Learner English Swan PDF

1
! "
" +&
) !

+

published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge
. ! " * !& * &+ "* " "&
cambridge university press

" +! ! " * &+ " 2 2*
34 5
24 * ( 60* 6 74477-3277*
388 5 &
( "* . +!* 9 :248* !

! / " ; 7:* 2<473 " "*
0 !
* 5 * ( <447* !
=>>(((#&+ "#
# &+ " $

' .
2447

+0
' * ( &' &
"! ' &' 0
( ! ( &
&+ " $

' .
# '

+' " $ "!
!
(
&
* ($*
& " ( !
! & '# " " ) *

( + +' ( ! !
&
" )" +'

' =
# &+ " $
' .
2447#

!+
" 7?<8
" " 2447
! 2442
. " " "& $

' .
* &+ "
'
+ 74#@>72 AB

&
+
'

'

,
,--*

= 1
! " " +&
> A" " +'B
( " " & # - 2" "#
# &# - C&+ " "+0
!
D
!"
+ +
" "%#
4E@27E88?:?E7 C+D - 4E@27E44423EF C!" "D - 4E@27E883?8E8 C
D
7#
! - !"' " -
0
# 2# C !

D
# (* # # & * "* 7?:8- # #
#
.772<# 2 :F 2447 44E43F8<@

32<'#4487-"27
= 4 @27 88?:? 7 +0

= 4 @27 883?8 8

= 4 @27 44423 F C!" D

+!
$
"! %

&
%

'&+
% $
0("&
%$
#
7
$ 27
% :8
@2

8:
$
?4

77:
% 72?
& 73@
7F2
78?
' 7?@
273
$
228
$ # 233
$ !
$ 2@7
( 2F4
) 28?
* 2?F
:74
+ :2@
:3:

" :@8
$
Dutch speakers

Distribution
! "# $$

% & '(
!$$ $ )
! $$ $$*&$
" +

& & , !$$

lingua franca & &
-. !$$ $ # +" !&
/ +0" $$
"

$ * *1
Introduction
"#
!!& + # )2
1 ! " & "# + 3

"#
"$
$ $ 4
*$
# ! #
" $ * *

#
$ * * # #$
4$
# # + $*! /#
+ &
+0" $$ " $$ 54$!
#6 #
+ #
$ * *
#
0
$ * *
+ ! /
# #$
#
4$
# !
$ # & $$
+ # ! $" $
$"
7! + #
$ * * #
#*# !
#*

$$ * #
$ * *
3
$!
/# & $"
& ! $$ $$*&$
&# # #$
4$

"# *$
# &*
"$
$ $ # # !
!3
$
$$
+ # * !!
"#

*
*$
#

$ $
$$ /# # !
*
Phonology
General
# "# *$

# #$*" $

!
& $
!$

#

+ "# ! $$ #

+0"$

"*
* "* !
*$
#

$
!

* * $ ""
# "#
-
Dutch speakers
# &$!
/# *$
# ""*$
$ +
+ "# **
"# "" *$
# 8
9 "* + 0 $ "

"
*
#* #
$*# + "* /$
8 dock + dog leaf + leave "
9 !"# / * "#* #
! $/ "#

*$
#
9 :" + r /# ""
#
$$*

i: I e { eK aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z8 @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
"#
#$ #+ & " "$ /#

+0"$
$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- * # $
6 * + * <I< ! & "
"$
)$ * "+
&/
$ sit seat1
)/# "+
&/
$ sit set1
' "# <e<

!/# &/ *$
# <e< <{< #

$
"+
+ # $ / )
$ set sat then
than1
" $$
" "# #
/$ "
* <{<
= $
" *$
# <A:< + & "% !

!$ <O:< )/#"#
+ 1 $ * "+

&/
$ part port
> <¡< and <Ã< ! &
*
# $ * "+

$ not nut ! $

! $
" <Ã< # $
<@<
. "#

0 *$
# <O:< <@U< +0"$ ! "+

$ caught coat
, "# #
; $ + <U<
book ! & "
# $ <Ã< )/# "+
&/ look luck + 7 ! $1
$ <u:< )! * pool
!$ pull1
? <z:< )
heard turn1

$$ " /# $ 3* &
"# $

'
Dutch speakers
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
"#
#$ #+ & " "$ /#

+0"$
$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- # $
)5"61 "

<b< <d< <v< <D< <z< <Z< <dZ<
"" #
+ /
"#
/$$ $ " #!
& # +
)5"61 "
8 Bop + Bob% set + said%
leaf + leave% cloth + clothe% rice + rise% `beish' + beige% larch
+ large )
$
$
+ $ ! # *$
#
"
# $*# + /$
&+ " " "

1
' #

/
! # "# $
" <f<
+ <v< <s<
+ <z< <S<
+ <Z<8
®le + vile% sue + zoo% `mesher' + measure
= "# $ "
# #! <g<
get
/$$
# <k<
# +" <7< )
"
# loch1
" ; $ <[<
> <p< <t< <k<
# &** + / "#%
#
" ! #!
# $ <b< <d< <g<8 bay + pay%
den + ten% goat + coat
. <tS<
+ " <S< <dZ< <Z< ) <S<18 shop + chop%
<Z{m< or sham + jam
, <T<

$$ " <s< <t<8 sank tank + thank <D<

$$ " <z< <d<8 zen den + then
? # "#

! ! <s< # $ <S<8 sheet +
seat
@
! ! <w< /# # $ $ * "+

/# <v<8 vile + while
A "# <r< 7#&
$ + % + #

$
*$
# <r<
-( "#
" $" 5 6 <l<
5 6 /# # * +#
& " # !# # *$
#
" $$ + <i:< <I< <e<
! "# ""
# 5 6 <l< &+ /$
/# *$
#
#
5"$ 6 <l<
=
Dutch speakers
-- <h< " & &$! + $

/# $" & "* +!
# "
$ "
+ $*!8 # " <7<3$ +"
t clusters
*$
# "$

* $ +0"$ + "#

!
<@< &/ <l< " # "

8 `®llum' + ®lm%
`millock' + milk
Influence of spelling on pronunciation
- # "#

! +
$$* /$
##*

+ $
! $
"

# * +0"$ #+
3
" * /6

$$* +!
"
'
" # $ r /# ""
$ *
!

+ # !*

# *$
#
= "# $ "* <g< # "!& ng
$/
" <ê<
"# #
$
&$!
/# /
$ ®nger hunger "
> " $
/$$ " # $ o /
$
front mother
<¡<
+ <Ã<
. # $
u w /
$ caught saw $ !

<@U<3$

+ <O:<
, 4 $ -w
+ "
<w<8 how " <haUw<% saw
" <sO:w<% draw " <drO:w< "
?
/$$ " #
$ $
/
$ knot
gnaw comb bomb half sword psychiatrist "
Stress
"# *$
#

/

"
;
!$ #
! &$!
#*#
- "# "!
*$ $ #

# 0
$! " $ *
&$!
" /# "*$

# "!
" * appletart
+ apple tart )"# appeltaart1
' "#

" &$
"
" *
* !! " $ " *
con vict )&1
convict )1 #
$
$
" & #

+ !
/

= "#
#
! / +!

*$
#

#!
"

$

/$$

/
$ and
but than "
*
* +!
#*#
>
Dutch speakers
tonation
"# !

/# !"# / * # *$
#
# "# *
# /#$ $ $ #*#

"# #
! $/ "#

*$
#
* / #
" * ! /
# # //

Juncture and assimilation
- "#
# 0 $ "
+" "

/# # "; 0 $ <b< <d< <g< <v< <D< <z< <Z< <dZ<
/$$
$$ ! #! " + # 7 / &*
/#
"
B
$ "# /30 $ "

/$$
+ &"! " &+ / &** /# "

/$ #
$
&$!
*$
# 4 7 ! $8
Dad comes " `Dat comess'
if it is Tom " ìv id iss Tom'
this is Kate " `thiz iss Kate'
back door " `bag door'
' "#
;" + / " $
!$
"

$$ " 8
sharp pins " `sharpins'
hard times " `hartimes'
Punctuation
"#
"!! +
" $ "$

% #" !

$8
CThe concern they show, is by no means exaggerated.
B!!
! &
&/ $ "$

8
CThis is somewhat surprising, as they are forbidden in Dutch
too, they nevertheless occur regularly.
D !
/ $ #
8
C I am thirsty,'' he said.
''
&&
$ $/ "
* $/ "

! $$ +$$/ &
8 #" Mr Mrs 7
#
/
# *$
# ie + $ i.e ! & +
"+
*
2#
! 7"
"# "!
/
/
! #/ $* # /# # &/ +!

