Contents

Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Equipment used: ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Objectives: .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Theory ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Experimental Apparatus ............................................................................................................................... 5
Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Calculations ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Discussion ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
References .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Plagiarism Declaration ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary

To get specific soil properties, laboratory tests are conducted on collected distribution and
undisturbed soils. The investigation and identification of the relevance of the course aggregate
flakiness and elongation index is the aim of this report. It is crucial to do laboratory testing on
aggregate, such as the flakiness index test. This test establishes the proportion of flaky aggregate
in the aggregate sample as a whole. The characteristics of freshly mixed concrete are more
influenced by the shape, size, and surface roughness of the aggregate than the characteristics of
hardened concrete. More water is needed to produce workable concrete from smooth, rounded
compact aggregate than from angular, flaky, rough textured, and elongated
aggregate particles.

Equipment used:
 Measures of flakiness
Measures of flakiness
Test sieves, an electronic balance that may weigh up to 5 kg (75 mm to 6.7 mm)

 Oven
 Trays
 Collective sample (dry sample)

Procedure
 To determine the sample's total mass, weigh
the aggregate sample.
 To determine the mass of the sample
retained on each sieve, do a sieve analysis
test.
 Determine the index of flakiness.
The percentage and mass of the sample
passing and retained through each filter may then be determined from the mass retained.

Test sieves, an electronic balance that may weigh up to 5 kg (75 mm to 6.7 mm)

Procedure

 Weigh the aggregate sample to find the total mass of the sample.
 Use sieve analysis test to find the mass of the sample that is retained on each sieve.
 From the mass retained we can then calculate the percentage and mass of the sample
passing and retained through each sieve.
 Calculate the flakiness index.

Introduction

This practical's goal was to figure out the aggregate sample's flakiness and elongation indices,
which were provided to us at the lab. The proportions of flaky and elongation particles define
the morphology of the aggregate's particles. It is undesirable to have flaky and elongated
particles since they could weaken the pavement. When dealing with cement concrete pavements,
rounded aggregates are preferred since they make the concrete easier to work with. When
dealing with granular base course, regular aggregates are chosen since they are more stable and
have better interlocking. We can calculate the flakiness and elongation indices using
computations of the aggregate samples that we find.
Objectives:
Objective to ascertain the aggregate's flakiness and elongation.

Theory

Using this test method, the flakiness index of a coarse aggregate is determined. A dry soil
sample is divided into fractional sizes using a sieve analysis prior to the flakiness index test.
Various sizes of aggregated material are slotted through a metal gauge as part of the test,
separating the materials that pass from those that should only be used as base coarse or in the
construction of bituminous and concrete
mixes because they weaken the mixture and could cause it to collapse under loads.

Flakiness Index
Flaky aggregate particles are those with a thickness (smallest dimension) of less than 0.6 of their
mean sieve diameters. The flakiness index of an analytical sample can be obtained by separating
the flaky particles and expressing their mass as a percentage of the mass of the sample being
evaluated. Material that passes the 6.3mm sieve but is retained as a 63mm sieve is exempt from
this test.
The flakiness index on an aggregate is (0/0) = total weight passing / Total weight x 1 00

Elongation Index
Aggregate particles are classified as elongation when their length (biggest dimension) exceeds
1.8 times their mean
sieve size. The elongation index is obtained by separating the elongation particles and
expressing their mass as a percentage of the mass of the sample under examination. Material
that is retained on a 53mm sieve or that goes through a 6.3mm sieve is exempt from the test.

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 (%) =

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 / 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 100
Experimental Apparatus
Methodology

 A wet sample was obtained, placed on a metal tray and weighed on a digital scale.
 Each tray of sieve aggregate was sampled through a metal thickness gauge which
determined if the aggregate was retained or passing by respectively slotting the
aggregates on the metal gauge.
 The retained and passing aggregates on each sieve sizes was weighed and recorded
according to the flakiness index table.
 All material was then recorded on the table below.

Calculations
Mass of the container =635.4 g
Mass of the container + wet soil = 3851.2 g
Mass of the container + dry soil = 3849.5 g
Mass of wet soil = 3215.8 g
Mass of dry soil = 3214.1 g

Sieve Size (mm) Mass Passing (g) Mass Returned (g)

75 0 0
53 0 0
37.5 70.7 136.5
26.5 359.2 953.0
19 491.4 530.7
13.2 485.3 382.4
9.5 346.7 283.4
6.7 261.3 195.3
Total 2014.6 2481.3

Flakiness Index (%)

= Total mass of passing / Total weight x 100
= 2014,6 / (2481.3+ 2481.3) x 100
= 40.60%
Elongation Index
= Total mass of retained / Total weight x 100
= 2481.3/ (2014.6 + 2481.3) x 100
= 55.19%

Recommendations
For accurate explanation and confirmation of the aggregates' flakiness index 0/0, a compaction
test must be carried out in the lab following the flakiness index test. The
aggregate might not be flaky when the test is conducted, which would cause it to fail during
compaction

Conclusion
From the data that we have obtained from the calculations that we have done, we were able to
calculate the Flakiness index of our aggregate sample. We found that the flakiness index of our
aggregate sample is 68.17 %, this means that the sample is not flaky because it has exceeded a
value of 20 %. This also means that this particular aggregate sample is suitable to be used in
parameter design and if it is used in road construction, it would not need to be compacted any
further.

References
 Tchakubuta Obedi. 2022. Study guide 2022. Laboratory Practical Brief Transportation B
(TRNB 201). Department of civil engineering, Faculty of engineering and the built
environment, Durban University of Technology.
Group Plagiarism declaration
We know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and pretend that it is one’s
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and referenced.
 This project report is our own work. We have not allowed and will not allow anyone to copy our work
with the intention of passing it off as their own work. We acknowledge that copying someone else’s
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Init. Surname and Student No. Signature Date 28/09/2022
NN Khanyile 21748449

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Init. Surname and Student No. Signature Date 28/09/2022

S Khanyile 21723181
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Init. Surname and Student No. Signature Date 28/09/2022

L Hlongwane 21959628
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X Kunene 21443149
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Init. Surname and Student No. Signature Date 28/09/2022

SM Madlala 22044798