List of Maps and Tables.

Maps Page No.

1. Location of the Study Area 4
2. Topography Map of Champhai R.D. Block 8
3. Drainage Map of Champhai R.D. Block 13
4. Land Use Map of Champhai R.D. Block 14
5. Soil Map of Champhai R.D. Block 18

Tables
1. Rainfall Deficit (% Deviation) for rain-gauge in Champhai R.D. 11
Block (2004)
2. SPI for 1 month, 3 months and 6 months scale for specific
Rain gauge in Champhai (2004) 11
3. Village names and village codes in Champhai R.D Block 18
4. Demographic characteristics of the villages in Champhai
R.D. Block 19
5. Villages with above average population 22
6. Villages with below average population 22
7. Distriubtion of workers in Champhai R.D Block 24
8. Village-wise percentage of Main workers and Marginal workers 27
9. Village-wise rural household electrification 29
10. Village-wise household water connection 30
11. Champhai R.D. Block Electricity, Water Supply and Water 31
Source data

1
 CHAPTER I
GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1Introduction:
Geography is a systematic study of the earth and its features. Traditionally,
Geography has been associated with cartography and place names. Although many
geographers are trained in topography and cartography, this is not their main
preoccupation. Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution of
phenomena, processes and features as well as the interaction of humans and their
environment. Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics,
health, climate, plants and animals. Geography is highly interdisciplinary. The disciplinary
nature of the geographical approach depends on attentiveness to the relationship
between physical and human phenomena and its spatial patterns.
Integrated Geography is concerned with the description of the spatial
interaction between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the
traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways that human
societies conceptualize the environment. Integrated geography has emerged as a bridge
between the human and the physical geography, as a result of the increasing
specialization of the two sub-fields. Furthermore, as human relationship with the
environment has changed as a result of globalization and technological change, a new
approach was needed to understand the changing dynamic relationship. Examples of
areas of research in the environmental geography includes: emergency management,
environmental management, sustainability and political ecology.
As spatial interrelationships are the key to this synoptic science, maps are a
key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to
geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS).
In their study, geographers use four interrelated approaches:

A) Systematic – Groups geographical knowledge into categories that can be explored

globally.

Regional – Examines systematic relationships between categories for a

specific regions or location on the planet.
B) Descriptive – Simply specifies the locations of features and populations.

C) Analytical – Asks why we find features and population in a specific geographic area.
Geographic qualitative methods, or ethnographical research techniques, are used by
human geographers. In cultural geography, there es a tradition of employing qualitative

2
research techniques, also used in anthropology and sociology. Participant observation and
in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative data.

1.1 Statement of the Problem:

We, the 6th semester B.A. Geography department students are divided into
numerous groups each working in pairs for the project work. The objective of this project
is in partial fulfilment of Paper XI (Section C) of the 6th semester B.A. Geography (Owners).
According to this, we are given a task to study an R.D Block inside Mizoram, write a report
in order to get into an insight into the original interpretation of theme based on field
study. The report is given 100% weight-age mark for the paper 11. This entire project work
is based on the villages under Champhai R.D. Block of Mizoram. The study area is located
about 189 km away from Aizawl. The region shares an international boundary with
Myanmar along the Harhva river. The region is located next to Murlen National Park
surrounding it with the villages inside the R.D. Block.
The project work is mainly based on secondary information I.e., collection of existing
available data. Its main aims and objectives are to study the physical setting, population
structure, vegetation, drainage, soil and demographic aspects of the area under
Champhai R.D Block as well as to study the availability and accessibility of certain utilities
like household electrification and rural water supply.
The information on this report is reliable and dependable as it is mainly obtained from the
data provided by the Census of India as well as personal interactions with R.B.D officers.
This project is divided into 5 chapters in which all relevant information about the study
area is depicted as much as possible.