& *$
# )* marketinginformatiesysteem1 #
$

$$*
$ *marathonrunner *satellitechannel.
.
Dutch speakers

$*" $$
* # "# $ * * ""

!/
&/ *$
# ! 2
$$ #
!

! % "#
$$ #
* !! " $ * #*# " * +

" &$ &

! " *
/ "#
+ ! +! +
!& + $ * *3
"0" ++"

! #$* "!
"$

# *$
#

! # E" $

!
$ $
! $% #
&

* 5"

6% # $ +/ $"
+ #
$
&F"
terrogative and negative structures
- "# #
do3
*
+! &
! $

% *
& $ "* niet )G not1 + # & &+
# 0
30 & $ $!8
CWhat mean you?
CThank you, I smoke not.
CI have her yesterday not seen.
' :
3
* ;

/ "# )

#/
" = 5$
6
" .1 #
&
*# 7 $"$
/#$ &+ "#

/$$ 3
$$ " Who are you talking to?
+ To whom are you
talking?
$ "
" #
$ &$

#
"#
= "#

* & $
&** /# # ; $ +
where
;

& #*
)
$
5$
61
#
&$ #
!*#

3
* &
#
&
+ where + #
$ *8
CWhere are you thinking of? )+ What are you thinking of?1
CWhere do you need that for?
> D

/#
" # + $$* "# #

!!

+ *$
# /#"# " !
! $
"
; $ Are there no theatres open in London?

$!
&$$*
Tags, short answers and reply questions
"# #
"
" "! &$ /# # *$
# ;
*%

"$
&
8
,
Dutch speakers
CShe is your best friend, eh? / or not? )+ She is your best friend,
isn't she?1
$ "# *$
# #
; !& + 07
&F"3 $
3 7$

/#"# +; "
$ 7"# * # 3
#

/
+ "#
!
!!
* !
+
&
**

Àre you coming with us?' `Yes.' )+ `Yes, I am.'1
`Your glass is empty.' Òh, yes.' )+ `So it is.'1
`They never listen to good advice.' `No.' )+ `No, they don't.'
`No, they don't, do they?'1
`You can't speak without a regional accent.' `Yes!' )+ `Yes, I
can.' `But I can.'1
"uxiliaries
# * $ +"

"3! "#
*$
#
hebben
)G have1 / zijn )G be1

+! # +"

+ zijn +
blijven )G remain stay1 + "!!
"# *3+3

&
8
CHe is been here, but he isn't stayed long.
CHe is left ten minutes ago.
# "# ! + #
"
worden )G become1 #
! $

% #/ # +"

"#

#
! $
+!
+ zijn )G be1
+ "#
$ #
zijn

$$ # /#$ #* # # *$
# & * the
report is published
+"
# # /$$ &

# *
the report has been published # &$!
"!3
& # 7
" *$
# + "
"
$ the article is
written in a racy style /#"#
!
!$ + *the article
is translated by John #
+ !

#
*$
# + + $ " $

Time, tense and aspect

+
"# "
&#

+"

/# !"# ++" ! * # $
# !
$
+! B
$ "# "

/# *$
# /$

+"8
CI have seen him yesterday.
CAll my nineteenth-century ancestors have lived here.
?
Dutch speakers
CSince I made my report last year, there was a steady improve-

ment in the company's trading position.

7
#/ $*

+ ++
#
& ** "#
! $$

+"8
CI know him for ®ve years.
CI live in Amsterdam since I was a child.

- #*# "# #
+
+! /# 7$
)*#$ ; $ # shall/will + + *$
#1 +

#

+ # +8
CI promise I give it to him tomorrow.
' 7
#/ $* +

+ ++
/$$ # $
"#
+

! $ +
! $
8
CIn 2015 I will work here for 17 years.
CTomorrow I work here for ®ve years already.
= "# " +$
# +
&"$
+ !8
CHe'll be an old man when he'll get out of jail.

"#
# *
& +!

8
CI lived in London at that point in my life.
CI have a lot of trouble with John at the moment.
5:*
6 ! *
" #/ & 7
+ "
& #

+ " F"
&
8
CWhat were you busy with yesterday? )+ What were you doing
yesterday?1
CYou've worked on this non-stop this last week, eh?
! &*
* $
# *$
# *
8
CThe house is belonging to my father.
tionals
- #
"#
#
"
&/ #
+ & $ +!
# "#
&"$
! "$

# *$
#%
+! # ; $
+ # ! $ *$
# +!
"# $$/
#
+ shall/should/would #
&"$

+ +$$
$7" $ &
# ! "$
" !

$8
@
Dutch speakers
CIf I shall see him, I shall tell him.

CIf you would know him, you wouldn't ) didn't1 say such
things.
CIf he would have worked harder, he had succeeded.
'
"!! "#
# & dan )G then1 # !
"$
+ " $ "
"8
H
CIf you see him tomorrow, will you then tell him I won't be at
home next week?
H
CHad I known in time, then I would have come along.
$
I # /#$ # "# *$

#

!
+ ! $ &

!$ 8
- *$
# must
" $ $ "# moeten )G must have to be
to1% #" # +;
+ must /# #

#
! $8
CWhen must you take up your new appointment? )+ When are
you to . . .?1
CIn Venice people must go everywhere by boat )+ . . . have to
. . .1
# * moest niet !
should not ought not to8
CYou mustn't smoke too much, if I may say so
'
"0" $$ $
! must & # ; $ + #
"#

moest )G had to was to1
CI must go to London yesterday.
CThe wedding must have taken place yesterday, but it was
postponed.
= # "# moet niet !
don't have to needn't
#+ "! $$ ++ +! must not8

CParking here is free today so you mustn't pay
> "# kan )0 kunnen1
$$
+
&$% #
; $ + *$

# may/might
#

8
CIt can rain tonight: don't forget your umbrella.
CI can have told you already
. #

+ "# kunnen kon )
*1 < konden ) $1 /#
* &$
$$ ! $
! # ! &$8 $!

&$
**

# # " 7
& # ! & /
" $$ " " "#

! & !
$
& #
8
CYesterday he could just catch the 7 o'clock train )+ . . . was
able to catch 1
, :!

!
$
*# * "# & !
+ #
A
Dutch speakers
! $ mag )0 mogen1 +! $ *

$ *

may can *$
# might $
$ #

+ mag /#"#
mocht ) G could was allowed to18
CShe might go out every night when she was sixteen
? "# zou #

$ ++ ! *
$ +/ + /#"# " &
7
& ' =

should8
CThey did not know they should never see each other again )+
. . . would never see . . . . . . were never to see . . .:
1
CHe should leave on Sunday, but there was a problem with his
visa )+ . . . was going to leave . . .8 +$0$$ 1
CAndrew should be ill )+ Andrew is said to be ill8 !1
%&te forms
"#

"
&$ +/ 30 +!
# *$
# #
"

&$!

" $$ # + & $ "! $! 3
#

+! / / &# *$
# "#
"#
!

" $ $ # *$
#
"! $! + / + ++
+!
"# ; $
- "#

/$$
&
that-"$

F" $ & $
"
"
+ 0
*
+ &
8
CHe wants that I go.
CI've always gladly gone there CI have always been glad to go
there )+ I've always loved going there1
CThis entails that the whole con®guration changes
' "# #
; $ + # *$
# * /$$ +

&
to-0 + +/ " $ 7 ! $
8
CI don't mind to do it.
CIf you can't avoid to go, you risk to upset your dad
CI suggest to go to the pictures instead.
CIt's no use to ask her.
CI am used to do this.
CI look forward to hear from you.
" $$ # &
" + * ; $ /$$ $
$ #
""" + to-0
+

8 CInstead of to ®ght,
they laughed
= #
; $ + #
" 5& J &F" J

" $6 /#
! *
7
!& + ++

"
8
CI hear my name call.
CI like that it is done quickly.
CTry to make yourself understandable
-(
Dutch speakers
4 $$
" $ "$

"# "# $
$ &$ $ "
!+* " $
"
$ the girl
sitting in the corner & $ "$

)the girl who is sitting in the
corner1 $

/#$ * #!
& $

" $ "$

$ Realising that she was pregnant, she panicked
* #! /
+" " $ "$

$ Having
secured his position, he did not fail to proceed )/#"# #
"#
; $ $$1 /$$ $*
'
2 "#

$

! $ # *$
# ! + # !

