LAB1

FAKULTITEKNOLOGIKE
JURUTERAAN
MEKANIKALDANPEMBU
ATAN
UNIVERSITITEKNIKA
LMALAYSIAMELAKA
BMMM230 SOLIDMEC
3 HANICS

LABSHE T1

FORCESINTRUSES2

Learni LO2 Displayapropriateexperimen

ng taltechniquesinmechanicsof
Outcom
material
e(LO):
throughlaboratoryexperime
nts.
Prog PO5 Abilitytoselectandaplyapro
ram priatetechniques,resources
Outc
ome: and
modernengineringtols,with
anunderstandingoftheirlimi
tations.
Synopsi Thislab
s: activitywillenrichstudents’kno
wledgeinternalforcesandnormalo
r
axialstrainsintrusmembersbyusi
ngtheconceptofstaticequillibri
um,stres-
strainrelations(Hoke’sLaw)andm
aterialpropertiesofthetrus
system
subjectedtoagivenloading.Stude
ntsareexpectedtobeable:
1.Tounderstandthebehaviouroftr
ussystemsubjectedtopointloadin
g.
 2. Todeterminetheinternalforces
foreachmemberofthetrussystem
byusing
jointmethodor/andsectionmeth
od.
3. Identifyandspecifywhetherthe
trusmembersintensionorcompre
sion
throughtheanalyticalanalysis
andcomparewiththeexperimenta
llymeasured strainsdata.
4. Understandingofbasiclaborato
rypractice,includingdesignofe
xperiments,
writeaclearandwell-
presentedtechnicalreport,data
acquisition,interpretation
andanalysis,andtherelationshi
pbetwenexperimentsandtheory.
Related 1. Stres(Topic1)
Lecture
2. ShearStresan
’s
Topic: dStrain(Topic
2)
3.Mechanicalp
roperties(Top
ic3)
 Prepare DrOlawaleFridayIf Da 20Apr2020
dby: ayefunmi te
:
Aproved DrMuhammadIlma Da
by nHakimiChuaBin te
LM/SLM/ Abdullah
HOD

QMS : REVISION RECORDS

Approved
Revision by Date
LM/SLM/HOD: Description Prepared by :
No (DD/MM/YY)
1.0THEORY
Atrus
isastructurecomposedofslendermembers
joinedtogetherattheirendjoints.The
memberscommonlyusedinconstructioncon
sistofwodenormetalstrutsorbars.Theen
d
conectionsareusuallyformedbyboltingo
rweldingtheendsofthememberstoacommon
plate
calledagusetplate,asshowninFigure1-
b,orbysimplypasingalargeboltorpinthr
ougheach ofthemembers,Figure1-b.

Figure 1 Internal forces truss

Todesignboththemembersandtheconectio
nsofatrus,itisnecesarytodeterminethe
force developedineachtrus
memberwhenthetrus
systemissubjectedtoagivenloading.Int
his
regardtwoimportantasumptionswillbema
de:
a. Allloadingsareapliedathejoints.
b. Thetrusmembersarejoinedtogetherb
ysmothpins.

Becauseofthetwoasumptions,eachtrusmemb
eractsasatwo-
forcememberandthereforethe
forcesatheendsofthemembermustbedirecte
dalongtheaxisofthemember.elongatethe
 Figure2Tensileandcompresivefo
rceinabar

Iftheforcetendstomember,itisatensile
force(T),Figure2(a),

andifitendstoshortenthe
member,itisacompresiveforce(C),Figu
re2(b).
Instaticequilibriumthetrusmemberswills
atisfythefollowingconditions:
 Fx = 0 (1)
 Fy = 0 (2)
M = 0 (3)
Whenmaterialpropertiesareusedtodetermi
neforceintrusmemberthefollowingequatio
nwillbe neded.
FromHoke’slaw:  = E𝜀
(4) where

=Stresinthemem
ber(N/m2)
E=Young’smodul
us(N/m2)


=Displayedaxialstrainproducedint
rusmember
and  = F/A
(5) where
F =Forceinmember(N)
A =Cros-
sectionalareaofmember(m2
)
Fromequations(4)and(5),
F = AE𝜀 (6)
2.0EQUIPMENTS/
EXPERIMENTAPARATUS/CONSUMABLEMATERIALS
APARATUS

1. Fixedbase
2. Rolerbase
3. Stelbarswithstrainsensor(straingaug
es)
4. Loadcontroller
3.0PROCEDURES/METHODOLOGY
Figure3Layou
toftheaparat
us
Experiment1–
ForcesinaStaticalyDeterminateCantileve
rTrus

Figure 4: Statically Determinate Cantilever Truss

StaticallyDeterminateCantileverTrusisa
commonstructures.Theyareusuallyusedfor
bridgesand
incantileveredformforcraneboms.