3
The first chapter includes the general introduction regarding a brief interpretation of the
study area, aims and objectives, methodology and sources of data. The second chapter
comprises the physical setting regarding climate, temperature, rainfall and drainage. The
third chapter comprises of population distribution, number of households and literacy
rates. The fourth chapter comprises of the distribution of workers. The fifth chapter shows
the availability of utilities, namely household electrification and rural water supply in the
area of study. And lastly, the sixth chapter comprises the summary of findings and
suggestions and conclusions of the project.

1.3 Study Area:

The study area is located about 189 km east from Aizawl lying between
23°56’1.43’’N to 23°25’33.75’’N longitude and 93°26’18.94’’E to 93°14’15.44”E latitude
being at the eastern most part of the state and the country. The area has a hilly
landscape.

MAP No.1: Location of Champhai R.D Block

4
The most dominant process in evolution of these landforms is the action of running water
operating from upper tertiary period onward till today. The predominant peak of this
region with its elevation is Vapar with a height of 1897 meters. The study area has a pre-
dominance of sedimentary rocks. The highest point of the area is 1057m from sea level
and the lowest point is 960m.
Mainly arcenaceous rocks which includes mainly thickly bedded grey, khaki,
buff colored to fine medium grain, at places friable, kadinsed sandstone with very fine
grained sandstone, siltstone, shale, inter-bands with limestone as lensodial bodies,
conglomeratic at places grey, very fine grain to fine grained hard compact, calcareous and
sandstones.

1.4 Objectives:
The objectives of this project are as follows:
1. The understand the physical setting of the study areas.
2. To inquire the growth and distribution of population in the study area.
3. To examine the occupational structure in the study areas.
4. To investigate the availability and accessibility of household electrification and
rural water supply utilities in the study areas.

1.5 Methodology:
Since our objective is to learn Firstly in order to understand the physical
setting of the study area such as physiography, climate, drainage, natural vegetation and
soil of the study area relevant and reliable information and material will be used and
referred from topo-sheet map published by survey of India and also from satellite
imageries prepared by MIRSAC, these reliable sources will be used to the study the
different physical aspects. Aerial photographs, satellite imagery is one of the best and
effective tools which has been used to obtain significant information on terrain
characteristics such as relief, drainage, natural vegetation, soil characteristics and land
use pattern etc.

Secondly the growth and distribution of population comprises an important demographic

aspects of the study area, published materials such as census data, village level statistics
data published by Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Govt.’ of Mizoram and other
relevant data pertaining to population characteristics such as male-female population,
age distribution, working population, sex ratio, total households will be analyzed based on
the above information. A detail study of another important population characteristic such
as growth of population will be studied by obtaining relevant information particularly

5
census data by selecting two census year i.e. 2001 and 2011, the growth of population
obtained from these different data will reveled the nature of increase or decrease in
population numbers in the study area. This primary data will show relevant micro level
details of population aspect at the village levels.

1.6 Sources of the data:

In the study, secondary data are used. Most of the data like soil map, vegetation
map, drainage map, village information including number to households and total
population are collected and compiled from secondary source of data. Drainage map and
Vegetation maps were acquired from the Mizoram Remote Sensing Application Centre,
New Capital Complex, Aizawl.
Population data is also necessary for the present study population data like total
number of households, total population etc.., are collected from statistical handbook of
Mizoram and Census of India.

6
 CHAPTER II
PHYSICAL SETTINGS
2.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY:
Physical settings represent the overall natural condition of the area in situ.
The physical settings or physical environment may be understood as the integrated study
of geology, relief features, drainage and climate conditions soil and vegetation. Although
man is endowed with enormous power to change or alter the physical landscape, the
physical environment itself imposes certain restrictions in man’s way of life. Therefore, the
understanding of the interaction and interrelation between physical factors and man’s
habitation becomes significant. It is indeed necessary to carefully examine the nature of
physical framework, in reference to location, geology, topography, climate, soil, and
vegetation over the related phenomena in spatial context.

