Hindawi

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Volume 2022, Article ID 3282127, 28 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3282127

Review Article
Comparative Analysis of Automated Text Summarization
Techniques: The Case of Ethiopian Languages

Wubetu Barud Demilie

Department of Information Technology, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Wubetu Barud Demilie; wubetubarud@gmail.com

Received 16 July 2022; Revised 12 August 2022; Accepted 31 August 2022; Published 13 September 2022

Academic Editor: Danfeng Hong

Copyright © 2022 Wubetu Barud Demilie. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

Nowadays, there is an abundance of information available from both online and offline sources. For a single topic, we can get
more than hundreds of sources containing a wealth of information. The ability to extract or generate a summary of popular
content allows users to quickly search for content and obtain preliminary data in the shortest amount of time. Manually
extracting useful information from them is a difficult task. Automatic text summarization (ATS) systems are being developed
to address this issue. Text summarization is the process of extracting useful information from large documents and
compressing it into a summary while retaining all the relevant contents. This review paper provides a broad overview of ATS
research works in various Ethiopian languages such as Amharic, Afan Oromo, and Tigrinya using different text summarization
approaches. The work has identified the novel and recommended state-of-the-art techniques and methods for future
researchers in the area and provides knowledge and useful support to new researchers in this field by providing a concise
overview of the various feature extraction methods and classification techniques required for different types of ATS approaches
applied to the Ethiopian languages. Finally, different recommendations for future researchers have been forwarded.

