weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU
8 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I mykvmb

cvV-1: evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYqb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

msweav‡bi msÁv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

msweavb cªYq‡bi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z ci‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡k msweavb cÖYq‡bi ‡cÖ¶vc‡U I c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msweavb n‡”Q ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ, AvaywbK we‡k¦ msweavb Qvov †Kvb ivóªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv Zv †m
wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ hvB †nvK bv †Kb| ivóª‡K Rvbv hvq msweav‡bi Øviv| e¯‘Z msweavb n‡”Q iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK
Dbœqb I HKg‡Z¨i `wjj|
msweav‡bi msÁv
msweav‡bi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv Constitution. kãwU Latin kã Constituere (Kbw÷wUDqvi) †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hvi
A_© cÖwZôv Kiv| myZivs ey¨rcwËMZ A‡_© m‡e©v”P ivóªxq KZ©„‡Z¡i Av‡`k cÖwZôv‡K msweavb e‡j|
e¨vcK A‡_© msweavb ej‡Z †Kv‡bv †`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v wbqš¿Y Kivi wjwLZ Ges AwjwLZ mKj cÖKvi
wbqgKvbyb‡KB †evSvq| wjwLZ wbqgKvbyb ej‡Z mvsweavwbK I mvaviY AvBb Ges AwjwLZ wbqgKvbyb ej‡Z
`xN©Kvj a‡i cÖPwjZ ixwZ I AvPvi AvPiY‡K †evSvq| Z‡e wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e msweavb‡K msÁvwqZ
K‡i‡Qb| †hgb-
GwióUj (Aristotle) Gi g‡Z, Òmsweavb iv‡óªi Rxebc×wZ hv ivóª ¯^qs †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q (A constitution is the way
of life that the state has chosen for itself.)|Ó

G. wm. dvBbv‡ii g‡Z, Òiv‡óªi †gŠwjK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK m¤^ÜB msweavb|Ó

jW© eªvBm (Lord Bryce) e‡jb, Òmsweavb n‡jv Ggb KZ¸‡jv AvBb ev cÖ_vi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g ivóªxq Rxeb
cwiPvwjZ nq|Ó (Constitution is the aggregate of laws and costoms under which the life of the state goes on.)
myZivs †hme wbqgKvbyb I wewaweavb Øviv miKv‡ii MVb KvVv‡gv, miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I
¶gZv Ges RbM‡Yi AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ wbav©wiZ nq Zv‡`i mgwó‡K msweavb e‡j|
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYqb
`xN© mgq civaxb _vKvi ci 1971 mv‡j i³¶qx gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î GKwU ¯^vaxb †`k
wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z n‡q‡Q| 1972 mv‡j 10 Rvbyqvwi RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMvi
†_‡K evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i G‡m m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ivó«cwZ wn‡m‡e wZwb 11 Rvbyqvwi 1972 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx MYcwil` Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z MYcwil` evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYqb K‡i| G
Av‡`‡ki f~wgKvq ejv nq, 1971 mv‡j 10B GwcÖj evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx ivRavbx gywRebMi †_‡K †NvwlZ ¯^vaxbZvi
Av‡`k MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Rb¨ wQj A¯’vqx e¨e¯’v gvÎ| G †NvlYv Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ wQ‡jb cÖkvmwbK
AvBbmsµvšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix| A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`‡ki ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡gœ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv : (1) msm`xq
MYZš¿; (2) MYcwil` MVb; (3) wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªcÖavb; (4) k~b¨ c‡` ivóªcÖavb wb‡qvM; (5) nvB‡KvU© e¨e¯’v; (6)
cÖavb wePvicwZ|
MYcwil` Av‡`k
1972 mv‡j 23 gvP© MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ evsjv‡`k MYcwil` Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| GB Av‡`k 1971
mv‡ji 26 gvP© †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq| GB Av‡`k Abymv‡i 1970 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i I 1971 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m
BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ122
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