Accordingly, we will try to describe the physical condition of Champhai R.D. block under
the following heads:

I. Location.
II. Geology.
III. Regional structure and tectonics.
IV. Topography.

 Location:
Champhai R.D. Block was created on November 17th, 2005. Thus, there is no
particular specifiable information about the R.D. Block in the Census of 2001. There are 10
villages and one notified town including Champhai itself. The study area is located about
189 km east from Aizawl lying between 23°56’1.43’’N to 23°25’33.75’’N longitude and
93°26’18.94’’E to 93°14’15.44”E latitude being at the eastern most part of the state and
the country. It shares an international boundary with Myanmar along the Harhva River.

7
MAP No:2: Topography Map of Champhai R.D. Block

8
  Geology:
Geology is the study of rocks which made up the planet earth with different
type of lithological units. Geological knowledge becomes an integral part to understand
the relationships between landforms and underlying rocks. Geological structure has a
bearing not only on the relief and landforms of a region, but also the distribution of
minerals, water table, rocks and drainage etc. The geology of this region has not been
studied in detail due to rugged inaccessible terrain and thickly covered by vegetation. Few
works on geological exploration of the region have proved that the hills consist of
sandstone and shale of tertiary age thrown into long folds. The rocks are the continuation
of those rocks forming ranges and hills probably laid down in delta or estuary of a large
river discharged form Himalaya in the tertiary period.

 Regional structure and tectonics:

In these eastern part of the state trend lines are not seen over a long
distances due to massive or soft nature of the rocks, and hence, delineation of exacts
nature of folding. From the curve nature of the fold axis, change in plunge direction and
general serving of trend lines, it seems second generations of fold might have developed
due to the adjustment in the basement blocks on which tertiary sediments were deposited.

 Topography:
The terrain of this region is young and immature. It shows predominant
reliefs with steep slopes still undergoing denudation in response to various exogenetic
processes. The most dominant process in evolution of these landforms is the action of
running water operating from upper tertiary period onward till today. The predominant
peak of this region with its elevation is Vapar with a height of 1897 meters.

9
2.2 CLIMATE
Champhai RD Block enjoys a moderate a climate owing to its location. That is
mainly due to fairly to its location. In the lower attitude (Champhai Rd Block) at foot hills
and the villages, typical tropical climate is obtained while in the mid region with large
expanse, the sub-tropical moist climate is experienced. A special feature of the climate
here is occurrence of north-westerly thunderstorms, sweeping over the hills in the entire
state with heavy down pour during April and May being very common. It is neither very
hot nor too cold throughout the year. As such the region receives an adequate amount of
rainfall. The climate is humid tropical, characterized by short winter, long summer with
heavy rainfall.

 Temperature:
Since, there are no proper observatory stations in Mizoram; it is not possible to
give comprehensive information about the temperature conditions of Champhai RD Block.
It has a moderate climate; In winters the temperature varies from 10°C to 20°C and in
summer and between 15°C to 30°C in summer. Climate is classified as warm and
temperate. According to Koppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Cwb. The average
annual temperature is 18.6°C.
The salient thermos-characteristics of Mizoram is temperate do not fluctuate much
throughout the year. Expecting in the low-lying valley site. However, it is observed that
there has been a steady increase in the annual temperature, at par with the Global
phenomenon. The highest temperature is observing during May, June and July. With the
onset of the monsoon the temperature decreases. The temperature continues to fill with
break of the monsoon rains, and its minimum is observed in the months of December and
January.
In autumn, the temperature is usually between 18°C to 25°C, while winter temperature is
usually between 25°C to 34°C. Champhai temperature are highest on average in May , at
around 13.5°C.
The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in January, when it is around 13.5°C.
During winter, the lowest temperature is felt at place having high attitude such as Ngur, N
Diltlang, etc.,.which are under Champhai RD Block.

