3.6.

2 Style of presentation
• Chronological: For example "a considerable number of
frameworks have been developed over the years to
understand consumers’ intention to adopt certain IT.
Among them include the Theory of Reasoned Action
(TRA) (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975), Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989), Theory of
Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991), and the Diffusion
of Innovation (DOI) (Rogers, 1995)".
• Trend: Have subsections according to eras within this
period (e.g, in the study on online tourism; you may
begin by explaining that consumers previously
purchased through brick and mortal travel agencies; then
it evolves to online purchase; today consumers are
purchasing through mobile apps).
 3.6.2 Style of presentation
• Thematic: Thematic reviews of literature are organized
around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of
time. However, progression of time may still be an
important factor in a thematic review. For example if the
study in the literature is on mobile tourism in Malaysia,
you may consider about developing sections on tourism
studies in Malaysia, government initiatives in promoting
tourism, current trends of tourism in Malaysia and etc.
• Methodological: It focuses on the "methods" of the
researcher or writer; example some of the authors
adopted covariance based SEM method; recently more
authors are using variance based method in the
analysis; the emergence of big data and experiment
method.
 3.6.3 What is a good literature
review
• Theory.
• Discussion of Past Study.
• Others
 3.6.3.1 Theory
• Theory is a proposition, definitions or interrelated concepts
which help to explain or predict an event/situations by
demonstrating the relations among variables.
• Example, in Technology Acceptance Studies there are many
theories such as Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA),
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Planned
Behavior (TPB), Diffusion of Innovation (DOI), TAM model 2
(TAM2) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT) (Leong et al., 2013).
• Many authors conduct a peer review without elaborating on
the theory. It is important for the authors to explain on the
theory and how has the manuscript contributed to the existing
theory.
• Remember to criticize the theory as well !
3.6.3.1 Theory
3.6.3.2 Discussion of past study
• Authors should avoid a description form writing style.
• E.g., Tan et al., (2016) found that relational bonds
affect behavioral intention to adopt mobile learning.
In addition Wong et al., (2016) also found relational
bond has significant relationship with behavioral
intention to adopt mobile learning.
• The review is straightforward, not in-depth and as to be
almost dull. Author stressed on the relationships among
former researches without stating author's originality
(e.g, what is new or unexpected in this work?, what is
their view on the issue?, what is the gap in their study?,
is there limitation to their studies?, the limitation aspects
of methodology? and etc). The literature should be
critically appraised.
Black box theory
3.6.3.2 Discussion of past study
• The section also has an issue with the 'black-box'
theory. In fact, this section is not about knowing the
statistics of those relationships, but is about the process.
In this example of (e.g, "According to study findings of
Chau and Lai (2003) regarding contributing factors
towards the customers’adoption of internet banking
concluded that PU was found as a significant factor in
developing a positive attitude towards adoption of
internet banking services"), readers would like to know
the key question: "how can PU contribute towards the
customers' adoption?".
3.6.3.2 Discussion of past study
• Avoid a ‘laundry list’ in the manuscript,
• E.g., As stated above, based on previous empirical
studies (e.g., Chan and Mak, 2014; Han, et al., 2010;
Hsiao, et al., 2015; Ling, et al., 2016...Tan et al., 2017.
• The review of literatures are not summary of arguments.
• The list does not contribute any knowledge to readers as
the authors could not further elaborate more thoroughly
and this is a lower form of scholarly writing.
3.6.3.2 Discussion of past study
• The citations should be up-to-date .
• E.g., Most of the research on inter-organizational
knowledge sharing (Chen et al., 2000; Dyer and
Hatch, 1997; Fang et al., 1994; Van Wijk et al., 2001;
Xu and Quaddus, 2002).
• This however depends on disciplines. In computer relate
areas for instance even 3 years could be outdated as
opposed to studies in humanities/history/social sciences.
• Exception on theory (e.g, TAM, TRA, UTAUT2,
UTAUT3).
3.6.3.2 Discussion of past study
• Literature can include a range of sources such as journal
articles, monographs, conferences proceedings,
dissertations, government reports and reports from other
bodies, historical records, statistical handbooks and etc.
Check and ensure that he number of references is
appropriate and their selection is judicious.
• Check on the quality of citations (e.g, Scopus-
indexed?; Clarivate Analytics (ISI-indexed) with high
Impact Factor?) and research area.
• Are they any key authors in the subject area that
needs to be cited?
3.6.3.2 Discussion of past study
Others for consideration:
• Appropriate breadth and depth.
• Clarity and conciseness.
• Emphasized on recent developments (if your focus is on
mobile tourism; what are the recent developments in tourism
and mobile?; e.g, mobile applications in tourism; social
tourism; user-generated contents in tourism; virtual tourism?
• Is the literature selected relevant.
• Are the parameters of review reasonable (e.g, TAM only?;
however there are also TAM2 and TAM3).
• Each reference actually contributes to the argument of the
paper.
 3.6.4 Others
Paragraphs:
• Avoid paragraphs that are too long.
• A key aspect of a good paragraph is this unity: there is
one major point of discussion. All sentences in the
paragraph subsequently must be related to this one idea.
• Allocate one new paragraph is you are dealing with
another topic
• Use transition words to link ideas from different
sentences/ideas.
 3.7 Research Methodology
1. Describe the methodology completely.
2. To be concise, present methods under sub-heading
3. Tables, figures are our friends.
4. Mimic the methodology sections of accepted articles in
your target journal.
5. Follow selected authors