1. Introduction Accordingly, websites, user reviews, news, blogs, social

Extracting important information from texts quickly and
accurately has become a desirable task given the enormous
amounts of digital text data generated every day. One solution
to this issue is ATS. It is a strategy for making a document
shorter while retaining important words and sentences with-
out diluting its meaning or information [1–3]. It is a technique
for creating an insightful summary with the aid of technology
or computer-based tools. Even though, the earliest computer
programs for summarizing text were developed in the 1950s
[4, 5]. Accordingly, one of the most challenging areas of natu-
ral language processing (NLP) is ATS. Because a text’s syntac-
tic and semantic structure makes it extremely difficult for
machines to understand a text’s meaning in its entirety. Both
humans and machines are capable of performing text summa-
rization tasks accordingly. Summaries produced by computers
frequently differ from those produced by humans [6]. A sum-
marization system can be used to generate up-to-date data,
run queries, or inform users about a certain topic.
media networks, and other digital resources are enormous
sources of textual data. Additionally, the numerous archives
of news stories, novels, books, legal documents, biomedical
records, scientific papers, etc. include a richness of textual
material. The amount of text in archives and on the Internet
is constantly increasing. Users spend a lot of time searching
for the information they need as a result. Even the linguistic
element of search results is beyond their ability to read and
understand. The generated texts contain a lot of redundant
or insignificant content. Condensing and summarizing the
text resources becomes urgent and significantly more crucial
as a result. Manual text summarization is a time- and
resource-intensive task and is expensive.
Accordingly, the promising study field of ATS is being
given a lot of attention from academics to various industries.
Different text summarization approaches have been put
forth for decades, including graph-based (GB) [7–10], deep
learning (DL) [11–24], and machine learning (ML) [25,
26], and an analysis work has been done using graph and
2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
network, statistical, deep and machine learning, query,
semantic, and sentence weighting based [27–29]. However,
ATS is still one of the most challenging problems because
of the complexity of input text(s) or document(s) [30]. In
several disciplines, state-of-the-art prediction outcomes are
currently developed using DL and ML approaches, which
have become potent tools of NLP including self-driving cars,
news aggregation, fraud news detection, virtual assistants,
entertainment, visual recognition, healthcare, personaliza-
tion, identifying developmental delays in children, coloring
black-and-white images, adding sound to silent movies, cre-
ating automatic handwriting, playing games automatically,
translating image languages, restoring pixels, providing
photo descriptions, demographic and election predictions,
DL, and automatic machine translation [31–34].
Accordingly, an overview is required to better grasp
what has been done in ATS including the implemented
research works and approaches too. This review paper fills
this gap by concentrating on general ATS tasks and attempt-
ing to shed light on some of the issues that naturally occur
when using the current ATS approaches for Ethiopian lan-
guages. For this review work, the author compares the
implemented ATS approaches including all the evaluation
metrics that have been indicated quantitatively by the
researchers.
This review paper will have the following contributions:
(i) The analysis results provide an in-depth clarifica-
tion of the topics/trends for ATS research
(ii) Provides a detailed reference to the datasets, pre-
processing, and features that were used
(iii) Describes the techniques and methods that were
frequently used by researchers as a means of com-
parison and method development
(iv) The work identifies novel and recommended state-
of-the-art techniques and methods for future
researchers in the field
(v) As indicated in the related work, future researchers
can easily identify all the works that have been
implemented for the Ethiopian and foreign
languages
(vi) The researcher has examined the working mecha-
nisms and applications of ATS in various domains
(vii) The analysis and comparison may aid in develop-
ing a better awareness of the advantages to readers
of reading computer-generated summaries of
research articles and papers accordingly
(viii) This work may also aid in understanding the limi-
tations of the same, which arise primarily from the
difficulties encountered in the realization of
computer-generated summaries
(ix) At the end of this review paper, several recommen-
dations for opportunities and challenges related to
ATS have been forwarded
The rest of the paper is organized into different but
interrelated subsections. The paper begins by discussing
the structure of automated text summarization (SATS) in
Structure of Automated Text Summarization (SATS), ATS
techniques/approaches in ATS Techniques/Approaches,
ATS algorithms in the ATS Algorithms, related works in
Related Works, performance evaluation of ATS in Perfor-
mance Evaluation of ATS, results and discussions in Results
and Discussions, and conclusion and recommendation in
Conclusion and Recommendation.
2. Structure of Automated Text
Summarization (SATS)
The fundamental structure of ATS is divided into various
components, including an input layer with two distinct types
of documents: single and multiple documents. A single doc-
ument summarizing (SDS) method chooses the key phrases
from the source text while taking the summary’s word count
into account [35, 36]. In contrast, many documents are
picked as input for a multiple document summarization
(MDS), which results in a summary [37–39]. Preprocessing,
feature extraction, application of a summary generating
technique, or methods to summarize the source material
are typically the stages that an ATS goes through. The
monolithic structure of the document is used in a single doc-
ument summary system; however, it is less important in
multiple document summarization systems. The primary
problem with MDS is from the data’s collection from a large
number of sources, some of which may include more redun-
dant information than is generally found in a single docu-
ment. An illustration of the structure and steps of an ATS
is presented in Figure 1.
As indicated in Figure 1, the image depicts the steps in
which the input (single or multidocument) is preprocessed
before feature extraction. The following section discusses
the preconditions before conducting a document summary.
2.1. Preprocessing. Sentence segmentation, punctuation mark
removal, stop-word filtering, stemming (reducing common
root words), and other critical techniques are used to pre-
process incoming text documents during the preprocessing
phase. Before summary, the raw source document is cleaned
up and converted to a more palatable data format. To clear
the loud and unfiltered text, several preprocessing steps are
taken. The methods listed below are some of the preprocess-
ing techniques most frequently used for different languages
accordingly [26, 28, 40]:
(1) Parts of speech tagging (POST): it is a method of
categorizing or classifying text words into different
speech categories, such as nouns, verbs, adverbs,
and adjectives
(2) Stop word removal: stop words are eliminated
either before or after textual analysis, depending
on the context. They should be identified and
removed from plain text
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
or
Input
Single
document
Algorithms or
Targeted summary
methods
Figure 1: The structure of an ATS system.
(3) Stemming: it strips a group of words designated as
primary or root forms of their inflections and deriv-
ative forms. Text stemming changes words to take
into account various word forms by utilizing lin-
guistic techniques like affixation (i.e., prefixes,
infixes, and suffixes)
(4) Named entity recognition (NER): words in the
input text that identify an item by name (such as
a person’s name, a place’s name, and a company’s
name, etc.) are detected
(5) Tokenization: by breaking up text flows into tokens
which can be words, phrases, symbols, or other
meaningful units, it examines the words in a
document
(6) Capitalization: it is necessary to change every letter
in a document to lowercase letters (but, it depends
on the nature of languages) because different capi-
talizations in different papers can be problematic.
This technique then unifies all text and document
words into a single feature
(7) Slang and abbreviation: the preprocessing stage
deals with two distinct kinds of text anomalies:
slang and abbreviations
(8) Noise removal: punctuation and special characters
are among the many additional characters found
in most textual material
(9) Spelling correction: the preprocessing procedure
includes an optional step for spelling correction.
Texts and documents frequently contain typos,
especially online media text collections (social
media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook)
(10) Lemmatization: it is the process of replacing a
word’s suffix with a new one or removing a word’s
suffix to achieve the core word form (lemma)
2.2. Feature Extraction. By choosing various elements from the
original text, sentences must be extracted, which is essential
3
Preprocessing
Multiple
document
Feature extraction
Summarization
approaches
for the complete summary process. In the feature extraction
phase, specific features are applied to each sentence, and the
best-scoring sentences are chosen for the summary. Finding
topic expressions, important data features, or attributes from
the source documents is a process known as feature extraction.
Extraction of features and text representation method are the
two steps that the ATS takes to find the key sentences in the
text. For creating sentences for text summary, it is the extrac-
tion of features and text representation techniques that are
most frequently utilized. It consists the following [28, 40].
2.2.1. Features. The initial step in the feature extraction pro-
cess is gathering the necessary features. To extract a crucial
sentence from a document, the phrases must be represented
as vectors or scored. Following are the most common char-
acteristics used to determine a sentence’s score and how
closely it resembles a summary:
(1) Term frequency (TF): the relevance of terms in a sin-
gle document is assessed using the TF metric. It is fre-
quently used to express a word’s weight because it is
one of the most fundamental ATS features
(2) Term frequency-inverse sentence frequency
(TFISF): the term frequency-inverse sentence fre-
quency among the sentences in all documents is
measured by the most relevant feature extraction
method based on the text summarization survey.
This technique is used to construct the weights,
which appear to be reasonable indicators for mean-
ingful sentences
(3) Position feature: the first and last sentences are typ-
ically seen to have more information about the
work. This increases the likelihood that researchers
will be mentioned in the summary. The position
can be denoted by binary values 0 and 1 accord-
ingly. The binary or regressive score for the feature
could be any value between 0 and 1
(4) Length feature: the length of a sentence can reveal if
it is suitable for summarization. But, it might not be
4 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
wise to judge a sentence’s importance based solely
on how long it is. Very long and comparatively
short sentences are typically excluded from the
summary because of their size with other sentences
in the source
(5) Sentence with sentence similarity: summarization
may be aided by the questioning sentences’ similar-
ity to other sentences in the text. There are several
approaches to carrying out this feature extraction
process
(6) Title feature (TiF): sentences containing terms from
the headline may suggest the document’s theme
and are more likely to be included in the summary
(7) Phrasal information (PI): when summarizing, the
ratio of terms is always useful. Adjective phrases,
noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and verbal
phrases are all included in the phrase collection
(8) Title similarity (TS): if a sentence shares the most
words with the title, it is given a passing grade.
The overall number of words and the number of
words in each sentence that appears in the title
can both be determined using the word count
(9) Sentence position (SP): this function establishes the
placement of a sentence within the text. The place-
ment of the sentences in the text whether they are
the first sentences of a paragraph or not determines
their significance
(10) Thematic word (TW): this attribute is linked to
terms that are domain-specific and commonly
appear in texts that are most likely pertinent to
the subject matter of the document. The amount
of theme words in the phrase is compared to the
maximum sum of thematic keywords in the sen-
tence to determine the score
(11) Numerical data (ND): in general, it is important to
make a statement that includes numerical facts.
This is most often located in a document’s sum-
mary. By dividing the numerical information in a
sentence by its length, the score is determined
2.2.2. Text Representation. The input documents are repre-
sented more accurately by using the text representation
models. Text representation techniques in NLP entail turn-
ing words into numbers so that computers can understand
and decode linguistic patterns. These methods typically cre-
ate a link between the selected phrase and the document’s
context word. The following are some examples of well-
liked text presentation techniques [28, 40]:
(1) N-gram: the N-gram method is perfect for opera-
tions involving multiple languages, because it does
not require any linguistic preparation. A group of
words or characters with N components is known
as an N-gram. The text can be represented by a vec-
tor, which is typical of a decent size, and this model
is straightforward to construct. A collection of text
N-grams are made up of unigrams, bigrams, tri-
grams, quadgrams, and other N-grams. The N-
gram has various drawbacks, such as the fact that
the model is more accurate the higher the N value.
These results, however, undergo a great deal of pro-
cessing, necessitating a lot of RAM processing capac-
ity. As the model is predicated on the chance of
concepts occurring together, N-grams are also a
sparse representation of languages. In the training
corpus, any absent word is given a chance of zero
(2) Bag of words (BoW): the BoW model is the simplest
type of numerical text representation. A bag of
words vector can be used to express a phrase, such
as a term itself. It is a condensed and streamlined
version of a sentence’s main idea in a written docu-
ment. The technique is applied to CV, NLP, Bayesian
spam filters, document categorization, and ML-
based information retrieval
(3) Term frequency-inverse document frequency
(TFIDF: the IDF determines the importance of a
word, whereas the term frequency (TF) determines
how frequently a term appears in a text. The IDF
value is required because simply computing the TF
is insufficient for understanding the meaning of
words. The combination of TF and IDF is known
as the term frequency-inverse document frequency
(TF-IDF). However, TF-IDF has several drawbacks,
including the fact that it directly calculates text sim-
ilarity in the word-count space, which can be slow
with large vocabularies. Furthermore, it is assumed
that the counts of different terms provide indepen-
dent evidence of similarities
(4) Word embedding: one kind of feature learning is
word embedding. A lexicon maps every word or
phrase to an N-dimensional vector of absolute
values. To turn N-grams into understandable inputs
for ML systems, several word embedding techniques
have been developed. Three of the most popular DL
techniques for word embedding are examined in this
study: Word2Vec, GloVe, and FastText [40]
(i) Word2Vec: a method for making embedding is
called Word2Vec. Two methods to get it (both
using NN) are skip-gram and a common bag
of words (CBOW). The CBOW technique
makes an effort to predict the word that will
go with each word by using its context as an
input. Instead of anticipating the current word
based on context, skip-gram seeks to maximize
the classification of a word based on another
word in the exact phrase
(ii) Global vectors for word representation (GloVe):
another effective method of word embedding
that has been used for text categorization is
GloVe. The Word2Vec procedure is comparable
to this approach. With the help of a vast corpus
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Text
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Figure 2: Extractive-based ATS.
and the surrounding words, each word is repre-
sented by a high-dimensional vector
(iii) FastText: the morphology of words is disre-
garded by several alternative word-embedding
representations
3. ATS Techniques/Approaches
Choosing an effective approach is the first and most impor-
tant step in the summarizing strategy. Some techniques
involve picking out the most important phrases and sen-
tences from the texts, while others call for compressing
and paraphrasing a single statement. In general, ATS is a dif-
ficult and time-consuming process that frequently produces
subpar results to computers’ inadequate comprehension of
human language. For summary texts, researchers have tried
to extract them within improved performances and stan-
dardized classifications. Depending on the number of input
documents, there are many ways to text summarization,
such as single or multiple, objectively generic, domain-spe-
cific, query-based, and performance-wise. Accordingly,
performance-wise analysis is classified into the following
main classes [26, 28, 40].
3.1. Extractive Text Summarization. Extractive-based ATS
involves selecting a set of sentences or phrases in the text
based on the scores they earn according to a given criterion
and copying them into the summary without any change
[41, 42]. Figure 2 illustrates the working principles of extrac-
tive summarization. The goal of the extractive-based ATS is
to locate keywords and sentences within a text source and
use them to efficiently produce a summary. To do this,
important sentences from the original text must be chosen.
A subset of the words from the original document is created
by using these key sentences to duplicate the text’s funda-
mental components word for word. Three separate responsi-
bilities make up this foundation [40]:
(1) Splitting: splitting the original document into sen-
tences and then producing a draft version of the text
that emphasizes the tasks
(2) Assigning: depending on how well they perform after
the production of the representation, each sentence
is given a score that indicates its value. Scores for topic
representations are based on the topic words in the
text. Conversely, indicator representation scores are
determined by the sentence’s characteristics
5
Extractive Summary
based Sentence 2
summarizer Sentence 4
(3) Selecting: select the highest-scoring sentences to
form the summary. Two ML approaches are used
in extractive text summarization: supervised and
unsupervised ML
(i) Supervised ML methods: in supervised ML
approaches, the initial step is to train the system
to recognize summarized and nonsummarized
texts to learn how to classify documents. These
approaches’ ML and NN algorithms need a
labeled dataset for training that contains both
summarized and nonsummarized texts
(ii) Unsupervised ML methods: the summarizing
process can be carried out using unsupervised
ML techniques without any assistance, such as
the user selecting the document’s introductory
sentences
To take user input and operate automatically, these
methods just need sophisticated algorithms like GB, con-
cept-based, fuzzy logic, and latent semantics. Accordingly,
for large amounts of data, these methods are advantageous.
The extractive-based ATS can be depicted in Figure 2.
3.2. Abstractive Text Summarization. Abstractive-based ATS
means producing a brief interpretation of the original text
[14, 41, 43]. In this method, sentences of the summary
may not necessarily be written in the same way as in the
original text. The summarized sentences may or may not
exist in the original text. Figure 3 illustrates the working
principles of abstractive-based ATS.
The development and automation of the conventional
approach to text summarization are known as abstractive-
based ATS. The abstractive process paraphrases a text’s
major passages and main concepts to identify them. The fol-
lowing are some typical steps that make up the abstractive
summarization process [40]:
(1) Using a vocabulary set different from the source to
analyze the text documents’ primary contents
(2) Using NLP models to summarize the pertinent
information that fits the semantics and contains all
the key points of the original document. Two differ-
ent types of abstractive summarization methods exist
a structure-based method and a semantic-based one
(i) Structure-based methods: by using abstract or
cognitive algorithms, the structure-based
approach continuously filters the most
6 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Text
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Figure 3: Abstractive-based ATS.
important information from documents. The
most popular algorithms are those for rule-
based, template-based, and tree-based ontologies
(ii) Semantic-based methods: sing NLP on the full
manuscript, the semantic-based approach aims
to improve the sentences. Accordingly, by using
some techniques, this methodology can quickly
locate the noun and verb phrases. The
abstractive-based ATS can be depicted in
Figure 3
4. ATS Algorithms
Text summarization can be defined more precisely in terms
of algorithms or methodologies. To produce a more accurate
version of the summary text, numerous techniques and
methodologies are used. The supervised, unsupervised,
structured, semantic, extractive, abstractive, GB, and DL-
based ATS methods and algorithms can be described as fol-
lows [26, 28, 40, 41].
4.1. Unsupervised Learning Methods. Unsupervised extrac-
tive text summarization, which is more like standard ATS,
selects key sentences from documents. This algorithm
chooses sentences without using labeled summaries during
the training of either a text or dataset. Those techniques
are also efficient because they do not need user input or
human overviews to identify the document’s key compo-
nents. Furthermore, unsupervised methods are effective
because they do not require user feedback or human over-
views to determine the document’s essential features. Unsu-
pervised text summarization is more efficient than
supervised text summarization and is better suited to long
text summaries. The following are some unsupervised tech-
niques or methods for summarizing texts or documents:
(1) Fuzzy logic (FL): the choice of fuzzy rules and mem-
bership functions is often part of the design process
for a fuzzy logic method. A fuzzifier, inference
engine, defuzzifier, and knowledge base are its four
constituent parts. The most crucial passage from
the source text or context is also chosen using a fuzzy
logic method. However, for the fuzzy logic method
to produce better outcomes, redundancy elimination
must be used
(2) Concept-based method: the concept-based method
takes concepts from the source content and reduces
