTP) wherein they are trained
for military and/or community service. However, the NSTP is not as strict and
burdensome as the polo y servicios because not participating in it does not pose
as much threat to Filipinos as the polo y servicios.
ARTS AND RECREATION

The sarswela, originally called zarzuela in Spanish, is a realistic musical
drama usually depicting stories of love. It is typically recited or sung alternately.
This form of art is adapted by the Filipinos from the Spanish until Filipinos
eventually began to perform sarswelas as a tradition.
Architecture flourished during the Spanish era and the bahay kubo gave
way to the bahay na bato. Literally meaning stone house, the bahay na bato
was made of bricks and stones. Roads and bridges were also more developed
since they were constructed with bricks and stones. A remnant of the
architecture during the Spanish colonization lies in the heart of Vigan – the
famous Calle Crisologo.
Numerous paintings and sculptures were made during the Spanish era.
These include:
 The Spolarium
The Spolarium, a painting by Juan Luna, won the first prize in a painting contest
in Madrid. However, Luna was not awarded the gold medal because he was a
Filipino. This painting is now considered a national treasure and can be found in
the National Museum.
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 The Battle of Lepanto
To console Juan Luna for not being awarded the gold medal, King Alfonso XII of
Spain commissioned him to paint the Battle of Lepanto. This painting resides in
the Senate Hall of Madrid.
The gravity of the change of culture and tradition that the Filipinos went
through over the Spanish colonization period shows how influential they were to
us. No matter how good or bad each one may be, it is still proof that the
Spaniards have left a legacy and that these influences play a big part of what the
Philippine culture is now.
Filipino Spanish surnames

A Spanish or Latin-sounding surname does not necessarily denote
Spanish ancestry in the Philippines. The names derive from the Spanish
conquest of the Philippine Islands and its implementation of a Spanish naming
system.
After the Spanish conquest of the Philippine islands, many early
Christianized Filipinos assumed religious-instrument or saint names. This
resulted in many people surnamed "de Los Santos" ("of the Saints"), "de la Cruz"
("of the Cross"), "del Rosario" ("of the Rosary"), "Bautista" ("Baptist"), etc.
On November 21, 1849, the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippine
Islands, Narciso Clavería, decreed the systematic distribution of surnames and
the implementation of the Spanish naming system for the Filipinos. This
produced the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos ("Alphabetical Catalogue of
Surnames") listing Hispanicized Chinese and Filipino words, names, and
numbers. Surnames of Spanish nobility and several colonial administrators,
which include the preposition de as a nobiliary particle, were explicitly
prohibited. Many names which resulted are not common to the Hispanophone
world, because they were Hispanicized from the original Filipino or Chinese. This
new naming system also did away with the Filipino custom of siblings taking
different surnames.
People
Filipinos belong to the Austronesian ethnic group of the Southeast Asian
region. The natives of the Philippine Islands may be related to the Chamorro
people in the Mariana Islands (named Islas de Ladrones during Ferdinand
Magellan's expedition) of the Pacific Ocean due to their racial similarity, and for
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being geographically not connected to the Southeast Asian mainland as a group

of islands, but are rather different from the Pacific Islanders belonging to the
Polynesian, Micronesian, and Melanesian ethnic groups. The natives of the
Philippines are rather closely related to their closest neighbors, which are
Malaysia and Indonesia. Most of the immigrant ethnicities of the Philippine
Islands are from the Southeast Asian region. Although there are many ethnic
groups in the Philippines, such as the native population (Tagalog, Bisaya,
Bicolano, Ilocano, Mindanaoans, and the native Moros in Mindanao), that some
people of the Philippines of this present time, consider them to be related to the
Aborigines of Australia and Melanesians, are rather the result of the long period
of interracial mixture among the native ethnic groups of the Islands. The
Philippine Islands is still politically divided among the ethnic groups and regional
groups, but there are also Chinese, Japanese, and Indian peoples who migrated
after the Spanish colonial era and created their own non-native ethnic group.
There are still a few Filipinos and prominent Filipino families today who are of
pure Spanish ancestry.
Nevertheless, Stanford University had stated that only 1–3% of the
Philippine population had minimal degrees of Spanish blood. The official
percentage of Filipinos with Spanish ancestry is unknown.[citation needed]
However, in a research done by Dr. Michael Purugganan, NYU Dean of Science
in 2013, he conclude that Filipinos today are the conclusion of an Austronesian
and Chinese migration result from thousands of years, a melting pot of Asia in
pre-colonial era. He stated that; "We are all of many Indo-China mixes, and I
think every Filipino who is genetically tested will show up as a mix. We are
products of what we evolutionary genomicists call genetic admixture, the result
of several thousand years of mixing in our island archipelago at the edge of the
Pacific. We were always getting genes from everyone who came to our shores. We
are, in a genetic sense, a truly global people."
Search Indicator
Spanish influence on Filipino culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_influence_on_Filipino_culture#Name_of
_the_Philippines
SPANISH COLONIZATION
https://colonialph.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/spanish-
occupation/#:~:text=The%20Spanish%20colonization%20of%20the%20Philippi
nes%20brought%20about,longest%20period%20that%20the%20Philippines%2
0experienced%20foreign%20rule.
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DEPARTMENT
LET’S INITIATE!
1. What are the good influences brought by the Spaniards?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What happened to the previous cultures of the Filipino after being overlapped by
Spanish culture such as their religious beliefs?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What could be the beneficial effect of education brought by the Spaniards in the
Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How do arts brought by westerners enhance the creativity of Filipino culture?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you like your surname brought by the Spaniards? What are the various reasons
for changing our surnames into Castillan surnames?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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DEPARTMENT
LET’S INFER!
1. What changes can you suggest if ever you see a problem with the combined
effort of church and government in ruling the Philippine colony or what
enhancements would you promulgate if ever you see that the joint effort of the
church and government was considered?
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Week 9
Lesson Title Resistance to Spanish Rule
Determine the nature of resistances of Filipinos against
Learning Outcome(s)
Spaniard rule
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Resistance - The action of opposing something that you disapprove or
disagree with
Tyranny - A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not
restricted by a constitution, laws, or opposition etc.) Dominance through threat
of punishment and violence
Revolt - Organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries
to wrest control from another
Essential Content
EARLY RESISTANCE
The Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the
conquest of the Austronesian cities. After Rajah Patis of Cebu, some indigenous
Filipino nobles resisted Spanish rule. Throughout their rule, the Spanish
government had faced numerous revolts across the country, most of which they
had successfully quelled while others were won through agreements with the
leaders of the revolts themselves.
The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years. In the last
quarter of the 19th century, Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo,
and the Moro Muslims in the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish
sovereignty.
During the British occupation of Manila (1762–1764), Diego Silang was
appointed by them as governor of Ilocos and after his assassination by fellow
Filipinos, his wife Gabriela continued to lead the Ilocanos in the fight against
Spanish rule. Resistance against Spanish rule was regional in character, based
on ethnolinguistic groups.
Hispanization did not spread to the mountainous center of northern
Luzon, nor to the inland communities of Mindanao.
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16TH CENTURY
Dagami Revolt (1565–1567)
The Dagami Revolt was a revolt led by the Dagami family who came from
the island of Leyte in 1567. This involved a group of 16 led by Dagami, who was
the chieftain of Gabi (part of the present-day town of Palo). The insurrection was
short-lived and mainly involved the assassinations of Spanish soldiers. The first
incident took place on May 23, 1565, in Cebu where the group ambushed Pedro
de Arana, who was an aide to Miguel López de Legazpi, the Spanish Governor of
the Philippines. Dagami led a series of attacks, which baffled authorities for a
time. By December 1566, Legazpi finally summoned the local datus and forced
them to identify who the culprits were after two more Spaniards died of
poisoning. Dagami was captured rigil.
Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574)

The Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt, also known as the Tagalog Revolt,
was an uprising in 1574 by Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman in Tondo, Manila.
The revolt occurred in the same year as the Chinese pirate Limahong attacked
the palisaded yet poorly defended enclosure of Intramuros. Sulayman and
Lakandula revolted because Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reneged on his side of the
deal. In exchange for accepting Spanish sovereignty, Legazpi promised that
Soliman and Lakandula (and their subjects) would retain some of their local
authority, be exempted from paying tribute, and be treated fairly. Legazpi did not
fulfill his promises.
When Guido de Lavezaris replaced Legaspi as Governor General of the
Philippines, he revoked their exemptions from paying tribute and confiscated
their lands. Father Martin convinced Lakandula and Sulayman to abort the
revolt and promised to grant their privileges. Soliman refused and continued his
revolt. Soliman's revolt was finally and brutally crushed in 1574.
Pampanga Revolt (1585)

The Pampanga Revolt was an uprising in 1585 by some native
Kapampangan leaders who resented the Spanish landowners, or encomenderos,
who had deprived them of their historical land inheritances as tribal chiefs or
Datus. The revolt included a plot to storm Intramuros, but the conspiracy was
foiled before it could begin after a Filipino woman married to a Spanish soldier
reported the plot to the Spanish authorities. Spanish and Filipino colonial troops
were sent by Governor-General Santiago de Vera, and the leaders of the revolt
were arrested and summarily executed by Christian Cruz-Herrera.
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Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (1587–1588)

The Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, or the Tondo Conspiracy, of 1587–1588,
was a plot by the kin-related noblemen, or datus, of Manila and some towns of
Bulacan and Pampanga. It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula,
and his first cousin, Martin Pangan. The datus swore to revolt. The uprising
failed when they were denounced to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao
(Susabau) of Calamianes, in Palawan.
Revolts Against the Tribute (1589)

The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts against the Tribute occurred on Luzon
in the present-day provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte in 1589. Ilocanos,
Ibanags, and other Filipinos revolted against alleged abuses by the tax collectors,
including the collection of high taxes. It began when six tax collectors who had
arrived from Vigan were killed by the natives. Governor-General Santiago de Vera
sent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to pacify the rebels. The rebels were
eventually pardoned, and the Philippine tax system reformed.
Magalat Revolt (1596)

The Magalat Revolt was an uprising in 1596, led by Magalat, a rebel from
Cagayan. He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the
Spanish. He was later released after some urging by some Dominican priests and
returned to Cagayan. Together with his brother, he urged the entire country to
revolt. He was said to have committed atrocities against his fellow natives for
refusing to revolt against the Spaniards. He soon controlled the countryside, and
the Spanish eventually found themselves besieged. The Spanish Governor-
General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán sent Pedro de Chaves from Manila with
Spanish and Filipino colonial troops. They fought successfully against the rebels
and captured and executed several leaders under Magalat. Magalat himself was
assassinated within his fortified headquarters by his own men.
17TH CENTURY
Igorot Revolt (1601)
Main article: Igorot Revolt
By order of the Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán an
expedition was sent to the Cordillera region for religious conversion purposes
with the aid of Padre Esteban Marin. Marin, the curate of Ilocos at that time,
tried initially to convince the Igorots to convert peacefully to Catholicism. Marin
allegedly even tried to create his own dictionary in the Igorot language to advance
this cause. The Igorots, however, killed Marin and the Governor-General sent
Captain Aranda with Spanish and Lumad foot soldiers. The revolt was short-
lived as Aranda made use of extreme measures and executed them quickly to
dispel the revolt in the Cordillera region.
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The Chinese Revolt of 1603

In 1603, at least 30,000 Chinese merchants were slaughtered and in
Luzon Chinese officials and civilians were killed without authority by what The
Ming Shi-lu (Míng shílù) describes as the barbarian Spanish chieftain of Luzon
during that time. The surviving Chinese fled to Wawa, or what is now known as
Guagua, this atrocity is known in Chinese history as the Luzon Tragedy. The
Chinese inhabitants of Manila set fire to Legarda and Binondo and for a time
threatened to capture the Moro stronghold in Intramuros.
Caquenga's Revolt (1607)

In 1607, with the coming of the Dominicans into the Cagayan Valley, a
priest began proselyting to the Malaueg people of Nalfotan, now Rizal, Cagayan.
An animist priestess named Caquenga rebelled against the coming of the
Catholic Church. She gathered people from her village and fled to the mountains
to unite with another village and prepared for war. A Dominican friar and loyal
Malaueg men successfully quelled the forthcoming rebellion, and Caquenga was
given over to the other village as a slave. However, many of her followers rebelled,
burned down a Catholic Church, and started other rebellions throughout the
Cagayan Valley. One rebel, who desecrated an image of the Virgin Mary, was
executed for his offense.
Tamblot Revolt (1621–1622)

The Tamblot Revolt or the Tamblot Uprising, was a religious uprising in
the island of Bohol, led by Tamblot in 1621. The Jesuits first came to Bohol in
1596 and eventually governed the island and converted the Boholanos to the
Catholic faith. Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest, urged his fellow Boholanos
to return to the old belief of their forefathers. The revolt began on the day when
the Jesuits were in Cebu, celebrating the feast day of St. Francis Xavier. It was
finally crushed on New Year's Day, in 1622. Tamblot was executed and his head
was set on a pike and displayed to serve as a warning to the populace.
Bankaw (Bancao) Revolt (1621–1622)

The Bankaw Revolt was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule
led by Bancao, the datu of Carigara, in the present-day Carigara in Leyte.
Bankaw had warmly received Miguel López de Legazpi as his guest, when he first
arrived in the Philippines in 1565. Although baptized as a Catholic in his youth,
he abandoned this faith in later years. With a babaylan, or religious leader
named Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata or local goddess, and pressed six
towns to rise up in revolt. Similar to the Tamblot Uprising, Pagali used magic to
attract followers, and claimed that they could turn the Spaniards into clay by
hurling bits of earth at them.
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Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza sent the alcalde mayor of

Cebu, Juan de Alcarazo, with Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops, to
suppress the rebellion. Bankaw's severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake
and displayed to the public as a stern warning. One of his sons was also
beheaded, and one of the babaylans was burned at the stake. Three other
followers were executed by firing squad. Other historical sources/accounts
reports the Bankaw Revolt as the first recorded uprising against foreign
colonization. The (1621–1622) dates may be inaccurate. Carigara was known
only a decade after Magellan landed in "Mazaua" (believed to be Limasawa) in
1521. The uprising may well have taken place towards the end of the 16th
century.
Itneg Revolt (1625–1627)

The Itneg Revolt, or the Mandaya Revolt, was a religious uprising led by
Miguel Lanab and Alababan. The two were previously baptized as Catholics
against their will and were from the Itneg or Mandaya tribe of Capinatan, in
northwestern Cagayan, in the Philippines. The region is now part of the
landlocked province of Apayao. Miguel Lanab and Alababan killed, beheaded,
and mutilated two Dominican missionaries, Father Alonzo Garcia and Brother
Onofre Palao, who were sent by the Spanish colonial government to convert the
Itneg people to Christianity. After cutting Father Garcia's body into pieces, they
fed his flesh to a herd of pigs. Afterwards, they compelled their fellow Itnegs to
loot, desecrate Catholic images, set fire to the local churches, and escape with
them to the mountains.
In 1626, Governor-General Fernándo de Silva sent Spanish and foot
soldier colonial troops to suppress the rebellion. They destroyed farms and other
sources of food to starve the Itnegs, and forced them to surrender in 1627.
Ladia Revolt (1643)

Pedro Ladia was a Moro Bornean and a self-claimed descendant of
Lakandula who came to Malolos in 1643. At that time, his land was confiscated
by the Spanish, and he thought that it was about time that they stage an uprising
and put himself as King of the Tagalogs. This was despite the fact that a parish
priest tried to convince him not to pursue his plans. Upon his capture, he was
brought to Manila where he was executed.
Sumuroy Revolt (1649–50)
In the town of Palapag, today in Northern Samar, Agustin Sumuroy, a
Waray, and some of his followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo y
servicio or forced labor system being undertaken in Samar. This is known as the
Sumuroy Revolt, named after Agustin Sumuroy.
The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the polo are
not to be sent to places distant from their hometowns to do their forced labor.
However, under orders of the various town alcaldes, or mayors, the Waray were
being sent to the shipyards of Cavite to do their polo y servicio, which sparked
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DEPARTMENT
the revolt. The local parish priest of Palapag was murdered and the revolt
eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol, and the rest of the Visayas, especially in
places such as Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay, Camarines, and
parts of northern Mindanao, such as Surigao. A rebel government was
successfully established in the mountains of Samar.
The defeat, capture, and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a
big setback to the revolt. His trusted co-conspirator David Dula sustained the
quest for freedom with greater vigor but in a fierce battle several years later, he
was wounded, captured, and later executed in Palapag, Northern Samar by the
Spaniards together with his seven key lieutenants.
Maniago/Pampanga Revolt (1660–1661)

The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s named
after its leader, Francisco Maniago. During that time, Pampanga drew most of
the attention from the Spanish religious orders because of its relative wealth.
They also bore the burden of more tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation.
They were made to work for eight months under unfair conditions and were not
paid for their labor and for the rice purchased from them. Their patience was put
to the limit, and they signified their intention to revolt by setting their campsite
on fire. The fight soon began and because the Spaniards were busy fighting
against the Dutch, they were badly depleted by the Kapampangans. The Maniago
revolt was the start of a much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan.
This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of
Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards. After hearing news of a Kapampangan
chief siding with the Spaniards, Maniago and his forces arranged for a meeting
with Governor-General Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in which they gave their
conditions to end their rebellion. Appeased and satisfied with the conditions of
the agreement, the Governor-General accepted the demands after which
Maniago and his forces gave up the rebellion.
Malong Revolt (1660–1661)

Andres Malong was the maestro de campo of Binalatongan - now San
Carlos City - in Pangasinan in the 1660s. He assisted many Spaniards in
governing different towns in Pangasinan, and as such, had learned and was
trained to use force and cruelty. He hoped of being the King of the province,
however, set this plan aside when a war, led by Francisco Maniago, broke out in
Pampanga.
Malong started his campaign in a small barangay called Malunguey, but
failed. Having the same condition as in Pampanga, he led the people in
Pangasinan to take up arms against the Spaniards. It spread like wildfire in
Pangasinan. Because of his success, he proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan.
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Almazan Revolt (January 1661)