1. MakesuretheRedundantMember’sthumbwhe
lislosened.
2. Aplyloadsuntil250Nintheincrementof5
0Nandrecordthestrainreadingsintable
1.
3. Recordallthereadings.
4. AsumethatEstel=210GPaforalltrusmember
s.Roddiameter=5.98mm.

Experiment2–
ForcesinaStaticalyIndeterminateCantile
verTrus

Figure5:StaticallyIndetermina
 teCantileverTrus

StaticallyIndeterminateCantileverTrusi
salsoacommonstructure.Theyareusuallyus
edforbridges
andincantileveredformforcraneboms.

1. MakesuretheRedundantMember’sthumbwhe
listightenedbyfingers.
2. Aplyloadsuntil250Nintheincrementof50
Nandrecordthestrainreadingsintable3.
3. Recordallthereadings.
4. AsumethatEstel=210GPaforalltrusmember
s.Roddiameter=5.98mm.
4.0 RESULTS

EXPERIMENTALDATA

(EXPERIMENT1)

Table1Experiment Member Strains Results for an Idealised Cantilever Truss:

Load(N) Memberstrains(𝜀)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
50 -12 -17 -29 -35 -11 23 2
100 1 -25 -38 -53 -10 37 16
150 11 -34 -47 -71 -10 51 30
200 23 -46 -59 -96 -9 69 48
250 36 -56 -69 -117 -9 85 65

Table2ComparisonofExperimentalandTheor
eticalForcesat250N.

Mem Experimen Theoreti Error(

%)
ber talForces calForce
(N) s(N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1. Theoretically,calculateinternalforc
eineachmemberwithaloadof250N.
(Estel=210GPa)and writedowninTable2.

2. Byusingthemeasureddata,calculateint
ernalforce(experimentalforce)ineach
memberwitha load50 N.
(Estel=210GPa)andwritedowninTable2.
3. Determinethepercentageoferorbetwen
theexperimentalandtheoreticalforce
.Complete
Table3andwritedowninTable2.
EXPERIMENTALDATA(EXPERIMENT2)

Table3Experiment Member Strains Results for an Idealised Cantilever Truss:

Load(N) Memberstrains(𝜀)

Table4ComparisonofExperimentalandTheor
eticalForcesat250N.

EXPERIMENTALRESULT(EXPERIMENT2)
1. Theoretically,calculateinte
rnalforceineachmemberwithal
oadof250N.
(Estel=210GPa)andwritedowninT
able4.

2. Byusingthemeasureddata,calculatei
nternalforce(experimentalforce)in
eachmember withaload50 N.
(Estel=210GPa)andwritedowninTable4
.

3. Determinethepercentageoferorbetwen
theexperimentalandtheoreticalforce
 .Complete
Table3andwritedowninTable4.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
50 14 -5 -25 -22 0 26 26 -6
100 30 -9 -34 -34 5 19 39 4
150 44 -14 -43 -50 9 13 53 10
200 63 -21 -55 -69 15 6 71 20
250 79 -26 -66 -85 20 1 86 28

Mem Experimen Theoreti Error(

%)
ber talForces calForce
(N) s(N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.0DISCUS ION
Fordiscusion,youshouldanswerallquestio
nsasfollows:
1. Analyzeorinterpretandcommentonthe
tabulatedandgraphicalresultsobtai
nedforboth
experiments.Explaintherelationshi
pexistsbetwenthevariablesinvolvei
nthiswork.

Fromthetabulatedandgraphicaldatao
btainedfromthelabhas hownbothposit
iveand
negativevalueduetocompresionandte
nsionduringforcesapliedonthetruse
s . Wh e n
theforcesincreasethemorethereadin
gofstraindependingonthetruses.Whi
chshows
theincreaseofinternalforceactingo
nit.

