CHAPTER – I

Perfume (French: parfum) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma

compounds (fragrances), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body,
animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. Perfumes can be defined as substances
that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrant odour. They consist of manmade mixtures of aromatic
chemicals and essential oils. The 1939 Nobel Laureate for Chemistry, Leopold Ružička stated in
1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific chemistry up to the present time, perfumes have
substantially contributed to the development of organic chemistry as regards methods, systematic
classification, and theory."
Ancient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the
earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial
synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin or Coumadin, which allowed for the composition of
perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics.

HISTORY:
The word perfume derives from the Latin perfumer, meaning "to smoke through".
Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley
civilization and possibly Ancient China. It was further refined by the Romans and the Muslims.
The world's first-recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker
mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia.
She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics, then filtered and put them
back in the still several times. On the Indian subcontinent, perfume and perfumery existed in
the Indus civilization (3300 BC – 1300 BC). In 2003, archaeologists uncovered what are
believed to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus.
The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. They were discovered in an ancient
perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq. ft.) factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls,
funnels, and perfume bottles.
In ancient times people used herbs and spices, such as almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer
resin, and bergamot, as well as flowers. In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was
recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects
of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their olfaction receptors.
 In the 9th century the Arab chemist Al-Kindi (Alkindus) wrotethe Book of the Chemistry
of Perfume and Distillations, which contained more than a hundred recipes for
fragrant oils, salves, aromatic waters, and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also
described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as
the alembic (which still bears its Arabic name [from Greek "cup", "beaker"] described
by Synesius in the 4th century).
The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna) introduced the process of
extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today.
He first experimented with the rose. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of
oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend. Rose water was more delicate, and
immediately became popular. Both the raw ingredients and the distillation technology
significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry.

TYPES OF PERFUMES:

1. Fogg:
Fogg is one of the top-selling perfume deodorants in India. Fogg is a revolutionary
product introduced in the Indian market, back then people only used deodorants which were
usually alcohol-based and alcohol initially stimulates sweating, but may also temporarily kill
bacteria, mainly they came in as aerosol sprays, which caused a lot of wastage. Fogg’s idea
of deodorant with no gas became extremely popular in India. The founder of Fogg Darshan
Patel who is the promoter of Vini Cosmetics was yet to come up with his innovation in the
world of the deodorant market. He decided to address the problems of consumers where their
deodorants did not last long. He then launched Fogg, a product without gas, which prevents
the liquid from vaporizing easily, checks its wastage, and makes a deodorant bottle last
longer.

2. Denver:
Denver is a brand from a Delhi based aerosol manufacturing company, Vanesa Care
Pvt Ltd which provides a wide range of perfume and deodorants to the consumers under men
grooming category. It is India’s most saleable deodorant brand and was recently voted as
“India most promising brand” in the Men grooming category.
The Indian company Vanesa group is into manufacturing of multiple range of product
categories including OTC (Over the counter), pharmacy, deodorants, perfumes and toiletries
etc. It adheres to the international standards and with its consistency in quality and
innovation, it has created a niche in the fashion industry.
 All of their products are designed and manufactured keeping in mind the taste, style
and demands of an Indian consumer. Their tagline is “The scent of my success” and is
promoting its products with various marketing and promotional campaigns. By roping the
Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan as its brand ambassador of its deodorant and perfume
brand Denver, the company aims to strengthen its position in the Deodorant and Men
grooming category.

Features:
 They smell good and keeps the body odour away.
 They have a long lasting frangrance that stays for around 7-8 hours.
 It helps in keeping you fresh, clean and provides feel-good factor about yourself after
applying it.
 Hold the bottle upright and spray 15 cm away from the skin.
 Also avoid direct eye contact with it.

3. Park Avenue:
An Indian branded fabric and fashion retailer, incorporated in 1925. It produces suiting
fabric, with a capacity of producing 31 million meters of wool and wool-blended fabrics. The
group owns apparel brands like Raymond, Raymond Premium Apparel, Raymond Made to
Measure, Ethnic, Park Avenue, Park Avenue Woman ColorPlus. All the brands are retailed
through 'The Raymond Shop' (TRS), with a network of over 700 retail shops spread
across India and overseas, in over 200 cities. In addition, the group also has business interests
in readymade garments, designer wear, cosmetics & toiletries, engineering files and
tools, prophylactics and air charter operations.
Advantages:
Perfumes have been an integral variable on how we present ourselves. We recently
established that smelling good plays a big factor in your personal branding game, because
not only do they help you fight body odour, but also boost your morale. Several amazing
benefits of using perfume physiologically. Let us show you the 10 ways!

1. Fragrance
The captain obvious of them all-It will make you smell pretty damn good!
Perfume has been historically used primarily for fragrance. It helps keep unwanted
body odour at bay and ensures that you smell good throughout the day.

2. Positive Mood Enhancer

Research has shown that certain scents can change your mind set
and "promote specific behaviour", says Pamela Dalton, PhD. Choose perfumes that
actually reflects your mood to project a better brand of yourself. Select and wear a
perfume as per the occasion so that you can get in the apt mood for it.