* ++"
/$$ $ + $! $$ & #
"#
!
! &
$ # # /$$ $ &$!

! ! " $$

- "# #
&F" # 0 +! + # &

&$8
CHe works sometimes on Sundays
' # "# 0 & *
&
+! #
+
# & $ * )0

" $
18
CI must at once my sister see
CThey were of everything robbed
= "
*$
# "# " #
& )
! $1 &F"
"! $!

& & $
8
CI hear every day the bells ring from my bedroom
CBill loved passionately his wife
CShe kept fortunately her mouth shut
>
$/
""
"# + #
"
/#
"
# # #
&F" "F"8
CTomorrow shall I see him
CIncredible is that!
CThis have we already examined
. # $ + & $

$
++ ! & $
* " #

+ $ "8
CShe has already been living for two years in London
, # & "$
"! # + # "$
8
CHe got quickly up
? "# # "$ " &
+!
& "! $7
" $ "$
& F"
"! $!8
--
Dutch speakers
CThe by the Senate with unanimity voted down proposal

CHe is a hard to convince man
@ 4 / * "$

#
" 5*
*
"
6
A "# + &*

"
/# # ; $ + also already8
CWe told the Smiths. Also they were shocked )+ They too were
shocked1
CAlready in 1992 I went there

& & $ * "!
# +
& "$
8
CHe asked whether we John had seen ) *. . . seen had1
tructions with it and there
- B$

+* $ #*
&* /# het # "#
; $ + it het
+$$/ & $ $ & +! /#
$ $ +$$/
"

/$$

3
"*
"
$8
CIt are the Joneses.
CIt were the soldiers that shot ®rst.
' "# $

het $
+ be-
"
"
+! &

!
$
Ìs Ralph a friend of yours?' *`No, it's just a colleague.'
= "# er

+ ! "
"
#
*$
# ; $
there <D@< /#"#
$!
&$ +$$/ & +! + be
"#

/$$
there
/ #*
$8
CThere lay twelve books on his night table.
CThere were made many mistakes )
!!
*There were
many mistakes made1
CThere happened a lot of accidents that night.
CThere is said in the paper that the government will not survive.
Articles
# "#

! + 0 0 "$

&
" $$ #
!

*$
# +! !& + ++"
+ ! "
# !
8
- "#
!!

0 "$ /# " &$ $ $

+*
!#*<#*
< $ * $8
-'
Dutch speakers
CThe wages have been rising recently

Cthe life in modern Britain
' "# #
0 "$
&F" "! $! /#
" &$ * +
""

$* $% + # ; $
+ as without:
CShe is professor, Buddhist and Swede. She's also widow.
CAs basketball player he is hopeless; as friend he's wonderful
CShe came to the party without friend
= # ! /
*$
# )$ bed, church, prison1 /#"#
" & # "$ /# # /#
!
& #
! ! * $ " & /#"# $ " # "$ /# #

"
# & # " + /#"# # $ "
" $$

#*# "# #

! $$$ #

/# # "$
$ naar bed/school gaan )G go to bed/school1 # + +/%
#" !

$8
Cto go to the church )+ to go to church1
Cbe sent to the prison
> !
+ ! $

! $$ " & "$
#
$
$" "
in winter # # ) 1 in the
winter $
!

$8
CLet's talk about that during the lunch
. # ! $
-(( -((( # "$ "#% #"
Chundred Cthousand
"(ctives and adverbs
&
" $ /# # E" +! + # "
*
F" #

+ ! & $ +!

$
# "#
6
"! " # " $

! !

$8
CShe drives very careful.
CYou speak English very good
#

8
Can economic weak theory
Quantifiers and determiners
- "#

++ ; 0
/# " &$ "3
&$
% #" !

$ *much books $
+ *little
persons )+ few persons1
' #
" &/ some any /$$ # & *#
-=
Dutch speakers
7 $"$
#
#* # "!
"$
#
; 0

"# #
! #$
+ either/each/every ! " $ !

8
CI don't have some books )&*
$1
C. . . too expensive to buy some
CCan I have any more cake?
CTake a ball in every hand.
terrogative pronouns
# $ &$!

#
+ which # &*
7 " ; $ + #
"#% #"8
CWhat is your second language, English or French?
Relative pronouns
- "#
# ++ $
+ $
#*
#
+ which /#
$ " )*A person
which . . .1
+0"$ "
' # &*
" &/
" 3
"
"$

+
# "#" +

"" &*
+

/#
"
$ *My parents, that were born
in France *My father, you met in Amsterdam * !! " $
= Wat #
!"# / " * # *$
# what8

/#
"$
"
/# ; 0 "
"

* $
/#
#
7 $
#
+ what
!& + "

/# *$
# ;
which8
CJohn went to Brussels, what explains everything.
CThis is all what I know.
I""
$$ $
8
CThe picture what I was drawing . . .
> B " "$

)"$

/# $
1 3

* $$ / "#
7% #+
&*
! 7"

+
"
$8
the woman whom I met in Glasgow the other day
the pen with which Jane was writing yesterday
.
+ $
J

"# +

"! $ & $
+ #
/ * $$
&
$ *$
# K where- J
+! $ "#
#
+ #! "
# $$

&$ /#"# /$ & * #$ "#*

* 7" # $
where
+ )K1 $ 8
->
Dutch speakers
CThe technology where he had relied on proved to be untrust-

worthy.
CThe man whereof I speak is a good friend of mine.
, 4 "!!
/# $ "$

5:" 6
*# uns
"#
E" #
" # $+ + E7
+ !&
#" !

$ *ourself *yourself *themself )+ themselves%
*theirself *theirselves $
""1 #

"!& /# /# ! $$ !$ &
)
! $

&
+* #*
# $ #!
$
1 *$
# /#"#
# "# ; $8
CHe never shaves himself after he has washed himself
The indefinite pronoun one
Men
$
+! $

*$
# ; $ one "#

#$ & $ # #
* +
$
" ; $
8
CIn the Middle Ages one actually believed that )+ it was
actually believed that . . . people actually believed that1
One could just as well claim . . . )+ $
+! $ You could just

as well claim 1
COne intends to build a skyscraper here )+ They intend . . .1
Gender
# $ *

! + *$
# #
! "# "#8 #
"#

# !
$
# ! "

!
)F
$ # !
1 /#$

+ # "# /

&

! )!
"$ 1 /# $!
#*
!& + +!
2#"#

!
# $*
"#

+ "$ " !

# !
"$ +! *! /# # "# ;3
$
8
CThe English language . . . she . . .
CThe state . . . he . . .
-.
Dutch speakers
untability and number
- "# "$$"

$/
+$$/ &
*$ &

/#$ &+

/$$* $ *$
#
&
+$$/ & $ $
/# % # /$$ * + the entire
family has decided # # the family have all decided
"$$" # ;
$ $ & /$$ *

$8
CThe police has arrested him.
' : 3 $ $
/% jeans #
& 3

*$
# &/* "
$ * 8
CWhere's my jeans? I can't ®nd it ) him%
561
! "!! + $
# $ $ +! 8 *two
pyjamas
+ two pairs of pyjamas.
= "# $

*
#
" &$ " &$
&
$$ ; $
&$* #
! " *% #" !

$ Can
information, *an advice, *give me two breads, please
> + # 0
$! + J "!
$ $
!
$
*$ *$
# "# # !& " $ *
!

$ *a books shop *a ten-miles trip.
.
& $ # ++" &/ + 7 ! $ They'll
all go to another university They'll all go to other universities
+ "# #
*$ #
/$ &
&# "

"
!

$
CThey fell on their face
Conjunctions
# $ $ &$! #

# "!! "+
&/ if
when8
CWhen it rains the trip will have to be cancelled.
Prepositions
#*#

&$ " *# ; $"

&/ "#
*$
#

#
!
"
/# #

! "# #

/$$ # $ !