A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don
Pedro Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos
Norte. The letters sent by Don Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating
the defeat of the Spaniards in his area and urging other provinces to rise in arms
failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the revolt, Don Pedro
Almazan proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and
executed. He also had a son which the Ilocanos proclaimed their prince.
Chinese Revolt of 1662
Fearing an invasion of Chinese led by the famous pirate Koxinga, the
garrisons around Manila were reinforced. An increasing anti-Chinese sentiment
grew within much of the population. In the end, the invasion did not materialize,
but many locals massacred hundreds of Chinese in the Manila area.
Panay Revolt (1663)

The Panay Revolt was a religious uprising in 1663 that involved Tapar, a
native of the island of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in the town
of Oton. He attracted some followers with his stories about his frequent
conversations with a demon. Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody skirmish
against Spanish and colonial foot soldier troops and their corpses were impaled
on stakes.
Zambal Revolt (1681–1683)

A group of chieftains from Zambales had refused to accept the authority
of the Crown over their realm and staged a revolt. The Spanish were very swift
to respond and sent a colonial force of 6,000-foot soldiers to suppress the
uprising. After 2 years of conflict, the Spanish had pacified the entire area of
Zambales and all of the chieftains who participated in the revolt were executed.
18TH CENTURY
Agrarian Revolt of 1745
The Agrarian Revolt was a revolt undertaken between the years 1745 and
1746 in much of the present-day Calabarzon (specifically in Batangas, Laguna,
and Cavite) and in Bulacan, with its first sparks in the towns of Lian and
Nasugbu in Batangas. Indigenous landowners rose in arms over the land
grabbing of Spanish friars or Catholic religious orders, with native landowners
demanding that Spanish priests return their lands on the basis of ancestral
domain.
The refusal of the Spanish priests resulted in much rioting, resulting in
massive looting of convents and arson of churches and ranches. The case was
eventually investigated by Spanish officials and was even heard in the court of
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Ferdinand VI in which he ordered the priests to return the lands they seized. The
priests were successfully able to appeal the return of lands back to the natives,
which resulted in no land being returned to native landowners.
Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1825)
In 1744 in what is now known as the province of Bohol, the Dagohoy Revolt
was undertaken by Francisco Dagohoy and his followers. This revolt is unique
since it is the only revolt completely related to matters of religious customs,
unlike the Tamblot Uprising before it, which was not a complete religious
rebellion.
After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother died, the local parish priest
refused to give his brother a proper Catholic burial, since dueling is
excommunicable by the Church. The refusal of the priest eventually led to the
longest revolt ever held in Philippine history: 85 years. It also led to the
establishment of a free Boholano government. Twenty governors-general, from
Juan Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca, failed to stop the revolt.
Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200-foot soldiers to Bohol, which was defeated
by Dagohoy's followers. Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829,
failed as well. Dagohoy died two years before the revolt ended, though, which led
to the end of the revolt in 1829. Some 19,000 survivors were granted pardon and
were eventually allowed to live in new Boholano villages: namely, the present-
day towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian, and Sevilla (Cabulao).
Silang Revolt (1762–1763)

Arguably one of the most famous revolts in Philippine history is the Silang
Revolt from 1762 to 1763, led by the couple Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang.
Unlike the other revolts, this revolt took place during the British occupation of
Manila. On December 14, 1762, Diego Silang declared the independence of
Ilocandia, naming the state "Free Ilocos" and proclaimed Vigan the capital of this
newly independent state. The British heard about this revolt in Manila and even
asked the help of Silang in fighting the Spanish.
However, Silang was killed on May 28, 1763 by Miguel Vicos, a friend of
Silang. The Spanish authorities paid for his murder, leading to his death in the
arms of his wife, Gabriela. She continued her husband's struggle, earning the
title "Joan of Arc of the Ilocos" because of her many victories in battle. The battles
of the Silang revolt are a prime example of the use of divide et impera, since
Spanish troops largely used Kapampangan soldiers to fight the Ilocanos.
Eventually, the revolt ended with the defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was
executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.
Palaris Revolt (1762–1764)

During the British invasion of Manila during the Seven Years' War, the
Spanish colonial government, including Villacorta, had relocated to Bacolor in
the province of Pampanga, which was then adjacent to Pangasinan. It was at this
time that the principalia of Binalatongan protested the abuses committed by the
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provincial governor. The town leaders demanded that the governor be removed
and that the colonial government stop collecting taxes since the islands were
already under British control at that time. But Governor-General Simon de Anda
dismissed the demands and the revolt broke out in November 1762. The name
of de la Cruz, who began to be known as Palaris, emerged as one of the leaders
of the revolt, along with his brother Colet, Andrés López, and Juan de Vera
Oncantin.
By December, all Spanish officials, except the Dominican friars who were
in charge of the Catholic mission, had left Pangasinan. The Spanish colonial
government had to deal with the British and the simultaneous Silang Revolt, led
by Diego Silang, in the neighboring province of Ilocos in the north. (The present-
day province of La Union was still part of Pangasinan and Ilocos.) At the battle
of Agno, he faced on March 1, 1763 the Spanish forces under the command of
Alfonso de Arayat, who led a composite troop of Spanish soldiers and Indios loyal
to Spain. Arayat withdrew after losing much of his Indio loyalists. Pangasinenses
took over all official functions and controlled the province up to the Agno River,
the natural boundary between Pangasinan and neighboring Pampanga in the
south. (The present-day province of Tarlac was still part of Pampanga.) At the
height of the uprising, Palaris commanded 10,000 men. He was also in
communication with Silang, with whom he was coordinating a bigger offensive
against the Spanish.
However, the Seven Years' War ended on February 10, 1763 with the
signing of the Treaty of Paris. Also, Silang was assassinated on May 28, 1763 by
an Indio under the employ of the friars. The Spanish were then able to focus on
the uprising and mustered forces to surround Palaris. The Spanish friars, who
were allowed to stay in the province, also started a campaign to persuade
Pangasinan residents of the futility of the Palaris Revolt.
By March 1764, most of the province had already fallen, leaving Palaris no
escape route except through Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea in the west.
He chose to stay in Pangasinan and hid among his supporters. But his presence
terrified his protectors and his own sister Simeona, who was apparently
threatened by the Spanish clergy, betrayed him to Agustín Matias, the
gobernadorcillo (mayor) of the razed Binalatongan. Palaris was arrested on
January 16, 1765 and brought to the provincial capital of Lingayen for trial.
While in detention, he confessed to being the principal leader of the revolt. He
was convicted and hanged on February 26, 1765.
19TH CENTURY
Basi Revolt (1807)
The Basi Revolt, also known as the Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt
undertaken from September 16 to 28, 1807. It was led by Pedro Mateo and
Salarogo Ambaristo (though some sources refer to a single person named Pedro
Ambaristo), with its events occurring in the present-day town of Piddig in Ilocos
Norte. This revolt is unique as it revolves around the Ilocanos' love for basi, or
sugarcane wine. In 1786, the Spanish colonial government expropriated the
manufacture and sale of basi, effectively banning private manufacture of the
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wine, which was done before expropriation. Ilocanos were forced to buy from
government stores. However, wine loving Ilocanos in Piddig rose in revolt on
September 16, 1807, with the revolt spreading to nearby towns and with fighting
lasting for weeks. Spanish-led troops eventually quelled the revolt on September
28, 1807, albeit with much force and loss of life on the losing side. A series of 14
paintings on the Basi Revolt by Esteban Pichay Villanueva currently hangs at
the Ilocos Sur National Museum in Vigan City. The event is immortalized and
commemorated in the Basi Revolt Monument located along the highway of
Piddig.
Novales Revolt (1823)

Andrés Novales later grew discontented with the way Spanish authorities
treated the Criollo people. His discontentment climaxed when peninsulares were
shipped to the Philippines to replace Criollo officers. He found the sympathy of
many Criollos, including Luis Rodriguez Varela, the Conde Filipino. As
punishment to the rising sense of discontentment, many military officers and
public officials were exiled. One of them was Novales, who was exiled to
Mindanao to fight the Moro. However, Novales was not stopped to secretly return
to Manila. On the night of June 1, 1823, Novales along with a certain sub-
lieutenant Ruiz and other subordinates in the King's Regiment, went out to start
a revolt. Along with 800 Indigenous natives in which his sergeants recruited,
they seized the royal palace (palacio del gobernador), the Manila Cathedral, the
city's cabildo (city hall) and other important government buildings in Intramuros.
Failing to find governor general Juan Antonio Martínez, they killed the lieutenant
governor and former governor general, Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras.
Folgueras was the one that suggested Spain to replace Creole officers with
peninsulars. The soldiers shouted, "Long live the Emperor Novales!" (Viva el
Emperador Novales). Surprisingly, the townsfolk followed Novales and his troops
as they marched into Manila. They eventually failed to seize Fort Santiago
because Andrés' brother Mariano, who commanded the citadel, refused to open
its gates. Authorities rushed soldiers to the fort upon learning that it was still
holding out against the rebels. Novales himself was caught hiding under the
Puerta Real by Spanish soldiers. At 5:00 pm of June 2, Novales, Ruiz, and 21
sergeants were executed by firing squad in a garden near Puerta del Postigo. In
his last minutes, Novales declared that he and his comrades shall set an example
of fighting for freedom. Mariano was initially to be executed as well for being
Andrés' brother, but the crowd pleaded for his freedom with the argument that
he had saved the government from being overthrown. Mariano received a
monthly pension of ₱14, but went mad after the execution.
Palmero Conspiracy (1828)

The Palmero Conspiracy in 1828 was a failed plot to overthrow the Spanish
colonial government in the Philippines. The Spanish government suppressed
further information on this conspiracy. In 1823, an order was from Spain
declared that military officers commissioned in the Peninsula (Spain) should
have precedence of all those appointed in the Colonies. This was the reaction of
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Madrid to the series of wars against Spanish rule that was known as the Spanish
American wars of independence; Many Criollo military officers were outranked
by their Peninsular counterparts.
In 1828, matters became worse when public officials, mainly provincial
governors, were also being replaced by Peninsulares. In the same year, two
Palmero brothers, members of a prominent clan in the Philippines, along with
other people from both the military and the civil service, planned to seize the
government. Such was the prominence of the Palmeros, one of whose most
famous descendants was Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, that when the Spanish
government discovered the plan, they thought it would be wise not to report it to
the public. The plot itself would embarrass the government since the
conspirators were Spaniards themselves and it would seem that Spaniards
themselves would want to overthrow the power of Spain in the country. The main
conspirators were exiled.
Pule Revolt (1840–1841)

One of the most famous religious revolts is the Pule Revolt, more formally
known as the Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule. Undertaken between June 1840
and November 1841, this revolt was led by Apolinario de la Cruz, otherwise
known as "Hermano Pule". De la Cruz started his own religious order, the
Confraternity of Saint Joseph (Spanish: Confradia de San José) in Lucban,
located in the present-day province of Quezon (then called Tayabas), in June
1840. However, there were two types of priests in the Philippines then: secular
priests, or parish priests, which were usually Indio, and religious priests, or
convent priests, which were usually Spanish. Due to the concentration of
Spanish religious power and authority in the already-established religious orders
(the Augustinians, Jesuits and Franciscans to name a few) and the concept that
Filipino priests should only stay in the church and not the convent and vice
versa (although this was not always followed), the Spanish government banned
the new order, especially due to its deviation from original Catholic rituals and
teachings, such as prayers and rituals which inculcated paganic practices.
However, thousands of people in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna and even Manila
already joined.
Because of this, the Spanish government sent in troops to forcibly break
up the order, forcing De la Cruz and his followers to rise in armed revolt in self-
defense. Many bloody battles were fought with the order's last stand in Mount
San Cristobal, near Mount Banahaw, in October 1841. The Spaniards eventually
won, and Apolinario de la Cruz was executed on November 4, 1841 in the then-
provincial capital, Tayabas.
Cavite Mutiny (1872)

The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort
San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872.
Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a
national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers
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executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning

nationalist movement.
Why the Revolts Failed-

The early revolts by the Filipinos against the Spanish rule failed because of two
reasons:
1. The Filipinos were not united. instead of helping each other to oust the
Spaniards, the Filipinos fought each other. For example, the Tagalogs helped
Spaniards stop a revolt in Pampanga. In retaliation, Pampanguenos helped the
Spaniards when the Tagalogs revolted. So, the Spaniards used the Filipinos’ lack
of unity to continue oppressing them. This was the strategy of divide and
conquer.
2.There were no national leaders who united the people. The leaders of these
revolts had influence only in a small area of some towns, a few provinces, or
some islands. There were no GomBurZa, Rizal, Bonifacio, or Aguinaldo then.
These national leaders only came in the 19th century. Prior to 1872, the spirit of
nationalism did not exist among the Filipino people. Their leaders were leaders
of tribal revolts do not champion of national revolution. The early revolts,
notwithstanding their failures, have their due place in history. They proved that
the Filipinos then had their racial ideal of freedom and that in the name of liberty
they were willing to fight and die. Moreover, the failures of the early revolts taught
them a good lesson that only by a united stand as one solid nation could they
expect to succeed in realizing their dream of independence.
Search Indicator
Philippine revolts against Spain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain
Early Resistance Against Spain

https://www.academia.edu/16164486/Early_Resistance_Against_Spain
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DEPARTMENT
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Answer the activity given below.
Resistance Against Spanish Rule

Nature of Revolt Who revolted? Common reason Lesson from
why it failed failures
Religious
Economic
Personal Reasons
Political
Others not
classified
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Week 10
Lesson Title Filipino Nationalism and Katipunan
Determine the nature of resistances of Filipinos against Spaniard
Learning Outcome(s)
rule
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Essential Content
The term "Filipino" originally referred to the Spanish criollos of the
Philippines. During their 333-year rule of the Philippines, the Spanish rulers
referred the natives as Indios.
During the colonial era, the Spaniards born in the Philippines, who were
more known as insulares, criollos, or Creoles, were also called "Filipinos."
Spanish-born Spaniards or mainland Spaniards residing in the Philippines were
referred to as Peninsulares. Those of mixed ancestry were referred to as Mestizos.
The Creoles, despite being regarded by the Peninsulares as inferior to them, had
enjoyed various government and church positions, and composed the majority
of the government bureaucracy. The sense of national consciousness came from
the Creoles, who now regard themselves as "Filipino". It was brought to its advent
by three major factors: 1) economy, 2) education and 3) secularization of
parishes. These factors contributed to the birth of the Filipino Nationalism. The
opening of the Philippines to the international or world trade, the rise of the
middle class, and the influx of Liberal ideas from Europe were only a few
examples of how the Philippines developed into a stable country. "The first
manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the decades of the 1880s and
the 1890s, with a reform or propaganda movement, conducted both in Spain and
in the Philippines, for the purpose of “propagandizing” Philippine conditions in
the hopes that desired changes in the social, political and economic life of the
Filipinos would come about through peaceful means."
ECONOMY
Economic developments also did a part in making up the shape of Filipino
Nationalism. Before the opening of Manila to foreign trade, the Spanish
authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the colony and
engaging in business. In 1823, Governor-General Mariano Ricafort promulgated
an edict prohibiting foreign merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting
the provinces for purposes of trade. However, by the royal decree of September
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6, 1834, the privileges of the Company were abolished, and the port of Manila
was opened to trade.
Shorter journeys to and from Spain brought faster trade and quicker
spread of ideas from Europe. Also, the growing sense of economic insecurity in
the later years of the 18th century led the Creoles to turn their attention to
agricultural production. The Creoles gradually changed from a very government-
dependent class into capital-driven entrepreneurs. Their turning of attention
towards guilded soil caused the rise of the large private haciendas. Various
government and church positions were transferred to the roles of the
Peninsulares who were characterized mostly in the 19th century Philippine
history as corrupt bureaucrats.
During the 1780s, two institutions were established to enhance the
economic capacity of the Philippines. These were the Economic Societies of
Friends of the Country and the Royal Company of the Philippines. The former,
introduced by Governor-General Jose Basco in 1780, was composed of leading
men in business, industry and profession, the society was tasked to explore and
exploit the natural resources of the archipelago. It offered local and foreign
scholarships, besides training grants in agriculture and established an academy
of design. It was also credited to the carabao ban of 1782, the formation of the
silversmiths and gold beaters guild and the construction of the first papermill in
the Philippines in 1825. The latter, created by Carlos III on March 10, 1785, was
granted exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila; Chinese and Indian goods and
shipping them directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope. It was stiffly objected
by the Dutch and English who saw it as a direct attack on their trade of Asian
goods. It was also vehemently opposed by the traders of the Galleon trade who
saw it as competition.
EDUCATION
During the administration of Governor-General Jose Raon, a royal order
from Spain, which stated that every village or barrio must have a school and a
teacher, was implemented. The implementation of the order expanded the reach
of basic education during the Spanish era. Also, during the 18th century,
modern agricultural tools made many people leave farming for pursuing
academic and intellectual courses. After the arrival of Buen Consejo, the
Philippines had more direct contact to Europe and the ideas circulating. Thus,
the Philippines was influenced by the principles during the Age of Enlightenment
and radical changes during the French Revolution.
SECULARIZATION OF PARISHES
By royal decree on February 27, 1767, King Carlos III ordered the Jesuits
to be expelled from Spain, and from all her colonies. The decree reached the
Philippines in early 1768, wherein Governor-General Raon tried to do the Jesuits
a favor by delaying the implementation of the royal order in exchange of bribes.
This gave the Jesuit priests to hide all their possessions and destroy documents
that could be held against them, which were supposed to be confiscated. The
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first batch of Jesuits, numbered 64, left Manila only by May 17, 1768. This event
caused Raon to face prosecution from the next Governor-General, as ordered by
the King of Spain. Raon died before the judgment for him was laid.
The expulsion of Jesuit priests from the country resulted to a shortage of
priests in the parishes. This prompted the current Manila archbishop, Basilio
Sancho de Santa Justa, to launch his favorite project: secularization of
Philippine parishes. Sancho reasoned out that priests were only sent to facilitate
missions to areas that are not yet much Christianized. Native priests must be
ordained to facilitate the parishes since the Philippines was already a Christian
country. Sancho recruited every Indio he got to become priests. There was even
a joke at the time that there were no one to man the galleons anymore, since
Sancho had made them all priests. The secularization partly failed because many
members of the newly formed native clergy soiled the parishes with their
ignorance, sloth, and the like. One achievement of Sancho's secularization
project was the establishment of a school for native boys who aspire to become
priests.
THE COMING OF LIBERAL IDEAS

