THERMOCHEMISTRY CLASSIFY AS ENDOTHERMIC OR EXOTHERMIC

MOTIVATION
- Give some examples of familiar physical and
chemical changes that are obviously
accompanied by energy change.

Examples
Photosynthesis
Boiling of water
Melting of ice
Cooking of food

Thermodynamics - is the study of the energy changes

that accompany all processes, whether chemical or
physical.
Thermochemistry - the study of heat and energy
changes that accompany chemical transformation in
matter.

DISCUSSION
 What is energy?
 How can we recognize that an object has
energy?
 What are the different forms of energy?

Energy and the first law of thermodynamics

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can
only be transformed from one kind to another. The
energy of the universe is constant.

IDENTIFY THE TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

1. flashlight
2. moving electric fan
3. oven
4. washing machine
5. photosynthesis

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

 Changes can either release energy and or
absorb energy.
 Recall the result of the experiment "Mini
Olympics"
  Calorimetry: measuring energy changes in
chemical reactions
 Burning gasoline is a highly exothermic
reaction. The total amount of heat obtained,
which is actually the energy change when the
reaction occurs, is called the heat of reaction.
 Calorimeter measures the energy.
A concept related to heat of reaction is
enthalpy change, H, which simply stated, refers to the
heat transferred by a process that occurs at constant
pressure. This property is important since many
reactions that are often studied are constant pressure
processes, including reactions in test tubes and
beakers, and reactions in biological systems. Thus, for
most reactions, heats of reactions are good
approximations of the enthalpy changes and are often
referred to interchangeably.
The measurement of the amount of heat
evolved or absorbed when a process or chemical
reaction takes place is called calorimetry.
INTERNAL ENERGY (U)
 The total energy content of the system.
 AU change in internal energy (AU = q + w)
 Its value is negative if the reaction is
exothermic and positive if the reaction is
endothermic.
 The q represents the heat absorbed or
released by the system.
 The w represents the work done by the
system or on the system.
 Its value is negative if the work is done by the
system to the surroundings and positive if the
surroundings perform works to the system.
EXAMPLE: SAMPLE PROBLEM p. 97
EXAMPLE:
A system absorbs 50J of heat during a transformation.
Determine the change in internal energy if the system
performs a) 15J and b) 65J of work on the
surrounding. AU = q + w
Do section assessment #1 p. 2
2. Calculate AU if 100 kJ of heat energy is absorbed by
the system and 30kJ of work is done on the
surrounding.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
Objectives:
1. describe the effect of concentration of solute
on vapor pressure;
2. state Raoult's law regarding the vapor
pressure of solutions;
3. explain the relationship of the concentration
of solute in a solution with boiling point and
freezing point;
4. calculate boiling point elevation and freezing
point depression from the concentration of a
solute in a solution;
5. define osmosis;
6. calculate molar mass from osmotic pressure
and other colligative properties' data; and
7. Differentiate the colligative properties of
nonelectrolyte solution and electrolyte
solution.
Are you fond of eating ice cream?
Why do ice cream vendors put ice-salt mixture around
the ice cream container? Why not ice only?
Why do people sprinkle salt outside their house
during winter?
Why it is more painful, to be poured out by boiling
syrup than boiling water?
Why is the fish sprinkled with salt when drying? How
is it related to osmotic pressure?
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Are properties that depend only on the
concentration of the solute and not on the nature of
the solute.
1. Boiling point elevation
2. Freezing point depression
3. Vapor pressure lowering
4. Osmotic pressure
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a
vapor that is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a
closed system.
A solution that contains a solute that is
nonvolatile (not easily vaporized) always has a lower
vapor pressure than the pure solvent.
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Because of solute solvent intermolecular
attraction, higher concentrations of nonvolatile
solutes make it harder for solvent to escape to the
vapor phase.
Raoult's Law (Vapor Pressure Lowering)
Raoult's law states that for nonelectrolyte
solutions, the vapor pressure of a solvent over a
solution (P) is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure
solvent (PO1) multiplied by the mole fraction of the
solvent (X1).
In a solution containing only one solute, X1 1-
X2, where X2 is the mole fraction of the solute. The
equation in the previous slide can be rewritten as:
Therefore,
Note that AP is the decrease in vapor pressure and is
directly proportional to the solute concentration in
mole fraction.
Sample Problem I
METHOD I
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution containing
1.37mol of urea in 11.8 mol of water at 35°C. What is
the vapor pressure lowering (AP)? The PH20 at 35°C is
42.18 mm Hg.
You may use either of the two methods presented.
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution
containing 1.21 mol of glucose in 25.55mol of water at
30°C (PH20= 31.82 mm Hg). What is the vapor
pressure lowering?
Boiling-Point Elevation
The boiling point of a substance is the
temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid
phase equals atmospheric pressure.
Adding a nonvolatile solute to a liquid solvent
decreases the vapor pressure of the solvent.
Because of the decrease in vapor pressure,
additional kinetic energy must be added to raise the
vapor pressure of the liquid phase of the solution to
atmospheric pressure and initiate boiling.
The boiling point of a solution is higher than
the boiling point of the pure solvent.
The difference in temperature between the
boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the
pure solvent is the boiling-point elevation.
 The difference in temperature between the
freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of
the pure solvent is called the freezing- point
depression.

The freezing-point depression of aqueous

solutions plays an important role in helping keep
travelers safe in cold, icy weather.
The truck spreads a layer of salt on the icy
road to make the ice melt.
The melted ice forms a solution with a lower
freezing point than that of pure water.

Freezing Point Depression

When a substance freezes, the particles of the
solid take on an orderly pattern.
The presence of a solute in water disrupts the
formation of this pattern.
As a result, more kinetic energy must be
withdrawn from a solution than from the pure solvent
to cause the solution to solidify.
The freezing point of a solution is lower than
the freezing point of the pure solvent.
 The process where the solvent flows through
semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a
concentrated solution until the concentrations on
opposite sides of the membrane are equal is called
osmosis.
The pressure exerted by the column of liquid
on the right side at equilibrium is a measure of
osmotic pressure.
We can also think osmotic pressure as the
pressure that is required to be applied to the solution
to stop osmosis.
If we decrease the concentration of the
solution on the right, fewer molecules of solvent need
to migrate to equalize the concentrations. Thus, the
height of the solution in the tube is lower. The
osmotic pressure then decreases as well.
As we can see, osmotic pressure is also
dependent on the concentration of the salute.
The relationship between the osmotic
pressure and concentration is given by this equation:
 π = MRT
Where stands for osmotic pressure,
expressed in atm; M is the molar concentration of the
solution; R is the universal gas constant; and T is the
absolute temperature.

A 202-mL benzene solution containing 2.47 g of an

OSMOTIC PRESSURE organic polymer has an osmotic pressure of 8.63 mm
Hg at 21 °C. Calculate the molar mass of the polymer.
 o Lesson 1: Energy Changes In Chemical
Reaction
o Lesson 2: The First Law Of
Thermodynamics
o Lesson 3: Evaluating Changes In
Enthalpy
o Lesson 4: Writing Thermochemical
Reactions
o Lesson 5: Calorimetry
o Lesson 6: Standard Enthalpy Of
Reaction: Hess’s Law

Coverage
- Colligative Property
o Lesson 1: Vapor Pressure Lowering
o Lesson 2: Boiling Point Elevation And
Freezing Point Elevation
o Lesson 3: Osmotic Pressure
o Lesson 4: Colligative Properties Of
Nonelectrolyte And Electrolyte
Solutions
- Thermochemistry