#
"$$"
+/ "!! !

& / + 7 ! $8
Con the party
CHe lives on number 9.
Cwith/by my aunt )+ at my aunt's1
Cgood in games
-,
Dutch speakers
Con the meadow

Con sea
CThat is typical for him.
CThere's no proof for that.
Cto discriminate women )+ to discriminate against women1
# $

$
/ +/

! " !
" & ! 8
- Sinds
$

# for since%

since $8
CI've lived here since four years
' Achter
$

# after behind%

"+
#!8
CHe stood after me
= In
$

# in into%

in $8
CGo in the room.
cabulary
"# *$
#
# #
! &
" ! " " &$ )* voet
G foot groet G great zien G see mij G me in G in1 /#"# * $
+ "$
$ *
+ # !
+ $
+
* #
! " + # " &$
+ "$ & # + " # "# #
&/ + $ 7

$ +! ! " # ! "
$ / 4"# )
" $$ $*!1
!
False friends
# "$
*" $
# # ** #" $ 7! &/
"# *$
# $
# + " # &# # &/ 7
$
+! ! " "
$
$
# 7
" + !
+ $

+
+ #
! # "#
$ $ * *
4"# $ "#
/$$
# +$$/*8

dramatic dramatisch *"
solicit solliciteren $ )+ F&1
* F&3#*
become bekomen * ";
mark merk & !
bring brengen
camping camping " ! *3

parking parking " * $
smoking smoking F " 7
chance chance $"
technique techniek "#$*
-?
Dutch speakers
concurrence concurrentie "!

control controleren "#" ) 1
nephew neef "

niece nicht "

actual actueel "
actually actueel
"$
defect defect +"
ride rijden ) " 1
amuse oneself zich amuseren F
$+
eventual eventueel
&$
learn leren "#
miss missen /#
fault fout
novel novelle
#

stage stage
#
backside achterkant & "
typical mistakes with high-frequency words
make
do *I still must make my homework.
what
how *How do you call that?
own *She has an own room.
please `Can I have your book?' )# * 81
*`Please.'
already
yet *Have you ®nished already? )+ Have you
®nished yet?1
though
however *Though, he was still in trouble.
a(n) half *a(n) half hour ago
just now = just *I have seen him just now.
once *I must once talk to her )+ I must go and talk
to her1
Compounding
*$
# "!
$
+;$ # "#

/$$ !
"# "!

*life-habits
Multi-word verbs
# 7
"# & #
+ $
# *$
#
/$$ + & "
7 $"$ / #

6
-@
Dutch speakers

$ &
# # /$$ #/
+ $ "

8
Dutch Simple verb Multi-word verb

zoeken seek, search for look for
beschouwen consider look on
verdragen bear put up with
) !$3/ &
+ $
&$!
#
! "# &
!$ "! &
&$ &
"#1
" tten Dutch with a word-for-word

translation
Vele malen heb ik al meegemaakt, als in een gezelschap

!
# $ 7 " /#<+ "!
iemand zo onhandig is te verklappen dat ik taalkundige
!
# L"$!
M
& # $*

ben, dat men reageert met: Òei, dan mag ik wel op
! # "
/#8 5I
# ! /$$ L6 &M
mijn woorden letten!'. Misschien dat een politiecommissaris dat
! /
/ "#N6 & # $" "!!
#
wel herkent, maar de wijnkoper, de hondenfokker of de
/$$ "*

& # / & # *
#
leraar wiskunde heeft zoiets niet. Hoe komt het
"# )+1 ! #
#

!#* / "!

toch dat de taalkundige of de leraar Nederlands in
L #M # # $*
# "# )+1 "#
hetzelfde schuitje zit als de politiecommissaris? Ik weet
#
! & L!M

# $" "!!
H /
het niet, maar Nederlandstaligen, aan beide zijden van de grens, zijn
& "# #
&#

+ # &
als het om hun taal gaat, voÂoÂr alles onzeker, voorzichtig
/# & # $ * * *
&+ L &M $$
" +$
bang. Bang gemaÂaÂkt, lijkt me. Terwijl de meesten
" " ! )1

!
)1 ! 2#
# !
L!
$M
-A
Dutch speakers
toch minder reden tot schrik hebben dan in de

$

+ [noun] # # #
nabijheid van de politiecommissaris. Vreemd genoeg zijn het

+ # $" "!!
*)$1 *#

juist de leraren Nederlands en de taalkundigen die
F
# "#
)+1 "# # $*

/#
in taalkwesties veelal het meest tolerant zijn. Veel
$ * * ;

!
$ # !
$ "#
toleranter dan vele anderen buiten hun kring. Niet
! $ # ! #

# ""$
vreemd wegens hun opleiding, maar wel vreemd
* /* # " & /$$ LM

*
omdat het ijzeren schrikbewind dus uit andere
&"
# + *! L M #
)+1 #
bron moet voorkomen. Lag het aan de doorsnee-
" !
+#"! L2 M # *
taalgebruiker, men zou onze taal onmiddellijk tot kerntaak
$ * *
/$ $ * * !! $ "

uitroepen van een minister tot Bevordering van de
"$ ! + !
L+M )#1 4#* + #
deugdzaamheid en Preventie van het kwaad
: + # $
)5
"$!6 &
Over taal =? )-AA@1 ,'1
'(

candinavian languages:
Danish, Norwegian, Swedish
$

3$
:
Distribution
O I2P 2 4 )/

#1 !
)
#1
Introduction
# " $ * *

3 $ * *
&$**
$ *$
# # ! " & "# B
&$ " "

&/ # *$
# " $ * *

/$$
"!!
E"
#
+" #
"$
$
# &/ # $ * *
*$
#
#+ $ $

+ "
$
4 #
+
! $" # +$$/*
" ""

# ! F &$!
/#"#
# /* /
# $
+
*$
# # "!!
#
&

/#"#
; "
3" "!

)#*# #
& "

$ /#
!
+ #
#
"
#$*1
+

+
" #
&
&$ "$ #

+0"$
+ "$ " 4
$

Phonology
General
$$ # " $ * *

#$*" $$ & $
!$
*$
# !
+
+ *$
# "

+0"$

+ #
$ * *
# #$*" $

!
+
# /* /
# "# "
&
"
&$
!$ &# /#
"

*!
)+
7 ! $ # + /$
1

/$$
&$/ # ! "!! "
*$
# 3
#$

$ " +
7
/#"#
#
" $ * *
+! "# #
#+ $ +!
'-
Speakers of Scandinavian languages
&6
3 / # !

& *$
# "
/# 5" ""6 # /$ "
"#
&$/
3" ++"
# & ! &
! ++3
"
+ #

"& # 7

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
$$ #
" $ * *
" "$ /#

+0"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

#
#!
! "
&$!

+
# /
# <
/* 4 $ "!!

&$/
- <I<
+ "
"$
/$ <i:<8 seat + sit
' <{<
+ " & /
#

<e<8 bed + bad
B
$
! /*
" <e<
<{<8 bad +
bed
= <U< )
book1
+ "
"$
"$ $
/$ &
/
/*

&
!
" $
"$
$ /$
> <u:< )
too1
+ "
" $ /$ & 3
/*

*$ "
!/# $/ /$ &
/

. /
/*
+;$ $ " <Ã< )
duck1 &
! + /$
,
"# "
" $$ $ " <Ã< & /$ !
&/ *$
# <Ã< <¡< # $
$ <¡<
"
;$ 0 +0"$ hut +! hot,
luck +! lock "
? <z:< )
turn1
" $$ " & /

@ <@<
$/

+0"$ " )5

61
A /*
! " <eI< )
take) 8 <{I<
-( <@U<
+ " & /

<u:< )soup + soap1 &

<Ou< <Êu< & /*

<au< <¡u< /*
''
" $$ 0 +0"$

*
# &/ *$
# <@U< <aU<
)
load loud1 ! " $$
&
#! ""$
-- <I@< <e@< <U@< )
here there tour1
$$ "
/# <r<
+ <@< & /*
/

" $$
$ " #! /# # ##*
<i¡< <e¡< <u¡<
"$
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
$$ #
" $ * *
" "$ /#

+0"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

#
#!
! "
&$!

+
# /
# <
/* 4 $ "!!

&$/
- <T<
""
" $$ "
<t< )&
1

<s<8 tank sank + thank% tree + three
' <D<
"" /* /
#
+
"
<d<8 den + then% udder + other%

$ " /# !"# ! $
$ "$ <D<
= <z<
""
" $$ $ " & <s<8 racer + razor
I" # !
<z<
! $

5&KK6
!"#
> <Z<
""
" $$ $ " & <S<8 `mesher' +
measure
. <tS<
""
+ "
<tj<
, <dZ<
""
+ "
<dj< &

/*

<j< & /
8 year + jeer
? <r<
" /# # & " + # * &

!
)
#1 /
/*
!
/
$ " &
# 3*$
# 3+3#3* r3

@ <w<
""
& $ " & $ 7 <v<8 vine +
wine
A 5 6 <l<
full ®ll ""
$
! /
#
/* $"
%

$ " & 5"$ 6 <l<

light
'=
-(
$ " /30 $ <b< <d< <g< /# <p< <t< <k<8
pup + pub% set + said% dock + dog / /$
#

! # 8 rabid + rapid% ladder + latter% bigger +
bicker
-- /
# /* "

" $*
+
# /$
% #
! & " *$
# /
$
coffee letter cuff
fluence of spelling on pronunciation
$$* " ! "$

$ $ # "
$ * *
)
" $$ /
# /* 1 # *$
#
# +/ !&*

! & ! "

/#
$ #
++ $
*$
# # !# *% /#
*$
# #* # $
# $ / + #
# #
/
# &
" $
+ "
"
&/ $

*$
# "$ $8
- *
! " # $ i
<i:< y
<< )$ ! uÈ
4"# u1 a
<A:< ) * $1 u
<U< au

<aU< $ * !

