Chapter Review

5.1 Spontaneous Process

1. Which of the following processes are spontaneous?
a. cooling of hot flat iron
b. drop of ink dispersing in water
c. straightening curly hair
d. cold water warming to room temperature
e. sorting names alphabetically
f. black hair turning grey
g. wind scattering leaves in a pile
h. shoveling snow
i. removing stain from cloth
j. sublimation of naphthalene at room temperature

2. Give an example of

a. an endothermic process that is spontaneous – evaporation of water, photosynthesis, fireworks,

baking bread

b. an exothermic process that is spontaneous – mixing together of glycerol and potassium manganate,
burning Methane gas, adding thionyl chloride to Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate, oxidation of iron or
rusting

c. a reversible process – tearing a page from our notebooks, fluid flows in a well-designed turbine,
compression of a fluid

d. an irreversible process – polarization with hysteresis, electric current flow through a, magnetization
or polarization with hysteresis, conductor with a resistance,

3. Consider the dissolution of NH4NO3 in a chemical cold pack.

a. is the process spontaneous?
Yes, because a solution was produced and because its Gibbs free energy is lower after the reaction
than before, it is spontaneous.
b. is the process endothermic or exothermic?
An endothermic process.

4. Consider the vaporization of liquid water at 1 atmosphere.

Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)

a. Is the process endothermic or exothermic?

An endothermic process.
b. at what temperature is it spontaneous?
When the temperature is above 100oC.
c. at what temperature is it not spontaneous?
When the temperature is lower than 100oC.

5.2 Entropy
1. How does entropy change when the following occur? Predict whether there is an increase or
decrease in entropy? Briefly state the reason for each answer.
a. ice cream melts – When ice melts, its entropy increases because the organized crystal structure of
the ice molecules has been replaced by a disorderly arrangement of liquid water molecules. Ice
has a latent heat of melting of 80 cal/gram.
b. water vapor deposits as ice crystals on a cold window pane –As entropy decreases, water
transitions from liquid to solid form. When opposed to solid ice, water in the liquid state is more
disorganized and random. As a result, the unpredictability of the products is less than that of the
reactant, and so is the entropy.
c. iodine crystals undergo sublimation – Because iodine transitions from a solid to a gaseous state
(from a more ordered to a less ordered state), entropy increases.
d. sugar dissolves in a cup of water – According to the second law of thermodynamics, a process in
an isolated system is only spontaneous if the system's entropy grows as a result of the process.
Because sugar dissolves in water spontaneously, the total entropy of water and sugar must
increase as sugar dissolves.
e. water is heated until lukewarm –Entropy increases when hot and cold water are mixed to make a
bucket of lukewarm water; you wouldn't expect the lukewarm water to 'unmix' on its own!
Hotspots and coldspots have merged into a warm energy sea. The entropy of the universe would
have increased, and therefore the disorder.
f. 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) – 2SO3 (g) – There are 2 moles of gas on the product side and 3 moles on the
reactant side when entropy decreases. The entropy change is negative because the reaction
results in a decrease in the amount of gas.
g. NH3 (g) + HCl (g) – NH4CL (s) – decrease in entropy, the reaction taking place is a gas-phase
acid-base reaction, producing particulate NH4Cl as the sole product.
Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)
 h. MgCO3 (s) – MgO (s) + CO2 (g) – increase in entropy, the number of gaseous reactants is zero,
while the number of gaseous products is one. As a result, there is a positive difference between
the number of moles of gaseous products and the number of moles of gaseous reactants.