repetition by using similarity measurements. These
Abstractive
Summary
based
new sentences
summarizer
retrieved concepts are calculated, and the sentences
are scored based on importance. The constraints of
both this method and fuzzy logic are the same, but
fuzzy logic is superior since it can handle ambiguous
circumstances better
(3) Latent semantic analysis (LSA) method: an algebraic
statistical method called LSA can be used to uncover
sentences’ hidden semantic components. The LSA is
an unsupervised learning method that extracts
knowledge and related terms from input texts. The
benefit of this strategy is that it may be used without
any external training or template to identify compa-
rable terms that appear in different phrases. How-
ever, the LSA approach has some limitations, such
as not examining word order, syntactic relations, or
morphologies. Furthermore, it does not rely on out-
side information or sources other than the informa-
tion found in the input document
Finally, this method is not comparable due to flaws such
as performance degradation when using inhomogeneous
datasets. Additionally, the semantic summary of texts bene-
fits greatly from the use of this strategy.
4.2. Supervised Learning Methods. Sentence-level classifiers
that learn to differentiate between summarized and nonsum-
marized sentences are known as supervised learning
methods. Summaries written by humans and collections of
documents can both learn the traits of the sentences they
contain. In addition, it has substantial limitations in produc-
ing context summaries manually and requires more labeled
training samples for classification [28, 40].
(1) ML method: the ML method is used to classify the
sentences as summary or nonsummary classes using
training data. When extractive summaries are
needed for numerous document copies, several tech-
niques are used. Notably, each document’s sentence
is depicted in this case as vectors. The ML methods
are mostly applied to a set of training datasets that
contain trainable texts. In the training phase, a vari-
ety of training manuals are fed into input documents
and categorized according to the sentence weight.
Although a straightforward regression model fre-
quently outperforms classifiers, it still needs a large
amount of training data whether an NN model has
multiple layers that depend only on the data which
is the only layer in the Ml models. Because of this,
NN models are improving in usability and user
appeal on ATS. Other common preprocessing
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
information retrieval procedures, like stop-word
removal, case folding, and stemming, are also
included in the ML methods
(2) NN method: a three-layered feedforward network is
used in a NN approach to learning the features of
words during model training. The phase of feature
matching is important, and some phases identify
the relationship between the qualities. The steps to
define meaningful sentences are to eliminate infre-
quent features, combine frequent elements, and then
rank the phrases. As the network learns from its
training data, the NN approach is also utilized to
train according to the human’s preferences or needs.
As a more complex variant of ML, NN algorithms
outperform ML algorithms when there are more
layers and hidden layers added. Hence, the RankNet
approach, which was created in, likewise uses neural
nets to automatically classify the pertinent sentences
in the text. It uses a two-layer backpropagation NN
that was trained using the RankNet technique
(3) Conditional random field (CRF) method: the CRFs
are ML-based statistical modeling techniques that
offer a consistent prediction. To extract the appro-
priate features, CRF employs nonnegative matrix
factorization (NMF) techniques. The document’s
introduction sentence is then defined using the
appropriate components. By providing a more accu-
rate representation of sentences and sections, CRF’s
key advantage is distinguishing appropriate features.
This technique has a major flaw in that it is domain-
specific, necessitating the use of an external domain-
specific framework throughout the training phase.
Without initially establishing a time-consuming
domain foundation, this methodology can be univer-
sally applied to any text. As a result, algorithms
based on ML and NN are still preferable. These tech-
niques rely on optimization, statistical analysis, topic
selection, sentence centrality, or clustering. Because
the optimization method requires a lot of processing
and is expensive, researchers used a genetic algo-
rithm to determine the best weights. It is necessary
to specify the necessary number of iterations
To generate abstractive summaries, language genera-
tion and compression strategies are required. Abstractive
text summarization is also divided into two categories to
produce better abstractive summaries: structured and
semantic [40].
4.3. Structure-Based Methods. The original document calls
for newly created sentences to summarize in the abstractive
summary. The structure-based method interprets phrases
from source materials according to a predetermined frame-
work without distorting their original meaning. Structure-
based methods, such as templates, tree-based, ontology-
based, and rule-based structures, mostly rely on predefined
forms and spatial reasoning schemas [28, 40].
7
(1) Tree-based method: to produce an abstractive sum-
mary, the tree-based method first identifies sentences
that share common knowledge and facts before com-
bining them. Tree linearization, which derives from
several dependency trees, is the name of this struc-
ture that resembles a tree. Dependency trees serve
as a visual representation of a document’s source
text. A syntactic tree is used by the tree-based
approach to analyze various documents and locate
common information. These techniques likewise
result in fewer repetitive summaries, but they are
unable to identify sentence relationships in isolation
from context. As a result, it ignores important tex-
tual sentences. The method’s constant emphasis on
syntax rather than semantics is another drawback.
This approach stands out in structure-based meth-
odologies despite these problems because of its flu-
ency in summarizing
(2) Template-based method: by identifying similarities
with a template space, the topic or content is
extracted into possible phrases and speakers in the
template-based methods. When a document needs
a predetermined guideline or a custom template for
the summary, the template-based method is
employed. This process creates detailed summaries
that are coherent and depending on the option; the
content’s speakers and phrases are chosen. The
problem with this strategy is that there is not much
variability in the summaries because the templates
for summaries are always predefined. Consequently,
in contrast to the tree-based technique, it is unable to
provide fluent summaries
(3) Rule-based method: through investigating, the rule-
based technique uncovers information and assess-
ments of key ideas in source documents. For exam-
ple, what are the topics under interrogation and
questioning? Answering these questions seeks to
generate an abstractive summary, such as “What is
the time-being of the story or topic?” and “What
are the names of the people on the table, according
to certain rules?”. When input documents need to
be represented as classes and lists of aspects, rule-
based approaches are employed instead of query-
based ones. The creation of the regulations requires
the use of this procedure, which takes time. This
method is less effective than the other ways stated
before in this paragraph due to the manually written
rules
(4) Ontology-based method: a knowledge-based strategy
called ontology serves as a formal name and charac-
terization of the many entity kinds inside a given
domain. This technique uses a foundation of infor-
mation to enhance the effectiveness of summariza-
tion. When a document has a knowledge structure
or is regularly built around the same topic,
ontology-based methods excel. To provide coherent
summaries, this strategy concentrates on documents
8 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
that are specifically connected to a given area. This
approach takes time, just like the rule-based
approach does
4.4. Semantic-Based Methods. With a strong emphasis on
noun and verb phrase identification, semantic-based
approaches translate the linguistics of a document’s contents
into a natural language generation (NLG) system. Less
redundant and grammatically correct sentences can be cre-
ated using these techniques. These methods have the draw-
back of occasionally ignoring important information or
data, even though it is grammatically correct. This method
includes the following [40]:
(1) Multimodal semantic method: to comprehend both
visual and word concepts from a document, the
multimodal-based method is applied. To communi-
cate text and images/pictures in multimodal mate-
rials, the multimodal semantic model collects ideas
and creates relationships between them. Knowledge
representation based on objects is the basis of a
semantic model based on nodes and connections.
Nodes represent concepts, whereas connections
show the links between concepts. The information
density measure is used to assess an expression’s
completeness, relationships with other expressions,
and repeats. Finally, ideas that summarize the
selected concepts are created
(2) Semantic GB method: the semantic GB approach
condenses a document by creating a rich semantic
graph (RSG) for the original document and then
condensing the resulting semantic graph. This
method’s strength is its ability to produce succinct,
coherent, and grammatically sound sentences using
smaller networks. By giving weights to the nodes
and edges of phrases, the semantic-graph-based
model primarily extracts semantic information.
Because of this, this approach generally performs
well, but it does necessitate a semantic representa-
tion of the text
(3) Information item method: instead of creating an
abstract from the words in the text file, the informa-
tion item-based method summarizes a text file based
on its abstract. In this method, a summary is created
using an abstract representation of the source infor-
mation. An information item is a minor part of a
source document. The approach then extracts infor-
mation from a text that should have a logical flow of
information. An approach that is based on informa-
tion items yields summaries that are shorter and less
repetitive
4.5. Extractive + Abstractive
(1) GB method: both extractive and abstractive text
summarizations can be done using the GB method.
This method uses a graph to rank the necessary
sentences or terms and is an unsupervised learning
technique. To extract the most pertinent sentences
from a single text, the graphical technique is used.
Based on global information that is iteratively col-
lected from the entire network, GB ranking algo-
rithms estimate the significance of a vertex in the
graph. Text summarization is accomplished
through the use of the GB method. The GB
methods include the following submethods [28, 40]
(2) LexRank: based on the idea of eigenvector centrality
in a graph representation of sentences for NLP, it is
a probabilistic GB technique for determining sen-
tence significance. The adjacency matrix in a sen-
tence graph representation is a connectivity
matrix based on intrasentence cosine similarity
(3) Hyperlink-induced topic search (HITS): the
authority and hub values are determined by a link
analysis algorithm called hyperlink-induced topic
search. The computation is only run on this set of
results once the results of the search query are
returned. An authority value is the sum of the
scaled authority values of the pages it points to,
and a hub value is the total of those scaled values
(4) PageRank: the PageRank algorithm ranks the
search results by evaluating the importance or qual-
ity of inbound connections to a set of specific pages.
Based on the significance of the page from which it
comes, PageRank links have more weight
(5) TextRank: it is an unsupervised technique for auto-
matically extracting a document’s most crucial key-
word phrases. It calculates the degree of similarities
between two sentences based on the content of
each. This overlap is calculated by dividing the total
number of common lexical tokens by the length of
each phrase
(6) Positional power function: this ranking technique
determines a vertex’s score as a function that takes
into account both the quantity and quality of its
ancestors
(7) Undirected graph: recursive GB ranking techniques
can also be applied with undirected graphs, where a
vertex’s out-degree is equal to its in-degree. For
weakly linked networks with an equal number of
edges and vertices, undirected graphs show slower
convergence curves
(8) Weighted graphs: graphs constructed from natural
language texts may contain several or insufficient
links between the units (vertices) collected from
the text. It could be advantageous to express and
include the “strength” of the relationship between
two vertices in the model since weight is applied
to the matching edge that connects the two vertices.
The edge weights are taken into account while
determining the score assigned to a graph vertex.
It is important to note that a similar technique
can be used to integrate vertex weights
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
(9) GB attention mechanism: the importance score in
the graph model is based on the relationships
between all other phrases. The rank scores of the
original sentences are computed using a combina-
tion of traditional attention and graph ranking
algorithms in this mechanism, leading to a range
of significance ratings for the actual phrases while
decoding different states
(10) DL algorithm: information-driven ATS can become
more effective, available, and user-friendly with the
aid of DL models. Because they try to mimic how
the human brain works, these models are quite
promising for ATS. Because of how well its archi-
tecture fits with the complex structure of the lan-
guage, deep neural networks are frequently used
in NLP problems. For instance, each layer can
tackle a specific task before transferring the output
to the next. The DL algorithm includes the follow-
ing subcomponents [28, 40]:
(a) Graph convolutional network (GCN): it is a
method for performing semisupervised learn-
ing on graph-structured data. It is based on an
efficient CNN variant that operates directly on
graphs. As a result, it integrates a label sam-
pling model and GCN into an unsupervised
learning framework to uncover underlying
community structures by fusing topology and
attribute information, inspired by GCN’s mes-
sage pass mechanism and the local self-
organizing property of community structure
[44, 45]
(b) RNN encoder-decoder: the RNN encoder-
decoder design employs the sequence-to-
sequence paradigm. The NN’s input sequence
is transformed into an identical series of letters,
words, or phrases using the sequence-to-
sequence model [43, 46]. Examples of NLP
applications include text summarization and
machine translation. The difficulty with this
RNN sequence-to-sequence is that it necessi-
tates a large dataset. The training of datasets
takes a long period. Because of this, the DL
techniques described in the following subcom-
ponents work better
(c) Long short-term memory (LSTM): input/read,
memory/update, forget, and output gates make
up the LSTM architecture’s repeating unit. The
chain structure and an RNN have a lot in com-
mon. The initialization of the input gate’s vec-
tor is random. In later phases, the output of
the prior step serves as the input for the current
step. A single layer NN with a sigmoid activa-
tion function makes up the forget gate.
Whether or not the information from the prior
state should be remembered depends on the
9
outcome of the sigmoid function. The memory
gate regulates the impact of known information
on unknowable information. The amount of
fresh data sent to the following LSTM unit is
managed by the output gate. The LSTM has
the potential to generate a succinct abstractive
summary
(d) Gated recurrent unit (GRU): it is a condensed
version of an LSTM that just has two gates: an
update gate and a reset gate with no explicit
memory. The previously concealed state infor-
mation is erased as soon as all reset gate com-
ponents get close to zero. The candidate’s
hidden state is only influenced by the input
vector. In this case, the update gate functions
as a forget gate. Although LSTM has a memory
unit that provides more control, the GRU’s
computation time is steadily getting slower
(e) Restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM): the NN
with random probability distributions is known
as a random probability distributed neural net-
work (RBM). The network is composed of hid-
den layers of hidden neurons and a visible layer
of visible neurons (input nodes) (hidden
nodes). Each hidden node has a bidirectional
connection to each input node. The bias node
is linked to each concealed node. The input
nodes are not linked in the visible layer
(f) NB classification: the most important keywords
are taken out of the text using the NB classifica-
tion approach. The NB strategy uses ML to
extract the keyword from the input by calculat-
ing the differentiating keyword features in a
text. The accuracy of summarization is
increased by combining the NB, score, and
timestamp ideas
(g) Query based (QB): the frequency counts of
words or phrases used in QB text summariza-
tion are used to determine how frequently each
sentence appears in a particular document.
Search phrases containing sentences obtained
higher scores than sentences that only con-
tained a single search term. Focused on QB
methods for text summarization, the sentences
with the highest scores are then extracted,
along with their structural contexts, for the out-
put summary
(h) Generic summarization: the generic summaries
highlight the key ideas in a document
(i) Q-network (QN): to approximate the ideal
action-value function, which gauges the
action’s long-term benefits for the agent, QN
is utilized. The model may produce a Q value
based on a candidate sentence and a partial
summary (current state) (action). When the
10
agent selects the candidate sentence to be a part
of the summary, the output Q value shows the
predicted value. In addition to these well-
known models, several pretrained language
models, like BERT, GPT-2, TransformerXL,
and XLnet, have become more proficient at a
variety of NLP tasks, including sentiment anal-
ysis, question answering, named entity recogni-
tion, textual similarity, and paraphrasing [47,
48]. These language models are customized
with diverse task-specific goals after being per-
tained to enormous volumes of text data. These
models are extremely beneficial because they
have an unsupervised purpose of masked lan-
guage modeling and next-sentence prediction.
Pertained language models are often encoders
for sentence and paragraph level classification
tasks as well as problems with natural language
comprehension. The following are some com-
ponents of QN [40]
(j) Bidirectional encoder representations from
transformers (BERT): the BERT pretrained
model is a straightforward and effective one.
To pretrain deep bidirectional representations
from the unlabeled text, BERT is designed to
change both left and right contexts on all levels
[49]. Additionally, BERT only has one output
layer that offers cutting-edge models for a vari-
ety of tasks, including language inference and
question-answering. During fine-tuning, it does
not need any significant task-specific architec-
ture changes. When learning the contextual
relationships between words in a text, BERT
uses a transformer mechanism. Additionally,
it has two independent tools: a decoder that
makes predictions and an encoder that inter-
prets text input. The transformer encoder reads
the complete sequence of words at once, in
contrast to directional models that read the text
input sequentially (left-to-right or right-to-left).
As a result, it is thought to be bidirectional or,
more precisely, nondirectional in some circum-
stances. This ability to effectively include both
perspectives substantially helps BERT provide
the best results
(k) GPT2: compared to the existing language
models, the OpenAI GPT-2 has demonstrated
a remarkable capacity to provide coherent and
reliable summaries [50]. The GPT-2 is
extremely similar to the decoder-only trans-
former and is not an original design. It is a
large, transformer-based language model that
was developed using the enormous Webtext
dataset. The key distinction between GPT-2
and BERT is that the former uses transformer
decoder blocks, while the latter employs trans-
former encoder blocks. Autoregressive models
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
include the GPT2 and some more recent ones
like TransformerXL and XLNet [51]. Every
time a token is created and added to a sentence
sequence, the notion behind autoregression is
that the new line becomes the model’s follow-
ing step’s input [40]. The detailed and extended
classification of ATS algorithms has been
depicted in Figure 4, and the limitation of these
algorithms has been presented in Table 1
4.6. Motivation and Application of ATS. This study attempts
to expedite knowledge about ATS by providing an overview
of all the research works that have been done for Ethiopian
languages by using different approaches and/or algorithms.
Additionally, it enables the development of new resources,
databases, tools, and procedures to satisfy the demands of
the commercial and research sectors. The development of
NLPs made ATS useful for sentiment analysis and normal
text document summaries. Additionally, ATS encourages a
flexible approach to study in a variety of domains, including
AI, NLP, cognitive science, and psychology. The ATS covers
cutting-edge studies and potential future possibilities in this
fascinating field using a variety of information sources. The
application, which is discussed in the following section, is a
crucial component of ATS research works. Applications for
information retrieval, information extraction, question-
answering, text mining, and analytics have recently been
widely used by ATS. With a variety of applications, such as
news summaries, email summaries, and domain-specific
summaries, the ATS further enhances the search engine’s
functionality. Here are some examples of ATS domain appli-
cations [28]:
(1) Books or novel summarization (BNS): as brief texts
are not suited for summarizing, ATS is typically used
to summarize long documents like books, literature,
or novels. Short writings are difficult to put into con-
text, while large documents sometimes make for bet-
ter summaries [40, 52]
(2) Social posts or tweet summarization (SPOTS): on
social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter,
millions of messages and postings are created each
day. The ATS can be used, sum up, as an important
text in a useful way [40, 53]
(3) Sentiment analysis (SA): SA is the study of people’s
opinions, attitudes, and assessments of facts and cir-
cumstances. The SA uses fuzzy logic to categorize
feelings and the majority of product review opinions
as “positive” or “negative.” For example, market ana-
lysts may summarize the opinions of hundreds of
people using ATS, which is quite beneficial [40, 54]
(4) News summarization (NS): the ATS assists in pro-
viding news summaries from numerous websites,
including CNN and other well-known news portals.
The headline of the piece is sometimes the key focal
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 11