/
$ ride symbol parade rush
automatic )4 7 ! $
# &*

!!

3
" "
"
$ < ri:D@< <pA rA:D@<1
' <@<
$/

$ e " $ * *
2# <@<

$ /#
# $ *$
#

!
" /$
"* + 7 ! $ <¡< commercial <{< alliance <A:<
particular
= + "

# $ " *$
#
<z< # "!!$ !
" # $ s
<s< /

"#
cousin trousers reserve president

> + "

# $ " *$
#
<D< )
/$$
<T<1 # ! !
" th
<T< smooth, with
"
. # r ! & " /
$ mattered, bothered, won-
dered $ * !

# *$
#
Rhythm and stress
:
+ /
"

;
!$ *$
# #
" $ * *

# $ $ +/ &$!
#

#/8
'>
- " "!

$$

# 0

$!

"!! *$
# "!
/#"#
+$$/ #
8
" "
C ! !
)"+

!
1
"
C / # $$
B
$ "!
! + 5& J &6 "!& 3

" &

#
" $!8
Cbreak down
"
Ccome- back
"
Chang over
"
Chold- up
' # " $ * *
# +/ 5/ +!
6 # *$
#

+ /*$
#

+!
+ /
$ and,
but, a(n), the, than, as, have, was ** #! # 5
*6
"
! "

#

$
+!
";* $
" ##! *
! # +0"$
"* / +!

tonation
-

$$ &$

# ) + /*
/
#1 " #*# "# # "*

$$ &$ #

+
+ *$
# *# /#
" " # 0

$$ &$ +
$/ "#8
. . .
* . )
#1
. . * * .
I was talking to Mary on Sunday.
. . . .
* * * . )/* 1
. .
'
"$
"# * /#"#
/
$
7 #
$
$
/

! /*

= # + $$3

+0"$ + " $

> /*
)
! /
1
!
*

! # *$
$* #*#
'.
-thography and punctuation
Spelling
#
/# # &"! / + #
" &/ <v< <w<
& +$$ "$ $ " v & w )*wery, *wolley ball1
& &$ &"
#

$$*

! & # ! 5*$

#6
E" +! ! ! !
!

/ sch
+ sh
)*schoot, *schut up1 # $ k

!"# ! +;$ # c
# " $ * *
#
! $
$
*kapitalism, *kannibal.
Punctuation
-
!
" "!
/
/ #

+ # # # /
$ ®re-alarm )brandalarm1 +
"*
/
$ front door )ytterdùr1 " +0"$
' "

!!

"!!
+
!3
"$ &/ ! "$

/#"#
& "3
* "F" & +$ & "$
$ $ 8
CThat's the way it had to be, he was not ashamed of it.
=

"!!
&+ &F" "$

"
$ "$

8
CI think, there has been a mistake.
CWhat's the worst thing, that could happen to you in that
mine®eld?
>
#

#
! /
*$
# #
$
"+

" $$ /# #
!! $ "
)ones/one's%
its/it's1
Grammar
Order of constituents
# " $ * *

&*
" /#
!#* # # #

&F" 9 /#"#
# $ " + # &
*$
# $ & $
*$ $ 5+6 #

* $$ "

&F"9&
* !" &F"

"! $!
" *$
#

" $ !
8
CThat have I not seen.
',
tion of adverbs
# " $ * *

!3
" &
* $$
$ " + # 0 & #
$
!

*$
#
"
/# 3/ &

8
CChildren leave often home nowadays.
/
& "$

&
$ " before 0 &
" $ * *

#
$
!

*$
#
"
/# "! $7 & #

8
C. . . that children often will leave home nowadays.
#
" # /# ; $* & $
8
*He said that they in the northern part of Jutland speak a special
dialect.
Constructions with it and there
- /* /
# # ; $ + # there is "
"3

# det /#"# $
!
it *

it
"
;"8
CIt is somebody at the door.
' $$ # $ * *
# there "
"

/# /
* + &
)/#
*$
#
$ "!! /# be

! &1 #

$
!

$8
CIt/There was shot a man here yesterday.
CIt/There happens something strange here quite often.
CIt/There left a lot of tourists because of the epidemic.
= " $ * *
! + # *$
#
# * 0 #

&F"
#
!
$

+ there3"$+
"
$ There was someone who told me
that ..
+ # $
"!&
! Someone told me that . . .
Nouns: countability and number
- # " &$<" &$

"
+ "
$ * *
& #
! ++"
+
& /#"# *

&$!
8
Cinformations *an advice *a work )+ a job1 *a progress
' # " "
+ money $ $8
CHow many money have you got?
= B$$"

" $ * 7
# "
$ * *
:! $ +" $ The government . . . they . . .
""
&
+$ & "$$; $
'?
>
! "

/# *$
#
# $ $
*$

# " $ * *
:
&$ !

8
Ca pyjama *a scissor *the custom )+ the customs1
Cthe Middle Age )+ the Middle Ages1
CThe police is on its way.
.
! "

# # / $ *
$8
CPublic expenditures are too high.
CThere were many frictions between them.
, ++" +
*
! !" $ 7

"

!

$8
Cin the 2nd and 3rd chapter
Cin one and a half hour
"ticles
- # 0 "$ ""

" $ * *
&+ "3
&$ $ $

* $

*$
#
! $

"$ #
"

#
$

$8
CSome people always blame the society for everything.
CThe horses were introduced into America by Spanish soldiers.
'
&F" &F" "! $! +"
!$ $ + as #
" $ * *

# 0 "$ /#
+"
3
"0" /#"# $

$8
CHe has been teacher for many years.
CAs member of the family he wanted to come.
= $ * !& + ! $
! " "

#
! "

+ "$ $ /# #
&F"
" &

+!*
! " /#$ *# /# # & #
#

$ get an answer, take a seat, drive a car /$ #
"$ # " $ * *
"$
$
"!!$
$+ + # /
+ with without:
Ca man with hat Ca cat without tail
Premodification
- # 's * )/#

#1
+ # "
$ * *

&F" #
"
# $!

*$
# #
! $
8
Cthe car's driver *the water's temperature
'
" &
!+ #

*$
# /
# " $ * *
# /
+! "!
/
/

# 0
$! )
$

"

" 1
'@
= +0" $
$
& F"
" $
" #
3
" $!
"# #!

#8
den i de gamle regler beskrevne maÊde )G the in the old rules
described manner)

! ""
$$
+ #
+ "
"
*$
#
> # $
+
* F"
/# # # " 3
$ * *
"
&$ $

" # *$
#
/#"# $

$8
CA poor never gets the chance to have a good life.
tmodification
- # " $ * *

+
+$$ $ "$

)* the
house which was built to accommodate the library a man who is
waiting to join1 "

/# *$
# +
$
"!&
!
" $ "
"
)* the house built to accommodate the
library a man waiting to join1
'
! "

*$
#

$ #
/# of

3
!0 /# # " $ * *

#
$
"!! !
#
+ # /
sort kind8
Cthis sort cheese
Adjective or adverb?
- " &

+ ! &
!$ +!
F"
/#"# $
+; !

8
CShe spoke to me quite polite.
CYou don't sing very good.
' #
!
" ""
"
/# # &
look,
sound, smell, taste, feel /#"# !
"

&

F"
" $ * *
8
CI feel terribly.
Pronouns and determiners
- # who/which
" #
" "
$ * *
8
Cthe man which I told you about
'. Some any #
*$ ; $8
CSorry, I haven't got some.
'A
= + + +$$/ & $ "$

"
$ * *

+ !
!8
CThat man we're talking about is sitting in the next room.
> # " $ * *
# "! $$
"0"
$
man /#"# "

# *$
# 5* $6
+ you
they one ! &
/# *$
# #

"

$ It isn't done $

you
; $
$$ "

.
! "

/# #
!
&$*
*$
# & /#
"$ +! # "7 /#
#

# " $ * *

# 0 "$8 *He put the hand
in the pocket

#
E" +
!& " $ * *

B
;$ $
# #3
-s%
"

$ #
"# #
""
$$8
CHe ¯y to Copenhagen twice a week.
Are )# +! + to be !

