SOCIOLOGY.

ANTHROPOLOGY.
Anthropology can help and understand the absence of parents in
the lives of their children due to migration by studying more about
their child well-being. There are major contribution of
anthropological approaches to a child well-being. They address
variation across a wide range of cultures and settings. This broad
perspective is necessary because cultures vary widely both in care
practices and in definitions of child well-being. Some anthropologists
have derived models to explain variation in child development and
well-being in relation to factors not only at the level of the caregiver
or household (e.g., parents’ schooling and household wealth) but
also at the level of the broader environment (e.g., political economy
and disease ecology). These models pay special attention to culture
both as a determinant of resource distribution within societies and
as a source of ideologies that inform and motivate actions, including
patterns of child-rearing. Some relevant anthropological models can
be grouped into two classes: heuristic models to be applied within
particular cultures and predictive models to be applied across time
or across cultures. They review a selection of these models, identify
the specific issues they address, and describe the ways the models
help explain how global transitions in vital rates, education, nutrition
and disease, and politics, economics, and ecology are affecting
child well-being worldwide. They illustrate the pragmatic value of this
approach by describing some interventions to promote child well-
being that are congruent with these models and supported by
evidence. And they close by advocating longitudinal, mixed-
methods research to further develop anthropological models of child
development and well-being, and to identify forces affecting child
well-being across cultures.

POLITICAL SCIENCE.
The political science can help and understand the family's central
role in forming the individual's political personality by deriving from
its role as the main source and locus for the satisfaction of all his
basic, innate needs. The child therefore tends to identify with his
parents and to adopt their outlook toward the political system. The
father becomes the prototypical authority figure and thereby initiates
the child's view of political authority. Under familial and other social
circumstances in which the child progresses from dependence to
autonomy, the child is likely to develop into a mature and
responsible citizen. When the child suffers physical or emotional
deprivation, the child is likely to establish a pattern of chronic
dependence that includes the political. When conflict generates
between the child own emerging needs, family patterns for
satisfying them, and the demands and opportunities of the large
society, the growing child is in mental turmoil. Only gradually, then,
can the child change from hierarchized to equalized patterns of
political behavior, in which he can responsibly share power with the
child new equal fellow citizens.