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 3.7.1 Others
1. Join SEM FB groups.
2. Youtube !!
3. Statistical software (e.g, WarpPLS, Adanco).
4. Attach your questionnaire to increase the chances of your
paper being cited by other authors !

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 3.8 Discussion
1. Often the weakest section for most Asian authors.
Concentration are given on literature review and not
much on discussion. Reviewers/editors however are
interested in your discussion!
2. Decide if each hypothesis (supported, rejected); do not
simply dismiss the study as "inconclusive."
3. Try to offer alternative explanations if reasonable
alternatives exist.
4. Don’t over-interpret your data (but do interpret it).
5. Elaborate if current study is also consistent with findings
from past studies in other country settings. The
discussion should include further discussion on the
previous findings in relation to the existing ones. E.g, the
differences and your contributions.
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 3.8 Discussion
What is the problem?

The author only provide a brief explanation e.g, "This finding

is different from the prior finding that web browsing on
desktop internet facilitates search for both utilitarian
(Ratchford et al. 2003) and hedonic products (Smith and
Sivakumar 2004)" and etc.

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 3.8 Discussion
As theorised, PE has positive and significant relationship with
BI, hence H1 is supported. The finding complements the
work of Ozturk (2016) in which PE was found to have the
strongest relationship with the consumers' BI of cashless
payment system in the hospitality industry in the United
States. Hall (1989) explained that Malaysians are
characterized by a polychromic culture whereby they
like to multitask.

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 3.8 Discussion
H8 however does not tally the result yielded by Wei and Lu
(2014), as PCM has no direct significant influence over BI.
One logical explanation is due to the sample size in
which majority of the respondents are highly educated
and as such their decisions are largely based on pure
logic thinking and not the influence of the mass market.

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 3.9 Implications
Shout your contributions out loud!

3.9.1: Managerial
3.9.2: Methodological
3.9.3: Social
3.9.4: Theoretical

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 4.0 Conclusion
1. Link conclusions to objectives.
2. Identify any limitations, make recommendations for future
research.