!$ #
*$ "

& +! er/aÈr1
&
+ am, are is8
CI don't know if she are ready yet.
Do
"
# #
! &$!
/# # do "
"
#
+ $
"" *
# +! +
;

*
*

" $$ +0"$
&
"$

8
CThey asked why he not came.
# "!!
+ 5&$6
<
+!
8
CHe didn't came.
CShe do(es)n't listens.
-ing forms
- # "

" $ $
$! $
"! /# *$

# &*
! $
& F"
)
a sleeping child1 /# " &
)
he came
running) B
;$ $
# &$!
/# #

" $ !& + "

+ 7 ! $ & $ "$

)
=(
Going home that evening, I called at the chemist's for some razor
blades1.
' # &
" + # * # / $ * *
!
"

# 0 "

$8
CI really must stop to smoke ) * 5 stop smoking61
CInstead of (to) get on with his work he slept all afternoon.
ct
" $ * *

# *
& +!

$!

+ * $
# *$
# 5
! $6 +!
8
CThe band plays now.
!

! / *
+!

#
$ +

"" #
8
CIn Scandinavia we're putting people in prison if they have
struck another person.
Tense
-
# +"

"!!$ +! $ /# #
7$ have & $
/# # ; $ + be
+ + #
be3 +" /#"#

7
"# * +!

#
"!! !* $!
# $
8
CThe prisoner is escaped.
CThey are become famous.
' # "
+" " &
/# 0

+" $ * !

$8
CDickens has written many novels.
CHe has left school in 1982.
= /
# #

+

"
"
"
/# sedan )G since/for18
CI know him since a long time.
> # " $ * *
+

/# #

+ # & ""! * &
$ !
"$
# # +"
# + #
$

#

! $

+ # will + ) #
+"

+ # + +"18
CShe doesn't come anyway.
CI don't tell you. You only forget it.
CWe talk about it next week.
CBy this time tomorrow I've ®nished sorting out the replies.
=-
#
! $

$

/# + +"
+ #

*
going-to +!8

CJane moves to the States.
CI think I faint.
ce
# " $ * *

#
"
7
# +
/ /
8 /# #
+07 -s /# # 7$ blive/bli )/#"# "
$
! become1 # + #

"

$ ""
$
+
!

8
CIt ®nds not )+ It is not found1
CHe became killed.
#
! $
& 3
+ + # !
$
" /# you )

#
" 5:
61
Modal verbs
$#*# !& + # *$

# ! $
# *# "
; $
#
++"
#
+ ! $
/#
"
; $ * &$!
! + # !
!
+$$/
8
- Kan $ can

+0!
"
$ &
/## #*
# "
! # # +8
CPeter can be in London now.
CThe time can come when the educational system is mixed.
' Skal

7
"! $
"!! )$ *$
# must
have to is to1 #
!$ /# shall $
"+
8
CYou shall lie down quietly now.
= Skal " $
7
# + ! )$ *$

# is
said to is supposed to18
CHe shall be a poor researcher.
> #
+ skal
$ & *!
)*$
# is to is
going to18
CMy daughter shall start school in August.
CJohn shall play football tonight.
. /
# /* #

+! skulle "

!& + *$
# &
&

# ; $ should
#
$
!

8
CShe said she should do it )+ She said she would 1
CShe looks as if she should be ill )+ might 1
='
tation
- :&$!

/# " &

++

+!
*$
# ; $ " &F"

!!
++$
&8
CShe told that she was fed up with her job.
CHe explained me what he meant.
' Q&
/# &$* E7
!"# ! "!!
# " $ * *
# *$
#8
CHurry yourself!
= # 5&F" J 06
"
" $ * *

/$$ 8
CHe caused that the prisoners were put to death )+ He caused
the prisoners to be . . . 1
CI don't want that there is any misunderstanding.
Prepositions
- # " $ * *

" & +$$/ &
att/at-"$
)# ; $ + *$
# that3"$
1 #
! $

$8
CHe convinced me of that he was innocent.
CThey insisted on that they knew nothing about it.
'
! $
& +$$/ & 0 "
"
:
&$ !

8
CThey dreamed of to emigrate.
CI long for/after to see the mountains again.
=

"
# *
" & #
af/at

$*
$8
CThe bone was eaten of the dog.
> # #*#$ +;
i
+
/# *$
#

#

# in # $

$8
Cthe ¯oor in the house *go in school
Vocabulary
# "$
$
# &/ # " $ * *
*$
#
!
$ * + *$
# " &$
$ ""
&$
"
2
$ can, have, good, man $$ 5#
!6% !& + "

#
$$* /#"# E"
$
*
+ # $ * * #$

&$
# + !$ /# # "
++
! $ * "

$ side ! + #
!$
+
==
"
" % &$/ /$$ & + $
+ *$
# 5+ $
+
6
# &$! " +

+ $$ # $ * *

+
# +$$/* $
"!! ! *
+ " "* /

#/ & "
4
" 5announce ) G advertise16 !
# # " /

# $ $ announce & /#"#
" $$ ! advertise )# /
#
"

# annoncere
/* annonsere /
# annonsera1
! "

" 3
/
$
! # $ # 5+ $
+6 ! * &
$

! "7
#
! ! *
# *$
# "* 4

" komme/komma "

come
/$$
get )some-
where1 arrive.
actual ) G of current interest, topical1
announce ) G advertise1
bear ) G carry, wear1
blank ) G shiny1
branch ) G trade, line of business1
come ) G arrive, get (somewhere)
/$$
come1
cook ) G boil1
control ) G check1
critic ) G criticism1
delicate ) G delicious1
eventual(ly) ) G possible, if any, if the situation arises1
fabric ) G factory1
®rst ) " ! not until

# Han kom fùrst kl. 10 G He didn't
arrive until 101
genial ) G brilliant1
gift ) G poison1
history ) G story1
lame ) G paralysed1
luck ) G happiness1
lucky ) G happy1
mean ) G think, be of the opinion1
meaning ) G opinion1
motion ) G physical exercise1
novel ) G short story1
offer ) G sacri®ce, offering1
overtake ) G take over1
place ) G room, space, square, job1
public ) G audience, spectators1
rent ) G (rate of) interest1
=>
see ) G look1
spare ) G save1
sympathetic ) G likeable1
take place ) G sit down1
will, will have ) G want1
tical words
- As like ! + #

# " ; $
#
! " &$!
/# #
" &/ +
"
Like a cabinet minister As a cabinet minister
/$$
!

"#
*I speak as my mother &$!
+
$

He did like he had chosen to do.
' "
# / "* very, much ) +0!3

"
1 a great deal / a lot #
! "
!

+ much
# !
5
!$ 6 /
= # / ogsaÊ/ocksaÊ "
# + *$
# also, too, as well
# !

/$$

!

+ so +! &$!
+
"#" #
$
"
&$ +0"$
+ / +
7 ! $8
CI teach also/too evening classes
> # !
& there "

# /
#
/ /#"# " $
&

$ #
""
$$ $

#
+ there $ " + $

&
$
+"
*The man there was present )+ who was present1%
/

& $ +"
*The place there I was born
E"* #
* #
" $ * *

. # / om +"
&#
"F" )G if whether1

)G about, on1 4$$/* &
/# &#
+ /

&$ !

$ *Do you know about he has come? " &
+
A sample of written Danish with a word-for-word

translation
Der holdt mindst hundrede taxaer med dùrene paÊ klem
#

$$ $
# 7
/# #
F
og han havde aldrig set saÊ mange biler paÊ en gang. Havde det
# #

! "
!
staÊet til ham, var han styrtet
#! LG + # & $+ #!M /

#
#
=.
fra den ene vogn til den anden, indtil han havde fundet en
+! # " # # $ # # +
chauffùr med et ansigt, han kunne lide. Men hans
/# + " # "$
++ L G # $M #
far lùftede blot en ®nger, en mand med kasket paÊ hovedet saÊ
+ # $+ F
0* ! /# " # #
/
det, stùdte ùjeblikkelig i en ¯ùjte og straks blev der
&$/ !! $ /#
$ " /
#
bevñgelse i den yderste bilrñkke
!! # !
" 3/
)4! 5#6 & 2$$ !
!
Jeanne Moreau i Middelfart1
Acknowledgements
# #
6 #
* #
!