ATS systems

Extractive Abstractive
Extractive
+
abstractive

Structured Semantic
Unsupervised Supervised
based based

Fuzzy Machine Graph Tree Multimodal

logic learning based based
based Information
Concept Template
Deep
based Neural based Semantic
learning
network
based
based
Latent
Rule
semantic
based
analysis Conditional
random
fields Ontology

Figure 4: An extended classification of ATS systems.

point that ATS draws from the newspaper story [40,
55]
(5) Email summarization (ES): email conversations are
typically not syntactically well-formed domains and
are unstructured, making them difficult to summa-
rize. The ATS often uses linguistic techniques and
ML algorithms to extract noun phrases from email
communications and produce a summary of them
[40, 56, 57]
(6) Legal document summarization (LDS): to describe a
judicial judgment document, ATS looks up pertinent
precedent using legal questions and rhetorical tech-
niques. Keywords, important phrase matching, and
case-based analysis are just a few techniques used
in a hybrid approach [40, 58]
(7) Biomedical document summarization (BDS): the
ATS uses a GB summarization approach in conjunc-
tion with genetic clustering and connectivity data.
While connection statistics show the relative impor-
tance of the study, genetic clustering reveals the
many themes in a biological document [40, 41, 59]
(8) Summarization of scientific papers (SSP): scientific
texts are well-organized texts that include the opin-
ions of many researchers on a single topic. Addition-
ally, rather than being available in general texts, the
key aspects of a scientific document are typically
indicated in tables and figures. A technological sur-
vey of scientific documents is created using a multi-
ple document ATS framework, which incorporates
two approaches. To determine the content of the
original and related referenced research works, first,
follow and collect the citations and then utilize sum-
marizing techniques [40, 60]
5. Related Works
The first proposed idea of ATS was in 1958, in the sense of
figuring out how words are distributed inside sentences
and identifying the document’s keywords [61]. Since then,
numerous summarizing techniques have been created using
various methodologies and for different objectives.
According to [2], deep neural sequence-to-sequence
models, reinforcement learning (RL) approaches, and trans-
fer learning (TL) approaches, including pretrained language
models, have been identified as cutting-edge technologies
that demonstrate cutting-edge performance and accuracy
in abstractive ATS (PTLMs). The GB transformer architec-
ture and PTLMs have had a significant impact on NLP
applications. Furthermore, the incorporation of recent
mechanisms, such as the knowledge-enhanced mechanism,
improved the results significantly. This study provides a
12 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Table 1: Limitations of ATS algorithms.

Algorithm Limitations
(i) To improve the summarization quality, a redundancy elimination technique must be used
Fuzzy logic
in the postprocessing stage.
Unsupervised (ii) To reduce redundancy, which could impair the quality of the summary, similarity
Concept-based
measurements must be used.
Latent semantic (iii) It took a long time to create the LSA-generated summary.
(i) For training and optimizing the sentence selection to create an effective summary, a huge
Machine learning
quantity of data is required.
(ii) In the training and application phases, it moves fairly slowly. Additionally needs human
Supervised Neural network
interference for training data.
(iii) Linguistic aspects are not taken into account in CRF. Additionally, a domain-specific
Conditional random fields
external corpus is needed.
(i) It fails to recognize the relationship between sentences as a result of ignoring the context
Tree based and important phrases in the text. It continuously emphasizes syntax rather than
semantics, which is another problem.
(ii) This strategy results in a lack of variability in the summaries because the templates are
Template based
predefined.
Structure based (iii) The process of creating the regulations is time-consuming. The fact that the rules had to
Rule-based
be manually drafted and presented is another difficulty.
(iv) It takes a long time to prepare an appropriate ontology, and it cannot be applied to other
Ontology-based
domains.
(v) The framework is currently examined manually by people; hence, an automatic
Multimodal semantic
evaluation is necessary.
(i) Difficulty in constructing grammatical, coherent sentences from the text. Due to faulty
Information item
parses, summaries also have very poor linguistic quality.
Semantic based Semantic graph (ii) This technique is only effective for abstract summarizing one document.
Deep learning (iii) Building large amounts of training data manually requires human effort.
Graph-based (iv) It disregards the significance of words and the issue with dangling anaphora.