3. Confidence Booster
A spritz of fragrance can work wonders to your personality. Choose a scent
that suits your personality and which, can boost your morale and come prepared for
every event in your life.

4. Alluring Attractiveness
A small study out of the Monell Chemical Senses Centre was able to
validate this premise on the relationship of pleasant smell towards physical
attractiveness. They tested 18 young adult participants by showing them photos of
female faces while simultaneously releasing one of five different odours the worst
being a mix of fish oil, and the most pleasant is a scent rose oil.

5. Aphrodisiac
Moreover, scents can alter your people's perception of your physical image.
For all you women, dabble on a floral base or spicy scents you'll be seen as 12
pounds lighter! Should you wish to look 5 years younger spray on a dash of
grapefruit aromas. If you want to take your dating game to the next level use
lavender to allure your date.
6. Boosts Health
As mood enhancers, perfumes can help out defuse stress and other anxiety-
related issues at bay.

7. Triggers Memories
We tend to associate people with particular fragrances. The scent is a very
primal trigger for us and whenever we smell that dapple of a certain scent from a
good memory it makes us feel good and nostalgic both at the same time

8. Aromatherapy
Perfume and the very essence scents have therapeutic benefits. Thus, the
term "Aroma Therapy: came into play. For example, citrus fruit, floral and winter
spice perfumes help calm the mind and soothe the body. Such perfumes ensure your
stress levels are in control and intact.

9. Treats Insomnia
As we mentioned in point number 8, aromas can have a beneficial trigger
response. Want to have restful sleep? dapple on a little lavender scent before you go
off to bed.

10. Cures a Headache

Wearing perfume can help you cure that awful headache. Perfumes do
contain essential oils and other active compounds.
Disadvantages:

Whether you use perfume as a way to lift your spirits or someone else’s, it may seem like
the only negative effect these beauty aids could possibly have would be on your bank account.
In fact, perfume, lotion and cosmetics can have very real disadvantages.

Allergies:

After you’ve spent hours trying to find the perfect floral or fruity perfume or body
lotion, the last thing you’d want is to have your friends dissolve into a fit of sneezing, coughing
or itchy hives. Just being downwind of a perfume can cause physical reactions such as a hoarse
voice, difficulty concentrating, lip tingling and difficulty breathing, according to the Exit
Allergy website.

These allergic reactions may be related to some of the chemicals used to produce the
toiletries, including clove oil, alcohol and cinnamon oil. The On Point website reports a case
where a jury in Detroit awarded $10.6 million (later reduced to $814,000) to a woman who
sued her workplace over a co-worker’s perfume. There’s no way to tell a person has a fragrance
allergy just by looking at him and there’s no specific line of what fragrances will affect a
person.

Airline Travel Issues:

On August 10, 2006, the Transportation Security Administration changed the way
travellers packed for airline flights by announcing its 3-1-1 rule, where all liquids and gels must
fit into a 3.4-oz. or less container. This included all forms of cosmetics such as perfumes and
lotions being brought on as carry-ons (the rule did not affect checked baggage stored under the
planes). This meant that travellers who wished to carry their favourite bottle of conditioner, for
example, had two options: stow it in checked baggage (where applicable) or squeeze it into a 3-
oz. bottle.
 Discontinued Products:

If you’ve experimented with 20 different eye creams before finally finding one that
didn’t dry out your skin while reducing crows’ feet, it can come as a hurtful shock to hear your
favourite product is being discontinued, but it’s a very real risk in the toiletry market. For any
number of reasons, such as formula changes, product revamping or lack of consumer desire,
perfume companies yank their products from the market, often without a word.

NEED FOR THE STUDY:

Different Brand Cosmetics Perfumes are being used in different states in India. In
North Indian States, most of the people are using available perfume. In South Indian
States, people are using either specific brand or available Perfume. Between Fogg and
Denver and other brands, Fogg is considered affordable. Due to this, people go for
specific reason for wear perfume. Realizing the popularity of perfume among the general
public, the researcher developed interest in such product and has taken for her project work.
The researcher is keen to evaluate the buying behavior of consumers in Puducherry
towards Perfume. The study is moving towards the end.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The study is aimed at achieving the following objectives:

1. To find the level of usage of perfume.

2. To know the specific reason for using perfume.

3. To know the preferred brand of Perfume.

4. To know the sources of information depended.

5. To learn about influencing factor.

METHODOLOGY:

1. Research Design:
Research design is arrangement of collected data and analysis of
data in a manner that relevance of data to be collected. The sample to be
selected in a manner in whichthe data so collected is to be organized. The person
study conducted through a survey method using a well-formed and framed
by questionnaire. Research design is the plan and structure of investigation
so conceive as to obtain answers to research questions.

2. Type of Data:
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first
time and thushappen to be original in character. Primary data for this project was
collected throughquestionnaire. The secondary data are those which have
already been collected bysomeone else and which have already been passed
through the statistical process. Secondary data for this project were collected from
the internet and library.