R3$
# * $
* SF I#$
$
T* $
# + "
=,

"# $ /
Distribution
P 2U B

I 4 " $ ! $*! $$ :$
BK"# &$" $ * !

Introduction
!
3 $ * * "$
$ $ "#
*$
# # " $ * *
7

/ +
$"

!
++ +! "# #
& ! $
! $$ $$*&$ #

$ * * + ! )Hoch-
deutsch 5*# ! 61

+ / "!!" #*#3
# ! 3
* /# +/
! $$ * $ ++"

& !
!

! 3/
#
#
0
$ * *

" $" )+ /#
* * $
"$*1
"
+ # "$
+ !$ $
# &/ *$
#
! # !
!$
&/ # / $ * *

*
#$* " &$
7 !

#+
0 *$
#
$ $$ ! $ $
*
Phonology
General
# ! *$

# #$*" $

!
& $
!$
!

#

+0"$ "* 3
"* !
*$
#

!* # +
+ ! /#"#
" *
5! ""6 *$
# 8
9 *" "$ # *$
# + /#
/$

! 7 $

"

)<p< <t< <k<1% ! $ 3*

*
=?
German speakers
9 ++

9 4;
+ *$ $

&+ $ /$
**
""
++"
9 " +
!

* $$ $/ #*# "#
# !

# $

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U K@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
!
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <e< <{< + "+
8 set sat
' <O:< <@U< + "+
8 caught coat # ! &
"
"$
/$ <o:<
= <Ã< ! & " $ <A<
> <eI<

!!
"
"$
! ##* <e:<
.
/$
! & " 3$* &+ "
"

)
shape hot like1
, /

!
$
" /$

ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
!
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$
=@
German speakers
$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <Z< <dZ< ! !

+ $
#!

<S< <tS< *$
#8 `mesher' + measure% chain + Jane
' # "

<Z< <dZ< <z< <v< <b< <d< <g< "" #

+ /
!
"+
#! /#
$ " #! & # " ; $
#

8 `beish'
+ `beige'% etch + edge% rice + rise% leaf + leave% pup + pub% set
+ said% dock + dog
= <T< <D< "" ! %

! $ " #! & <s<
<z<8 useful + youthful% wizard + withered
> #
$ ! #! # + <v< <w<8 vine
+ wine )$
+1 wine + vine

. <r< ! & " /# # & " + # * )
4"#1

E )$ *$
# <r< & ! *" * #
+ ! 1
, 5 6 <l< )
®ll full1
7

!
! $ " & 5"$ 6 <l< )

light1
Stress
:
+ /
"

;
!$ *$
#
!
# +/ &$!
#
#/8
- ! "! 7

* $$

# 0

$!% #
*$
# "!
/#"# ! & !
3
" "
" )* * front door% * chocolate cake1
' ! #
+/ 5/ +!
6
!

!

/
$ and but than as have were ** #! #
*
)/1 "
$$ "7
*
! # +03
"$ "* / +!

Intonation
#

/$ # ! 3
* # !

; $ *$
# # !

+ #
$*
* *$
!3
"8
When I arrived at the house I found that Mary was out.
/

!
"
/#
+$$/ &
$*# + $$
)I don't know)8 #

*$
#
=A
German speakers
B +
+ !
+ *$
# )3
*# /# # ! *" "$ /#"#
"!!1 " !

!
/# **
" $ ""
wh3;

)/#"# !

! " /#
*
/#"# "
#"* # *$
# 1
;

Juncture
! /
$$ &$ &** /# /$
+

+! /# "!
&+ & *$ $
)
+ &* $

$ *$
#1 #
" " +*3
*
""
++"8
?
in ?and ?out )! ?
? ?1
Orthography and punctuation
Spelling
!

# ! &$ # # $
/#
*$
#
$$* *
!
*$
#

& #
! $
! * !

$ *raund abaut
*schopping *wery much # !
/ /#
$ " $ $
$ * !

$ *I bought my Car from a
Friend.
Punctuation
:" "

*#$ #
! ! *$
#
# ! ++"
# "!!

&+ $$
&
"$

/$$
0 "! $!
+ &

F"

CI think, that there has been a mistake.
CShe knew exactly, what he meant.
CI hope, to see you soon.
CHe felt the need, to explain everything.
CShe was very anxious, to get there as early as possible.
!3"$

$
# *$
# D !
/
++$8
C,,How can I help you?`` she asked.
>(
German speakers

# ! *$

# * !! " $

!

!$ !

/
# #
! 5 +
"#6 " *
! #

+
"
*$ $ $ +!
0 0 "$

*$ *$ &
7$ ! $ &
"

& $
"
! $

* $$ & # & #

!"#
*$
# #*# # +! /#"#
!&$
# *$
#

+"

#
! / % # *

+!

!
#*#$ E" $ * * /#"# /
"# * #
+! )
" $$ # *
1 ""* # * !! " $ +"
9 "$
F"

+ 7 ! $ # ++ +!
)5"

61 ""* /## # #

&F" " &F"
" &F"
#
!
# /

!/#
+ # *$
# /# # * !! " $ +" + /
" $$ " &

! #
* !! " $ *8

!
"$ +! )#
$$
$
# &/ * ! *1 # $ " +

! "
E" $

! *$
# + $
! 3
*

+$ # *$
# #
5 * !! 6
)uestions and negatives; auxiliaries
- # 7$ do #
; $ ! % *

! &
! $
3/ &
! * &
* nicht ) G not1 + # &8
CWhen started you to play the piano?
CThank you, I smoke not.
' :+"

* $$ +! /# haben ) G have1 J

" $
*$
# /
! &
)!
$ "!!

&
+* "# * +
1 +! # +"
/# sein ) G be18

CShe is gone out
= "
+ #
!$ + +! *$
# had
+ !

; $ + ! hat ) G has1 haÈtte )/#"# " ! would
have 9
&$/18
CDo you know if Andrew had telephoned yet?
> ! #
#* "
* # "! $" *$
#

! + ;
*
8 *!
! $$
$" &
*$
&$ / #

"#
nicht wahr? )G not true?1
!
*$
# no? yes?
; $8
CIt's getting late, no?
>-
German speakers
, tense and aspect

- ! #
+!

!$ # *$
#
! $

! $

+"
! $
+" & # *
+!
8
CI realised that somebody came slowly up the stairs.
CI'm sorry I'm late. Have you waited long?
' # ! +! /#"#
!&$
#
+"

7 "$ #
! / 8 + +"
F

"
$

8
CI have seen Mary yesterday
= B
$ # !
! &
/# / /$

+"8
CThe German prison system improved a lot in recent years
> "
"# !

&F" /#
*$
#

+
* &
8
CI didn't know if she is at home

- # ! $ " +

*
"

!

8
CWhat do you look at?
'
#/ $*

+ ++
#
& ** !
+

/# *$
#

+"8
CHow long are you in Germany? )! * How long have you
been . . .?1
CI know her since we were children

! #
; $ + # going to + #
+

+! /# 7$ )*#$ ; $ # shall/will +1
#

7
$ + # +8
CI promise I bring it back tomorrow
Conditionals

! " $
"
# 7$ wuÈrde )/#"#
"

*#$ would1 ! &
&# "$

8
CIf he would ask me, I wouldn't tell him anything
(Wenn er mich fragen wuÈrde, wuÈrde ich ihm nichts sagen.)
#
" $
# 2# " "!! &
!
>'
German speakers
!
#

&F" ) 3/ +!1
+ # "3
$ )"! $ *$
# It were better if 1 " !
&F"
+
!&$ # $ *$
#

)* kaÈme<
came waÈre<were haÈtte<had1 "+

" $$ $$8
CIf she had more time, she came more often.
CIf I had known, I had told you.
CTuesday were better for the meeting
B $ ! *
7
&
! +$ !
# *$
#8
CWere I in charge, I had changed the times.
! so
+
&+ # ! "$
8
CIf he would come at six, so could we eat earlier.
$
# *$
# ! $
can must may " # *# ! ; 3
$
&$ # ++"
+
/#"# $ !

! 7 ! $
+ "!! &$!
8
- Ich kann )G I can1 " &
/# # ! + $ * * ! I
can speak8
CI can Russian
' *$
# must $
$ # !

musste )G had to18
CYesterday I must go to London.
Must be ! &

+ must have been8
CDid you? That must be interesting
= Muss nicht G don't have to needn't%
#
!
must not8
CI mustn't show my passport as my identity card is enough
> ! will !
want(s) will8
CShe doesn't know what she will
#
" $ "+
&/ would wanted )!
wollte)8
CI told her I would a coffee
. ! soll )G is supposed to is to should1

!!
!