2. Choose the substance in each pair with the higher entropy.

a. 1 mole of N2 (l) or 1 mole of N2 (g)
b. 3 moles of CH4 (g) at 25oC or 2 moles of CH4 (g) at 25oC
c. aqueous solution of CaCl2 or solid CaCl2
d. 1 mole of HCl at standard conditions or 1 mole HCl at 60oC and 0.8 atm

3. Calculate the entropy change, △Sofor the following processes,

a. vaporization of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH at its boiling point 78.3oC (heat vaporization of ethyl
alcohol is 39.3 kJ/mol)
In Kelvin, boiling point = 273.15 + 78.3 = 351.45 K
As the vaporization is occurring at boiling point, so, it is a phase change, in which both
liquid and vapor phase are in equilibrium depicted as:
Ethyl alcohol (l) – ethyl alcohol (g), [heat of vaporization = 39.3 kJ/mol]
Entropy change = heat of vaporization/boiling point (K)
= (39.3 kJ/mol) / (351.45 K)
= 0.1118 kJ/K.mol [Conversion factor = 1 J = 10-3kJ]
= 112 J/K.mol
The entropy change of vaporization of ethyl alcohol is 112 J/K.mol.

b. melting of ice at 0oC (heat of fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol)

In Kelvin, boiling point = 273.15 + 0 = 273.15 K
As the melting is occurring at freezing point, so, it is a phase change, in which both liquid
and solid phase are in equilibrium depicted as:
H2O (s) – H2O (l), [heat of fusion = 6.02 kJ/mol]
Entropy change = heat of fusion/freezing point (K)
= (6.02 kJ/mol)/(273.15 K)
= 0.0220 kJ/K.mol [Conversion factor = 1 J = 10-3kJ]
= 22.0 J/K.mol
Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)
The entropy change of melting of ice is 22.0 J/K.mol.

c. freezing point of 20.0 g liquid metal mercury at -38.9oC (molar enthalpy of fusion of mercury is
2.33 kJ/mol)
Melting point of mercury = -38.9oC
In Kelvin, boiling point = 273.15 -38.9 = 234.25 K
Molar mass of mercury = 200.59 g/mol
Mass of mercury = 20.0 g
Moles of mercury = 20.0 g/(200.59 g/mol)
= 0. 0997 mol
As the freezing is occurring at a freezing point, so, it is a phase change, in which both liquid and
solid phase are in equilibrium depicted as:
mercury (l) – mercury (l), [heat of fusion = 2.33 kJ/mol]
The process is not fusion, rather it is the reverse i.e. freezing, so, heat freezing = 2.33
kJ/mol Entropy change = moles of mercury x molar heat of freezing/freezing point (K) =
0.0997 mol x (-2.33 kJ/mol)/(234.25 K)
= -0.000992 kJ/K [Conversion factor = 1 J = 10-3kJ]
= -0.992 J/K
The entropy change, of the freezing of 20.0g of mercury at -38.9oC, is 0.992
J/K. In case, the entropy change per mol of mercury is needed, then:
The entropy change, per mol of mercury at -38.9oC [(0.992 J/K)/(0.0997 mol)] is -9.95 J/K.mol.

4. Calculate the entropy change, ∆So, for the following reactions using tabulated standard entropy values
and figure out if the resulting values obtained are consistent with the expected entropy change as
predicted qualitatively.
a. thermal decomposition of NaNO3
2NaNO3 (s) – 2NaNO2 (s) + O2 (g)
So values at 25oC:
NaNO3 (s) = 1116.5 J/mol-K
NaNO2 (s) = 103.8 J/mol-K
O2 (g) = 205 J/mol-K
△So = So(product) – So(reactant)
Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)
 So (NaNO2) = 103.8 J/mol-K
So (O2) = 205 J/mol-K
So (NaNO3) = 3 x (116.5 J/mol-K) = 349.5 J/mol-K

The entropy change is,

△So= (103.8 J/mol-K + 205 J/mol-K) – 349.5 J/mol-K
△So= -40.7 J/mol-K
Therefore, the entropy change for the given reaction is -40.7 J/mol-K.

b. synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) – 2NH3 (g)
So values at 25oC
N2 (g) = 191.6 J/mol-K
H2 (g) = 130.7 J/mol-K
NH3 (g) = 192.8 J/mol-K
△So= So(product) – So(reactant)
So (NH3) = 2 x 192.8 J/mol-K = 385.6 J/mol-K
So (N2) = 191.6 J/mol-K
So (H2) = 3 x 130.7 J/mol – K = 392.1 J/mol -K

The entropy change is,

△So= (385.6 J/mol-K) - (191.6 J/mol-K + 392.1 J/mol-K)
△So= -198.1 J/mol-K
Therefore, the entropy change for the given reaction is -198.1 J/mol-K.