The Coming of Liberal Ideas- When the Philippines was opened by Spain
to world trade, the liberal ideas of Europe and America streamed into the
country, borne by ships and men from foreign ports. These liberal ideas
contained in books and newspapers, were the ideologies of the America and
French Revolutions and the thoughts of Nonentities, Rousseau, Voltaire, Locke,
Jefferson, and other political philosophers.
Influenced by these ideas, the Filipinos began to wonder at their
deplorable situation; they began to discuss politics, justice, and liberty; and in
the course of time, they became bold enough to ask for government reforms
which were urgently needed to erect conditions causing hardships among the
people. The Spanish Revolution of 1868- The triumph of liberation in Spain
resounds across the seas to the shores of her overseas colonies.
The Filipinos came to enjoy the blessing of the new regime, including
religious tolerations, freedom of assembly and meeting, freedom and speech, and
freedom of the press.
Incidental colonial officials with democratic ideas were sent to Manila. The
Suez Canal and F-lollipops, the opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869
to world shipping stimulated Philippines progress. It shortens, in reticular, the
sailing distance between Barcelona and Manila.
The Philippines was thus brought closer to Spain. Travel and
communication were facilitated. More and more Spaniards flocked to the colony
and swelled the Spanish population. Not only Spaniards but also world travelers
and new influence came to Philippines shores via Suez Canal.
De la Tore, Liberal Spanish Governor- The fall of Queen Isabella II and the
rise of liberalism in Spain through a new Spanish governor-general to Manila.
Governor De la Tore, true to expectations, was a good chief executive. He showed
his democratic hilltop in both his personal conduct and official acts. The liberty
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of Serenade of 1869- On the evening of July 12, 1862, the Filipinos serenaded
Governor De la Tore at his official residence to manifest their appreciation of,
and gratitude for, his liberal policies.
The serenade shocked the monarchist Spaniards in Manila, for never
before had the Filipinos been permitted to talk openly of liberty and democracy
and never had a Spaniard chief executive invited Filipinos to a palace buffet.
Governor De la Tore made many Spaniards enemies; on the other hand, he
acquired numerous Filipino rinds. Liberty Parade and Red-ribbon reception- one
September 21, 1869 the new Spanish Constitution was proclaimed in Manila. To
celebrate this historic event, the Filipinos and the Spanish liberals gaily paraded
that night in the city.
The parades wore red ties containing the words Viva el Pueblo Sobering
(Long live the Sovereign people) and on the end of which was written Viva Ia
Liberate (Long Live Liberty) and on the other end, Viva el General La Tore (Long
Live General La Tore). Liberalism and the Filipino Patriots- The liberal regime of
Governor De la Tore encouraged the Filipino traits to discuss public problems
and aspire for reforms.
They constituted themselves into a committee of reformers. Both priest
and laymen were united, and together they campaigned for the Pollination of the
parishes and for greater political rights for the people.
Restoration of the Reactionary Regime- The Provisional Republic of Spain
which was founded by the Spanish revolution in 1868 came to an end 1870. The
monarchy was restored. The new king was Madame of Savoy the second son of
the Italian king. Because of the change on government in Spain.
The political atmosphere in the Philippines likewise changed. The brief
era of De la Tore’s democratic regime ended, and the reactionary regime was
restored. Queried Autocratic Governor on April 4, 1871, General Rafael Queried
assumed the governorships.
Succeeding De la Tore, he was a typical reactionary. He boasted that he
came to the Philippines with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other.
THE CAVITY MUTINY OF 1872
On the night of January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers and workers
in the Cavity arsenal Mutinied. Their leader was La Madrid, a Filipino sergeant.
The mutineers had been led believe that Filipino soldiers in Manila would join
them in a concerned uprising, the signal being the firing of rockets from city
walls on the night. This mutiny was magnified by the Spaniards into a revolt to
implicate Filipino priest and patriots.
It was only a violent outburst of the Cavity soldiers and workers who
resented the government action in abolishing their old-time privileges, notably
exemption from forced labor and the tribute. Victims of the Cavity Mutiny-
immediately after the mutiny, scores of Filipino priest and patriots were arrested
and thrown into jail.
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They were tried by a military court behind closed doors on the charge of
treason and sedition. On January 27, 1872, Governor Queried approved the
death sentence on 41 of the mutineers.
The Trial of Martyrs- the trial of Father Burros, Gomez, and Somoza, like
those of other victims, was a farce. There was no concrete proof of their guilt.
They were railroaded to their doom because their Spanish enemies were afraid
of them and of the cause which they championed.
The Martyrs Execution- At sunrise of February 17, 1872, Father Burros,
Gomez, and Somoza, were escorted under heavy guard to the Lunette. A vast
crowd, consisting of Filipinos and foreigners, witnessed the execution. Azalea,
who testified falsely against the martyrs, was executed first.
Apparently, the Spanish promise of a pardon and a sum of gold, which he
was supposed to receive for testifying against the three priests, was not fulfilled.
Significance of Com-Bur-Sea s Martyrdom- The execution of the three
priests was a great blunder on the part of the Spanish officials in the Philippines.
Fortunately, the church was not a party to the injustice committed by the states.
The F-loping people deeply resented the execution of the three priests. They knew
that the three were innocent and that they were ailed because advocated rights
for the Filipinos.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
The Propaganda Movement was a set of communication actions through
books, leaflets, and newspaper articles by a group of Filipinos who called for
political reforms, lasting approximately from 1880 to 1898 with the most activity
between 1880 and 1895.
Prominent members included José Rizal, author of Noli Me Tángere and
El filibusterismo, Graciano López Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad, the
movement's principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary, and
Marcelo H. del Pilar.
Specifically, the Propagandists aims were the following:
 Reinstating the former representation of the Philippines in the Cortes
Generales or Spanish Parliament
 Secularization of the clergy (i.e. usage of secular or diocesan priest rather
from a religious order)
 Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality
 Reestablishment of Spanish citizenship for Filipinos
 Reestablishment of the Philippines as a province of Spain
 Abolition of polo y servicios (labor service) and the bandala (forced sale of
local products to the government)
 Guarantee of basic freedoms
 Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service
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THE KATIPUNAN MOVEMENT

The failure of the reform movement was already evident in 1892 when Rizal
was arrested and banished to Dapitan. Yet the more hopeful among the middle
class still hung on to the conviction that they could soften the heart of mother
Spain into granting the reforms demanded. It is for this reason that the reform
movement continued for four more years or until 1896 when the masses, led by
Andres Bonifacio, were forced to take to the field against the Spaniards. Andres
Bonifacio, a man of scanty education but nevertheless highly intelligent, founded
the Katipunan on the very night that the news of Rizal's deportation to Dapitan
leaked out. Unlike the members of the middle class, Bonifacio and his plebeian
associates did not dream of mere reforms. They were interested in liberating the
country from the tyranny of the Spaniards, and the only way, to their minds, to
accomplish their end was to prepare the people for an armed conflict. Thus, the
Katipunan was founded on a radical platform, namely, to secure the
independence and freedom of the Philippines by force of arms.
THE KATIPUNAN IS BORN

Andres Bonifacio was also a member of La Liga Filipina, although he soon
lost hope in gaining reforms though peaceful means. This feeling was especially
heightened when Jose Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. Bonifacio became convinced
that the only way the Philippines could gain independence was through a
revolution.
Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang
Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892, in a house on
Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila.
The Katipunan had colorful beginnings. As a symbol of the member’s
loyalty, they performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact), wherein
each one signed his name with his own blood.
The members agreed to recruit more people using the “triangle system” of
enlistment. Each original member would recruit two new members who were not
related to each other. Each new member would do the same thing, and so on
down the line. Members were also asked to contribute one Real (about 25
centavos) each month to raise funds for the association.
The KKK members agreed on the following objectives:
 The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain
after declaring the country’s independence.
 The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness,
hygiene, fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious
fanaticism.
 The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend
the poor oppressed.
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Administration
The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Council (Tagalog: Kataas-
taasang Sanggunian). The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was formed
around August 1892, a month after the founding of the society. The Supreme
Council was headed by an elected president (pangulo), followed by the
secretary/secretaries (kalihim), the treasurer (tagaingat-yaman) and the fiscal
(tagausig). The Supreme Council also had its councilors (kasangguni); the
number varied through presidencies. To distinguish from presidents of lower
sanggunian or councils (below), the president of the Supreme Council was called
the Supreme President (Tagalog: Kataas-taasang Pangulo; Spanish: Presidente
Supremo).
THE LEADERS OF THE KATIPUNAN:
▪ Deodato Arellano -Supremo
▪ Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal
▪ Teodora Plata -Secretary
▪ Valentine Diaz -treasurer
▪ Andres Bonifacio -controller
JOSE RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN

Jose Rizal never became involved in the organization and activities of the
Katipunan; but the Katipuneros still looked up to him as a leader. In fact, Rizal’s
name was used as a password among the society’s highest-ranking members,
who were called bayani.
Andres Bonifacio had already known Rizal during his La Liga Filipina days,
although Rizal did not know Bonifacio personally. Nevertheless, Bonifacio so
respected Rizal’s intelligence and talent that in June 1896, he sent Dr. Pio
Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek Rizal’s advice on the planned revolution.
Rizal told Valenzuela that the timing was not right for a revolution. The
people were not yet ready, and they did not have enough weapons. He suggested
that the Katipunan obtain the support of wealthy and influential Filipinos first,
to gain financial assistance. He also recommended Antonio Luna as commander
of its armed forces since Luna had much knowledge and expertise in military
tactics.
Valenzuela returned to Manila on June 26 and relayed Rizal’s advice to
Bonifacio, who admitted that it would indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight
without enough weapons. However, there was no stopping the Revolution.
Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare for battle. He directed them to store enough
food and other supplies. Battle plans were made with the help of Emilio Jacinto.
It was suggested that the revolutionary headquarters be located near the seas or
mountains to provide for an easy retreat, if necessary.
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DEPARTMENT
THE KATIPUNAN IS DISCOVERED

Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation,
although no solid evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far
as the Spanish authorities was concerned, came on August 19, 1896 when a
KKK member, Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the existence of the
Katipunan. Patiño was a worker in the printing press of Diario de Manila.
Honoria was then living with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage.
The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanage’s
Mother Superior, Sor Teresa de Jesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa
suggested they seek the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo.
After hearing Patiño’s revelations, Father Mariano Gil-accompanied by
several Guardias Civiles immediately searched the premises of Diario de Manila
and found evidence of the Katipunan’s existence. The governor general was
quickly informed. The printing press was padlocked and hundreds of suspected
KKK members were arrested. -Continue to Cry of Pugad Lawin & Andres
Bonifacio's Execution.
Search Indicator
Propaganda Movement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_Movement
THE BIRTH OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
https://studyhippo.com/the-birth-of-philippine-nationalism/
THE KATIPUNAN
http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/katipunan.html
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DEPARTMENT
LET’S INITIATE!
1. What makes the economy as one of the factors that lead to Philippine Nationalism?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the effect of the influx of liberal ideas that influence Filipinos toward
attaining nationalism?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the precursors that lead to the founding of the Katipunan?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. What makes the propaganda movement different from that of the Katipunan?
Compare and contrast their differences according to their Aims and Goals, Means, and
Methods/ Operations.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which independence movement do you prefer, the Propaganda Movement or the

Katipunan (Revolutionary Movement)?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
1. If you happen to be a Filipino during the 19th century where would your
sentiment reside, a reformist or a revolutionary? Explain your answer.
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Week 11
Lesson Title Phases of Philippine Revolution
Learning Outcome(s) Trace the events that proceeded during the Phases of revolution
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Essential Content
REVOLUTION PHASE ONE: The Katipunan Revolution
The Philippine Revolution, the first against western colonial rule in Asia,
was directed against Spain which had colonized the Philippines since 1565. The
Revolution against Spain had two phases: the first from the declaration of
defiance against Spanish rule on August 23, 1896 till the conclusion of a truce
in December 1897; the second from the return till the outbreak of the Filipino-
American War in February 1899.
After over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule characterized by
unenlightened government, outright exploitation of the Indios (the term used to
apply to the indigenous population of Filipinos), bleated and half-hearted
attempts at reform, and on the part of the governed, countless sporadic and
isolated revolts and other forms of resistance, the Philippine Revolution exploded
on August 23, 1896, in the event that is commemorated as the “Cry of
Pugadlawin.” Located in the outskirts of Manila, there assembled on that day
members of a secret revolutionary society known as the Katipunan (Kataas-
taasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang mga Anak ng Bayan — Highest and
Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People, founded in July 1892), led
by its founder, Andres Bonifacio, and there tore up their cedulas (identification
receipts issued for payment of taxes) as a symbol of their determination to take
up arms against Spain.
The seeds of revolution were, in fact, sown earlier in the nineteenth century
when Spain’s enforced isolation of the Philippines was shattered with the
opening of the country to foreign commerce and the resulting development
of an export economy by non-Spanish foreign enterprises (British, American,
Chinese). Revolutionary and liberal movements in Europe and elsewhere, in
addition to the persistence of friar autocratic rule, brought winds of change in
the political climate in the Philippines. The most important event which possibly
made the Revolution inevitable was that of February 17, 1872, when three
Filipino secular priests, leaders in the movement for the secularization (in
effect, nationalization) of Philippine parishes, were executed publicly by garrote
for their supposed complicity in a military mutiny at a Cavite arsenal on
January 20, 1872. By linking them with the mutiny, the Spanish
administration, with the instigation of Spanish friars, found a convenient way of
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doing away with the troublesome priests, considered by them as filibusteros

(anyone who showed any radical tendencies) for demanding clerical equality with
the Spanish friars.
The first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the decades
of the 1880s and the 1890s, with a reform or propaganda movement, conducted
both in Spain and in the Philippines, for the purpose of “propagandizing”
Philippine conditions in the hopes that desired changes in the social, political,
and economic life of the Filipinos would come about through peaceful means.
The propaganda movement failed to secure the desired reforms, especially the
expulsion of the friars and their replacement by Filipino secular priests and
equality before the law between Spaniards and Filipinos, largely because the
Spanish friars used their power and resources to thwart the activities of the
Filipino ilustrados (educated Filipinos who led the movement).
The revolutionary society, Katipunan, was established, on July 7, 1892,
by Filipinos who had given up hope that the Spanish government would
administer the affairs of Filipinas in the interests of its subjects — with justice
and dignity. A secret association patterned after Freemasonry and the Liga
Filipina (a mutual-aid society founded by the ilustrado Jose Riza on July 3,
1892), it recruited members in the suburbs of Manila and in the provinces of
Central Luzon. By the time of the outbreak of the Revolution in August 1896,
membership in the Katipunan has soared to about 30,000, which included some
women. The Revolution broke out prematurely on August 23, 1896 because of
the untimely discovery by a Spanish friar, on August 19, of the existence of the
revolutionary society. The immediate result of the outbreak of the Revolution
was the institution of a reign of terror by the Spanish authorities in an attempt
to frighten the population into submission. Hundreds suspected of joining the
Katipunan and the Revolution were arrested and jailed; prominent Filipinos were
shipped to exile to the Carolines or the Spanish penal colony in Africa (Fernando
Po); and still others were executed, including Jose Rizal, who was shot by
musketry on December 30, 1896. The Revolution spread from Manila and Cavite
to Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija represented
as the eight rays in the Philippine flag.
The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the colonial
authorities through Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to the Spaniard La Font,
general manager of the printing shop Diario de Manila. Patiño was engaged in a
bitter dispute overpay with a co-worker, Katipunero member Apolonio de la Cruz,
and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. La Font led a Spanish police lieutenant
to the shop and to the desk of Apolonio, where they "found Katipunan
paraphernalia such as a rubber stamp, a little book, ledgers, membership oaths
signed in blood, and a membership roster of the Maghiganti chapter of the
Katipunan."
As with the Terror of 1872, colonial authorities made several arrests and used
torture to identify other Katipunan members. Despite having no involvement in
the secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don Francisco
Roxas. Bonifacio had forged their signatures in Katipunan documents, hoping
that they would be forced to support the revolution.
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DEPARTMENT
On 24 August 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass

gathering in Caloocan, where the group decided to start a nationwide armed
revolution against Spain. The event included a mass tearing of cedulas
(community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and
location are disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by the
Philippine government: August 26 in Balintawak and later, August 23 in Pugad
Lawin. Thus, the event is called the "Cry of Pugad Lawin" or "Cry of Balintawak".
However, the issue is further complicated by other possible dates such as August
24 and 25 and other locations such as Kangkong, Bahay Toro and Pasong Tamo.
Furthermore, at the time, "Balintawak" referred not only to a specific place, but
also a general area that included some of the proposed sites, such as Kangkong.
Upon the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio called all Katipunan
councils to a meeting in Balintawak or Kangkong to discuss their situation.
According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo, the meeting occurred on August 19;
however, revolutionary leader Santiago Álvarez stated that it occurred on August
22.
On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in Balintawak in
Caloocan. Late in the evening, amidst heavy rain, the rebels moved to Kangkong
in Caloocan, and arrived there past midnight. As a precaution, the rebels moved
to Bahay Toro or Pugad Lawin on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and tearing
of certificates at the house of Juan Ramos, which was in Pugad Lawin. Alvarez
writes that they met at the house of Melchora Aquino (known as "Tandang Sora",
and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date. Agoncillo places
Aquino's house in Pasong Tamo and the meeting there on August 24. The rebels
continued to congregate, and by August 24, there were over a thousand.
Katipunan supreme leader Andrés Bonifacio
On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the
surrounding towns that an attack on the capital Manila was planned for August
29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces in Manila. Before hostilities
erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open revolutionary
government, with himself as president and the Supreme Council of the
Katipunan as his cabinet.
On the morning of August 25, the rebels came under attack by a Spanish
civil guard unit, with the rebels having greater numbers but the Spanish being
better armed. The forces disengaged after a brief skirmish and some casualties
on both sides.
Another skirmish took place on August 26, which sent the rebels retreating
toward Balara. Bonifacio and some of his men briefly rested in Diliman. In the
afternoon, civil guards sent to Caloocan to investigate attacks on Chinese
merchants — done by bandits who had attached themselves to the rebels—came
across a group of Katipuneros and briefly engaged them. The commander of the
guards, Lieutenant Ros, reported the encounter to the authorities, and the report
drove Governor-General Ramón Blanco to prepare for coming hostilities. General
Blanco had about 10,000 Spanish regulars and the gunboats Isla de Cuba and
Isla de Luzon by the end of November.
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From August 27 to 28, Bonifacio moved from Balara to Mt. Balabak in

Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong. There, he held meetings to finalize plans for the
Manila attack the following day. Bonifacio issued the following general
proclamation
Andres Bonifacio led the Revolution in its early stages, although he did
not excel in the field of battle. Internal rivalry led to the division of the ranks
within the Katipunan organization and with the execution of Bonifacio in May
1897 (charged with sedition and treason), leadership of the Revolution fell into
the hands of another Katipunan member from Cavite, Emilio Aguinaldo, who
distinguished himself in the battlefields in Cavite, at that time the heartland of
the Revolution.
The conventional view among Filipino historians is that Bonifacio did not
carry out the planned Katipunan attack on Manila the following day and instead
attacked a powder magazine at San Juan del Monte. However, more recent
studies have advanced the view that the planned attack did occur; according to
this view, Bonifacio's battle at San Juan del Monte (now called the "Battle of
Pinaglabanan") was only a part of a bigger "battle for Manila" hitherto
unrecognized as such.
Hostilities in the area started on the evening of August 29, when hundreds
of rebels attacked the Civil Guard garrison in Pasig, just as hundreds of other
rebels personally led by Bonifacio were amassing in San Juan del Monte, which
they attacked at about 4 a.m. on the 30th. Bonifacio planned to capture the San
Juan del Monte powder magazine along with a water station which supplied
Manila. The Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until
reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces
back with heavy casualties. Elsewhere, rebels attacked Mandaluyong, Sampaloc,
Sta. Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Marikina, and Caloocan, as well as Makati and
Taguig. Balintawak in Caloocan saw intense fighting. Rebel troops tended to
gravitate towards fighting in San Juan del Monte and Sampaloc. South of Manila,
a thousand-strong rebel force attacked a small force of civil guards. In Pandacan,
Katipuneros attacked the parish church, making the parish priest run for his
life.
After their defeat in Battle of San Juan del Monte, Bonifacio's troops
regrouped near Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban, where they proceeded to
attack these areas. They captured the areas, but were driven back by Spanish
counterattacks, and Bonifacio eventually ordered a retreat to Balara. On the way,
Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet that
grazed his collar. Despite his retreat, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and
was still considered to be a threat.
South of Manila, the towns of San Francisco de Malabon, Noveleta and
Kawit in Cavite rebelled a few days after. In Nueva Ecija, north of Manila, rebels
in San Isidro, led by Mariano Llanera, attacked the Spanish garrison on
September 2–4; they were repulsed.
By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date,
Governor-General Blanco declared a "state of war" in these provinces and placed
them under martial law. These provinces were Manila, Bulacan, Cavite,
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DEPARTMENT
Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. They would later be
represented as the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag.
The rebels had few firearms; they were mostly armed with bolo knives and
bamboo spears. The lack of guns has been proposed as a possible reason why
the Manila attack allegedly never succeeded. Also, the Katipunan leaders from
Cavite had earlier expressed reservations about starting an uprising due to their
lack of firearms and preparation. As a result, they did not send troops to Manila,
but instead attacked garrisons in their own locales. Some historians have argued
that the Katipunan defeat in the Manila area was (partly) the fault of the Cavite
rebels due to their absence, as their presence would have proved crucial. In their
memoirs, Cavite rebel leaders justified their absence in Manila by claiming
Bonifacio failed to execute pre-arranged signals to begin the uprising, such as
setting balloons loose and extinguishing the lights at the Luneta park. However,
these claims have been dismissed as "historical mythology"; as reasoned by
historians, if they were really waiting for signals before marching on Manila, they
would have arrived "too late for the fray". Bonifacio's command for a
simultaneous attack is interpreted as evidence that such signals were never
arranged. Other factors for the Katipunan defeat include the capture of
Bonifacio's battle plans by Spanish intelligence. The Spanish concentrated their
forces in the Manila area while pulling out troops in other provinces (which
proved beneficial for rebels in other areas, particularly Cavite). The authorities
also transferred a regiment of 500 native troops to Marawi, Mindanao, where the
soldiers later rebelled.
Revolution in Cavite
By December, there were three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under
Mariano Alvarez, Baldomero Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano
Llanera) and Morong (now part of Rizal, under Bonifacio). Bonifacio served as
tactician for the rebel guerillas, though his prestige suffered when he lost battles
that he personally led.
Meanwhile, in Cavite, Katipuneros under Mariano Álvarez, Bonifacio's
uncle by marriage, and Baldomero Aguinaldo of Cavite El Viejo (modern Kawit),
won early victories. The Magdalo council commissioned Edilberto Evangelista,
an engineer, to plan the defense and logistics of the revolution in Cavite. His first
victory was in the Battle of Imus on September 1, 1896, defeating the Spanish
forces under General Ernesto Aguirre with the aid of Jose Tagle. The Cavite
revolutionaries, particularly Emilio Aguinaldo, won prestige through defeating
Spanish troops in "set piece" battles, while other rebels like Bonifacio and
Llanera were engaged in guerrilla warfare. Aguinaldo, speaking for the Magdalo
ruling council, issued a manifesto proclaiming a provisional and revolutionary
government after his early successes, despite the existence of Bonifacio's
Katipunan government.
The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two councils: the Magdiwang (led
by Alvarez) and the Magdalo (led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, Emilio's cousin). At
first, these two Katipunan councils cooperated with each other in the battlefield,
as in the battles of Binakayan and Dalahican, where they won their first major
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victory over the Spaniards. However, rivalries between command and territory
soon developed, and they refused to cooperate with each other in battle.
To unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the Magdiwang, through Artemio Ricarte
and Pio Del Pilar, called Bonifacio, who was fighting in Morong (present-day
Rizal) province to mediate between the factions. Perhaps due to his kinship ties
with their leader, Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang.
It was not long before the issue of leadership was debated. The Magdiwang
faction recognized Bonifacio as supreme leader, being the head of the Katipunan.
The Magdalo faction agitated for Emilio Aguinaldo to be the movement's head
because of his successes in the battlefield compared to Bonifacio's record of
personal defeats. Meanwhile, the Spanish troops, now under the command of
the new Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja, steadily gained ground.
Tejeros Convention
On December 31, an assembly was convened in Imus to settle the
leadership dispute. The Magdalo insisted on the establishment of revolutionary
government to replace the Katipunan. The Magdiwang favored retention of the
Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly
dispersed without a consensus.
On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in Tejeros. It called for the
election of officers for the revolutionary government, which was in need of united
military forces, as there was a pending Spanish offensive against the Magdalo
faction. The Magdiwang faction allied with Bonifacio and prepared and hosted
the election, as most of the Magdalo faction was occupied by battle preparations.
Bonifacio chaired the election and stated that the election results were to be
respected. When the voting ended, Bonifacio had lost and the leadership turned
over to Aguinaldo, who was away fighting in Pasong Santol. Bonifacio also lost
other positions to members of his Magdiwang faction. Instead, he was elected as
Director of the Interior, but his qualifications were questioned by a Magdalo,
Daniel Tirona. Bonifacio felt insulted and would have shot Tirona if Artemio
Ricarte had not intervened. Invoking his position of Supremo of the Katipunan,
Bonifacio declared the election void and stomped out in anger. Aguinaldo took
his oath of office as president the next day in Santa Cruz de Malabon (present-
day Tanza) in Cavite, as did the rest of the officers, except for Bonifacio.
Execution of Bonifacio
Bonifacio moved his headquarters to Naic after the fall of Imus. In Naic,
Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic Military Agreement, establishing a
rival government to the newly constituted government of Aguinaldo. It rejected
the election at Tejeros and asserted that Bonifacio was the leader of the
revolution. It also ordered that Filipino men be forced to enlist in Bonifacio's
army. The agreement eventually called for a coup d'état against the established
government. When Limbon in Indang, a town in Cavite, refused to supply
provisions, Bonifacio ordered it to be burned. When Aguinaldo learned about the
Naic Military Agreement and the reports of abuse, he ordered the arrest of
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Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge) on April 27, 1897.
Colonel Agapito Bonzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon and attacked him the next
day. Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were wounded, while their brother
Ciriaco was killed on April 28. They were taken to Naic to stand trial.
The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced Andrés and Procopio to
death on May 10, 1897, for committing sedition and treason.[Aguinaldo
supported deportation of Andrés and Procopio rather than execution, but
withdrew his decision as a result of pressure from Pio Del Pilar and other officers
of the revolution.
On May 10, Major Lazaro Makapagal, upon orders from General Mariano
Noriel, executed the Bonifacio brothers at the foothills of Mount Buntis, near
Maragondon. Andrés and Procopio were buried in a shallow grave, marked only
with twigs.
The first phase of the Revolution ended inconclusively, with both Filipino
and Spanish forces unable to pursue hostilities to a successful conclusion.
Consequently, between November 18 and December 15, a truce (in Biak-na-Bato)
was concluded between the two sides which resulted in a temporary cessation of
hostilities. Aguinaldo agreed to go on temporary exile to Hong Kong after the
Spanish government compensated him and his revolutionary junta with
P400,000. The truce failed as both sides entered the agreement in bad faith —
neither was really willing to abandon hostilities but were biding time and
resources to resume the armed conflict.
REVOLUTION PHASE TWO: War for Independence

Biak-na-Bato
Augmented by new recruits from Spain, government troops recaptured
several towns in Cavite, taking Imus on 25 March 1897. The head of the Spanish
expeditionary force, General de Lacambre, then offered amnesty to all who would
surrender and accept Spanish authority. In May 1897, the Spanish captured
Maragondon, forcing the Government of the Philippine Republic to move to Mt.
Buntis. By June, the Spanish had taken Mendez Nunez, Amadeo, Alfonso, Bailen
and Magallanes with little resistance. The Spanish planned war, including
the concentration of rebel relatives and friends in camps.
As argued by Apolinario Mabini and others, the succession of defeats for
the rebels could be attributed to discontent that resulted from Bonifacio's death.
Mabini wrote:
This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the revolutionary cause, and
hastened the failure of the insurrection in Cavite, because many from Manila,
Laguna and Batangas, who were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were
demoralized and quit...”
In other areas, some of Bonifacio's associates, such as Emilio Jacinto and
Macario Sakay, never subjected their military commands to Aguinaldo's
authority.
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Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward, from one town to the next,
until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo
in Bulacan. Here they established what became known as the Republic of Biak-
na-Bato, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer; it was
based on the first Cuban Constitution.
With the new Spanish Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera
declaring, "I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army can capture it. But I cannot end
the rebellion", he proffered peace to the revolutionaries. A lawyer named Pedro
Paterno volunteered to be negotiator between the two sides. For four months, he
traveled between Manila and Biak-na-Bato. His hard work finally bore fruit
when, on December 14 to December 15, 1897, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was
signed. Consisting of three documents, it called for the following agenda:
 The surrender of all weapons of the revolutionaries.

 Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution.
 Exile for the revolutionary leadership.
 Payment by the Spanish government of $400,000 (Mexican peso) to the
revolutionaries in three installments: $200,000 (Mexican peso) upon
leaving the country, $100,000 (Mexican peso) upon the surrender of at
least 700 firearms, and another $200,000 (Mexican peso) upon the
declaration of general amnesty.
Leaving Biak-na-Bato on December 24, 1897, Aguinaldo and eighteen
other top officials of the revolution, including Mariano Llanera, Tomás Mascardo,
Benito Natividad, Gregorio del Pilar, and Vicente Lukban were exiled to Hong
Kong with $400,000 (Mexican peso) by December 29. The rest of the men got
$200,000 (Mexican peso) and the third installment was never received. General
amnesty was never declared because sporadic skirmishes continued.
Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General
Francisco Macabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the
interim government until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts
resumed, this time coming from almost every province in the Philippines. The
colonial authorities, on the other hand, continued the arrest and torture of those
suspected of committing banditry.
The Pact of Biak-na-Bato did not signal an end to the revolution. Aguinaldo
and his men were convinced that the Spaniards would never give the rest of the
money promised to them as a condition of surrender. Furthermore, they believed
that Spain reneged on her promise of amnesty. The Filipino patriots renewed
their commitment for complete independence. They purchased more arms and
ammunition to ready themselves for another siege.
Battle of Manila Bay.

In February 1898, during an ongoing revolution in Cuba, the explosion
and sinking of a U.S. Navy warship in Havana harbor led the United States to
issue a declaration of war against Spain in April of that year. On April 25,
Commodore George Dewey sailed for Manila with a fleet of seven U.S. ships.
Upon arriving on May 1, Dewey encountered a fleet of twelve Spanish ships
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commanded by Admiral Patricio Montojo. The subsequent Battle of Manila Bay

only lasted for a few hours, with all of Montojo's fleet destroyed. Dewey called for
armed reinforcements and, while waiting, acted as a blockade for Manila Bay.
Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines
On May 7, 1898, USS McCulloch, an American dispatch boat, arrived in
Hong Kong from Manila, bringing reports of Dewey's victory in the Battle of
Manila Bay. Aguinaldo had recently returned there from Singapore expecting to
be transported to Manila by the Americans, but McCulloch had no orders
regarding this. McCulloch again arrived in Hong Kong on May 15 bearing such
orders and departed Hong Kong with Aguinaldo aboard on May 17, arriving in
Manila Bay on May 19. Several revolutionaries, as well as Filipino soldiers
employed by the Spanish army, crossed over to Aguinaldo's command.
In the Battle of Alapan on May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo raided the last
remaining stronghold of the Spanish Empire in Cavite with fresh reinforcements
of about 12,000 men. This battle eventually liberated Cavite from Spanish
colonial control and led to the first time the modern flag of the Philippines being
unfurled in victory.
Soon after, Imus and Bacoor in Cavite, Parañaque and Las Piñas in
Manila, Macabebe, and San Fernando in Pampanga, as well as Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas (present-day Quezon), and the
Camarines provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos. They were also able to
capture the port of Dalahican in Cavite.
Declaration of Independence
By June 1898, the island of Luzon, except for Manila and the port of
Cavite, was under Filipino control, after General Monet's retreat to Manila with
his remaining force of 600 men and 80 wounded. The revolutionaries were laying
siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water supply. With most of the
archipelago under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to establish a
Philippine government. When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he had
brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by Mariano Ponce, calling for the
establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, however, an autocratic regime was established on May 24,
with Aguinaldo as dictator. It was under this dictatorship that independence was
finally proclaimed on June 12, 1898, in Aguinaldo's house in Kawit, Cavite. The
first Filipino flag was again unfurled, and the national anthem was played for
the first time. Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, opposed
Aguinaldo's decision to establish an autocracy. He instead urged Aguinaldo to
create a revolutionary government. Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini
was eventually able to convince him. Aguinaldo established a revolutionary
government on July 23, 1898.
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Capture of Manila
The United States Navy continued to wait for reinforcements. Refusing to
allow the Filipinos to participate, reinforced U.S. forces captured Manila on
August 13, 1898.
First Philippine Republic
Upon the recommendations of the decree that established the
revolutionary government, a Congreso Revolucionario was assembled at
Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan on September 15. All of the delegates to
the congress were from the ilustrado class. Mabini objected to the call for a
constitutional assembly; when he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of
his own, which also failed. A draft by an ilustrado lawyer, Felipe Calderón y Roca,
was instead presented, and this became the framework upon which the assembly
drafted the first constitution, the Malolos Constitution. On November 29, the
assembly, now popularly called the Malolos Congress, finished the draft.
However, Aguinaldo, who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most
of his advice, refused to sign the draft when the latter objected. On January 21,
1899, after some modifications were made to suit Mabini's arguments, the
constitution was finally approved by the Congress and signed by Aguinaldo. Two
days later, the Philippine Republic (also called the First Republic and Malolos
Republic) was established in Malolos with Aguinaldo as president.
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SCP-TOPICS: FINAL PERIOD TOPICS

Week 13
Lesson Title American Occupation
Learning Outcome(s)
rule
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
AMERICAN OCCUPATION IN THE PHILIPPINES (1899 – 1934)
As the real motives of the Americans were known by the Filipinos, the
tension between the two parties began. On February 4, 1899, Private Willie
Grayson shot a Filipino soldier at San Juan Bridge resulting to the outbreak of
Filipino-American hostilities. The Filipinos had made responses against the
Americans, to keep their country’s independence from foreign powers. However,
through the ratification of the Treaty of Paris on February 6, 1899, the
Philippines became an official colonial territory of the United States of America.
But in spite of this, the Filipinos continued their resistances against the
Americans. Until Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans and
pledged allegiance to the United States causing other generals to surrender also.
The resistances of the elites against the Americans ended until the last Filipino
Gen. Simeon Ola gave up on September 23, 1903. Even though there are still
resistances led by the Filipino masses in other parts of the country, a new
chapter of the Philippine history began.
DECLINE AND FALL OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