10
  Rainfall:
The entire state of Mizoram is under the direct influence of monsoon. It rains
heavily from May to September. The average rainfall is 257cms per annum. The least
amount of rainfall occurs in June, with an average of 416mm. The summer are much
rainier than the winter in Champhai.

Table 1: Rainfall deficit (% Deviation) for rain-gauge in Champhai RD Block (2004).

Site Cumulative Jhum Kharif

Champhai R.D. Block -22.06 -21.16 -30.20

Table 2: SPI for 1 month, 3 month and 6 months scale for specific rain gauge in
Champhai(2004).

1-SPI 3-SPI 6-SPI

Site June July August June July August June July August
Champ -0.03 -1.84 -0.74 0.07 -0.40 -1.62 -0.17 -1.12 -1.72
hai R.D.
Block

Precipitations is heavy in summer, normally from May to September, and lasts till late
October. Normally July and August are the rainiest months, while December and January
are the driest months.

2.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Surface Configuration like relief, slope and dissection are important factor which
affect the development and pattern of drainage system of the area. Champhai RD Block is
drained by number of rivers, stream and rivulets of various pattern and length. The area
receives a considerable amount of rainfall during, summer, and most of the stream is
ephemeral in nature. Their volumes are very limited in dry season. It has been observed
that running water is the most decisive agent who has sculpture landforms of the region.
Most of the drainage line flow either towards north or south directed by the North-South
trending ridges. The valleys are narrow and have been carved out in softer formation. The

11
rivers at various places formed deep gorges, and cut across the striking ridges forming
water gops. The upper coarses of the rivers are often intervented by waterfalls. As the
drainage course is controlled by parallel ranges, the drainage of ephemeral and
consequent types show trellis, dendrite as well as parallel drainage patterns.

Drainage systems in Champhai RD Block can be described as follows:

1)Tiau Drainage System:

The eastern fringe of Mizoram is drained by the Tiau drainage system. River Tiau which
spans for about 159 km is a demarcating line between Mizoram and Myanmar. Rising
from the North East corner near Khuangphah village it take a southward direction. After
the confluence with main tributary, River Tuipui, it meets River Chhimtuipui in an opposite
direction. This point gives an interesting scene as the two currents encountered with an
opposite forces.

2) Tuisa Drainage System:

Tuisa Drainage System originates from Tlangsam hill near Tualcheng village in the Sialkal
hill ranges at the height of 1750 m above mean sea level. It main tributaries are Dimphai
lui, Leiva lui, Tangkawng lui, Tuikual lui, Tuiching lui and Bak lui.

The Drainage System of Champhai RD Block depicts parallel drainage pattern. This is the
outcome of the characteristics parallel mountain ranges. But drainage pattern produced
by numerous consequent and subsequent streams, which flow parallel either to the dip or
strike of the ridges.

12
MAP No 3: Drainage Map of Champhai R.D. Block

13
2.4 NATURAL VEGETATION
The natural vegetation in Mizoram is greatly influenced by natural factors like
latitudes, elevation, rainfall and nature of soil. There is a marked difference between
vegetation of the western and eastern part of the state.

The forest in Mizoram is classified under three broad types:

⦁ Tropical west-evergreen forest

⦁ Tropical semi-evergreen forest
⦁ Mountain sub-tropical forest

The region/area of Champhai RD Block falls under Tropical semi-evergreen forest. The
region is located near Murlen National Park and is very rich in natural vegetation. Apart
from timber species which thrive in these areas are; Khiang (Schima Wallichii), Tei (Cedrela
toona), Char (Tarminalia mycriocarpa), Zuang (Duabanga) and Thingdawl (Tetrameles
nudi/flora). Valuable domestic species available are: Vaiza (Hibicus macrophyllus),
Kawhtebel(Samecarous subpanduriformis), Zawngtah (Parkia roxburghii), Bil (Protium),
Thil (Quercas pachy phyllum), etc.