thorough examination of recent research advances in the
field of abstractive text summarization for works published
in the last six years. Past and present issues are described,
as are proposed solutions. Furthermore, abstractive ATS
datasets and evaluation metrics are highlighted. Finally, the
paper compares the best models and discusses future
research directions.
According to [3], ATS is in high demand to address the
ever-growing volume of text data available online to find rel-
evant information more quickly. In this study, the ATS
methodology was proposed for the Hindi language using
the real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) over the Kaggle
dataset’s health corpus. The methodology was divided into
five phases: preprocessing, feature extraction, processing,
sentence ranking, and summary generation. Extensive test-
ing on various feature sets was carried out, in which distin-
guishing features, namely, sentence similarity and named
entity features, are combined with others to compute the
evaluation metrics. The experiments have been carried out
on various combinations of eight features. They have been
distinguished by sentence similarity and named entity fea-
tures, which were combined with others to compute the
evaluation metrics. The top 14 feature combinations are ana-
lyzed at three different extraction rates: 25%, 50%, and 65%.
The researchers have scored precision of 79%, recall of 78%,
and 78% f-score for 25% extraction rate and precision of
83%, recall of 84%, and 83% f-score for 50% extraction rate,
and finally, precision of 83%, recall of 91%, and 87% of f-
score for 65% extraction rate, respectively. The system pro-
duces a summary in about 55 seconds, 108 seconds, and
119 seconds for extraction rates of 25%, 50%, and 65%,
respectively. The system summary’s average performance
for Rouge-1 was 79% and for Rouge-2 was 66%, which was
comparable to the reference summary. When compared to
other available tools, the overall summary yields promising
results with a reasonable compression rate and efficiency.
The work [62] has employed a surface-level technique
that relies on features, cue phrase, title words, header (first
sentence of the document), words in the header, the first
sentence in the paragraph, and extremely common terms,
which are statistical, to produce summaries. The absence of
a stemmer, which alters the frequency of words in a text,
was made by the authors. However, their summarization
system’s performance was enhanced by using a comprehen-
sive list of common words. The work [63] has made an effort
to create a text summarizing system that produces excerpts
from a single court decision. Three steps were used in their
task. First, the text or legal judgment was divided into five
sections according to five preestablished themes: introduc-
tion, justification, fact, judicial analysis, and conclusion.
The significance of sentences was then assessed using statis-
tical indicators such as cue phrases and sentence position.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
The next step was to construct metasummaries for each
theme with a 20% extraction rate, which were then
concatenated to make a single summary. In the work of
[64], it has been built to summarize news articles in the
Amharic language that has been shared on Facebook and
Twitter. The clustered group of protest posters in experi-
ment one had the greatest f score of 87.07% for extraction
rate at 30%. The greatest f-score in the second trial was
84% for extraction rate at 30% in drought post groups. The
greatest f-score was 91.37% for the extraction rate at 30%
in the third experiment’s sports post groups, and it is
93.52% in the fourth experiment’s summary post text extrac-
tion rate at 30%.
The work of [65] was modifying the open text summa-
rizer (OTS) open-source program to produce and evaluate
extracts from Amharic language news texts. The relative
value of a phrase in a text is determined by their work using
the frequency of terms. They used two experimental setups
because their work focuses on evaluating how well the tool
performs: experiment 1, which employs the original Porter
stemmer, and experiment 2, which uses a stemmer that
was adapted from the work of [66]. The performance of
OTS in summarizing Amharic language text was encourag-
ing after a series of tests on each arrangement, with experi-
ment 2 outperforming experiment 1. Authors of [67] have
built an algorithm that can summarize a document by their
performance both objectively and subjectively in Afan
Oromo language. The performance of the summarizers was
tested based on subjective as well as objective evaluation
methodologies. In this study, weights were assigned to the
sentences that would be retrieved for the summary using
term frequency and sentence position algorithms with
language-specific lexicons.
The work [68] has looked into how to extract informa-
tion from Amharic language news articles using the Naive
Bayes (NB) classifier. Training and testing were the two
steps used in this research. They have considered elements
including title words, cue words, sentence positioning, and
the inclusion of thematic words to gauge the likelihood
that a given sentence would appear in a summary. Even
though their method was domain-specific and required a
sizable training corpus, the results indicated that it was a
promising one.
The work [69] has proposed a latent semantic analysis
(LSA) for automatic Amharic language text summarization.
TopicLSA and LSAGraph were the two methodologies that
were combined in their work. Each text was represented as
a graph with terms acting as nodes and edges representing
the semantic connections between phrases. To compute the
relevance score of words, the GB techniques were run onto
the graph iteratively till they converge. Additionally, sen-
tences that did not directly connect to the issue were pun-
ished and excluded from the summary.
Statistical methods fail to capture the key topics of a doc-
ument because their techniques are unaware of the relation-
ships between textual units in the document [62, 63, 65]. As
a result, key sentences that reflect the document’s essential
notions may be omitted from the summary. The [70]’s work
was domain-specific, was difficult to adapt to any language,
13
necessitates extensive training corpora, and is hence very
resource-intensive. The [69]’s technique becomes ineffective
when the body of text to be summarized grows since it
rejects sentences that, despite being appropriate for a sum-
mary, do not earn latent space or dimension. Afan Oromo
language automatic news text summarizer based on sentence
selection function has been created [71]. This work aims on
constructing an efficient extractive Afan Oromo language
automatic news text summarizer, using systematic integra-
tion of features like sentence position, keyword frequency,
cue phrase, sentence length handler, the incidence of num-
bers, and events like time, date, and month in sentences.
Abbreviations, synonyms, stop words, suffixes, numbers,
and names (time, date, and month) gathered from both sec-
ondary and primary sources were among the data that help
the system’s development. Seven experimental scenarios
have been used to test the system, and both subjective and
objective judgments have been produced. The subjective
evaluation focuses on evaluation of the structure of the sum-
mary like referential integrity and nonredundancy, coher-
ence, and informativeness of the summary. The objective
evaluation employs criteria like precision, recall, and f-
score. Subjective evaluation yields the following results:
68% coherence, 75% referential integrity, and 88% informa-
tiveness. Different methods and tests have been used as a
result of the added features, producing an f-score of
87.47%. In the QB automatic summarizer for Afan Oromo
language text [72], 40 news articles from the corpus were
used. The best summary was created manually by three lan-
guage specialists from the language division of the Oromia
Culture and Tourism Bureau. The intrinsic evaluation tech-
nique was utilized for evolution purposes. Both objective and
subjective evaluations were involved. The subjective evalua-
tion assesses the linguistic quality, such as informativeness
and coherence, using the scores on five scale measures by
human evaluators. The objective evaluation assesses the per-
formance of the system using standard information retrieval
(IR) evaluation metrics (precision, recall, and f-score). The
results of the assessments showed that the proposed system
reported an f-score of 82%, 78%, and 82% at summary
extraction rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively, and
when the vector space model (VSM) was employed com-
bined with position algorithms. Additionally, when both
approaches were employed together, the suggested system’s
informativeness and coherence both recorded their best per-
formance summaries of 59%, 77%, and 91% average scores
on five scale measures. An Afan Oromo language news text
summary has been developed by using the sentence scoring
method (SSM) [73]. Nine experimental circumstances were
used to evaluate the proposed method both subjectively
and objectively. The summary’s structure was subjectively
evaluated for referential clarity, informativeness, grammati-
cal correctness, and coherence. They also looked for any
redundancies. The performance of the proposed system at
20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rate grammatical correctness
was 90%, 90%, and 92%, respectively, concerning redun-
dancy at 20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rate performance
of the summarizer system was 72%, 82%, and 84%, respec-
tively, and 20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rate performs
14
66%, 74%, and 86% in concerning referential clarity. Coher-
ency of the summary evaluation performed at 20%, 30%, and
40% extraction rate 62%, 66%, and 72%, respectively. The
performances of the system regarding the informativeness
at 20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rates was 74%, 78%, and
86% respectivelly. The recall, precision, and f-score were
the three criteria used in the system’s objective evaluations,
which it completed with a score of 86.1%. The work [74]
uses morphological analysis, and integrated development of
a QB document summarization for Afan Oromo language
has been developed. Due to its concerns of thoughtful, intel-
lectual, and creative behavior throughout problem-solving
and the generation of knowledge, this work adheres to the
design science analysis technique. The developed QB frame-
work has used the term weight methodology of TF-IDF. For
morphological analysis, development tools like HornMor-
pho were used, whereas NLP toolkits were used for text pro-
cessing. The extraction rate of 10%, 20%, and 30% had all
been tested by the system. For objective evaluation, the
results were assessed using recall, precision, and f-score; in
contrast, language consultants assessed subjective analysis.
In light of this, the evaluation revealed that the suggested
method achieved f-scores of 90%, 91%, and 93% at summary
extraction rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. When
both approaches were combined, the proposed system’s
informativeness and coherence also showed their best per-
formance summary, with average scores of 51.67%, 56.67%,
and 54.17% on five scale measures. This was achieved at
extraction rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. In
[75], the Afan Oromo language news text summarizer has
been developed. The performance of the summarizer was
tested based on subjective as well as objective evaluation
methodologies. The findings of the objective evaluation
show that the three summarizers, method 1, method 2, and
method 3, registered f-score values of 34%, 47%, and 81%.
Their tests showed that method 3 performed 47% and 34%
better than the two summarizers (method 1 and method
2). Furthermore, according to the subjective evaluation
results, the three summarizers’ (method 1, method 2, and
method 3) performances in terms of informativeness, lin-
guistic quality, coherence, and structure are 34.37%, 37%,
and 62.5%; 59.37%, 60%, and 65%; and 21.87%, 28.12%,
and 75% for methods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The outcomes
were consistent across subjective and objective evaluations.
Method 3 of the summarizer, which combines the word fre-
quency and enhanced position approaches, performs better
than previous summarizers, with method 2 coming in sec-
ond. Afan Oromo language text summary using word
embedding has been developed by [76]. Three experimental
scenarios have been used to evaluate the proposed system,
and both subjective and objective judgments have been
made. The subjective evaluation was focused on evaluating
the summary’s structure, including its informativeness,
coherence, referential clarity, lack of repetition, and gram-
mar. They have employed metrics including precision, recall,
and f-score in the objective evaluation. The outcome of sub-
jective evaluation is 83.33% informativeness, 78.8% referen-
tial integrity and grammar, and 76.66% structure and
coherence. This work also achieved 52.70% of precision,
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
42.20% of recall, and 46.80% f-score by using the acquired
data. However, when compared to the prior works using
the identical data used in their work, the summarizer’s over-
all performance outperformed by 64.80% of precision,
62.60% of recall, and 5.80% f-score. The Tigrinya language
ATS has been developed by [77]. They have employed 30
news pieces for experimentation, which were gathered from
the websites of the Aiga forum and Dimtsi Weyane Tigray.
The summaries produced by the system were then compared
to manual summaries created by human reviewers as part of
the summarizing system’s evaluation. According to the
experiments, the system recorded 46%, 46%, and 46% for
recall, precision, and f-score for the feature of phrase fre-
quency, respectively. In the case of title word, the registered
recall, precision, and f-score values were 46%, 50%, and 48%,
respectively. The experimental findings demonstrate how
the suggested approach improves the summarizer. Overall,
according to the experiment’s findings, title words outper-
formed term frequencies in both subjective and objective
evaluations. Another work [78] has developed WordNet-
based topic-based Tigrigna text summarization. Since news
reports typically place crucial information at the beginning
of the document rather than the end, the researchers con-
ducted an experiment with news articles and included the
first sentence of the document in the summary. The pro-
posed approach yields the best result, 50.14% precision/
recall of the original text, according to their evaluation of it
at a 25% extraction rate summary. Additionally, they have
compared their system to other summary techniques created
for other languages, and their method greatly raises the qual-
ity of the summation. Authors of [79] have created OTS-
based automated Amharic language multiple document
news text synthesis. The Ethiopian news reporters, Addis
Admass, Addis Zena, and the Walta Information Center
served as the study’s data sources (WIC). Thirty tests were
carried out utilizing 20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rates on
a total of 35 Amharic language single text news. The single
text news was then divided into ten multiple document text
news. In the work, sentence extraction-based summarization
for news articles written in Amharic for several documents
was introduced. The study looked at the optimal extraction
rate for text summary of numerous documents in Amharic
language. Additionally, they demonstrated how the OTS
can be modified and utilized to summarize news stories writ-
ten in several Amharic language documents. The Amharic
language rules that were employed for text summarization
and their influence on the summarizer were also explored.
The performance of the modified OTS was tested using
intrinsic evaluation methodologies. Both subjective and
objective evaluation strategies were drawn from the intrinsic
evaluation techniques. According to a subjective evaluation
method, the performance of the summary generated at a
20% extraction rate was 60.00%, followed by scores of
76.00% for the summary created at a 30% extraction rate
and 82.00% for the final summary created at a 40% extrac-
tion rate. The summarizer performed an average of 52.14%
f-score at 20% extraction rate, 56.31% f-score at 30% extrac-
tion rate, and 57.58% f-score at 40% extraction rate, accord-
ing to the objective evaluation approach. In general, the
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
objective and subjective evaluation metrics from the summa-
rizer have yielded positive results for the researchers. Since
the proposed method, an extractive-based text summarizer,
lacks coherence, other advanced systems, such as
abstractive-based summarizers, adding extra statistical fea-
tures, using complete corpora, and trying various methods
like anaphora resolution, lexical chains, and discourse struc-
ture, have been recommended.
According to [80], as a research topic, the researchers
have chosen the Afan Oromo text summarization in DL.
The study’s primary goal was to design a system and imple-
ment extractive and abstractive Afan Oromo proclamation
text summarization to develop effective and efficient sum-
marization types, as well as to assess the extent of the algo-
rithms’ fitness. Here, 583 articles from 27 Afan Oromo
proclamations were used as input data. As a result, for text
summarization of the dataset, abstractive text summariza-
tion models (sequence-to-sequence decoder with attention)
and extractive text summarization models (TextRank) were
developed. To evaluate the text summaries produced, vari-
ous comparison measures (Rouge-1 and Rouge-2 percent-
age, count vectorizer, TF-IDF vectorizer, and soft-cosine
similarity) were used. In this case, the results of the Rouge-
1 and Rouge-2 measurement percentage indexes were higher
for abstractive summarization than for extractive summari-
zation. According to the researchers’ point of view, aside
from the algorithms and models used in both summariza-
tion methods, they are appropriate for Afan Oromo procla-
mation text summarizations.
According to [81], ATS can be done in two ways: extrac-
tive and abstractive, or both at the same time. They focused
on abstractive summarization in this study because it pro-
duces more human-like summarization results. They devel-
oped a Turkish news summarization benchmark dataset
for the study by crawling the news title, short news, news
content, and keywords from various news agency web por-
tals over the last 5 years. The dataset has been made freely
available to researchers. The DL network was trained using
the prepared dataset’s news headlines and short news con-
tents, and the network was expected to create the news head-
line as the short news summary. The precision, sensitivity,
and f-scores of Rouge-1, Rouge-2, and Rouge-L were used
to compare the performance of this study. The study’s per-
formance values were presented for each sentence as well
as by averaging the results from 50 randomly selected sen-
tences. Rouge-1, Rouge-2, and Rouge-L have f-scores of
43.17%, 21.94%, and 43.34%, respectively. The approach’s
performance results indicate that it is promising for Turkish
text summarization studies, and the prepared dataset has
added values to the study.
According to [82], the goal of ATS is to extract the
essence of the original text and generate a concise and read-
able summary automatically. Recently, DL-based abstractive
ATS models have been developed to better balance and
develop these two aspects. Currently, almost all state-of-
the-art models for ATS tasks are based on DL architecture.
However, in the field of DL-based abstractive ATS, a com-
prehensive literature survey is still lacking. Accordingly,
their research paper fills that gap by providing researchers
15
with a comprehensive survey of DL-based abstractive ATS.
They begin by providing an overview of abstractive ATS
and DL techniques. Then, they summarized several typical
abstractive ATS frameworks. Following that, they compared
several popular datasets that were commonly used for train-
ing, validation, and testing. They have examined the perfor-
mance of several common abstractive ATS systems on
common datasets. Finally, they have outlined some future
research trends and highlighted some open challenges in
the abstractive ATS tasks. They have argued that these inves-
tigations will provide new insights into DL-based abstractive
ATS for researchers.
According to [83], ATS systems benefit users in a variety
of ways, including reducing summary reading time, making
research selection easier, increasing effectiveness, and per-
sonalized summaries that can be useful in question answer-
ing systems that provide individualized information. Thus,
the proposed model was aimed at developing abstractive
summaries of documents that assist users in understanding
the gist by analyzing the content using approaches such as
NLP and DL. Text summarization methods can achieve
abstractive summarization of multiple documents. Seq-to-
Seq and (Bi-LSTM) encoder and decoder with attention
mechanism, pointer-generated network (PGN), and cover-
age mechanism (CM) algorithms were used. The disadvan-
tages of Bi-LSTM, such as replacing one word with another
and having redundant words, were addressed using PGN
and CM. The proposed model summarizes multiple docu-
ments and provides a relevant and precise abstractive
summary.
According to [84], in the last few years, significant prog-
ress in the field of ATS has been made due to the develop-
ment of NLP, data collection, and analysis opportunities.
While many researchers continue to focus on improving
extractive summarization, many have shifted their focus to
abstractive techniques, with several breakthroughs in this
area recently. Despite all the research in the field of ATS,
current summarizers are far from perfect, and many prob-
lems remain unsolved. RNN encoder-decoder structures,
for example, which are currently considered cutting-edge,
still fail to encode long documents. Many current summa-
rizers still rely on identifying frequent word sequences with
no semantic processing, which is especially noticeable in
query-focused or guided summarization, which requires
“understanding” of the documents. Advances in this area
could eventually lead to highly personalized, interactive
summaries that are tailored to the specific needs of the user.
Furthermore, the field is severely lacking in high-quality
summarization datasets, particularly in domains other than
science and in languages other than English, which slows
and complicates future progress. Finally, there is a need to
improve methods for evaluating ATS systems using com-
monly used metrics. The Rouge is far from perfect in many
ways, and as more advanced, focused summaries emerge, the
need for more consistent evaluation methods will become
essential.
According to [44], because of their ability to capture
spatial-spectral feature representations, convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) are gaining popularity in hyperspectral
16
(HS) image classification. Nonetheless, their ability to model
relationships between samples is limited. Graph convolu-
tional networks (GCNs) have recently been proposed and
successfully applied in irregular (or nongrid) data represen-
tation and analysis, overcoming the limitations of grid sam-
pling. They thoroughly investigate CNNs and GCNs
(qualitatively and quantitatively) in terms of HS image clas-
sification in this article. Traditional GCNs typically have a
high computational cost due to the construction of the adja-
cency matrix on all of the data, especially in large-scale
remote sensing (RS) problems. To that end, they created a
new minibatch GCN (referred to as miniGCN hereafter),
which allows them to train large-scale GCNs in a minibatch
fashion. More importantly, their miniGCN can infer from
sample data without retraining networks and improve classi-
fication performance. Furthermore, because CNN’s and
GCNs can extract different types of HS features, fusing them
is an obvious way to overcome the performance bottleneck
of a single model. Because miniGCNs can perform batch-
wise network training (allowing the combination of CNNs
and GCNs), they investigated three fusion strategies to mea-
sure the obtained performance gain: additive fusion, ele-
mentwise multiplicative fusion, and concatenation fusion.
Extensive experiments on three HS datasets show the advan-
tages of miniGCNs over GCNs, as well as the superiority of
the tested fusion strategies over single CNN or GCN models
[44]. Finally, they recommended future researchers investi-
gate the possible combination of different deep networks
and our miniGCNs, as well as develop more advanced fusion
modules, such as weighted fusion, to fully exploit the rich
spectral information contained in HS images.
According to [85], as a critical technique for the exploi-
tation of hyperspectral data, blind hyperspectral unmixing
(HU) aims to decompose mixed pixels into a collection of
constituent materials weighted by the corresponding frac-
tional abundances. Nonnegative matrix factorization-
(NMF-) based methods have become increasingly popular
for this task in recent years, with promising results. Among
these methods, two types of abundance properties, namely,
sparseness and structural smoothness, have been investi-
gated and shown to be important for blind HU. All of the
previous methods, however, ignore another important
insightful property of natural hyperspectral images (HSI),
nonlocal smoothness, which means that similar patches in
a larger region of an HSI share the same smoothness struc-
ture. Based on previous efforts on other tasks, such a prior
structure reflects intrinsic configurations underlying an
HSI and is thus expected to significantly improve the perfor-
mance of the investigated HU problem. They first consid-
ered such a prior in HSI by encoding it as the nonlocal
total variation (NLTV) regularizer in this paper. Further-
more, by thoroughly investigating the intrinsic structure of
HSI, they generalized NLTV to nonlocal HSI TV (NLHTV),
making the model more suitable for the bind HU task. They
proposed novel blind HU models named NLTV/NLHTV
and log-sum regularized NMF (NLTV-LSRNMF/NLHTV-
LSRNMF) by incorporating these two regularizers, along
with a nonconvex log-sum form regularizer characterizing
the sparseness of abundance maps, to the NMF model. An
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
efficient algorithm based on an alternative optimization
strategy (AOS) and alternating direction method of multi-
pliers is designed to solve the proposed models (ADMM).
Extensive experiments on simulated and real hyperspectral
datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed
approach over competing approaches for the blind HU task.
According to [86], because of recent advances in DL and
the availability of large-scale corpora, ATS has achieved
impressive performance. The key points in ATS have been
estimating information salience and producing coherent
results. Several DL-based approaches have recently been
developed to better consider these two aspects. However, a
comprehensive literature review for DL-based ATS
approaches is still lacking. The purpose of the paper was
to provide a comprehensive review of significant DL-based
approaches that have been proposed in the study concern-
ing the concept of generic ATS tasks, as well as a walk-
through of their evolution. The researchers began by
providing an overview of ATS and DL. Comparisons of
datasets, which were commonly used for model training,
validation, and evaluation, were also provided. They have
then summarized SDS approaches. Following that, an over-
view of MDS approaches was provided. They also examined
the performance of popular ATS models on common data-
sets. For various ATS tasks, various popular approaches can
be used. Finally, they have suggested potential research
directions in this rapidly expanding field. The researchers
hoped that this exploration would provide new insights into
future DL-based ATS research.
According to [87], the task of generating a summary,
whether extractive or abstractive, has been studied in the
paper using various approaches, including statistical, graph,
and DL-based approaches. In comparison to traditional
approaches, the DL has shown promising results, and with
the advancement of different neural architectures such as
the attention network (also known as the transformer), there
are potential areas of improvement for the summarization
task. The implementation of the transformer architecture
and its encoder model “BERT” resulted in improved perfor-
mance in downstream NLP tasks. The BERT is a bidirec-
tional encoder representation modeled as a stack of
encoders from a transformer. BERT comes in a variety of
sizes, including BERT-base with 12 encoders and BERT-
larger with 24 encoders, but they focused on the BERT-
base for this study. The objective of the paper was to conduct
a study on the performance of variants of BERT-based
models on text summarization using a series of experiments
and to propose “SqueezeBERTSum,” a trained summariza-
tion model fine-tuned with the SqueezeBERT encoder vari-
ant, which achieved competitive Rouge scores while
retaining the BERTSum baseline model performance by
98% while requiring 49% fewer trainable parameters.
As described in the related works, future researchers
should have to use the novel and recommended state-of-
the-art techniques to develop such an ATS system for differ-
ent languages accordingly, because the performance of every
ATS system depends on the techniques and extraction rates
too. Table 2 shows the summary of ATS works for the Ethi-
opian languages.