3. Sources of Data:

The primary and secondary sources were used in the

research. The information gathered for this study is differing from person
to person as there is differences. In each human being. So the observation and the
survey of the people are the primary sources of data from this study. As
such, secondary data are collected from internet and library.

4. Sample plan:

Sample plan can be defined as the selection of some part of an

aggregate or totality on the basis of which a Judgement or inference about the
aggregate or totality is made. In other words, it is the process of obtaining
information about an entire population by examining only a part of it. The
sampling plan for this study would be consumers from Pudhucherry.
5. Universe:
From a statistical point of view, the term ' universe' refers to the
total of the items or units in any field of inquiry or to the total of items about
which information is desired. For the purpose of this study, the universe has been
defined as the set consisting of consumers in Pudhucherry.

6. Sample size:

Sample size means how many people should be surveyed. Large

sample size gives more reliable results than small one. Sampling is the method
and selecting sample for studying the position of universe in total. The sample size
selected for this study is 50 consumers in Puducherry. This sample size is
selected on the basis of convenience to administer and by way of judgement.
Sample size selected in this study is the people of Puducherry. A large
sample size would have unmanageable in terms of time and cost.

7. Sampling method:

In order to collect the required for the study with the help or questionnaire,
convenience sampling method has been adopted.

8. Methods of data collection:

The type of data collection begins after a research problem has been
defined and research design chalked out. While deciding about the method
of data collection to be used for the study, the researcher should keep in
main two types of data that are Primary Data and Secondary Data. Methods
of collecting primary data particularly in survey and descriptive researches are:

1. Observation Method.

2. Interview Method.

3. Through Questionnaires.

4. Through schedules.
 Method of collecting secondary data particularly in survey and descriptive
researches are:-

 Various publication of central, state, and local government.

 Various publications of foreign government or of international bodies and

their subsidiary organization.
 Technical and Trade Journal.

 Books, Magazine, News Papers.

9. Questionnaire:

This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of

big enquires.It is being adopted by private individual, research workers, private and
public organization and even by government. Questionnaire is sent to the person
concerned with request to answer the question and return the questionnaire. A
questionnaire consist of a number ofquestions printed or typed in a definite order on a
form or set of form. The questionnaire is mailed to the respondents who are expected to
read and understand the questions and write down the reply in the space meant for the
purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondent has to answer the question on their
own. In this project questionnaires were given to the 50 consumers and information
collected from those questionnaires were used for data processing and analysis.

10. Formation of questionnaire:

Formation of questionnaire could be structured or un-structured. Structured

questionnaire are those questionnaire in which there are definite, question may be cither
closed ended questions (giving option such as yes or no) and open ended questions
(inviting free response) but this should be stated in advance and not during questioning.
When these characteristics are not present in a questionnaire, it can be termed as
un-structured questionnaire. In this study structure questionnaire were used with
closed ended questions in it. This form of questionnaire reduces the difficulty of
the respondents while answering the questions.
 11. Field Work:

Field work is defined as the place where you have conducted your survey and
with whose help you have taken. Field work for this project was performed by the
researcher of this study without the help of any people. Her field work consists
of questionnaire which she had circulated among 50 consumers so that she could get
information that was required for the study.

12. Data Analysis Techniques:

The data after collection has to be processed and analyzed in accordance with the
outline laid down for the purpose at the time of developing the research plan. By analysis
we mean the computation of certain indices or measures along with searching for
patterns of relationship that exist among the data groups. For this research work,
percentage method is used for the analysis of the available data.

HYPOTHESIS:

Based on theoretical perspectives and objectives of the study, the following

hypotheses have been formulated and tested:

 There is no significant difference between male and female consumers with

regard topreferred brand
 There is no significant difference among different age groups of consumers
with regardto preferred brand
 There is no significant difference among consumers with different educational
qualificationwith regard to preferred brand
 There is no significant difference between married and unmarried in
consumers withregard to preferred brand
 There is no significant difference among consumers with different annual
income withregard to preferred brand
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

This study suffers from certain limitations as given below

 Due to time and fund constraint, only 50 consumers have been taken into
confidencefor this study.

 Only literates are consulted. Illiterates are not consulted

 As questionnaire method was used to elicit views on perfume consumption, the

limitations of such method may impact the results of the study
CHAPTER LAYOUT:

This project report consists of five chapters. They are as follows:

Chapter I: Introduction:

This chapter provides a theoretical background on sunflower oil. It also

gives Need, Objectives, Hypothesis, Methodology adopted in the study, limitations of the
study and chapter lay out.

Chapter II: Profile of the study area:

This chapter gives a bird's eye view on study area

Chapter Ill: Consumer Behavior-

An overview: This chapter throws light on consumer behavior

Chapter IV: Analysis and Interpretation of data:

This chapter gives analysis and is interpretation of data that were collected
from thesample consumers through questionnaire Chapter

Chapter V: Summary of findings and conclusion:

This chapter brings out the findings of the study. It also gives conclusion