wbe©vwPZ cÖv‡`wkK I RvZxq cwil` m`m¨MY MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡eb| g„Zz¨ Ges Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y
ev AvB‡b A‡hvM¨ e‡j †NvwlZ nIqvi d‡j me©‡gvU (169+300) 469 Rb m`‡m¨i ¯’‡j 404 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q
MYcwil` MwVZ nq| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vqx msweavb cÖYq‡bi ¸iy`vwqZ¡ MYcwil‡`i Ici b¨¯—
Kiv nq| cwil‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKRb w¯úKvi I †WcywU w¯úKvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi gvÎ 116 w`b ci 1972 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m| `yB w`be¨vcx GB
Awa‡ek‡bi cÖ_g w`b w¯úKvi Ges †WcywU w¯úKvi wbe©vPb Kiv nq| MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g w¯úKvi Ave`yj nvwg‡`i
g„Zz¨‡Z †gvnv¤§` Djøvn w¯úKvi wbe©vwPZ nb| wØZxq w`‡b AvBb I msm` welqKgš¿x W. Kvgvj †nv‡m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 34
m`m¨wewkó GKwU ÔLmov msweavb cÖYqb KwgwUÕ MUb Kiv nq| 1972 mv‡ji 10 Ry‡bi g‡a¨ KwgwU‡K wi‡cvU©
Ki‡Z ejv nq| KwgwU cÖ_g ˆeV‡K K‡i 1972 mv‡j 17 GwcÖj | me©‡gvU 74wU ‰eV‡K wgwjZ nq KwgwU | ÔLmov
msweavb cÖYqb KwgwUÕ wewfbœ gnj †_‡K msweavb m¤ú‡K© 98wU cÖ¯—ve I mycvwik jvf K‡i| GZ Kg mycvwi‡ki
KviY wQj, evsjv‡`‡ki fwelr msweav‡bi ‡gŠwjK welq¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i Av‡M †_‡KB GK ai‡bi g‰ZK¨ we`¨gvb
wQj| ZvQvov msweav‡bi iƒc-KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© e½eÜzi my¯úó wb‡`©kbv wQj| 1972 mv‡ji 10 Ryb KwgwUi †kl
ˆeV‡K msweav‡bi cÖv_wgK LmovwU Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq| KwgwUi mfvcwZ 11 Ryb cÖavbgš¿xi m‡½ mv¶vr K‡i Lmov
msweav‡bi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| 1972 mv‡ji 11 A‡±vei KwgwU me©‡kl Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv
K‡i Ges †m w`bB msweav‡bi c~Y©v½ Lmov P~ovšÍfv‡e M„nxZ nq|
MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb
evsjv‡`k MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb e‡m 1972 mv‡ji 12 A‡±vei | GB Awa‡ek‡b Lmov msweavbwU wej
AvKv‡i †ck nq| MYcwil‡` mvsweavwbK wejwUi Ici e³e¨ ivL‡Z wM‡q cÖavbgš¿x e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
e‡jb, ÔGB msweavb knx‡`i i‡³ wjwLZ|Õ †m m‡½ wZwb e‡jb, G msweavb †`‡ki mgMÖ RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi
g~Z© cÖZxK wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| msweavb wejwU DÌvcbKv‡j AvBbgš¿x W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb e‡jb, GB msweavb
MYZvwš¿K Dcv‡q GK †kvlYgy³ mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Q| G mgvRe¨e¯’vq AvB‡bi kvmb,
RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv, mvg¨ Ges ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mgvwRK b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ n‡e|
Lmov msweav‡b P~ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b
wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j I †Mvôx KZ©„K DÌvwcZ gZvgZ, Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Lmov msweav‡b me©‡gvU
10wU ms‡kvabx MÖnY Kiv nq| 1972 mv‡j 4 b‡f¤^i MYcwil` m`m¨MY evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K wewae× K‡ib|
‡m w`b †ejv 1Uv 30 wgwb‡U MYcwil` m`m¨‡`i Zzgyj KiZvwj I nl©aŸwbi ga¨ w`‡q msweavbwU P~ovšÍfv‡e M„nxZ
nq| †mB g‡n›`ª¶‡Y e½eÜz e‡jb, ÔGKwU RvwZ wn‡m‡e evOvwjiv BwZnv‡m GB cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Zv‡`i mve©‡fŠgZ¡
i¶v‡_© msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡jv|Õ 1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i msweavb Kvh©Ki nq|
mvi-ms‡¶c
cvwKšÍvb `xN© bq eQ‡iI msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ‡mLv‡b gvÎ 10 gv‡mi g‡a¨ e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM
miKvi RvwZ‡K GKwU c~Y©v½ msweavb Dcnvi †`q hv mwZ¨B cÖksmvi `vwe iv‡L| K‡qKwU evg `j e¨ZxZ cÖvq me
ivR‰bwZK msMVbB evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷ cvwU© (gwY wms), evsjv‡`k
QvÎ BDwbqb, AvIqvgx jxM I QvÎjxM msweavb‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `wjj wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| | g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki
1972 mv‡j cÖYxZ msweav‡b ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡kœ RvZxq HKg‡Z¨i cÖwZdjb N‡UwQj| wÎk jvL knx‡`i i‡³ ¯^vaxb
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY jvf Kij wb‡R‡`i Øviv iwPZ cÖ_g msweavb| ev½vwji nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnv‡m Zv GK Abb¨
NUbv| ev¯ÍweKB GB msweavb n‡jv e½Üzi fvl¨ Abyhvqx knx‡`i i‡³ †jLv msweavb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.1