5.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. a. Calculate the entropy change, △Souniverse for the following reaction, at 25oC.
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) – CH3OH (l)
Standard enthalpy, So:
CO (g) = 197.7 J/mol-K
H2 (g) = 130.7 J/mol-K
CH3OH (l) = 127.2 J/mol-K
Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)
Standard enthalpy of formation, △Hfo:
CO (g) = - 110.5 kJ/mol
H2 (g) = 0
CH3OH (l) = - 238.4 kJ/mol
△So= So(product) – So(reactant)
So (CO) = 197.7 J/mol-K
So (H2) = 2 x 130.7 J/mol-K = 261.4 J/mol-K
So (CH3OH) = 127.2 J/mol -K

The entropy change is,

△So= (127.2 J/mol-K) - (197.7 J/mol-K + 261.4 J/mol-K)
△So= -331.9 J/mol-K
Therefore, the entropy change for the given reaction is -331.9 J/mol-K.

STANDARD ENTROPY CHANGE

������������������ = So(product) – So(reactants)
(2 ������) (186.8��
��
������− ��) − (1 ������) (130.7
��
������− ��) − (1 ������) (223.0
������− ��)

������.�� − ������.�� = ����.����

������ − ��
Standard enthalpy of formation, △Hfo, for HCl (g) = -92.3 kJ/mol

ENTHALPY CHANGE
△Ho = Hfo (product) – Hf o(reactants)

(2 ������) (−92.3����

������) − 0 = 184.6 ����/������

������������������������������ = (����system
��)

(−������.��
��
������ ) (��������) = −������.���� ��
 b. From the calculated entropy change value, what can you conclude regarding the process?
Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)

The process of can be finished by calculating the entropy change of the cosmos and assessing the
spontaneity of the process. In other words, whether a reaction is spontaneous or not may be
determined.
2. Is the reaction between hydrogen gas and chlorine gas to give hydrogen chloride gas spontaneous,
under standard conditions? Predict the spontaneity based on the calculated values of enthalpy change,
standard entropy change, and △So universe
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) – 2HCl (g)
Standard entropy values, Soin J/mol-K:
H2 (g) = 130.7; After 20 seconds, the forward reaction rate is greater than the reverse reaction
rate. After 90 seconds, the forward reaction rate is equal to the reverse reaction rate. Cl2 (g) =
223.0;
HCl (g) = 186.8
Standard enthalpy of formation, △Hfo, for HCl (g) = -92.3 kJ/mol
△So= So(product) – So(reactant)
So(H2) = 130.7 J/mol-K
So(Cl2) = 223 J/mol-K
So(HCl) = 2 x 130.7 J/mol-K = 261.4 J/mol-K

The entropy change is,

△So= (127.2 J/mol-K) - (192.8 J/mol-K + 261.4 J/mol-K)
△So= -327 J/mol-K

The entropy change for the given reaction is -327 J/mol-K, therefore, it is spontaneous.

5.4 Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium

1. Given the △Hoand △So, calculate the △Govalues for the following reactions and indicate whether
the reaction is spontaneous at standard conditions. If a reaction is not spontaneous, state what may
be done to make the reaction spontaneous.

△Hfo(kJ/mol) △So(J/mol-K) △Go

a. C (graphite) + 2H2 (g) – CH4 (g) - 74.9 186.3 -125.7

 b. CH3CH3 (g) – H2 (g) + C2H4 (g) 137 121 103.9

c. c. N2 (g) + 2H2 (g) – N2H4 (l) 50.6 331 140.9

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -74.9 kJ/mol - 273 K(186.3 J/mol-K)

Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)

ΔG° = -125.7 kJ/mol (spontaneous)

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = 137 kJ/mol - 273 K(121 J/mol-K)
ΔG° = 103.9 kJ/mol (not spontaneous)
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = 50.6 kJ/mol - 273 K(-331 J/mol-K)
ΔG° = 140.9 kJ/mol (not spontaneous)
The delta G can be changed to a negative value. We can also couple it to another reaction or to
another process or simply, use coupled reactions.