Author(s) The objective of the study
To develop a topic-based Tigrigna
[78] language text summarizer using topic-
based and WordNet.
To explore and develop an automatic text
[77] summarizer for Tigrinya language news
articles.
To develop an automatic single document
[76] Afan Oromo language text
summarization.
To build up a single document automatic
[75] summarizer for Afan Oromo language
news text.
Table 2: Summary of the related work.
Used methodology Performance Recommendations/remarks
(i) The proposed approach yields the best result, (i) They have advised future researchers to think
which is 50.14% precision/recall of the original about creating a standard Tigrigna corpus that
Topic-based and
text, according to their evaluation of the can inspire, reduce corpus collection time, and be
WordNet
proposed algorithm at a 25% extraction rate used by researchers to assess the performance of
summarization. their system.
(i) In the trial, the system recorded recall, precision,
and f-score values of 46%, 46%, and 46%,
(i) They have advised using corpora, a standardized
respectively, for the feature of word frequency.
linguistic resource for Tigrinya text
OTS (ii) Recall, precision, and f-score values for the title
summarization that is essential for producing
word were 46%, 50%, and 48%, respectively,
strong performance evaluations.
demonstrating the summarizer’s improvement
using this technique.
(i) The results of the subjective evaluation were as
follows: informativeness scores of 83.33%,
(i) As it is a crucial component of continuing
referential integrity, and grammar score of
development and evaluation of the performances
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
78.8%, and structure and coherence score of
Word embedding of the summarizers, they have advised the
76.66%.
compilation of the corpus, including the
(ii) Using the information we acquired, this work
techniques.
also achieved 52.70% precision, 42.20% recall,
and 46.80% f-score.
(i) The objective evaluation’s result indicates that
the three summarizers methods 1 and 2 and
method 3 registered f-measure values of 34%,
47%, and 81%, respectively.
(ii) This means that method 3 outperformed
methods 1 and 2 by 47% and 34%.
(iii) Additionally, according to the subjective
evaluation results, the three summarizers’
(method 1, method 2, and method 3) (i) They have proposed a balanced well-prepared
performances in terms of informativeness, corpus which is an essential aspect of further
OTS
linguistic quality, coherence, and structure were evaluation of the performances of the
34.37%, 37%, and 62.5%; 59.37%, 60%, and summarizers.
65%; and 21.87%, 28.12%, and 75%,
respectively.
(iv) The outcomes are consistent across subjective
and objective evaluations. Other summarizers
are outperformed by summarizer method 3,
which combines term frequency and enhanced
position approaches. Method 2 is next in
performance.
17