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. msweavb ej‡Z Kx eySvq? evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYq‡bi †cÖ¶vcU Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k I MY-cwil` Av‡`k †K Rvix K‡iwQ‡jb? GB Av‡`‡ki gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e msweavb cÖYxZ
nq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-123
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2: evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨mg~n

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b D‡jøwLZ kvmb e¨e¯’v, bvMwiK AwaKvi, RvZxqZv cÖf„wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iv‡óªi msweavb †Kej wKQz wewae× AvBb bq, Zv GKwU Rbmgwói cÖMwZi wb`k©b| msweavb GKwU AvBbMZ weavb,
†h weav‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi wewfbœ wefvM I As‡ki g‡a¨ HK¨ mvwaZ nq| Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³i AwaKvi †NvwlZ nq,
†NvlYv _v‡K Zv ev¯—evq‡biI| msweav‡bi gva¨‡gB iv‡ó«i wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ ¶gZvi eÈb Kiv nq| we‡k¦i
cÖwZwU ivóªe¨e¯’v †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv msweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ| †Kbbv msweavb n‡jv iv‡óªi Rxebc×wZ hv ivóª wb‡RB
†e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| Z‡e me iv‡ó«i msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨ GKB iKg bq| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1| cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ¯Ívebv: evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 1 Aby‡”Q‡`i 1bs avivq cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ¯Íve i‡q‡Q| G cÖ¯Ívebv Abyhvqx
evsjv‡`k GKwU GKK, ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg cÖRvZš¿, hv MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k bv‡g cwiwPZ|
2| ivóªxq g~jbxwZ: 1972 mv‡ji evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 8 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wQj PviwU|
G¸‡jv n‡jv : (K) RvZxqZvev`; (L)mgvRZš¿; (M) MYZš¿; I (N) ag©wbi‡c¶Zv| cieZ©xKv‡j ivóªcwZ ‡Rbv‡ij
wRqvDi ingvb msweav‡bi cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g GB g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi cwieZ©b Av‡bb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
(K) me©kw³gvb AvjøvnZvqvjvi Dci c~Y© Av¯’v I wek¦vm, (L) RvZxqZvev`, (M) MYZš¿ Ges (N) A_©‰bwZK I
mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi G A‡_© mgvRZš¿| Aek¨ mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i GK iv‡q G ms‡kvabx‡K A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gi d‡j 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Pvi g~jbxwZB Avevi cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
3| †gŠwjK AwaKvi: msweav‡bi Z…Zxq avivq bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwce× Av‡Q|
bvMwiK‡`i e¨w³Z¡ I AwaKvi weKv‡ki c_ Db¥y³ Kivi ZvwM‡` cÖMwZkxj msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwce×
_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb †NvwlZ ‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q; mv‡g¨i AwaKvi, Pjv‡div, mfv, mwgwZ, wPšÍv
I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv; evK¯^vaxbZv; m¤úwËi AwaKvi; ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv cÖf„wZ |
4| bvMwiKZ¡: evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 6 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK Ôevsjv‡`kxÕ e‡j cwiwPZ n‡e
Ges Zv‡`i GB bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb Øviv wbav©wiZ n‡e|
5| msm`xq miKvi c×wZ : msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi ev msm`xq miKvi c×wZ cÖeZ©b