The Philippine Army continued suffering defeats from the better armed
United States Army during the conventional warfare phase, forcing Aguinaldo to
continually change his base of operations throughout the course of the war.
On March 23, 1901, General Frederick Funston and his troops captured
Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela, with the help of some Filipinos (called the
Macabebe Scouts after their home locale) who had joined the Americans' side.
The Americans pretended to be captives of the Scouts, who were dressed in
Philippine Army uniforms. Once Funston and his "captors" entered Aguinaldo's
camp, they immediately fell upon the guards and quickly overwhelmed them and
the weary Aguinaldo.
On April 1, 1901, at the Malacañan Palace in Manila, Aguinaldo swore an
oath accepting the authority of the United States over the Philippines and
pledging his allegiance to the American government. On April 19, he issued a
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DEPARTMENT
Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to

lay down their weapons and give up the fight.
"Let the stream of blood cease to flow; let there be an end to tears and
desolation," Aguinaldo said. "The lesson which the war holds out and the
significance of which I realized only recently, leads me to the firm conviction that
the complete termination of hostilities and a lasting peace are not only desirable
but also absolutely essential for the well-being of the Philippines."
The capture of Aguinaldo dealt a severe blow to the Filipino cause, but not
as much as the Americans had hoped. General Miguel Malvar took over the
leadership of the Filipino government, or what remained of it. He originally had
taken a defensive stance against the Americans, but now launched all-out
offensive against the American-held towns in the Batangas region. General
Vicente Lukbán in Samar, and other army officers, continued the war in their
respective areas.
General Bell relentlessly pursued Malvar and his men, forcing the
surrender of many of the Filipino soldiers. Finally, Malvar surrendered, along
with his sick wife and children and some of his officers, on April 16, 1902. By
the end of the month nearly 3,000 of Malvar's men had also surrendered. With
the surrender of Malvar, the Filipino war effort began to dwindle even further.
In 1909, American free trade policies were imposed upon the Philippines,
opening its fragile economy to American manufactures and foreign investment.
These policies created an import-dependent agro-merchandising economic
system that would plague the Philippines well into the 1980s.
FILIPINO COLLABORATION
Some of Aguinaldo's associates supported America, even before hostilities
began. Pedro Paterno, Aguinaldo's prime minister and the author of the 1897
armistice treaty with Spain, advocated the incorporation of the Philippines into
the United States in 1898. Other associates sympathetic to the U.S. were
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Benito Legarda, prominent members of
Congress; Gregorio Araneta, Aguinaldo's Secretary of Justice; and Felipe
Buencamino, Aguinaldo's Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Buencamino is recorded
to have said in 1902: "I am an American and all the money in the Philippines,
the air, the light, and the sun I consider American." Many such people
subsequently held posts in the colonial government.
The leading families of the Filipino elite (the Sorianos, the Zobels, the
Ayalas, the Roxases, and the Ortigases) wholeheartedly embraced the free
trade system. Because of this system, U.S. multinational corporations, big
landowners, and investment capitalists took complete control of the economy,
laying the foundations for economic dependency, low international reserves, high
unemployment, limited per capita incomes, high inflation, and structural
poverty.
SCP-SS200 | 105

DEPARTMENT
Politically, the Philippines people adopted an American style

Constitution in 1935, with the U.S. promise of full independence on 4 July
1946, raising the deepest hopes of nationalistic Filipinos that their country
would finally win its freedom from foreign rule. Meanwhile the economic,
financial, and trading ties to the American economy increased the tensions
between the Filipino people and the United States.
The American co-optation of Filipino elites, however, acted as a firebreak
to major internal rebellions and solidified American control of the country. The
American control of the government and the economy was a classic exercise in
political and economic colonialism, supported by covert destabilization and
military operations against both nationalistic and communist dissidents in the
Philippines.
I. PHILIPPINE POLICY OF AMERICA

President William McKinley declared an apparently altruistic policy for the
Philippines: “The Philippines are ours, not to exploit, but to develop, to civilize,
to educate, to train in the science of self-government.”
However, he did not state the other motives for annexing the country.
These other colonial objectives were:
 To pursue a “manifest destiny” for America as a world power
 To use the Philippines as a source of raw materials for US industries and
as a market for US manufactured products
 To use the Philippines as a military and naval base
 To have a refueling port of American ships servicing their interests in
China
II. MILITARY GOVERNMENT (AUGUST 14, 1898 – JULY 4, 1901)

In this type of government, the American President appointed military
generals to govern the territory. It lasted for three years during the Philippine-
American War. The three military governors were:
(1) Gen. Wesley Meritt
(2) Gen. Elwell Otis
(3) Gen. Arthur MacArthur
The greatest achievement of the Military Government was the pacification
of the country and the laying down of the foundation of the civil regime. It
introduced the American school system, with soldiers as first teachers. It
organized the civil courts, including the Supreme Court. Cayetano Arellano was
the 1st Chief Justice. Local governments were established in towns and
provinces under the control of American troops. On May 7, 1899, the first
election was held by Gen. Henry W. Lawton in Baliwag, Bulacan.
SCP-SS200 | 106

DEPARTMENT
III. PHILIPPINE COMMISSIONS

During the establishment of Phil. Commissions, the chief executive of the
Phil. is still the military governor. Each commission is a five-person group led by
a chairman who was chosen by the President of United States to make a survey
of Philippine conditions and achieve peaceful extension of American sovereignty
over the archipelago. The two commissions were:
A. Schurmann Commission (January 20, 1899) – the 1st Phil. Commission led
by Dr. Jacob Schurmann, President of the Cornell University, (with George
Dewey, Charles Denby, Elwell Otis, and Dean Worcester). In their report, they
acknowledge the aspirations of Filipinos for independence. However, they
declared that the Philippines was not yet ready for it. Thus, they recommended
the establishment of civilian government having a bicameral legislature,
withdrawal of military rule in the pacified areas, conservation of natural
resources for the Filipinos, organization of autonomous local governments,
opening of free public schools and appointment of high ability and good
character men to important government offices.
B. Taft Commission (March 16, 1900) – the 2nd Phil. Commission led by Judge
William Howard Taft (with Henry Clay Ide, Luke Edward Wright, Dean Conant
Worcester and Bernard Moses). The 2nd Commission was tasked to be the
legislature of the Philippine Islands.
*Spooner Amendment (March 2, 1901) – it is the modification of Sen. John C.
Spooner which allowed the U.S. President to fully administer Philippines.
IV. CIVIL/INSULAR GOVERNMENT (JULY 4, 1901 – NOVEMBER 14, 1935)

In this type of government, the American president appointed civilian
officials to rule. The Civil Government exercised jurisdiction over the pacified
provinces while the military rule remained in the unpacified Christian regions
until 1902 and in Moroland until 1914.
Unlike in Spanish times, the Filipinos were given greater participation in
the government (Civil Service Law of 1900). Various key positions were opened
like Cayetano Arellano as Chief Justice. Three prominent Filipinos also became
members of Philippine Commission, namely Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito
Legarda Sr. and Jose Luzuriaga. Rafael Palma was later added to the
Commission. Gregorio Araneta was also appointed as Secretary of Finance and
Justice.
SCP-SS200 | 107

DEPARTMENT
* American Governor-General – the chief executive in the colony. He was

assisted by the Philippine Assembly and the Philippine Legislature. There
had been 11 civil governor-generals.
TERM‘S GOVERNOR- CONTRIBUTIONS
DURATION GENERAL
July 4, 1901 – William Howard Taft First Philippine Census (7,635,426)
February 1, Cooper Act (Phil. Organic Act 1902)
1904 Purchase of Friar Lands (423,000 acres/ $ 7,237,000)
Win Filipino sympathy
February 1, Luke Edward Wright
1904 – Nov 3,
1905
Nov 3, 1905 – Henry Clay Ide
September 19,
1906
Sept. 20, 1906 – James Francis Smith Bicameral Legislature: Phil. Commission (Upper
Nov 11, 1909 House) and Phil. Assembly (Lower House)
* Sergio Osmeña: Speaker of the Assembly
* Manuel Quezon: Majority Floor Leader
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909: Free Trade,

American interests was without limitation while the
Phil. interest was in quota system
Nov 11, 1909 – William Cameron Jones Law (Phil. Autonomy Act of 1916): first official
September 1, Forbes document that promised Phil. Independence as soon
1913 as a stable government was established.
New Bicameral Legislature: appointed 24-member

Senate as Upper House and elective Representatives
as the House Chamber
October 6, 1913 Francis Burton Promotes Filipinization Policy
– March 5, 1921 Harrison
Wood-Forbes Mission – a special investigating mission
in the condition of the Philippines at the end of his
tenure.
Loyalty of the Filipinos during the First World War

(1914-1918)
October 14, Leonard Wood Checked graft and corruption in the government,
1921 – August 7,
· Cabinet Crisis 1923 stabilized the finances and improved public sanitation
1927
Dec 27, 1927 – Henry L. Stimson Cessation of the “period of acrimonious deadlock”
Feb 23, 1929 brought by the preceded Governor-General’s term.
July 8, 1929 – Dwight F. Davis
Jan 9, 1932
Feb 29, 1932 – Theodore Roosevelt Hare-Hawes-Cutting: 1st US Law passed for the
July 15, 1933 Jr. decolonization of the Philippines. It was the result of
the Os-Rox Mission. But it was rejected by the
Philippine Senate by the intervention of Quezon.
July 15, 1933 – Frank Murphy Tydings – McDuffie Law: provided the establishment
Nov 15, 1935 of Commonwealth Government for a 10-year
transitional period before granting the Philippine
Independence by 1946.
SCP-SS200 | 108

DEPARTMENT
EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

* Partido Independista (Pedro A. Paterno)
* Partido Nacionalista (Pascual H. Poblete)
* Partido Democrata
* Phil. Assembly (July
* Partido Nacional Progresista (Pro-American)
* Partido Nacionalista
SUPPRESSED NATIONALISM
* Sedition Law of 1902
* Brigandage Act
* Reconcentration Act
* Flag Law of 1907
Search Indicator
American Occupation in the Philippines
https://hanbadilles.blogspot.com/2013/09/american-occupation-in-philippines.html
Philippine–American War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War#Guerrilla_war_p
hase
SCP-SS200 | 109

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INITIATE!
1. What could be the factors that led to the defeat of the Filipinos against the Americans?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why did Emilio Aguinaldo surrender to the Americans?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What entails the American occupation according to the statement "Manifest
Destiny"?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. What is the purpose of the Schurmann Commission and the Taft Commission sent
to the Philippines?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Americans believed that the Filipinos were not yet ready to have independence,
so they included them in their "Benevolent Assimilation" as their policy in the
Philippines. What does that mean for the captive nation?
SCP-SS200 | 110

DEPARTMENT

Week 14
Lesson Title Japanese Occupation to Third Republic
Learning Outcome(s)
rule
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
The Philippine Commonwealth Era
The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional

period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in preparation
for independence from the United States as provided for under
the Philippine Independence Act or more popularly known as
the Tydings-McDuffie Law. The Commonwealth era was
interrupted when the Japanese occupied the Philippines on
January 2, 1942. The Commonwealth government, led
by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio S. Osmeña went into exile in
the U.S., Quezon died of tuberculosis while in exile and
Osmeña took over as president. At the same time, the
Japanese forces installed a puppet government in Manila
headed by Jose P. Laurel as president. This government is known as the Second
Philippine Republic. On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces led by Gen. Douglas
MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines from the
Japanese. Japan formally surrendered on September 2, 1945.
After liberation, the Commonwealth government was

restored. Congress convened in its first regular session on
July 9, 1945. It was the first time the people’s
representatives have assembled since their election on
November 11, 1941. Manuel Roxas was elected Senate
President, and Elpidio Quirino was chosen President Pro
Tempore. Jose Zulueta was speaker of the house, while
Prospero Sanidad became speaker pro Tempore. The first
law of this congress, enacted as commonwealth act 672,
organized the central bank of the Philippines. The
commonwealth deals also tackled the issue of collaboration. In September 1945
the counterintelligence corps presented the people who were accused of having
collaborated with, or given aid to, the Japanese. Included were prominent
Filipinos who had been active in the puppet government that the Japanese had
SCP-SS200 | 111

DEPARTMENT
been established. ”A Peoples Court" was created to investigate and decide on the
issue.
Amidst this sad state of affairs, the third commonwealth elections were
held on April 23, 1946. Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas vied for the
Presidency. Roxas won thus becoming the last president of the Philippine
Commonwealth. The Commonwealth era formally ended when the United States
granted independence to the Philippines, as scheduled on July 4, 1946.
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
On December 8, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines. Clark Air Base in

Pampanga was first attacked and also Nichols Field outside Manila was attacked,
then on December 22, The Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen Gulf and
continued on to Manila. General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open
city on the advice of commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon to avoid its
destruction. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.
MacArthur retreated with his troops to Bataan while the commonwealth
government withdrew to Corregidor island before proceeding to the United
States. The joint American and Filipino soldiers in Bataan finally surrendered on
April 9, 1942. MacArthur escaped to Corregidor then proceeded
to Australia. The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to embark
on the infamous "Death March" to a prison camp more than 100
kilometers north. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died due to
thirst, hunger and exhaustion.
The Huks
In the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga

banded together and created local brigades for their
protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other
leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in February 1942 in
Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight the
Japanese as a unified guerrilla army. Another meeting was held
the following month, where in representatives from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva
Ecija threshed out various details regarding their organization, which they
agreed to call "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon" or HUKBALAHAP. Taruc
was chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his right hand
man. The members were simply known as Huks!
SCP-SS200 | 112

DEPARTMENT
The Philippine Executive Commission
In accordance to the instructions of President Manuel

Quezon to Jorge Vargas, the Filipino officials in Manila were
told to enter into agreements and compromises with the
Japanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the
iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On January 23, 1942, the
Philippine Executive Commission was established, with
Vargas as chairman. the following was appointed as
department heads: Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; Antonio de
las Alas, finance; Jose P. Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto,
education, health, and public welfare; and Quintin Paredes,
public works and communication; Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the
Supreme court.
The following month, an election was held for members of The Preparatory
Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI). The purpose of PCPI is to draw
up a constitution for a free Philippines. Jose Laurel became its head. Against the
will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943.
Two months later it was ratified by the KALIBAPI, which was the only political
party allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym for "Kapisanan
sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas".
The new constitution, which noticeably lacked a bill of rights contained 12

articles lifted from the 1935 constitution that fitted the wishes of the Japanese.
It was meant to be in effect only temporarily, while the Philippines still in chaos.
After the war, a new constitution would again be drafted for the new Philippine
Republic.
The Second Republic

On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the leadership of its director
general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a party convention to elect 54 members of the
National Assembly. The Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but
half of this number was composed of incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose
P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic (the first republic
was Aguinaldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon
Avancena as a vice-president. The new republic was inaugurated on October 14,
1943, on the front steps of the legislative building in Manila. The Philippine flag
was hoisted as the national anthem was played. Meanwhile, the Japanese
started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence of Filipinos who
refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant posters and distribute their
materials that contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the Filipinos."
they also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same idea.
Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main objectives of the KALIBAPI,
but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.
SCP-SS200 | 113

DEPARTMENT
Laurel and the Japanese Sponsored Republic

The presidency of Laurel understandably remains one of the most
controversial in Philippine history. After the war, he would be denounced by the
pro-American sectors as a war collaborator or even a traitor, although his
indictment for treason was superseded by President Roxas' Amnesty
Proclamation. However, despite being one of the most infamous figures in
Philippine history, he is also regarded as a Pan-Asianist who supported
independence. When asked if he was pro-American or pro-Japanese, his answer
would be pro-Filipino.
One of the many propaganda slogans made during the Laurel
administration. Tagalog for "One Banner, One Nation, One Language". When
Japan invaded, President Manuel L. Quezon first fled to Bataan and then to the
United States to establish a government-in-exile. Quezon ordered Laurel, Vargas
and other cabinet members to stay. Laurel's prewar, close relationship with
Japanese officials (a son had been sent to study at the Imperial Japanese Army
Academy in Tokyo, and Laurel had received an honorary doctorate from Tokyo
University), placed him in a good position to interact with the Japanese
occupation forces.
Laurel was among the Commonwealth officials instructed by the Japanese
Imperial Army to form a provisional government when they invaded and occupied
the country. He cooperated with the Japanese, in contrast to Chief Justice Abad
Santos, who was shot for refusing to cooperate. Because he was well known to
the Japanese as a critic of US rule, as well as having demonstrated a willingness
to serve under the Japanese Military Administration, he held a series of high
posts in 1942–1943. Under vigorous Japanese influence, the National Assembly
selected Laurel to serve as president in 1943.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur Returns

From Australia, Allied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines,
bombing several Japanese strongholds until they regained control of areas
previously occupied by the enemy. The bombings began on September 21, 1944,
and barely a month later, on October 20, 1944, the Americans landed
triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore, General Douglas MacArthur said; "I have
Returned."
Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken

over Manuel L. Quezon as president after the latter past way at
Saranac Lake, New York in August 1944. From October 23 to
October 26, 1944, the Americans engaged Japanese forces in the
Battle of Leyte Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval battle in World
History, this historic encounter almost destroyed the entire
Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of further attack. The
US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf is said to have signaled the
beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.
SCP-SS200 | 114

DEPARTMENT
By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached Mindoro. The

Japanese, meanwhile, secured other area where their thought other American
units would land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces successfully docked at
Lingayen Gulf on January 9, 1945. The news alarmed the Japanese. Lt.
Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the Japanese troops in
Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots); but they failed to stop
Americans. The Japanese also deployed MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but
neither succeeds.
On December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio

upon orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. The
Japanese forces retreated to Yamashita line a jungle battlefront stretching along
the Sierra Madre Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan.
The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks
of intense fighting before they finally surrendered on February 23. Gen.
MacArthur continued to liberate other parts of the country. And finally proclaim
general freedom from the Japanese on July 4, 1945.
The Third Republic