2. Calculate △Gofrom the standard enthalpy of formation and standard molar entropy values and
predict whether the following reactions is spontaneous or not, at 25oC,

a. Reaction: H2 (g) + CO2 (g) – H2O (g) + CO (g)

△Hfo(kJ/mol) △So(J/mol-K) △Go

H2 (g) 0 130.6 0

CO2 (g) - 393.5 213.6 -394.4

H2O (g) - 241.8 188.8 -228.6

CO (g) - 110.5 197.9 -137.2

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = 0 kJ/mol - 298 K(130.6 J/mol-K)

ΔG° = 0 kJ/mol
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -393.5 kJ/mol - 298 K(213.6 J/mol-K)
ΔG° = -394.4 kJ/mol
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -241.8 kJ/mol - 298 K(188.8 J/mol-K)
ΔG° = -228.6 kJ/mol
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -110.5 kJ/mol - 298 K(197.7 J/mol-K)
 ΔG° = -137.2 kJ/mol
The reaction is spontaneous.

b. Reaction: Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) – 2Fe (s) + H2O (g

△Hfo(kJ/mol) △So(J/mol-K) △Go

Fe2O3 (s) - 822.2 90.0 -742.2

3H2 (g) 0 130.6 0

2Fe (s) 0 27.2 0

H2O (g) - 241.8 188.8 -228.6

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -822.2 kJ/mol - 298 K(90.0 J/mol-K)

Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)

ΔG° = -742.2 kJ/mol

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = 0 kJ/mol - 298 K(130.6 J/mol-K)
ΔG° = 0 kJ/mol
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = 0 kJ/mol - 298 K(27.2 J/mol-K)
ΔG° = 0 kJ/mol
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -241.8 kJ/mol - 298 K(188.8 J/mol-K)
ΔG° = -228.6 kJ/mol
The reaction is spontaneous.

3. Calculate the standard free energy change for the combustion of 1 mole methane using standard
free energy of formation of products and reactants. Is the reaction spontaneous under standard
conditions?
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) – 2H2O (g) + CO2 (g)
△Gfovalues in kJ/mol:
CH4 (g) = - 50.8
O2 (g) = 0
H2O (g) = - 228.6
CO2 (g) = -394.4

The standard Gibbs free energy change

= Sum of Gibbs energy change of products - Sum of Gibbs energy change of reactants
= [(-394.4) + (2)(-228.61)] - (-50.8)
= [(-394.4) + (2)(-228.6)] - (-50.8)
= (-851.6) – (-50.8)
= -800.8 kJ/mol
The negative value of ΔG° indicates that the reaction is spontaneous.

4. For the following reaction,

2PbS (s) + 3O2 (g) – 2PbO (s) + 2SO2 (g)

a. Calculate △Goat 25oC, given the values of △Ho= -844 kJ/mol and △So= -165 J/mol-K.
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -844 kJ/mol - 298 K(-165 J/mol-K) x 1kJ/1000 J
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° = -844 kJ/mol – (-49.17)
Name: Jay Paul M. Mascareñs Subject: General Chemistry 2 Grade & Section: Grade 12-STEM 1
Heisenberg Date of Submission: June , 2021 LRN: 109878080028 Week 1 (4th Quarter)

ΔG° = -794.83 kJ/mol

b. At what temperature does △Gobecome zero?

- Delta G becomes zero at temperature: 373.15 K.

c. If the reaction is not spontaneous under standard conditions at 25oC, at what temperature, if any,
would the reaction become spontaneous?
- The reaction would be spontaneous when temperature is less than 298 K.