14
 MAP No 4: Vegetation/Landuse Map of Champhai R.D. Block

Ironically, the vegetation of this area like all other area in Mizoram has undergone serious
change due to continuous onslaught by man, clearance for jhumming, heavy exploitation
and maltreatment by burning, and overgrazing at scattered places. The forest cover of the
area is declining rapidly through the ages.

15
2.5 SOIL
The soil of Mizoram as well as Champhai is dominated by lose sedimentary formations.
They are generally young, immature and sand. Derived soil with red, loamy texture is also
found with high level of laterite. The spoil acidity is high: low in potash and phosphorous.
But in an eroded soil, the content of nitrogen is quite high, forested by the accumulation of
organic matters. The soils in the valleys are heavier as the rainwater bought them down
from high attitudes. The soils are generally fertile and responsive to the vigorous growth
of vegetation as well as arable land.

The soils of different physiographic units are of homogenous nature so far as the genetic
aspect of soil formation is concerned. They are mainly derived from sandstones, shales
and siltstones. The hill slopes and valleys have the soils order of Ultisols and Entisols
respectively, with combination of Inceptisols. The types of soils found in at suborder level
are udults, Ochrepts and Orthents.

The surface soils of the hilly terrain are dark, highly leached and poor in bases, rich in iron
and low in pH ranging from 4.5-5.5 ( highly acidic). They are rich in organic carbon, low in
available phosphate content and high in available potash. The surface soil textures are
loam to clay loam with clay content increasing with depth. The percentage of clay, silt and
sand within 50cm of the surface in most cases is 20-30 percent, 35-45 percent and 25-45
percent respectively. The pH and organic carbon content decreases and clay content
increases with depth.
s
Soils of the valley flat land are brown to dark brown, poor in bases, moderately acidic with
pH ranging from 5.5-6.0, medium to high organic carbon content, low available potash.
The texture of the soil is mostly sandy loam to clay loam.

16
MAP No 5: Soil Map of Champhai R.D. Block

17
 CHAPTER III
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, HOUSEHOLD AND LITERACY RATE

VILLAGE NAME VILLAGE CODE

HNAHLAN 271344
KHUANGPHAH 271343
LUNGPHUNLIAN 271342
MURLEN 271340
N.E. DILTLANG 271345
N.KHAWBUNG 271348
NGUR 271347
TUALCHENG 271341
VAIKHAWTLANG 271339
VAPAR 271346