Kiv nq| G miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóªcÖavb n‡eb wbqgZvwš¿K cÖavb Ges cÖavbgš¿xmn gwš¿cwil` n‡eb cÖK…Z †`‡ki
kvmK| gwš¿cwil` m`m¨MY GKK I †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb| weª‡U‡b cÖPwjZ msm`xq ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b my¯úófv‡e wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6| msweav‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡: evsjv‡`k msweav‡b kvmbZ‡š¿i mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weavb i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b msweavb ev
kvmbZš¿B n‡jv †`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb| ZvB msweav‡bi mv‡_ m½wZnxb †h †Kv‡bv AvBb evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
7| RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡: MYcÖRZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki mKj ivóªxq ¶gZvi gvwjK RbMY| RbM‡Yi c‡¶ msweavb
Abyhvqx wbw`©ó KZ…©c¶ KZ©„K GB ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
8| kvmbZš¿ ms‡kvabxi weavb: kvmbZ‡š¿i †h †Kv‡bv aviv ms‡kvab ev i` Kivi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g›Ui `yB-Z„Zxqvs‡ki
m¤§wZm~PK cÖ¯Íve ev †fvU MÖn‡Yi weavb msweav‡b i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov hy× †NvlYv ev AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ msm` m`m¨‡`i
m¤§wZ cÖ‡qvRb|
9| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv i¶v: msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P Av`jZ ÔmywcÖg †KvUÕ© bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡e|
Avwcj wefvM Ges nvB‡Kv‡U© wefvM wb‡q MwVZ GB mywcÖg †KvU© kvmb wefvM †_‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e c„_K _vK‡e|
msweav‡bi 22 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx iv‡óªi wbe©vnx A_©vr cÖkvmwbK A½mg~n †_‡K wePvi wefv‡Mi c„_KxKiY ivóª KZ©„K
wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ124
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

10| GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª: evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv cÖ‡`k †bB| †m Kvi‡Y GLv‡b miKv‡ii mKj ¶gZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡e| msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ|
11| `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb : evsjv‡`k msweavb ms‡kvabMZ w`K †_‡K `y®úwieZ©bxq| A_©vr GwU mn‡R cwieZ©b
Kiv hvqbv| Z‡e G‡Kev‡i AwcieZ©bxq bq| Gi cweeZ©b Ki‡Z msm‡`i `yB-Z…Zxqvsk m`‡m¨i m¤§wZ `iKvi|
12| GK K¶wewkó AvBbmfv: evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv GK K¶wewkó| Gi bvg ÔRvZxq msm`Õ| wek¦L¨vZ ¯’cwZ jyB
Kv‡bi wb‡`©kbvq †k‡i evsjv bM‡i GwU wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|
13| bvix‡`i mgvwaKvi : msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cyiy‡li g‡ZvB bvMwiK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e|
G‡¶‡Î †Kvb ˆelg¨g~jK AvBb Kiv hv‡e bv| RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©Î bvix‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi wbðqZv evsjv‡`k
msweav‡b i‡q‡Q|
14| gvwjKvbv bxwZ: G msweav‡bi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡”Q, GLv‡b wZb ai‡bi gvwjKvbv bxwZ ¯^xKvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| msweav‡bi 13 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx G¸‡jv n‡”Q-1. ivóªxq gvwjKvbv, 2. mgevq gvwjKvbv Ges 3. e¨w³MZ
gvwjKvbv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.2

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖavb ‰ewkó¨ mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-125