After the war, Manuel Roxas was elected President in April 1946 for the
independent Second Republic of the Philippines. In a formal declaration, the
American flag was lowered in Luneta, Manila and raised the Filipino National
flag in tri-color of red, white, and blue looked up by proud Filipinos. Finally,
independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines dated July 4, 1946.
The National anthem of the Philippines was played next to America’s. It was
indeed a moment of liberating glory, for all Filipinos after pools of blood were
shed in many revolutions.
July 4, however, holds less inspiration for the Filipinos according to the
elected President of the Republic of the Philippines in 1961, Diosdado
Macapagal. Macapagal believes that the June 12, 1896 declaration of
the Philippine independence by General Emilio Aguinaldo brings to memory the
heroes of the revolution and therefore, Philippine independence is best
commemorated in honor of the Filipino revolutionary heroes. Hence, President
Macapagal changed the date of celebration of the Philippine independence from
July 4 to June 12, which the Filipinos celebrate each year up to this time.
The Roxas Administration (1946–1948)

When the Congress of the Philippines was convened in 1945, the
legislators elected in 1941 chose Manuel Roxas as Senate President. In the
Philippine national elections of 1946, Roxas ran for president as the nominee of
the liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party. He had the staunch support of General
MacArthur. His opponent was Sergio Osmeña, who refused to campaign, saying
that the Filipino people knew his reputation. In the April 23, 1946, election,
SCP-SS200 | 115

DEPARTMENT
Roxas won 54 percent of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the
legislature. When the Philippines gained independence from the United States
on July 4, 1946, Roxas became the first president of the new republic.
Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the
United States after independence, he was forced to concede military bases (23 of
which were leased for 99 years), trade restrictions for the Philippine citizens, and
special privileges for U.S. property owners and investors. His administration was
marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military
police contributed to the rise of the left-wing Hukbalahap (Huk) movement in the
countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread
peasant disaffection. Roxas did not stay long in office because of a heart attack
as he was speaking at Clark Air Base on April 15, 1948. He was succeeded by
his vice president Elpidio Quirino.
The Quirino Administration (1948–1953)

Quirino assumed the presidency on April 17, 1948, taking his oath of office
two days after the death of Manuel Roxas. In 1949 the wartime president, Jose
P. Laurel of the Nacionalista Party, ran against Quirino in what has been
described as a particularly corrupt and venal exercise in democracy. Although
historians in general accept that Laurel was elected, he refused to challenge
Quirino's declared victory with force. Since Quirino was a widower, his surviving
daughter Vicky would serve as the official hostess and perform the functions
traditionally ascribed to the First Lady.
Quirino's administration faced a serious threat in the form of the
communist Hukbalahap movement. Though the Huks originally had been an
anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over
the leadership, and when Quirino's negotiation with Huk commander Luis Taruc
broke down in 1948, Taruc openly declared himself a Communist and called for
the overthrow of the government.
His five years as president were marked by notable postwar
reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the
United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas,
remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and
corruption.
In 1953, in his second term, the Korean War began and resulted in over
7,450 Filipino soldiers being sent to Korea under the designation of the
Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea or PEFTOK. Although ill, Quirino ran
for re-election in 1953, but he was overwhelmingly defeated by Ramon
Magsaysay.
SCP-SS200 | 116

DEPARTMENT
The Magsaysay Administration (1953–1957)

In the Election of 1953, Magsaysay was elected president over the
incumbent Elpidio Quirino, with the scarcely concealed help of American officials
and funds. He was sworn into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by
a Philippine president.
As president, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and
a vocal spokesman against communism during the Cold War. He led the
foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) also known as
the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defeat Marxist-Leninist movements in
Southeast Asia, South Asia and Oceania. During his term, he made Malacañang
Palace literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public.
One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a new
plane belonging to the Philippines Air Force (PAF). President Magsaysay asked
what the operating costs per hour were for that type of aircraft, then wrote a
personal check to the PAF, covering the cost of his flight.
On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila for Cebu City where he spoke
at three educational institutions. That same night, at about 1 a.m., he boarded
the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back to Manila. In the
early morning hours of March 17, his plane was reported missing. It was late in
the afternoon that day that newspapers reported that the airplane had crashed
on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu and that 25 of the 26 passengers and crew aboard
were killed. Only newspaperman Néstor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos P.
García, who was on an official visit to Australia at the time, assumed the
presidency to serve out the last eight months of Magsaysay's term. An estimated
2 million people attended Magsaysay's burial on March 22, 1957.
The Garcia Administration (1957–1961)

Garcia assumed the presidency after Ramón Magsaysay died in a plane
crash on March 17, 1957, and was elected later the same year, in the Election
1957, to a full term. During his administration, he acted on the Bohlen–Serrano
Agreement which shortened the lease of the US Bases from 99 years to 25 years
and made it renewable after every five years. He was well known when he
exercised the Filipino First Policy during his term in office. This policy heavily
favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors. He was also responsible for
changes in retail trade which greatly affected the Chinese businessmen in the
country. He also made a program focused on thriftiness.
At the end of his second term, he ran for re–election in the Election 1961
in November 1961, but was defeated by Diosdado Macapagal, who served as
Vice-President under him, but belonged to the opposing Liberal Party — in the
Philippines the President and the Vice-President are elected separately.
SCP-SS200 | 117

DEPARTMENT
The Macapagal Administration (1961–1965)

In the 1961 presidential election, Macapagal ran against Garcia and
defeated the incumbent president by a 55% to 45% margin. Seeking to stimulate
economic development, Macapagal took the advice of supporters and allowed the
Philippine peso to float on the free currency exchange market. His reform efforts
were blocked by the Nacionalistas, who dominated the House of Representatives
and the Senate at that time. Nonetheless, his presidency achieved growth and
prosperity for the nation.
Among the most significant achievements of Macapagal as president were
the abolition of tenancy and accompanying land reform program in the
Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963. He also changed the date of celebration
of Philippine independence from July 4 to June 12, the latter date having
been the day when in 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence from
Spain). Later, Macapagal told author Stanley Karnow that the reason for the
change was that American Embassy celebrations were visited more than the
Filipino reception on the July 4 American independence day.
Macapagal was defeated for re-election in 1965 by Senate President Ferdinand
Marcos, a former Liberal Party ally who defected to the Nacionalista party to
challenge the incumbent President.
Search Indicator
The Philippine Commonwealth Era
https://www.philippine-history.org/philippine-commonwealth.htm
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
https://www.philippine-history.org/japanese-occupation.htm
965)
Jose P. Laurel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel
SCP-SS200 | 118

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INITIATE!
1. What is the mere purpose of the Commonwealth Government in the Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think that it was imperative and justifiable for Filipinos to collaborate with
the Japanese during the Second Republic?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What entails the American occupation according to the statement "Manifest
Destiny"?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. After the World War 2, the Huks (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) kept their
operations and emerged to be openly communistic. What could be the reasons for their
plight to continue after the Japanese Occupation up until in the recent dates.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. If you are to assess the presidents of the Philippines during the Third Republic, who
do you think is the best (in terms of your own parameters)?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INFER!
If you were one of the Filipinos who were captured and subjected to Japanese
Imperial powers while waiting for the Americans to rescue you, would your
collaborate to save your own skin or resist as if it is your last?
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Week 15
Lesson Title Fourth Republic to Fifth Republic
Learning Outcome(s) Reiterate the various highlights of Presidential Administrations
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Republic - A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body
of citizens who can elect people to represent them.
Essential Content
FOURTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
The history of the Philippines, from 1965-1986, covers the presidency of

Ferdinand Marcos. The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic
(1965–72), the Philippines under martial law (1972–81), and the majority of the
Fourth Republic (1981–86).
MARCOS ADMINISTRATION (1965–72)
FIRST TERM
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos won the Presidential election and became the
10th President of the Philippines. His first term was marked with increased
industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructure nationwide, such as the
North Luzon Expressway and the Maharlika Highway. Marcos did this by
appointing a cabinet composed mostly of technocrats and intellectuals, by
increasing funding to the Armed Forces, and mobilizing them to help in
construction. Marcos also established schools and learning institutions
nationwide, more than of his predecessors combined.
In 1968, Sen. Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. warned that Marcos was on the road
to establishing "a garrison state" by "ballooning the armed forces budget",
saddling the defense establishment with "overstaying generals" and "militarizing
our civilian government offices", thus foreshadowing events that would happen
in the following decade.
Marcos also sent 10,450 Filipino soldiers to Vietnam during his term,
under the PHILCAG (Philippine Civic Action Group). The 12th President of the
Philippines, Fidel Ramos, was then a part of this expeditionary force.
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SECOND TERM
In 1969, Marcos ran for a second term (allowable under the 1935
constitution then in effect), and won versus 11 other candidates. Marcos began
his second term by creating a personality cult of sorts around himself, mandating
that all public institutions must carry a picture of the President, and even
replacing some billboards with his propaganda messages.
Marcos' second term was marked by economic turmoil brought about by
factors both external and internal, a restless student body who demanded
educational reforms, a rising crime rate, and a growing Communist insurgency,
among other things.
The crisis boiled over on October 30, 1970, during a massive protest in
Mendiola now known as the First Quarter Storm, where student protesters and
communist elements were forcefully quelled by military forces. This marked a
period of intense student protesting and violence around Metro Manila,
especially near the University Belt. At one point, student activists took over the
Diliman campus of the University of the Philippines and declared it a free
commune, which lasted for a while before the government dissolved it. Violent
protesting continued over the next few years until the declaration of martial law
in 1972.
PLAZA MIRANDA BOMBING

On August 21, 1971, the Liberal Party held a campaign rally at the Plaza
Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bets and their candidate for the Mayoralty
of Manila. Two grenades were reportedly tossed on stage, injuring almost
everybody present. As a result, Marcos lifted the writ of habeas corpus in order
to arrest those behind the attack. He rounded up a list of supposed suspects,
Maoists, and other undesirables. In an effort to eliminate rivals in the Liberal
Party, Marcos and his allies tried to shift the blame from his own party to Sen.
Aquino by insinuating that he may have had a hand in the bombings, despite
Aquino's absence at the rally. The writ was briefly restored on January 11, 1972
amidst widespread protest.
MARTIAL LAW (1972–1981)

In September 1972, then Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile was
ambushed while enroute home. The assassination attempt, which Enrile claims
was real, along with the growing threat of the New People's Army and citizen
unrest, was used by President Marcos as justification for the imposition of
martial law. On September 21, President Marcos issued Presidential
Proclamation No. 1081, proclaiming a State of martial law in the Philippines.
Marcos, who henceforth ruled by decree, curtailed press freedom and other
civil liberties, abolished Congress, shut down media establishments, and ordered
the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest
critics Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Jose W. Diokno. Initially, the
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declaration of martial law was well-received, given the social turmoil of the
period. Crime rates decreased significantly after a curfew was implemented.
Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile. As martial law
went on for the next nine years, the excesses committed by the military emerged.
Though it was made clear that Martial law was no military take-over of the
government, the immediate reaction of some sectors of the nation was of
astonishment and dismay, for even if everyone knew that the gravity of the
disorder, lawlessness, social injustice, youth and student activism and other
disturbing movements had reached a point of peril, they felt that martial law over
the whole country was not yet warranted. Worse, political motivations were
ascribed to be behind the proclamation, what with the then constitutionally
unextendible term of President Marcos about to expire, and this suspicion
became more credible when opposition leaders and outspoken anti-
administration media people who did not hesitate to resort even to libel were
immediately placed under indefinite detention in military camps and other
unusual restrictions were imposed on travel, communication, freedom of speech
and of the press, etc. In a word, the martial law regime was anathema to no small
portion of the populace.
It was in the light of the above circumstances and as a means of solving
the dilemma aforementioned that the concept embodied in Amendment No. 6
was born in the Constitution of 1973. In brief, the central Idea that emerged was
that martial law may be earlier lifted, but to safeguard our country and people
against any abrupt dangerous situation which would warrant the exercise of
some authoritarian powers, the latter must be constitutionally allowed, thereby
to obviate the need to proclaim martial law and its concomitants, principally the
assertion by the military of prerogatives that made them appear superior to the
civilian authorities below the President. In other words, the problem was what
may be needed for national survival or the restoration of normalcy in the face of
a crisis or an emergency should be reconciled with the popular mentality and
attitude of the people against martial law.
In a recent speech before his fellow alumni of the University of the
Philippines College of Law, President Marcos declared his intention to lift martial
law by the end of January 1981.
The reassuring words for the skeptic came on the occasion of the
University of the Philippines law alumni reunion on December 12, 1980, when
the President declared: "We must erase once and for all from the public mind
any doubts as to our resolve to bring martial law to an end and to minister to an
orderly transition to parliamentary government." The apparent forthright
irrevocable commitment was cast at the 45th anniversary celebration of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines on December 22, 1980 when the President
proclaimed: "A few days ago, following extensive consultations with a broad
representation of various sectors of the nation and in keeping with the pledge
made a year ago during the seventh anniversary of the New Society, I came to
the firm decision that martial law should be lifted before the end of January,
1981, and that only in a few areas where grave problems of public order and
national security continue to exist will martial law continue to remain in force."
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ECONOMY
During the early years of Martial Law, the Philippine economy grew a
significant amount, spurred by heavy borrowing from transnational banking
companies and government-to-government loans.
According to World Bank Data, the Philippine's Gross Domestic Product
quadrupled from $8 billion in 1972 to $32.45 billion in 1980, for an inflation-
adjusted average growth rate of 6% per year. Indeed, according to the U.S. based
Heritage Foundation, the Philippines enjoyed its best economic development
since 1945 between 1972 and 1980. The economy grew amidst the two severe
global oil shocks following the 1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis – oil price
was $3 / barrel in 1973 and $39.5 in 1979, or a growth of 1200% which drove
inflation. Despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP on a per capita basis more than
tripled from $175.9 in 1965 to $565.8 in 1985 at the end of Marcos' term, though
this averages less than 1.2% a year when adjusted for inflation. The Heritage
Foundation pointed out that when the economy began to weaken 1979, the
government did not adopt anti-recessionist policies and instead launched risky
and costly industrial projects.
By 1980, however, the heavy burden of foreign debt servicing took its toll
in the economy, and mismanagement of important industries due to crony
capitalism led the economy to a downturn. The assassination of popular
opposition leader Benigno Aquino in 1983 led to the pull-out of foreign capital
from the country, resulting in negative GDP growth in 1983 and 1984.
Human Rights Abuses

The martial law era under Marcos was marked by plunder, repression,
torture, and atrocity. As many as 3,257 were murdered, 35,000 tortured, and
70,000 illegally detained according to estimates by historian Alfred McCoy.[27]
One journalist described the Ferdinand Marcos administration as "a grisly one-
stop shop for human rights abuses, a system that swiftly turned citizens into
victims by dispensing with inconvenient requirements such as constitutional
protections, basic rights, due process, and evidence."
Corruption, Plunder, And Crony Capitalism

The Philippines under martial law suffered from massive and uncontrolled
corruption. Some estimates, including that by the World Bank, put the Marcos
family's stolen wealth at US$10 billion.
Plunder was achieved through the creation of government monopolies,
awarding loans to cronies, forced takeover of public and private enterprises,
direct raiding of the public treasury, issuance of Presidential decrees that
enabled cronies to amass wealth, kickbacks and commissions from businesses,
use of dummy corporations to launder money abroad, skimming of international
aid, and hiding of wealth in bank accounts overseas.
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PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
The first formal elections since 1969 for an interim Batasang Pambansa
(National Assembly) were held on April 7, 1978. Sen. Aquino, then in jail, decided
to run as leader of his party, the Lakas ng Bayan party, but they did not win any
seats in the Batasan, despite public support and their apparent victory. The
night before the elections, supporters of the LABAN party showed their solidarity
by setting up a "noise barrage" in Manila, creating noise the whole night until
dawn.
THE FOURTH REPUBLIC (1981–1986)

— U.S. Vice-President George H. W. Bush during Ferdinand Marcos
inauguration, July 1981
The opposition boycotted the June 16, 1981, presidential elections, which
pitted Marcos and his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party against retired Gen. Alejo
Santos of the Nacionalista Party. Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million
votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six-year term. Finance
Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime Minister by the Batasang Pambansa.
Six months prior to the elections, Marcos had officially lifted Martial Law,
but since all decrees issued during that time were still in force, it served only a
symbolic purpose. Amendments to the Constitution approved through a national
referendum in April 1981 allowed for a president to be elected at-large, with a
six-year term and possibility of re- election. It also granted him additional powers
to create laws through presidential decrees and to dissolve the Batasang
Pambansa, and created the Executive Committee and the Office of the Prime
Minister.
Marcos was anointed by the KBL as its standard-bearer, with his main
opponent being NP’s Alejo Santos, former Defense Secretary and World War II
guerilla leader who had served as governor of Bulacan. A third candidate, former
Bohol Congressman Bartolome Cabangbang, was fielded by the Federal Party.
Mainstream electoral groups including LABAN, the LP, and other
oppositionist personalities boycotted the polls, labeling it a sham after Marcos
refused the conditions, they had previously proposed, such as a minimum
campaign period, a purging of the voters’ lists, equal time and space for the
opposition, and a reorganization of the COMELEC.
As expected, Marcos won with more than 18 million votes, compared to
Santos’ 1.7 million and Cabangbang’s 700,000. The president carried every
province—even Bulacan and Bohol—by large margins. So wholesale was the
president’s victory that his opponents did not get a single vote in four areas: the
provinces of Ilocos Norte and Tawi-Tawi and the cities of La Carlota (Negros
Occidental) and Trece Martires (Cavite). Thus, the third presidential contest of
Ferdinand Marcos, organized to legitimize his 15-year rule and usher in his New
Republic, resulted in the most lopsided victory in the history of presidential
elections in the Philippines.
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The Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning

Office (PCDSPO) has published the Philippine Electoral Almanac, a handy
resource on Philippine national elections from 1935 onwards.
In 1983, opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated
at the Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long
period of exile in the United States. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with
Marcos and began a series of events, including pressure from the United States,
that culminated in a snap presidential election on February 7, 1986. The
opposition united under Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, and Salvador Laurel,
head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO). The election
was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering with results by the
Marcos side.
The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC),
declared Marcos the winner, despite a walk-out staged by disenfranchised
computer technicians on February 9. According to the COMELEC's final tally,
Marcos won with 10,807,197 votes to Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. By contrast, the
final tally of NAMFREL, an accredited poll watcher, said Aquino won with
7,835,070 votes to Marcos's 7,053,068. However, the complete NAMFREL count
done in 1987 revealed that Marcos would still had won with 10,635,458 against
Aquino's 9,853,456.
END OF THE MARCOS REGIME