2. Discusandexplainthedifferencesbetwen
theexperimentalandtheoreticalresult
s.
Theoreticaliscrucialinthisexperi
mentsinceitdepictsthecorectnesan
ddifference
fortheexperimentaldata.Althoughc
ertainexperimentalandtheoretical
datashowed
erorpercentagesoflesthan5%,itisc
learthatsomedatashowedlargediffer
ences
duetosetuperorsorinacuracies,asw
ellasenvironmentalisues.Oneofthe
causescouldbethathelab'sdeviceis
n'tacurateenoughforgatheringdata
,orthat
therewasahumanerorthatchangedthe
outcome.Second,theexperimentmayn
ot
becorectlysetup,andtheforceaplie
dmaynotbeapliedapropriately,resu
ltingin
inacuratedata.Finally,duetothese
nsitivityofthemeasurementdevice,
whichis
impactedbyvibrationorlongperiods
ofusagebyalargenumberofusers,the
data
outcomewillbeslightlyeroneous

3. Identifywhichtrus
membersareincompresionandtensionf
orbothexperiments.Give
thereasontothisbehaviour/observat
ionandexplainwhichmemberswillbeof
themore
 criticaltobeknownitsbehaviourinor
dertoavoidstructuralfailure/colla
pse.

4. Statethefactoroferorsordiscrepanc
iesforbothexperiments.Justifyoura
rgumentand
sugesthowtheseerorsmaybeeliminate
dorminimized.
Theinacuracythatocursduringtheexp
erimentisoneofthereasonswhythe
experimentresultsdeviatefromtheth
eoreticalresult.Personaleror,whic
hisproducedby
theexperimenter'slackofawarenes
andcarelesnes,isoneoftheerorsthat
ocurs.
Whileconductingtheexperiment,theu
sermustbemoreconsciousofthedetail
sthatmay
affectheexperiment'soutcomeinorder
topreventmakingapersonaleror.Seco
nd ,
failuretoacountforfactorssuchasth
etableonwhichtheinstrumentisplace
dbeing
porlypositioned,causingtheloadtob
eimproperlypositioned.Theothersys
tematiceror
isonethatiscausedbyamalfunctionin
gmachineoronethatisnotcalibrated
apropriately,resultingineroneousd
ata.Thisisduetothefacthatcertainm
achines
wereneglectedandwereancient.Theus
ermustensurethathesetingsormeasur
ement
devicesareingodworkingorder.
6.0CONCLUSION
Giveyourconclusionofthisexperimentwork/
report.Summarizeitsmainfindings.
Finally,wewereabletocomprehendandcompl
etetheexperimenteffectively.Usingthecon
ceptsof staticequilibrium,stres-
strainrelation,andmaterialpropertiesof
thetrus systemsubjectedtothe
specifiedloading,wearetestingoninternal
forcesandaxialstrainintrus
membersinthislab.The
resultsoftheexperimentrevealthatwhenth
etrussystemissubjectedtopointloading,i
tbehavesas
expected.Thedataisthencomparedtotheore
ticaldata,whichisproducedusingthejoint
aproachin
ordertodetermineinternalforces.Sometru
s
membersareundercompresion,whileothersa
rein
tension.Werunacros erorswhenconductingt
hisexperiment,whichhaveanimpactontheou
tcome.

7.0OTHERS

Therep
ortmust
bepre
p
aredasAPENDIX.
ASESMENTCRITERIA:

Youresponsetoeachtaskwillbegradedsepar
atelybasedonthechecklistatached.Toobtai
n
maximummarks,ensurethatyouresponseadre
seseachofthetasksinthequestionacording
ly.

AsesmentchecklistforLabActivity2

As
ses
sment
tas Mar LO PO C/
ks k P/
aloc
Aleve
atio
n l

Procedure(Ab 10 LO2 PO
P1-
ilitytoreado 5 Percept
nline
ion
procedurefor
labactivity)
WorkProces 10 LO2 PO P2-Set
(Abilitytocon 5
struct
andunderstand
ingofForcesin
Truses2readin
gs)
Outcome(Exp 20 LO2 PO P4–
erimentData 5 Mechani
& Result) sm
40 LO2 PO P5-
Outcome(Discu Comple
5
sion) x
OvertR
espons
e

Outcome(Concl 15 LO2 PO P5-

Comple
usion) 5 x
OvertR
espons
e

Discipline(Ab 5 LO2 PO P2-Set

ilitytoperfor 5
m
onlinelabacti
vityandsubmis
ion)
TOTAL 10
0

SPECIFICINSTRUCTION

1. AnswerinENGLISH.
2. Mustincludelistofreferences.
3. SubmityourasignmentONCEonlyinaSINGLEfile.
4. SubmityourasignmentONLINEviaULearn
5. Submisiondate:astatedinULearn.
6. Thislabreport/
activityacountsfor5%ofthetotalmarksforthe
course.