Table 1: Village names and village codes in Champhai R.D. Block

18
VILLAGES POPULATION MALE FEMALE SEX-RATIO LITERACY HOUSEHOLD

HNAHLAN 3,157 1,602 1555 971 92.95% 569

KHUANGPHA 728 372 356 957 90.04% 129

H

LUNGPHUNLI 384 204 180 882 99.68% 81

AN

MURLEN 510 271 239 882 98.26% 86

N.E. 379 196 183 934 97.96% 68

DILTLANG

N. 875 439 486 993 98.98% 178

KHAWBUNG

NGUR 1,674 826 848 1027 97.29% 335

TUALCHENG 770 384 386 1005 96.85% 157

VAIKHAWTLA 938 475 463 975 94.29% 168

NG

VAPAR 891 481 410 852 89.94% 184

Table 2: Demographic characteristics of the villages in Champhai R.D. Block

19
 Population
3500

3000

2500

2000

1500
Population
1000

500

Sex Ratio
1200

1000

800

600

400 Sex Ratio

200

20
 Households
600

500

400

300

200 Households

100

Literacy
102
100
98
96
94
92
90 Literacy
88
86
84

21
Average population & Median population
Average population = Total population / No. Of villages.
= 10306 / 10
= 1030

Population Average Above Average

Hnahlan 3157

Ngur 1674

Table 3: Villages with above average population

Population Average Below Average

Khuangphah 728

Lungphunlian 384

Murlen 510

N.E. Diltlang 379

N. Khawbung 875

Tualcheng 770

Vaikhawtlang 938

Vapar 891

Table 4: Villages with below average population

22
Sex – Ratio
Average Sex – Ratio
Above Average Sex - Ratio
Khawbung, Ngur,
Below Average Sex - Ratio
Vapar).
Highest Sex - Ratio
Lowest Sex - Ratio
Literacy
Average Literacy Rate
Above Average Literacy Rate
N.
Below Average Literacy Rate
Vaikhawtlang, Vapar).
Highest Literacy Rate
Lowest Literacy Rate
= 948
= 6 Villages; 60% ( Hnahlan, Khuangphah, N.
Tualcheng, Vaikhawtlang).
= 4 Villages; 40% ( Lungphunlian, Murlen, NE. Diltlang,
= Ngur Village ( 1027 Sex - Ratio)
= Lungphunlian and Murlen Villages ( 882 Sex - Ratio)
= 95.62
= 6 Villages; 60% ( Lungphunlian, Murlen, NE. Diltang,
Khawbung, Ngur, Tualcheng).
= 4 Villages; 40% ( Hnahlan, Khuangphah,
= Lungphunlian (99.68%)
= Vapar (89.94%)
23
 CHAPTER IV
OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS

Total population of Champhai R.D. block (Villages) is roughly 10,306 as per Census of India
2011. Out of the total population, 9,697 persons are engaged in various occupations and
economic activities in different sectors. The R.D Block has a total working population of
94%.

Villages Total Total Working Cultivator Agricultural Household

Population Worker population population Laborers Industries
Population Main Marginal Main Marginal Main Marginal Main Marginal
Hnahlan 3157 1735 1725 10 1563 6 1 0 3 0
Khuangphah 728 340 337 3 300 1 1 0 1 0
Lungphunlian 384 238 236 2 218 0 1 0 1 0
Murlen 510 274 274 0 261 0 0 0 1 0
N.E. Diltlang 379 191 190 1 180 1 0 0 1 0
N. Khawbung 875 307 280 27 3 1 234 23 2 1
Ngur 1674 983 707 276 629 56 21 214 1 2
Tualcheng 770 412 410 2 386 2 0 0 0 0
Vaikhawtlang 938 387 378 9 327 8 5 0 1 0
Vapar 891 401 357 44 251 26 48 16 2 0

Table 5: Distribution of workers in Champhai R.D. Block

In Champhai R.D. Block, Hnahlan has the largest number of total workers; 1893 persons
are engaged in various types of occupation (59.96% of its total population).

Lungphunlian has the smallest number of total workers; 384 persons are engaged in
various types of occupation (66.1% of the total population).

24
 Distribution of total workers
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Distribution of total workers
600
400
200
0

Distribution of cultivator population

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Distribution of cultivator
600
population
400
200
0

25
 Distribution of Agricultural laborers
300

250

200

150
Distribution of Agricultural
100
laborers
50

Distribution of Household Industries

3.5

2.5

1.5
Distribution of Household
1 Industries

0.5

26
 Villages Total Total Worker Working Population
Population Population Main Percentage Marginal Percentage
Hnahlan 3157 1735 1725 99.4% 10 0.57%
Khuangphah 728 340 337 99.11% 3 0.88%
Lungphunlian 384 238 236 99.15% 2 0.84%
Murlen 510 274 274 100% 0 0%
N.E. Diltlang 379 191 190 99.47% 1 0.52%
N. Khawbung 875 307 280 91.20% 27 8.79%
Ngur 1674 983 707 71.92% 276 28.07%
Tualcheng 770 412 410 99.51% 2 0.004%
Vaikhawtlang 938 387 378 97.67% 9 2.32%
Vapar 891 401 357 89.02% 44 10.97%

Table 6: Village-wise percentage of Main workers and Marginal Workers

Ngur has the highest percentage of total workers: 62% of the total population are
engaged in various types of occupation.

Vaikhawtlang has the lowest percentage of total workers; only 46% of the total
population are engaged in occupation.