The fraudulent result was not accepted by Aquino and her supporters.
International observers, including a U.S. delegation led by Sen. Richard Lugar
(R-Ind.), denounced the official results. Gen. Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister
Juan Ponce Enrile then withdrew their support for the administration, defecting
and barricading themselves within Camp Crame. This resulted in the peaceful
1986 EDSA Revolution that forced Marcos into exile in Hawaii while Corazon
Aquino became the 11th President of the Philippines on February 25, 1986.
Under Aquino, the Philippines would adopt a new constitution, ending the
Fourth Republic and ushering the beginning of the Fifth Republic.
FIFTH REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Corazon Aquino administration (1986–1992)

With the People Power Revolution, Corazon Aquino's assumption into
power marked the restoration of democracy in the country. Aquino immediately
formed a revolutionary government to normalize the situation and provided for a
transitional "Freedom Constitution" that restored civil liberties and dismantled
the heavily Marcos-ingrained bureaucracy— abolishing the Batasang Pambansa
and relieving all public officials. The Aquino administration likewise appointed a
constitutional commission that submitted a new permanent constitution that
was ratified and enacted in February 1987. The constitution crippled
presidential power to declare martial law, proposed the creation of autonomous
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regions in the Cordilleras and Muslim Mindanao, and restored the presidential
form of government and the bicameral Congress.
Progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and respect for civil
liberties, but Aquino's administration was also viewed as weak and fractious,
and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered
by several attempted coups staged by disaffected members of the Philippine
military. Aquino privatized many of the utilities the government owned, such as
water and electricity. This practice was viewed by many as Aquino catering to
oligarchic as well U.S. interests, losing the government's power of regulation.
Economic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural
disasters. In June 1991, Mount Pinatubo in Central Luzon erupted, after being
dormant for 600 years. It was the 2nd largest volcanic eruption of the 20th
century. It left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless, and cooled global weather by
1.5 °C.
Fidel Ramos administration (1992–1998)

In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas-NUCD),
endorsed by Aquino, won by just 23.6% of the vote, over Miriam Defensor
Santiago (Mds), Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. (NPC), House Speaker Ramon Mitra
(LDP), former First Lady Imelda Marcos (KBL), Senate President Jovito Salonga
(LP) and Vice President Salvador Laurel (NP).
Early in his administration, Ramos declared "national reconciliation" his
highest priority. He legalized the Communist Party and created the National
Unification Commission (NUC), chaired by lawyer Manuel C. Herrera, to lay the
groundwork for talks with communist insurgents, Muslim separatists, and
military rebels. In June 1994, Ramos signed into law a general conditional
amnesty covering all rebel groups, and Philippine military and police personnel
accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents. In October 1995, the
government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end.
A standoff with China occurred in 1995, when the Chinese military built
structures on Mischief Reef in the disputed Spratly Islands claimed by the
Philippines as Kalayaan Islands.
Ramos was heavily criticized for passing an oil-deregulation law, thus
inflating prices of gasoline products. Ramos was also criticized for alleged
corruption in his handling of the Philippine Centennial Exposition and the PEA-
AMARI land deal, in which Ramos allegedly received kickbacks amounting to
millions of pesos.
A peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) under
Nur Misuari, a major Muslim separatist group fighting for an independent
Bangsamoro homeland in Mindanao, was signed in 1996, ending the 24-year-
old struggle. However, an MNLF splinter group, the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF) under Salamat Hashim continued the armed Muslim struggle for
an Islamic state.
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DEPARTMENT
The 1998 elections were won by former movie actor and Vice President
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (PMP-LAMMP) with overwhelming mass support, with
close to 11 million votes. The other ten candidates included his closest rival and
administration candidate, House Speaker Jose De Venecia (Lakas-NUCD-UMDP)
with 4.4 million votes, Senator Raul Roco (Aksyon Demokratiko), former Cebu
governor Emilio Osmeña (PROMDI) and Manila mayor Alfredo Lim (LP).
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the second largest volcanic
eruption of the 20th century.
On September 16, 1991, despite lobbying by President Aquino, the
Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10-year extension
of the U.S. military bases in the country. The United States turned over Clark
Air Base in Pampanga to the government in November,[6] and Subic Bay Naval
Base in Zambales in December 1992, ending almost a century of U.S. military
presence in the Philippines.
Joseph Estrada administration (1998–2001)

Estrada assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis. The economy did,
however, recover from it. From a low −0.6% growth in 1998 to a moderate growth
of 3.4% by 1999. Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the
1987 constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional
Correction for Development. Unlike the Charter changes under Ramos and
Arroyo, the CONCORD proposal, according to its proponents, would only amend
the 'restrictive' economic provisions of the constitution that are considered as
impediments to the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines.
However, Estrada was not successful in amending the constitution.
On March 21, 2000, President Estrada declared an "all-out-war" against
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) after the worsening secessionist
movement in Mindanao. The government later captured 46 MILF camps
including the MILF's headquarters: Camp Abubakar.
In October 2000, Ilocos Sur governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a close friend
of Estrada, accused the President of receiving collections from jueteng, an illegal
numbers game.
On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives impeached Estrada
on grounds of bribery, graft and corruption, betrayal of public trust and culpable
violation of the constitution. His impeachment trial in the Senate began on
December 7, but broke down on January 17, 2001, after 11 senators allied with
Estrada successfully blocked the opening of confidential bank records that would
have been used by the prosecution to incriminate the President. In response,
millions of people massed up at the EDSA Shrine, where in 1986 the People
Power Revolution had ousted Marcos, demanding Estrada's immediate
resignation. Estrada's cabinet resigned en masse and the military and police
withdrew their support. On January 20, the Supreme Court declared the
presidency vacant and swore in Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the
country's 14th President. Estrada and his family evacuated the Malacañan
Palace soon after.
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Nevertheless, Estrada himself stood before the Supreme Court on grounds

that he did not resign, but just went on an indefinite leave. The Supreme Court
upheld the legitimacy of Arroyo with finality on March 2, 2001.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration (2001–2010)

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (the daughter of the late President
Diosdado Macapagal) was sworn in as Estrada's successor on the day of his
departure. Estrada later challenged the legitimacy of Arroyo's government,
claiming he did not resign from office, but the Supreme Court twice upheld
Arroyo's legitimacy. After Estrada was arrested on corruption charges in April
2001, thousands of his supporters staged an "EDSA III" to overthrow the Arroyo
government, but the attempt failed when the protest rallies degraded into
violence. Arroyo's accession to power was further legitimated by the mid-term
congressional and local elections held in May 2001, when her coalition won an
overwhelming victory.
Arroyo's initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as
well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month-
long nationwide state of rebellion. Although she had declared in December 2002
that she would not contest the May 2004 presidential election, citing a need to
heal divisiveness, she reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to run. She
was re-elected and sworn in for her own six-year term as president on June 30,
2004.
In 2005, a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced bearing the voice of
Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin of victory can be
maintained. The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyo's resignation.[69]
Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official but
denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down. Attempts to impeach the
president failed later that year.
Toward the end of her term, Arroyo spearheaded a controversial plan for
an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present unitary and presidential
republic with a bicameral legislature into a federal parliamentary government
with a unicameral legislature.
Benigno Aquino III administration (2010–2016)

On June 9, 2010, at the Batasang Pambansa Complex, in Quezon City,
the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Aquino as the President-elect of the
Philippines, following the 2010 election with 15,208,678 votes, while Jejomar
Binay, the former mayor of Makati, was proclaimed as the Vice President-elect
of the Philippines with 14,645,574 votes, defeating runner-up for the vice
presidency Mar Roxas, the standard-bearer of the Liberal Party for vice
president.
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The presidential transition began when Aquino won the 2010 Philippine
presidential election. The transition was in charge of the new presidential
residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them and the
outgoing administration.
On May 11, 2010, outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed an
administrative order, creating the Presidential Transition Cooperation Team.
Arroyo instructed outgoing Executive Secretary Leandro Mendoza to lead the
transition team. The transition team was created "to ensure peaceful, orderly
and [efficient] transition on the 30th of June". On June 9, 2010, the transition
team started informal meetings with the Aquino transition team.
On June 16, 2010, Aquino organized his transition team in a letter to
outgoing Presidential Management Staff Secretary Elena Bautista-Horn.[76]
Aquino appointed the members of his transition team; defeated runner-up for
the vice presidency Mar Roxas, incoming Executive Secretary Paquito Ochoa, Jr.,
former Secretary of Education Florencio Abad, former Secretary of Finance Cesar
Purisima, and Julia Abad, daughter of Florencio Abad and Aquino's chief of staff.
The presidential residence of Aquino is the Bahay Pangarap (English:
House of Dreams), located inside of Malacañang Park, at the headquarters of the
Presidential Security Group across the Pasig River from Malacañan Palace.
Aquino is the first president to make Bahay Pangarap his official residence.
Aquino refused to live in Malacañan Palace, the official residence of the President
of the Philippines, or in Arlegui Mansion, the residence of former presidents
Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos, stating that the two residences are too big,
and also stated that his small family residence at Times Street in Quezon City
would be impractical, since it would be a security concern for his neighbors.
Aquino named long-time friend, Paquito Ochoa, Jr., as Executive
Secretary. Aquino appointed Corazon Soliman as Secretary of Social Welfare &
Development, a position she once held under the Arroyo administration but later
resigned in 2005. On June 22, 2010, Leila de Lima accepted the offer to join the
cabinet and later took over the helm of the Department of Justice on July 2,
2010. On July 15, 2010, Vice President Jejomar Binay was appointed as
chairman of HUDCC. On June 24, 2010, Br. Armin Luistro FSC, president of De
La Salle University, accepted the post of Secretary of Education after meeting
with the school's stakeholders. On June 27, 2010, Aquino reappointed
incumbent Secretary of Foreign Affairs Alberto Romulo.
On June 29, 2010, Aquino officially named the members of his Cabinet,
with Aquino himself as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government. Aquino
also announced the formation of a truth commission that will investigate various
issues including corruption allegations against outgoing President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino named former Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. to
head the truth commission.
The inauguration of President Benigno Aquino III and Vice President
Jejomar Binay was held at the Quirino Grandstand in Luneta Park, Manila on
June 30, 2010. The oath of office was administered by Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of the Philippines Conchita Carpio-Morales, who officially
accepted Aquino's request to swear him into office, reminiscent of the decision
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of his mother, who in 1986, was sworn into the presidency by Associate Justice
Claudio Teehankee. Aquino refused to allow Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
of the Philippines Renato Corona to swear him into office, due to Aquino's
opposition to the appointment of Corona by outgoing President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino was congratulated by the President Barack Obama of
the United States, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, and the government of
Australia.
In 2013 the government announced it was drawing up a new framework for
potential peace talks with the New People's Army.
Rodrigo Duterte takes his oath as the 16th President of the Philippines in
2016
Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban won the 2016
presidential election by a landslide, garnering 39.01% or 16,601,997 of the total
votes, becoming the first Mindanaoan to become president. On the other hand,
Camarines Sur 3rd District representative Leni Robredo won with the second-
narrowest margin in history, against Senator Bongbong Marcos. On May 30, the
Congress had proclaimed Rodrigo Duterte, despite his absence, as president-
elect and Leni Robredo as vice president-elect.
The presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte began when Duterte won
the 2016 Philippine presidential election. The transition was in charge of the new
presidential residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them
and the outgoing administration.
Duterte's presidency began following his inauguration on June 30, 2016,
at the Rizal Ceremonial Hall of the Malacañang Palace in Manila, which was
attended by more than 627 guests.
On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the
Philippines in its case against China's claims in the South China Sea. On August
1, 2016, the Duterte administration launched a 24-hour complaint office
accessible to the public through a nationwide hotline, 8888, and change the
nationwide emergency telephone number from 117 to 911. By October 2016, one
hundred days after Duterte took office, the death toll for the Philippine Drug War
passed 3,000 people. As of February 2019, the death toll for the Philippine Drug
War is 5,176.
In middle of October to November 2016, President Duterte announced
numerous times his shift to ties with China and Russia. The president also
blasted the United States and Barack Obama, as well as the United Nations and
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, numerous times in various live interviews
and speeches while in the Philippines, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Brunei, and
Laos.
On November 8, 2016, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in favor
of the burial of the late president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos in the Libingan
ng mga Bayani, the country's official cemetery for heroes, provoking protests
from various groups.
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Duterte initiated the "Build, Build, Build" program in 2017 that aimed to
usher the Philippines into a new "golden age of infrastructure" and was expected
to create more jobs and business opportunities, which, in turn, would sustain
the country's economic growth and accelerate poverty reduction. The
construction industry needs two million more workers to sustain the program.
The program is made up of numerous projects in various sectors, such as air,
rail, and road transport as well as other public utilities and infrastructures. The
country is expected to spend $160 billion to $180 billion up to 2022 for the public
investments in infrastructure. The program has been linked to supporting
recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2017, Duterte signed the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education
Act, which provides for free tuition and exemption from other fees in public
universities and colleges for Filipino students, as well as subsidies for those
enrolled in private higher education institutions. He also signed 20 new laws,
including the Universal Health Care Act, the creation of the Department of
Human Settlements and Urban Development, establishing a national cancer
control program, and allowing subscribers to keep their mobile numbers for life.
In 2015, a clash which took place in Mamasapano, Maguindanao killed 44
members of the Philippine National Police-Special Action Force, resulting in
efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law reaching an impasse.
Search Indicator
History of the Philippines (1986–present)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93p
resent)
986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981%E2%80%931986)
FOURTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Fourth_Philippine_Republic#Marcos_Ad
ministration_.281965.E2.80.9372.29
Elections of 1981
http://malacanang.gov.ph/74710-elections-of-1981/
SCP-SS200 | 132

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INITIATE!
1. What is a republic?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are some challenges in every administration of governments in the Third and
Fourth Republic?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are some violations made by people in authority during the Martial Law?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. Do you think that the People Power is beneficial to many?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Compared to the previous administrations, do you think that our government in the
present fared better? Explain your thoughts
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Answer the given activity below.
Give the particular highlights in each administration in terms of their
contribution to.
Economic Issues
Societal Issues
Political Issues.
SCP-SS200 | 133

DEPARTMENT

Week 16
Lesson Title Political Ideologies and Elements of the State
Learning Outcome(s) Differentiate various political ideologies
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Republic - A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens
who can elect people to represent them.
Essential Content
What is an Ideology?
• Ideology - An orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or
nation. Imaginary or visionary theorization
• “An idea is something you have; an ideology is something that has you”,
Morris Berman
• “What we do with our lives largely depends on the philosophy (ideology) of
life we have subjected our lives to as a way of living life, and which controls,
move and directs our lives!”, Ernest Agyemang Yeboah
SCP-SS200 | 134

DEPARTMENT
Over the millennia, political philosophers have expounded on a

variety of political ideologies, or ways governments and societies can be
organized. Today, scholars generally talk about five major political ideologies:
 Anarchism
 Absolutism
 Liberalism
 Conservatism
 Socialism
These political ideologies are, for the most part, mutually exclusive. So, a
liberal government does not usually practice socialism, nor does an absolute
ruler follow liberalism. The five major political ideologies have played a key role
in history by shaping governments and political movements.
ANARCHISM
The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is known
as Anarchism. This ideology argues that everything about governments is
repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely. A related ideology known as
Nihilism emphasizes that everything—both government and society—must be
periodically destroyed in order to start anew. Nihilists often categorically reject
traditional concepts of morality in favor of violence and terror. Anarchism and
nihilism were once associated with socialism because many anarchists and
nihilists supported the socialists’ call for revolution and the complete overhaul
of government and society in the early to mid-twentieth century.
Russia has had a long association with anarchism and nihilism. Many
prominent members of both movements were Russian, including Mikhail
Bakunin, considered the father of anarchism. Russian nihilists engaged in a
number of terrorist attacks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
including the assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881.
ABSOLUTISM
Traditionally, much of Western civilization’s history was dominated by
Absolutism, the belief that a single ruler should have control over every aspect
of the government and of the people’s lives. Absolute rulers had a variety of titles,
including chieftain, king, shah, pharaoh, emperor, sultan, and prince. In some
cultures, the absolute ruler was seen as a god in human form. Other peoples
believed that their ruler had the Divine Right Of Kings, meaning that God had
chosen the ruler to govern the rest. As a result, many cultures with absolute
rulers practiced some form of Caesaropapism, the belief that the ruler is head of
both the governmental authority and the religious authority.
Example: In the Byzantine Empire, the double-headed eagle symbolized
caesaropapism. The two heads stood for church and state. This symbol clearly
and graphically portrayed the unity of religious and secular power in one person.
SCP-SS200 | 135