Author(s) The objective of the study
To develop document summarization for QB framework has (ii) When both methods were used together, the
[74] the Afan Oromo language based on the used the TF-IDF term
query entered by the user(s).
To design an algorithm that can
summarize a document by its
[67]
performance both objectively and
subjectively in Afan Oromo language.
To develop Amharic language text
[64] summarization for news items posted on K-means algorithm
social media (Facebook and Twitter).
Table 2: Continued.
Used methodology Performance
(i) The evaluations showed that the proposed
system registered f-score of 90%, 91%, and 93%
at a summary extraction rate of 10%, 20%, and
30%, respectively.
proposed system’s informativeness and
weight methodology coherence registered their best performance
summary of 51.67%, 56.67%, and 54.17%
average scores on five scale measures at an
extraction rate of 10%, 20%, and 30%,
respectively.
Frequency and
(i) The researchers did not provide quantifiable
sentence position
performance data for the system.
methods
(i) The clustered group of protest posters in
experiment one had the greatest f-score score of
87.07% for extraction rate at 30%.
(ii) The greatest f-score in the second trial is 84%
for extraction rate at 30% in drought post
groups.
(iii) For the sports post groups in the third
experiment, the highest f-score is 91.37%, and
for the summary post texts in the fourth trial,
the greatest f-score is 93.52% for extraction rate
at 30%.
18
Recommendations/remarks
(i) To create paragraphs that have a semantically
accurate and descriptive flow of thoughts on the
system’s summarized results, they have
recommended that more analysis work on
semantics analysis of the structure be done.
(i) Future gabs were not predicted by the
researchers.
(i) Instead of manually preparing the corpus of
independently posted news items on
summarization for other local languages, use
the suggested algorithm to summarize the
recognizing the news item posted texts
automatically grouped on social media post
news.
(ii) Applying for the tasks of multiple documents
uploaded Amharic language texts and
sequential update summarizing tasks were the
recommended prospective future work to
research social media posts.
(iii) Use the dictionary file and additional Amharic
language lexicon rules to manage the over and
under stemming of Amharic language terms.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Author(s) The objective of the study
To design and develop an SDS for Afan
[73]
Oromo language news text.
To explore the possibility of developing a
query-based, single document, extractive
[72]
summarization system for Afan Oromo
language news text.
Table 2: Continued.
Used methodology Performance Recommendations/remarks
(i) Nine experimental circumstances were used to
test the system both subjectively and
objectively.
(ii) The summary’s structure was subjectively
evaluated for referential clarity,
informativeness, grammatical correctness, and
coherence.
(iii) They also looked for any redundancies. So, at
20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rate
grammatical correctness is 90%, 90%, and 92%,
respectively, concerning redundancy at 20%,
30%, and 40% extraction rate performance of (i) For additional research, they recommended
the summarizer system was 72%, 82%, and developing or creating a well-organized, standard
Sentence scoring
84%, respectively. Afan Oromo language text corpus, as well as
method
(iv) Additionally, referential clarity scores at 20%, making a persuasive performance evaluation that
30%, and 40% extraction rates are 66%, 74%, will increase the performance of the systems.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
and 86%, respectively.
(v) Coherency of the summary evaluation done at
extraction rates of 20%, 30%, and 40%,
respectively, was 62%, 66%, and 72%.
(vi) Furthermore, the performance of the automatic
summary was 74%, 78%, and 86% in terms of
informativeness at extraction rates of 20%,
30%, and 40%.
(vii) The system performed at a rate of 86.1% when
the three metrics recall, precision, and f-score
were computed using that objective evaluation.
(i) The evaluations’ results demonstrated that,
when VSM is combined with the position
technique, the suggested system reported f-
scores of 82%, 782%, and 82% at rates of
(i) They recommended that to develop a conclusive
summary extraction of 10%, 20%, and 30%,
QB (VSM and the performance evaluation for additional research, a
respectively.
position method) consistent and well-prepared Afan Oromo
(ii) Additionally, when both approaches were
language text corpus was needed.
employed together, the suggested system’s
informativeness and coherence both recorded
their best performance summaries of 59%, 77%,
and 91% average scores on five scale measures.
19
 Table 2: Continued.
20

Author(s) The objective of the study Used methodology Performance Recommendations/remarks

(i) The subjective evaluation focuses on the
summary’s structure, including referential
integrity, lack of repetition, coherence, and
To investigate the way of designing and OTS C# version open (i) The creation of the Afan Oromo language text
informativeness.
developing Afan Oromo language news source has been summarizer and future evaluation of the
[71] (ii) Metrics like precision, recall, and f-score are
text summarization based on sentence selected as a tool to summarizer’s performance needs the use of a
used in the objective evaluation for evaluation.
selection functions. develop the system standard and well-prepared corpus.
(iii) The evaluation’s subjective findings are 68%
coherence, 75% referential integrity, and 88%
informativeness.
(i) On the 264 documents from the DUC2002
(i) To enhance the functionality of the system, they
To develop an efficient language document set, the suggested approach yields an
[89] GB recommended future researchers employ various
independent text summarization. average recall-oriented understudy for (ROUG)-
threshold values, such as tf∗idf.
1 result of 52.38%.
(i) As more of the retained dimensions are used,
(i) They suggested that language preprocessing
LSAGraph performs better even without the
exercises be used to prepare the corpus for
To develop automatic Amharic language LSA: using TopicLSA document genre component.
[69] upcoming summary research.
text summarization. and LSAGraph (ii) In other words, when more than 90% of the
(ii) Additionally, they suggested that the strategy be
dimensions are kept, it achieves an f-score that is
used with other languages.
comparable to that of its non-LSA counterparts.
(i) For summaries of 20%, 25%, and 30% extraction (i) Future studies ought to look into the best word
rates, they have assessed the proposed weighting strategies for probabilistic topic
To develop TB Amharic language text
[90] PLSA algorithms’ precision/recall. models.
summarization.
(ii) The best outcomes were 45.51% at 20%, 48.49% (ii) Additionally, they suggested that the size of the
at 25%, and 52.01% at 30%. dataset be taken into account.
(i) Except for the location feature, which results in a
precision of 75%, recall of 74.90%, and (i) They suggested that study in the field of ATS
To investigate the application of ML and
classification accuracy of 86.03% in predicting would be made easier by the availability of
[68] technique (NB) for automatic text ML (including NB)
the summary sentences, the individual features standard Amharic language corpora for text
summarization.
that were taken into account in predicting the summarization.
classes tended to predict the nonsummary class.
(i) The experiment was carried out on both systems
by producing 90% summaries for each news
article at extraction rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. (i) They recommended that a comprehensive list of
(ii) Accordingly, the first experiment’s highest score Amharic language lexicons be created and made
To develop Amharic language single text
OTS (TF and was 75.65% at a 30% extraction rate for middle- accessible.
[65] summarizer using open text
sentence length) sized articles and a 66.23% corpus average score (ii) For the Amharic language, a uniform list of stop
summarization.
was achieved, while experiment two’s highest words, synonyms, abbreviations, and compound
score was 72.83% at a 30% extraction rate for terms should be created.
large-size news articles and a 72.37% corpus
average score.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Author(s) The objective of the study
To investigate the applications of domain-
based approaches to an automatic
[91]
Amharic language text document
summarization using an NLP parser.
To develop Amharic language abstractive
[92]
text summarization.
To develop GB automatic Amharic
[88] language text
summarizer.
To develop a prototype for an Amharic
[63] language text summarizer using extractive
techniques for legal judgments.
To develop a system that prepares a
[62] summary of news text by extracting the
sentences with vital substances with them.
To develop an abstractive text
[93]
summarizer for Amharic language.
Table 2: Continued.
Used methodology Performance Recommendations/remarks
(i) Precision, recall, and f-measure, three often used (i) They suggested that in addition to text
evaluation metrics, have been computed. documents, a text summary model be created for
NLP parser
(ii) But, they did not indicate the exact quantitative all document kinds, including graphs, photos,
value for all the metrics. pictures, videos, and other formats.
(i) On a set of 100 test phrases, BELU = 33:11%, (ii) A recommendation for using DL models that
Novel DL ROUG − 1f = 20:51%, ROUG − 2f = 8:59%, and can be applied to various NLP jobs serves as
ROUG − Lf = 14:76%. their conclusion.
(i) They recommended that one of the key goals of
(i) The link evaluation methods and sentence their future work should be to identify a way to
centrality measurements have been combined in handle different circumstances.
GB
twelve studies to provide system summaries with (ii) Additionally, they have recommended future
compression rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. researchers use standardized corpora to test
their performances.
(i) They employed compression rates of 20% and
10%.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
(ii) The average precision at 20% was 33.9%,
whereas the average precision at 10% is 39%,
indicating that the system performs more (i) They recommended that the system’s
Extrinsic evaluation
accurately at 10% than at 20%. effectiveness will depend on the availability of
technique
(iii) The average precision of the random summary corpora and linguistic preparation.
at 10% was 27% and that of the system
summary is 39% which shows that the system
summary can extract more relevant sentences
than the random summary.
(i) After weights were adjusted, the evaluation of
the system produced 70.4% precision and 58%
Developed by recall while reducing the size of the news to (i) To enhance the performance of the system, they
integrating selected 38.5%. recommended that adding more investigative
statistical and NLP (ii) The weights of the diagnostic units in the model units for NLP, such as nouns and adjectives will
approaches were changed using four news items in 124 increase the performance of such systems.
iterations, influencing six of the eight diagnostic
units utilized in the extraction method.
(ii) They recommended that the morphology and
grammar principles employed in the language
(i) Since they have employed a subjective evaluation
be viewed as general rules to apply them to more
UNL of summary sentences, the evaluation’s outcomes
complex sentences and that an ML approach be
are encouraging.
taken into consideration for activities relating to
the universal networking language.
21
 22

Table 2: Continued.