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4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
Subsequent
Presently
With the continuous improvement and expansion
This trend makes researching the continuous use of m-
commerce very important
M-commerce has generally been viewed
Mobile internet services in general are reportedly facing
serious problems
In other words, whether and to what extent experience
moderates
Realizing the critical importance
Relative to many other countries
All forms of acceptance models suggest a strong tie between
changes
Prior research has suggested 95
4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
For this same reason
Recently, a consumer
Drawing on the Foucauldian perspective of power
Van Raaij and Schepers (2008) applied TAM
Webster and Martocchio (1993) showed that perceived
playfulness has a strong correlation
Like so many other sectors
Besides the two setting characteristics
Lewis, Agarwal, and Sambamurthy (2003) state that PIIT
Current studies in an e-learning context have studied
Within the context of computers, it can be defined as
Lewis et al. (2003) empirically show
A recent report
For the last decade
Therefore 96
4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
More specifically
For instance
Some have
Many studies have indicated
This is because
In summary of the above discussion,
A recent report
Likewise
Besides that
For decade
Previously
As the
Deci and Ryan (2000) assert
Unlike the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1982) which
theorized motivation 97
4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
More specifically
For instance
Some have
Many studies have indicated
This is because
In summary of the above discussion,
A recent report
Likewise
Besides that
For decade
Previously
As the
Deci and Ryan (2000) assert
Unlike the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1982) which
theorized motivation 98
 4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
Drawing from SDT and CET, we proposed
Sørebø et al. (2009) and Roca and Gagné (2008) found that
Hsu et al. (2011) suggested that online
Saeed and Sinnappan (2010) have validated
Due to the keen competition among global airliners
The International Air Transport Association (IATA, 2014) has
forecasted the industry’s net profit level from
In terms of
In fact
However, the SERVQUAL model has been criticized by Carman
(1990, p. 44) who suggested that
It is also important to take into account
The correlation between SQ and CS has been widely debated. As
mentioned above, some researchers claimed that SQ leads to S
while others either disagreed or argued that there is no
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relationship between these constructs.
 4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
Conventionally, SQ and CS have been deemed equated
Q is assessed by adefinite performance of a service with regard to
a specific service attribute; while CS is evaluated by customer’s
general experience of a service
The results of the ANN analysis revealed that tangibles are the
second important predictor of CS. This is in agreement with
Abdullah et al. (2007)
In the study, reliability was found to have a significant direct
impact on CS although it is the third important predictor after
responsiveness and tangibles. This is in accordance with Abdullah
et al. (2007)
Empathy is reported to have an insignificant impact on CS and it
is contrary to Abdullah et al. (2007), Nadiri et al. (2008) and et al.
(2010) but in agreement to Ling and Lin (2005)
Generally, there are several motivations to
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There is a necessity to further investigate
 4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
More importantly, the current study may
Thus, the findings would be more meaningful
On the year, in Spain, Sanchez and Hueros (2010) also studied
Moodle by engaging a convenience sample of 226
undergraduates using a TAM extension
Two years later, in USA, Eom (2012) has studied e-Learning
A year later, in Iran, Motaghian et al. (2013) have studied
Besides Eom (2012), none of these studies have engaged English
back-translation into the native languages
It theorizes that experiences in knowledge-building may affect
media richness perception
The direct effect of interactivity on intention has further advanced
the work of Chang and Wang (2008) and Chen et al. (2007)
This has violated the hypothesized proposition that more
experienced teachers are anticipated to have higher intention to
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use the system
 4.1 Useful linking words and phrases
Not as expected in the proposed hypothesis, teachers seem to
have no differences in their levels of c-VLE intention
The findings was affirmed by Ferle and Kim (2006) in which
Tan and Lau (2016) also concurred to the view
Burkhardt and Brass (1990) concurred to the point
The findings corroborates that mobile
Also
Again
More Importantly
However
On the other hand
Conversely
Nevertheless

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4.1: Useful linking words and phrases

Refer to print out notes for more

examples

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 4.2 Others
1. The Formatting (no of figures, no of tables, referencing) is
important; please follow author’s guideline.
2. Keep an eye on your word count as publishers normally
set a maximum number of words (e.g., Emerald; JHTT
3000-6,000, IMDS 8000K, OIR 10,000K), Elsevier (no
words limit).
3. Get feedbacks from co-authors/colleagues before
submission; have an open mind.
4. Language (write and revise , continuously) and stick to
the same concepts/terminologies.
5. Proof reading before first submission/ask for peer review.

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