27
 Distribution of main workers
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Distribution of main workers
600
400
200
0

Distribution of Marginal Workers

300

250

200

150
Distribution of Marginal
100
Workers
50

28
 CHAPTER V
RURAL HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIFICATION AND WATER CONNECTION

 Rural household electrification

Rural household electrification refers to the process of providing access to

electricity to homes located in rural areas, where the power grid may not reach.
This involves installing power lines, transformers, and other infrastructures to bring
electricity to homes and businesses in rural communities. The goal of rural
electrification is to improve the quality of life for people living in rural areas, by
providing access to reliable and affordable electricity for lighting, cooking, and
other daily needs.
.

Village No. of Households Households electrified Percentage

Hnahlan 569 553 97%

Khuangphah 129 124 96%
Lungphunlian 81 78 96%
Murlen 86 86 100%
N.E. Diltlang 68 68 100%
N. Khawbung 178 178 100%
Ngur 335 315 94%
Tualcheng 157 153 97%
Vaikhawtlang 168 161 95%
Vapar 184 184 100%

Table 7: Village-wise rural household electrification

.

29
 Percentage of household electrification
101
100
99
98
97
96
95 Percentage of household
94 electrification
93
92
91

 Water connection
Rural water connection refers to the provision of safe and reliable water supply to homes
located in rural areas. This includes the installation of pipes and water treatment facilities
to ensure the water is safe for drinking and other uses. Access to clean water is essential
for maintaining good health and hygiene, and is crucial for the development and
prosperity of rural communities.
Village No. of households Housholds with water Percentage
connection

Hnahlan 569 519 91%

Khuangphah 129 124 96%
Lungphunlian 81 0 0%
Murlen 86 86 100%
N.E. Diltlang 68 68 100%
N. Khawbung 178 178 100%
Ngur 335 0 0%
Tualcheng 157 157 100%
Vaikhawtlang 168 168 100%
Vapar 184 184 100%

Table 8: Village-wise household water connection

30
 Percentage of household water connection
120

100

80

60
Percentage of household water
40
connection
20

SECTORS / PARTICULARS UNIT RURAL URBAN TOTAL

ELECTRICITY

a) Electrified villages No 10 0 10
b) Street light (in use) inclusive of solar No 151 151

WATER SUPPLY
Villages/localities having Water Connection Committee No 8 9 17

WATER SOURCE
i) Spring No 83 74 157
ii) Public Water Point (Piped) No 363 5993 6356
iii) Public Water Point (Drilled Hand Pump) No 8 13 21
iv) Community Rain Water Harvesting Tank No 10 0 10

Table 9: Champhai R.D. Block Electricity, Water Supply and Water Source data

31
 CHAPTER VI
ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

6.1 FINDINGS:
Understanding the physiography and demography of a rural development block is
critical for effective planning and implementation of development initiatives. The physical
characteristics of an area, such as topography, soil types, and water resources can have
significant implications for agriculture, infrastructure, and overall livelihoods of the
population.
Similarly, the demographic profile of the area, including factors such as
population size, age structure, sex – ratio and literacy rates can have important
implications for health, education and other development indicators. As the main purpose
of our project was to highlight the location and physiography of the study area to analyse
the demographic profile and availability of rural household electrification and water
connection in Champhai R.D. Block, the points given below are what we have discovered
from our research:

 The study area is located about 189 km east from Aizawl lying between
23°56’1.43’’N to 23°25’33.75’’N longitude and 93°26’18.94’’E to 93°14’15.44’’E
latitude being at the eastern most part of the state and the country.

 The study area has a pre-dominance of sedimentary rocks. The highest point of the
area is 1057m from sea level and the lowest point is 960m

 Mainly arcanaceous rocks which include mainly thickly bedded, grey, khaki, buff
colored fine to medium grain, at places friable, kadinised sandstone with very fine
grained sandstone, siltstone, shale, inter-bands with limestone as lensodial bodies,
conglomeratic at places grey, very fine grain to fine grained hard compact,
calcareous and sandstones.