Author(s) The objective of the study Used methodology Performance Recommendations/remarks

To explore the capability of the OTS for
[79] Amharic multiple document news text
summarization.
(i) Since the proposed method, an extractive-based
(i) At a 20% extraction rate, the measure and the text summarizer, lacks coherence, other
summarizer perform with an average f-measure advanced systems, such as abstractive-based
OTS of 52.14%, a 56.31% f-score at a 30% extraction summarizers, adding extra statistical features,
rate, and a 57.58% f-score at a 40% extraction using complete corpora, and trying various
rate. methods like anaphora resolution, lexical chains,
and discourse structure, have been advised.
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
The table summarizes that the DL approaches are cur-
rently referred by researchers over ML approaches due to
their efficiency in learning from large-scale corpora in unla-
beled text.
6. Performance Evaluation of ATS
The goal of ATS is to help users condense all important
information that needs to be summarized. Although many
summarization techniques can be used to create summaries
from texts and documents, these techniques are still limited
to extracting specific parts of the original text and
concatenating them into a shorter text, abstraction, or broad
paraphrasing of the original material. The ultimate goal of
any ATS system should be to be able to summarize texts as
close to a human-generated summary as possible.
However, existing ATS systems face significant chal-
lenges to achieve this goal. Some common difficulties
include lag, “anaphora” problems, and “cataphora” prob-
lems. The evaluation of text summarization is a challenging
task. This task is difficult for machines to identify important
key phrases or contents that add value to the summary. Plac-
ing key phrases has changed the meaning of the summary
depending on the context, and it is difficult to find this rele-
vant information. As a result, for reliable and effective eval-
uation, automatic evaluation measures are required.
Following a review of previously researched papers on text
summarization topics, several methods for summarization
measurement are determined. The following are the evalua-
tion measurement metrics for the ATS domain [40].
6.1. Extrinsic Evaluation. The quality of an ATS-generated
summary is determined by how it influences other activities
such as text categorization, information retrieval, and ques-
tion answering. In summarizing, it is considered good if it
aids the previously mentioned other activities. Extrinsic eval-
uation can be approached in a variety of ways. The relevance
assessment determines whether or not the text is relevant to
the topic, and reading comprehension determines whether
or not the text can answer multiple-choice assessments.
6.2. Intrinsic Evaluation. The intrinsic evaluation deter-
mines the summary’s quality based on the comparability
of machine-generated and human-generated summaries.
A good summary is judged on two important criteria:
quality and information. Human experts may be required
to assess machine-generated summaries using a variety of
quality measures. Readability, nonredundancy, structure,
and coherence are some quality metrics, and some others
include referential clarity, conciseness and focus, and content
coverage, among others. Precision, recall, and the f-score are
all useful measures for intrinsically evaluating summaries.
Researchers must plan for the possibility of comparing
human-generated and automatically generated summaries.
With the previously mentioned evaluation metrics, it is also
possible that the two summaries produce different evaluation
results despite being equally good. Among the several
approaches used to assess the performance of text summari-
zation systems, objective evaluation plays a significant part in
23
determining the efficiencies, qualities, and performances. It is
also one of the evaluation methods used in this study to
determine the efficiency of the summarizers. Precision, recall,
and f-score were utilized to assess summarization perfor-
mances, which are among the most regularly used metrics
for this purpose. Equations (1), (2), (3), and (4) define these
criteria.
(1) Precision metric: the precision metric determines
whether or not the percentage of sentences selected
by humans and computers is correct. The formula
shows how to calculate the precision metric by divid-
ing the total number of sentences between two sum-
maries by the number of sentences in the system
summary.
j Sumr ∩ Sums j
Precision ðPÞ = ð1Þ
jSums j
(2) Recall metric: the recall metric determines how
many sentences are selected by humans by the sys-
tem. The number of sentences in both the reference
and system summaries is divided to arrive at the fol-
lowing equation.
jSumr ∩ Sums j
Recall ðRÞ = ð2Þ
jSumr j
(3) f-score metric: this metric combines recall and preci-
sion metrics. An F-score metric is the arithmetic
mean of precision and recall.
2 ∗ ðR ∗ PÞ
f − score = ð3Þ
R+P
(4) BLEU: the bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU)
evaluation metrics assess machine translation system
output quality in terms of reference translation. The
main task of this metric is to count the number of N-
gram matches found independently between the sys-
tem and the reference translations.
!

 Y
4
out length 1
BLEU = min 1, precisioni
reference length i=1
4
ð4Þ
(5) Rouge metric: recall-oriented understudy for gisting
evaluation (ROUGE) is a set of ATS and machine
translation evaluations. It compares an automatically
generated summary or translation to a predefined set
of summaries, such as human-generated summaries.
Rouge is made up of five different measurements:
Rouge-n, Rouge-l, Rouge-w, Rouge-s, and Rouge-su
24 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
(%)

50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
20 30 40
(%)

SSM [73]
OTS [79]

Figure 5: Comparison of similar extraction rates (20%, 30%, and 40%) (in objective evaluation).

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00
(%)

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
10 20 30
(%)

OTS [65] OTS [77]

QB with VSM [72] GB [92]
QB [74]

Figure 6: Comparison of similar extraction rates (10%, 20%, and 30%) (in objective evaluation).

7. Results and Discussions
In the ATS, the task of generating a summary, whether extrac-
tive or abstractive, has been studied using various approaches,
including statistical ML and DL-based approaches. As a result,
DL approaches have outperformed traditional approaches,
and with the advancement of different neural architectures
such as the attention network (also known as the transformer),
there are potential areas of improvement for the summariza-
tion tasks. As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the objective summa-
rizations of the texts were evaluated by comparing the system-
generated summary with the reference summary, and the
summarizations’ performance was quantified using precision,
recall, and f-score. As the extraction rate increases, so does the
average f-score result for each extractive summary. In the
study results of [65, 69, 79] concerning text summarization,
evidence for improved performance due to the increased
extraction rates.
As shown in Figure 7, it can be observed the ATS sys-
tems of SSM [73] and OTS [79] which was proposed by
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 25

This result indicates that the performance of the system will

depend on the extraction rates accordingly. As part of this
review work, the performances of 90%, 91%, and 93% were
achieved by using the QB [74] approach and with an extrac-
tion rate of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. Finally, the
20% implementation of the transformer architecture and its
40%
35%
31% encoder model “BERT” resulted in improved performance
in downstream NLP tasks. Using DL approaches as recom-
mended, which achieved competitive Rouge scores while
retaining the “BERTSum” baseline model performance of
98% while using 49% fewer trainable parameters, ATS sys-
30%
tem performance can be improved [87]. Similarly, the
34% researchers have evaluated their ATS works by considering
subjective evaluation criteria such as coherence, referential
integrity, informativeness, and grammatical correctness.
Accordingly, it is better to consider the objective evaluations
to improve the performance of the ATS for Ethiopian
20% languages.
30%
40%
8. Conclusion and Recommendation
Figure 7: Distribution of implemented approaches with extraction
rates (20%, 30%, and 40%) (in objective evaluation). ATS systems have emerged as a technology to address this
urgent and pressing problem due to the difficulties of man-
ual text summarizing the enormous amount of textual con-
tent on the Internet or in various archives. The machines
still struggle to comprehend and recognize the text’s “most
important” contents (i.e., the importance of a text varies
with its type, application domain, and user preference).
Although text summarizing is an old issue, academics are
10% still becoming interested in it. However, overall text summa-
21% rizing performance is only average, and the summaries pro-
duced are not always accurate. Researchers are therefore
30% working to enhance current text-summarizing techniques.
44% It is also a top priority to create summaries that are resilient
and of higher quality using unique summarization tech-
niques. To perform better, ATS should be made more intel-
ligent by fusing it with other integrated systems. To
20%
35% summarize and reduce the volume of text, ATS is a promi-
nent area of research that is widely applied and integrated
into various applications. In this work, the researcher pro-
vides a review of the broad ATS domains in several phases,
including the fundamental theories with prior research
backgrounds, dataset inspections, feature extraction archi-
tectures, significant text summarization algorithms, perfor-
10% mance measurement matrices, and difficulties of current
20% architectures. Additionally, the work discusses the current
30% drawbacks and difficulties associated with ATS algorithms
and methodologies, which should serve as motivation for
Figure 8: Distribution of implemented approaches with extraction
rates (10%, 20%, and 30%) (in objective evaluation). future work. This work also provides a thorough analysis
and overview of the various ATS components for the Ethio-
pian languages.
using 20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rates. Accordingly, by As it can be observed from the evaluation results of ATS
using 20%, 30%, and 40% extraction rates, the performance research works, the performance can be improved by using
will be 31%, 34%, and 35%, respectively. Similarly, in the recommended techniques and extraction rates accord-
Figure 8, it can be observed the ATS systems of OTS [65], ingly. In the topic of ATS research, future research work
QB with VSM [72], QB [74], OTS [77], and GB [88], which should have to consider the following:
were proposed by using 10%, 20%, and 30% extraction rates.
Accordingly, by using 10%, 20%, and 30% extraction rates, (i) Solving feature-related problems, such as selecting
the performance will be 21%, 35%, and 44%, respectively. features, discovering new features, optimizing
26
commonly used features, feature engineering, using
features for semantics and linguistic features, find-
ing features to produce coherence sentences, and
adding grammatical features
(ii) Preprocessing the dataset using appropriate stem-
ming, tokenization, and stop word removal is
required
(iii) The POST is also required, specifically to categorize
word classes such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives
(iv) Collaborative statistical techniques, FL-based tech-
niques, and ML are all difficult to try for extractive
summaries. To produce a better summary, develop
an MDS by combining the FL and TF-IDF methods
with an ML approach
(v) In other cases, it is possible to develop the most
recent method, narrative abstractive summariza-
tion, or improve the performance of narrative
abstractive summarization by increasing coherence
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are
included in the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no competing interest.
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