DEPARTMENT
Advocates of Absolutism
A number of political philosophers have advocated absolutism. The Greek
philosopher Plato, for example, firmly believed that the best government would
be run by a benevolent absolute ruler who would have the people’s best interests
at heart. English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, meanwhile, was perhaps the most
persuasive proponent of absolutism. In his book Leviathan (1651), he argued
that life without governments was “nasty, brutish, and short” and that people
must willingly submit to absolute rulers—even tyrannical ones—in order to live
longer, more stable lives.
Absolutist Beliefs
Absolutism emphasizes:
 A Strong Sense of Order: Everything should be carefully structured,

including society. Disorder and chaos are generally considered to be
dangerous.
 A Clear-Cut Law of Nature (Or Law of God): This law must be obeyed.
According to this law, some people are inherently better than others. A
natural Hierarchy (a power structure in which some people have authority
over others) exists. Therefore, the superior should rule the inferior. This
general view is called Elitism, or Elite Theory.
 The Wisdom of Traditional Values and Institutions: New ideas are
considered dangerous to the order of things.
LIBERALISM
In the early modern age of the Western world (beginning roughly in the
early 1500s and running for about 200 years), a number of changes occurred
that led to new ideologies: The European discovery of the Americas, the rise of
Protestantism, the beginnings of the free-market economy, and the early stages
of the scientific revolution fundamentally altered Europe. People began
developing different ways of thinking to take account of these changes.
Perhaps the most important of the new ideas is Liberalism (also known as
Classical Liberalism). This type of liberalism, which began in England in the
1600s, differs from American liberalism. Classical liberalism developed when
such thinkers as John Locke (in his Second Treatise of Government in 1690)
rethought the relationship between the individual and society, as well theorized
about the rights and responsibilities of the individual. These ideas formed the
foundation for many political systems still operating today.
Liberalism in Action
During the French Revolution (1789–1799), the monarchy and much of
the church were destroyed, as were traditional laws and habits in different parts
of the country. The revolutionaries exalted reason, to the point of literally
creating a temple to it (the revolutionaries renamed the Church of Notre Dame
SCP-SS200 | 136

DEPARTMENT
in Paris “the Temple of Reason”) in 1793. But as a result of the revolution, France
plunged into years of civil war and violence. Only the emergence of Napoleon—
an authoritarian ruler—brought stability back to the country.
Liberal Beliefs
Liberalism emphasizes:
 Individualism: The individual takes priority over society.
 Freedom: Individuals have the right to make choices for themselves. This
freedom is not absolute, and some behaviors, such as murder, are
prohibited. Freedom of religion is a particularly important freedom to come
out of liberalism because so many governments at the time were very
closely tied to a particular religious creed.
 Equality: No person is morally or politically superior to others. Hierarchies
are rejected.
 Rationalism: Humans can think logically and rationally. Logic and reason
help us solve problems.
 Progress: Traditions should not be kept unless they have value. New ideas
are helpful because they can lead to progress in the sciences, the economy,
and society.
 The Free Market: Liberalism and capitalism go hand in hand. Liberals like
the free market because it more easily creates wealth, as opposed to
traditional economies, which often have extensive regulations and limits
on which occupations people can hold.
These basic characteristics of liberalism have led liberals to argue in favor of a
limited government, which draws its power from the people. In practice, this has
meant favoring a democratic government.
Mill’s Good Government

In his books On Liberty (1859) and Considerations of Representative
Government (1861), English philosopher J. S. Mill argued that good governments
should be unrestricting enough to allow people—both men and women—to
pursue their own interests and achieve their own potential as they see fit.
Fostering individuality would, in turn, benefit society because fewer people
would feel restricted or marginalized. Mill also believed that representative
democracy was the best form of government because it allowed people to express
their individuality and provided them the opportunity to take a more active role
in the political process. The more active the people are, Mill thought, the more
satisfied they are with their government.
Classical liberalism has profoundly influenced the modern world, so much so
that we do not even realize how controversial its ideas were in early modern
Europe. Back then, liberal ideas were considered dangerous and inflammatory
by traditional European governments, and liberals were frequently persecuted.
Even after liberalism took hold in England, the rest of Europe was hostile to
liberal ideas for another century (and even longer in some cases).
SCP-SS200 | 137

DEPARTMENT
Example: For centuries, Eastern Europe suffered greatly from authoritarian

rule, in which one person or a small group holds all the political power and
oppresses everybody else. As recently as 1989, open discussion of liberal ideas
(such as the free market) or publicly complaining that the communist
governments did not speak for the people could get a person arrested. The writer
Vaclav Havel, for example, was jailed by the Czechoslovakian government. But
after the 1989 end of the communist government in Czechoslovakia, Havel served
as the newly democratic government’s first president.
The Controversial Case of John Locke
In the seventeenth century, liberals were not held in high esteem, as
evidenced by the life of John Locke. Locke was forced to flee into exile to avoid
arrest by the British monarchy. He returned to England only after the Stuart
monarchs were overthrown in 1688 and a government friendlier to liberalism
took power. But even then, Locke refused to acknowledge that he had written
Second Treatise of Government, his main political text, because of its
controversial nature. Other liberals, in England and elsewhere, were arrested or
even killed by traditional governments.
CONSERVATISM
Conservatism (also known as Classical Conservatism) began as a reaction
against the liberal ideas taking hold of Europe during the French Revolution in
the late eighteenth century. This type of conservatism differs from American
conservatism. Edmund Burke, a British Member of Parliament, observed the
early stages of the French Revolution with great distress and predicted the
violence and terror that would ensue. His book, Reflections on the Revolution in
France (1790), is one of the founding texts of classical conservatism.
Burke and other conservatives attacked liberalism for many reasons. They
argued that liberalism destroyed tradition. In its rush to overturn the old and
bring in the new, liberalism and capitalism ruthlessly attacked traditional
institutions and beliefs.
Conservative Beliefs
Conservatism emphasizes:
 Stability: Stability is a precious thing, and change must be made gradually
in order to preserve it. Undermining stability is very dangerous because
societies can easily fall into chaos and violence. Classical liberals
frequently called for revolution, which opens the door to great turbulence,
according to the classical conservative view.
 Concreteness: Liberalism is too abstract. It focuses on freedom and
equality, not on the concrete way people live every day.
 Human Fallibility: Liberalism overestimates human beings. Humans are
frequently ignorant, prejudiced, and irrational. By ignoring these defects,
liberalism becomes unrealistic.
 Unique Circumstances: There is no universal answer to the problems of
society; the circumstances are unique in each country.
SCP-SS200 | 138

DEPARTMENT
Classical Conservatism and Democracy

Many early conservatives favored authoritarian government. In the
aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars (roughly 1792–1815), for example, most
European governments actively worked to stop the spread of liberalism and
democracy. Nevertheless, conservatives were not necessarily hostile to
democracy. Generally, these conservatives argued that some sort of monarchy
was necessary, but some were more open to popular government. Burke, in
particular, thought that limited democracy was a good form of government for
England, as long as it maintained the customs and mores it inherited from its
predecessors.
Classical Conservatism Today

For the most part, classical conservatism has faded. Most people who label
themselves conservatives are more like American conservatives than classical
ones. But there are still some classical conservatives. Many of them in Europe
have ties to old noble families, and some advocate monarchism. Classical
conservatives can also be found in other parts of the world.
SOCIALISM
Socialism arose as a response to the Industrial Revolution, which was the
emergence of technologies such as the steam engine and mass production. The
Industrial Revolution started in England in the last years of the eighteenth
century and had spread to much of Europe and America by the end of the
nineteenth century. It caused major upheavals: In a very short time, many people
were forced to abandon agricultural ways of life for the modern mechanized world
of factories.
Early versions of socialism were put forward in Europe in the first part of the
nineteenth century (these versions are often dubbed “utopian socialism”), but
truly influential socialist theories did not emerge until industrialization
expanded in the mid-nineteenth century. Karl Marx is the best-known theorist
of socialism. Along with Friedrich Engels, Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto
(1848) as a call to revolution. Other prominent socialists’ thinkers included Karl
Kautsky, Vladimir Lenin, and Antonio Gramsci.
Socialist Beliefs
Socialism emphasizes:
 Collectivism: Human beings are social by nature, and society should

respect this. Individualism is poisonous.
 Public Ownership: Society, not individuals, should own the property.
 Central Economic Planning: The government plans the economy; there is
no free market.
 Economic Equality: All citizens have roughly the same level of prosperity.
SCP-SS200 | 139

DEPARTMENT
Class Warfare
According to socialists, liberalism fails to live up to its promises of freedom
and equality. Socialists blame the free market for liberalism’s failings. Under a
capitalist system, money and means of production are the measures of power.
The haves (the bourgeoisie, in Marx’s terms) and the have-nots (whom Marx calls
the proletariat) are locked into a fight that Marx called class warfare. Because
they control the money and means of production, the bourgeoisie have the power
and thus are winning the fight. The rich use the government to further their
control and to increase their power over the lower, poorer classes, so people are
neither free nor equal.
The Evolution of Socialism

Socialism evolved in a variety of ways. Communism and democratic
socialism are the two most prominent evolutions of socialism.
Communism: An authoritarian and revolutionary approach to achieving
socialism. As an ideology, communism emphasizes a classless society in which
all members jointly share the means and output of production. The regimes of
the Soviet Union and communist China embody this ideology. Communists such
as Vladimir Lenin, who became the first premier of the Soviet Union in 1917,
argued that people can and must make the transition to socialism quickly rather
than waiting for it to evolve. Authoritarian and violent measures are often
required because the defenders of capitalism will fight ferociously to stop
socialism from coming into being.
Communism Today
With the fall of communist regimes in Russia and Eastern Europe,
communism has been in retreat for most of the 1990s and 2000s. There are, for
example, fewer communist movements around the world than during the Cold
War. But there are still several major communist regimes, including the
governments of North Korea and Cuba.
Democratic Socialism: A peaceful and democratic approach to achieving
socialism. As an ideology, democratic socialism also emphasizes a classless
society in which all members jointly share the means and output of production.
But unlike communism, democratic socialism attempts to achieve its goals
peacefully via the democratic processes. Democratic socialists reject the need for
immediate transition to socialism in favor of a gradualist approach, achieved by
working within a democratic government. Economic inequalities should be
remedied through a Welfare State, a system that provides aid to the poor and
help to the unemployed.
SCP-SS200 | 140

DEPARTMENT
Democratic Socialism Today

Democratic socialism has been quite successful in Western Europe and
Scandinavia. Many governments there have extensive welfare systems that have
remained largely intact even when democratic socialists are voted out of office.
Democratic socialist parties exist in many democracies around the world.
Germany’s Social Democratic Party and Britain’s Labor Party are contemporary
examples of successful political parties heavily influenced by democratic
socialism.
Search Indicator
Major Political Ideologies
https://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-
science/political-ideologies-and-styles/section2/page/3/
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Which political ideology is harsh and rigid?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.Which political ideology is friendly and beneficial?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the role of a political ideology to the state and the society? How do
these ideologies influence societies?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
SCP-SS200 | 141

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. Do you think that adapting to an ideology will impact the way people and
society behaves? in what way?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which political ideology do you think is most workable in the Philippine

society?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
SWOT ANALYSIS – Out from the lesson, fill out a SWOT ANALYSIS table
according to how the political ideologies may impact the social and political life
of the Filipinos.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN THE PHILIPPINE

SOCIETY AND POLITICAL LIFE
Political Strength(s) Weakness(es) Opportunit(ies) Threat(s)
Ideology
It will make Filipinos… It will affect Filipinos by… It will give chance for the It could lead the
Anarchism Filipinos to… Filipinos…
Absolutism Filipinos to… Filipinos…
Liberalism Filipinos to… Filipinos…
It will make Filipinos… It will affect Filipinos It will give chance for the It could lead the
Conservatism Filipinos to… Filipinos…
It will make Filipinos… It will affect Filipinos It will give chance for the It could lead the
Socialism Filipinos to… Filipinos…
SCP-SS200 | 142

DEPARTMENT

Week 17
Lesson Title Branches of the Government
Learning Outcome(s) Determine the various functions of the branches of government
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Republic - A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens
who can elect people to represent them.
Essential Content
How the Philippine Government Is Organized
The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government

wherein power is equally divided among its three branches: executive, legislative,
and judicial.
One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle

of separation of powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the
Executive, and settlement of legal controversies to the Judiciary.
 The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them
through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is
divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.
SCP-SS200 | 143

DEPARTMENT
 The Executive branch carries out laws. It is composed of the President

and the Vice President who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a
term of six years. The Constitution grants the President authority to
appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the
country’s bureaucracy.
 The Judicial branch evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle
controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable.
This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and
instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and
lower courts.
The Philippine government seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens
through this system of checks and balances.
The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial
Review as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement,
law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or
regulation unconstitutional.
Legislative Department
The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential
appointments, and has the authority to declare war. This branch includes
Congress (the Senate and House of Representatives) and several agencies that
provide support services to Congress.
 Senate – The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall

be elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be
provided by law.
 House of Representatives – The House of Representatives shall be
composed of not more than two hundred and fifty members, unless
otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts
apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area
in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the
basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by
law, shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national,
regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per cent of the total
number of representatives including those under the party list. For three
consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats
allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by
selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural
communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law,
except the religious sector.
The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which

consists of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives. The
upper house is located in Pasay, while the lower house is located in Quezon City.
SCP-SS200 | 144

DEPARTMENT
Both are in Metro Manila. The district and sectoral representatives are elected
for a term of three years. They can be re-elected, but they may not run for a
fourth consecutive term.
Senators are elected to a term of six years. They can be re-elected but may
not run for a third consecutive term. The House of Representatives may opt to
pass for a vacancy of a legislative seat, which leads to a special election. The
winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous
district representative, and will be considered as one elective term. The same
rule also applies in the Senate, however it only applies if the seat was vacated
before a regular legislative election.
The current president of the Senate is Tito Sotto, while the current speaker
of the House of Representatives is Lord Allan Velasco.
Legislative power:
1. National government
 Senate
 House of Representatives
2. Local government
 Bangsamoro Parliament
 Sangguniang Panlalawigan
 Sangguniang Panlungsod
 Sangguniang Bayan
 Sangguniang Barangay
Executive Department
The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the
President, Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent
agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees.
Key roles of the executive branch include:
 President – The President leads the country. He/she is the head of state,
leader of the national government, and Commander in Chief of all armed
forces of the Philippines. The President serves a six-year term and cannot
be re-elected.
 Vice President – The Vice President supports the President. If the President
is unable to serve, the Vice President becomes President. He/she serves a
six-year term.
 The Cabinet – Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They
include the Vice President and the heads of executive departments.
SCP-SS200 | 145

DEPARTMENT
Cabinet members are nominated by the President and must be confirmed

by the Commission of Appointments.
The president and vice president are elected separately by national popular
vote. The Vice President is first in line to succession if the President resigns, is
removed after impeachment, or dies. The Vice President is usually, though not
always, a member of the president's cabinet. If there is a vacancy in the position
of vice-president, the President will appoint any member of Congress (usually a
party member) as the new Vice President. The appointment must then be
validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress.
Executive leadership:
1. National government
 President
 Vice president
 Cabinet secretaries
2. Local government
 Regional chief minister

 Provincial governor
 Provincial vice governor
 City/Municipal mayor
 City/Municipal vice mayor
 Barangay chairman
Judicial Department
The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to
individual cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution. The judicial power
shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be
established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and
to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or
instrumentality of the Government. The judicial branch interprets the meaning
of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws violate the
Constitution.
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and
lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a Chief Justice
as its head and 14 Associate Justices, occupies the highest tier of the judiciary.
The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president
SCP-SS200 | 146

DEPARTMENT
on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines. The
sitting Chief Justice is Diosdado Peralta, the 26th to serve in that position.
Other court types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are
the:
1. Lower Collegiate Courts:
 Court of Appeals
 Court of Tax Appeals
 Sandiganbayan
2. Regular Courts:
 Regional Trial Courts
 First-level courts:
o Metropolitan Trial Courts
o Municipal Trial Courts
o Municipal Trial Courts in Cities
o Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
3. Sharia Courts
 Sharia District Courts
 Sharia Circuit Courts
Constitutional commissions
Article 9 of the Constitution of the Philippines establishes three constitutional
commissions: the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections,
and the Commission on Audit.
Office of the Ombudsman

The Philippine government or three of its branches are independently monitored
by the office of the Ombudsman (Filipino: Tanodbayan). The Ombudsman is
given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly
guilty of crimes, especially Graft and Corruption. The Ombudsman is assisted
by six deputies: the Overall Deputy, the Deputy for Luzon, the Deputy for
Visayas, the Deputy for Mindanao, the Deputy for the Armed Forces, and the
Special Prosecutor.
Search Indicator
Three Branches of Government | Philippine Information Agency
https://pia.gov.ph/branches-of-govt
Government of the Philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines
SCP-SS200 | 147

DEPARTMENT
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Why is there a separation of government into branches?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What could be the essence of having two chambers (senate and House of
Representatives) in the Legislative Departments??
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the main function of the Judiciary?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. What could be the benefit that the government and the Filipino people from
the ombudsman and the constitutional commissions??
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you mean by separation of powers? Does that mean there is division
and factions in the government? Elaborate your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
“The government governs best if it does not govern at all.” Comment on this
quote.
SCP-SS200 | 148

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ST.

JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

SIMPLIFIED COURSE PACK (SCP) FOR SELF-DIRECTED

Teaching Social Studies in Primary Grades (Philippine

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Vision By 2023, a recognized professional institution providing

Serve the nation by providing competent JPCean graduates

“Based 40” Cumulative Averaging Grading System

Grading System Periodical Grading = Attendance (5%) + Participation (10%)

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Meaning, Nature and The Philippines as a colony

Environment and Asian Japanese Occupation to

Week 6 Preliminary Examination

 Identify the meaning, scope and nature of history

 Determine the different environment and Asian heritage

 Encourage students to value the significance of having a government in our country

 Trace the origins and ways of living among Filipinos.

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS

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1. What are the meanings of history?

2. What are the breadth and scope of history?

3. Differentiate the main concepts of the nature of history.

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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS

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Outstanding physical features of the Philippines

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PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE (FLORA AND FAUNA)

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PEOPLE ETHNIC GROUPS

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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

1. What are the boundaries of the Philippines?

2. Examine the topographical feature of the Philippines, ( Luzon Visayas, Mibdanao)

3. What are the major groups of people in the Philippines?

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SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS

PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES.

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 The seafaring tool-using "Indonesian" group who arrived about 5,000 to

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ANCIENT PEOPLE GROUPS

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semi-autonomous barangays (settlements ranging in size from villages to city-

Prehistory of the Philippines

2. Which theory pertains to the peopling of the islands?

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SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS

To determine the early relationships of the Philippines to its

OUR MALAYAN HERITAGE

FOOD and DRINKS