 The hills consist of sandstone and shale of tertiary age thrown into long folds. The
rocks are the continuation of those rocks forming ranges and hills probably laid
down in delta or estuary of a large river discharged from Himalaya in the tertiary
period.

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 The study area enjoys a moderate climate owing to its location. In the lower
altitude at the foothills and valleys, typical tropical climate is obtained while in the
mid region with large expanse, the sub-tropical moist climate is experienced.

 The area has a moderate climate. In winters the temperature varies from 10°C to
20°C and in summer and between 15°C to 30°C in summer. Climate is classified as
warm and temperate. According to Koppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as
cwb (Sub-tropical climate, Dry winter season and Warm summer season). The
average temperature is 18.6°C.

 The Tiau and Tuisa drainage systems are the main river systems found in this
region. The river Tiau which spans for about 159 kilometers is a demarcating line
between Mizoram and Myanmar. Operating from the North east corner near
Khuangphah village it takes a southward direction.

 Tuisa drainage on the other hand originates from Tlangsam hill near Tualcheng
village in the Sialkal hill ranges at the height of 1750m above mean sea level. Its
main tributaries are Dimphai lui, Leiva lui, Tangkawng lui, Tuikual lui, Tuiching lui
and Bak lui.

 The total population of the villages in Champhai R.D. Block, as per Census 2011 is
10,306. The village with the highest population is Hnahlan (3157), and the lowest
population is N.E. Diltlang (379).

 Champhai R.D. Block has a Sex-Ratio of 963 females per 1000 males. At the village
level, Ngur has the highest sex-ratio (1026) and Vapar has the lowest sex-ratio
(852).

 Champhai R.D. Block has an overall literacy rate of 95.62%. At the village level,
Lungphunlian has the highest literacy rate (99.68%) and Vapar has the lowest
literacy rate (89.94%).

 Out of the total of 1,955 households in Champhai R.D. Block (villages), 1900
households are electrified and only 55 households are still without electricity. Thus,
the percentage of rural household electrification is 97%.

 Out of the total of 1,955 households in Champhai R.D. Block (Villages), 1,484
households have water connection. Thus the percentage of water connectivity in

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 the entire block is 75.9%. The percentage is low due to some villages having no
access to piped water connection i.e., Lungphunlian and Ngur village. These
villages have to rely on other means to satisfy their water needs.

6.2 SUGGESTIONS
As we can observe from the contents of the project work, the development
progress in Chamhphai R.D. Block is unevenly distributed with regards to rural household
electrification and water connection. Some villages have 100% rural household
electrification whereas in some villages, a significant amount of households still do not
have electricity. Similary, most of the villages have a proper systematic water connection
whereas some villages still do not have piped water connection. For more development to
take place from the rural level, the government should take action by increasing
investment in renewable energy sources as a temporary alternative, promoting public-
private partnerships, conducting awareness campaigns to educate rural communities,
focusing on capacity building and enforcing regulations to ensure safe and reliable
delivery of services.

6.3 CONCLUSION
From this research, we have found that Champhai R.D Block has an evenly
characterized physiography throughout the entire area and enjoy similar tropical climate
and vegetation not so much differing from the entire state. The population is highly
uneven among the villages and scarce. Overall the Sex-Ratio and literacy rates are good.
The uneven distribution in population could be attributed to rural-urban migration which
is a common practice in the State of Mizoram. There is still work to be done in household
rural electrification and water connection which is essential for our daily needs.

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 REFERENCE

1. Censusindia.gov.in
2. India Village Directory (vlist.in)
3. Mizoram Remote Sensing Application Centre, New Capital Complex, Aizawl
4. Statistical Handbook of Mizoram
5. Block-profile-2017-2018-Mizoram
6. Champhai.nic.in
7. https://:www.wikipedia.org

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