3
$
shall sollte )G was supposed to was to1
should8
CHe shall be a brilliant musician )+ He is supposed to be 1
CI took my ®rst look at the building which should be my school
for seven years
, ! ! $
+! ;

*
#
! /
# &
#
" $ *$
# ! $
&* #

! / 8
CDo you can swim?
CYou didn't must say that
>=
German speakers
ation
! +

"
" /# #
&F" man )G one1
/# *$
# +

COne speaks English here.
COne has never beaten his record
There is . . .
"!! ! ; $ + there is

es ist )$ $$ it is18
CIt is a man in the garden.
! " $

es &+ $ $ &
#
"
% #
"
"!! /# &
# # sein )G be18
CIt were some problems with the ®nancing.
CThere happened something very strange.
! $

es gibt )$ $$ it gives1
; $ + there
is/are
CIt gives a swimming pool behind the town hall
Non-finite forms
! #
; $ + # *$
# 3$
+ # -ing +!
)5*61 Lachen +
" " "
*$
# to laugh
laughing
! "

# & 0 laugh ""* #
"7
" #
$$ #+ + "+

CInstead of ®ght / to ®ght, they decided on talking / to talk.
CI want start / starting work at once.
CI came here with the hope to ®nd a job.
CI really must stop to smoke.
!
# $
!

# +0"$ /# #
*$
# 5&F" J 06 "
"8
CI wanted, that she came to my house
Word order
- 0

" $
"! #
+ "$

! # *$
# /
;"$ $ & &*

!!
! !

8
CI must at once my sister telephone
CHe was in a road accident killed
>>
German speakers
' &
* $$ "! #
+ !
&
"$

$ * &*
! !

8
CDid I tell you, that my mother English speaks?
= ! #
&
" 5&
"6 / + #
&F" +
! "$

" & #* # # "F" #

&F" & 8
COn Tuesday have we a holiday
>
" ! &* /# # " &F" "! $!8
CThis car have I very cheap bought
CFantastic is that!
. &
!
& +!
&F" "! $!% #

$ *$
#8
CYou speak very well German.
CHe became ®nally President
, & "$
"! #
+ "$

8
CHe walked quickly in
? !
#/

#
+
"$

# &$ /#
"
$ That's the
woman I was talking about Who did you buy that for?
@ ! "$ ! &
+!
& ;
"! $7 " $ #
8
CThe in Britain with unusual excitement awaited budget
A Vor ) G ago1 "
7
+ ! Entlang )G along1 +$$/

8
CI bought it ago three years
CI met her for/before six months.
CShe was walking the road along.
"ticles
- ! # 0 "$ + ""!

/#"#

* $

8
CThe human beings are strange animals.
CWe all have to live in the society
' # 0 "$

/# 0* $6
+

8
CMy sister is doctor
= # 0 "$
+ ! + # ; $
+ with
without as8
CYou can't get there without car.
CI am telling you this as friend, not as boss
>.
German speakers

!
"$ +!
/# 5!6
* :

""*$8
CMy watch is broken. Can you mend her?
CThe girl )das MaÈdchen 9 !1 was lost. It didn't know
where it was
Number and countability
- !
+! # $ $

/
B!! $ $
*
-en -er% &*

!!
# -s +! #
$ $
+ *$
#
# #
$
8
CI have three brother.
' ! *$
# " &$
# " &$ ! ; $
9 +
" news hair furniture damage advice English weather
CAll the news are terrible today
CHe speaks a wonderful English.
CCan you give me an advice?
= ! *$
# $ $
#
*$ ! ; $
8 +
7 ! $ trousers scissors the Middle Ages the police
CCan you lend me a scissor?
CThe police is looking for him
Possessive `s
! #
; $ + # *$
#
's
" &
!
$
/# !
# "

von ) G of 1
* $$
8
CI went skiing with the husband of my sister
Adjectives and adverbs
- ! & + !

$$ " $ +! /# #
E" F" 4 7 ! $ gut G good/well% schrecklich G
terrible/terribly8
CShe can drive very good.
CHe is very good-educated.
CI was terrible impressed
' !
!!
& + " & 5
6 +
F"8
CThe most important is, to tell everybody at once
>,
German speakers
* tive pronouns
- ! was "

$ what & $
that )
" "

1 which /# # "
"$
#
$
!

+ what8
CThe only thing what he could do . . .
CAll what we want . . .
CHis offer was rejected, what took him by surprise
' !

*
# $ who which8
CI know the people which came to see you this morning
= " #
* !! " $
" ! &/ 3

" 3
" $ "$

&*
!

/#
"
$ *Her mother, that lives in Paris
*My uncle, you met yesterday * !! " $
> ! " &F" $

"
$8
the girl whom I am going to marry
Conjunctions
- ! #
#
! / + as like )+*
!$ 18
CYou look as your sister
' # ! / falls )$ $$ in case1

! if "
"7
#
" $

+ in case /#"# ""

# *$
#8
CPhone me in case you can't come
Prepositions

!

# *# *$
# ; $
:&$!

"

) ! $
1 /# 07 *$
# 7

"$$"
"
" /# # 5
!6

! " $ !

#
8
Cdressed with a dark suit
CYou remind me at/on your father.
CThat's typical for him.
Cfull with water
I# &$!
)
"1 "" /# !

#
! # *$ *$
# ; $ ! "!! +03
"$
8
- Nach ) G after1 " $
! according to8
CAfter my teacher, this is correct
>?
German speakers
' Seit " ! since for8

CI've known her since three years
= Von G of from% $
by /# $* & #
# 8
CCan I have a piece from that cake?
Ca photo from my mother
Ca symphony from Beethoven
> Zu G to at8
Cto Easter *He was a student to Heidelberg
. An G at on8
Cat Monday *on a party
, Vor G before in front of% $
ago8
CThe bus stop is before our house.
CI arrived before/for ten minutes
CI married for ten years ) * I got married ten years ago1
? Mit ) G with1

/# *
8
CWith 16 you can ride a motorbike
@ WaÈhrend G during while8
CShe phoned during you were out
A Bei "

$ * !& +

*$
#
* # "7 9 & $ by:
CI spent the evening by John and Alice )+ . . . at John and
Alice's1
CBy this weather no planes can ¯y
cabulary
Q ! ! *$
# /
+! #
!
)* Haus G house% Schuh G shoe% jung 9 young% singen G to sing1 #
+ "$
$ * # /#$ #*# # " !& +
5+ $
+
6 )
&$/1 ! 3
* /
* $$ /

!
4"# /#"# #$
#! /# # + *$
# " &$ /#"#
+ 4"# * )#*# ! $

$ #! !
" $$ 4"# !

+
$$* " &$
1
False friends
$ * !& + ! /

# ! *

/#"#
$*#$ "! $$ ++ +! #

+ # *$
# "*

! !

# +$$/* /
) !* #
18
come )! kommen G come go ""* "71
go )! gehen G go walk ""* "71
>@
German speakers
bring )! bringen G bring take ""* "71

mean )! meinen
$$ G think say1
actual(ly) )! aktuell G present current topical, at present1
eventual(ly) )! eventuell G possible/possibly/perhaps1
sympathetic )! sympathisch G nice1
thank you )! danke " ! No, thank you1
when )! wenn G if whenever1
become )! bekommen G obtain get1
control )! kontrollieren G check1
while )! weil G because1
cook )! kochen G boil cook1
lucky )! gluÈcklich G happy lucky1
rentable )! rentabel G pro®table1
$
# who )! wer1 where )! wo1
$
"+
& &*

Other confusions
+! +0"$
"
& !
$ * "*
&$!

! * $$ /# ! / #
! # *$
#
; $ /# + "
* /

&
; #
! /
# *$
# ; $
+/
7 ! $
8
say tell
so such
yet still again
this that
as how
as than
as when
to too
miss lose
leave let
leave forget
:#" $$ ! "+

8
man men
prize price
save safe
# ! / + please )bitte)

/# ++*
!#*
$

+!$ " $ #
) # $ not at all &

!"# ! /$1 #
$

!

Please *$
#
>A
German speakers
/

!!

Why not? $ /#
$

;8
`Would you like to join us for a week touring the Mediterranean
on Lord Canterville's yacht?' *`Why not?'
' ation
B! $7

"!! ! )Dorfschullehrer G village school
teacher1

! !
!$ 3/ "!

*$
#
A sample of written German with a word-for-word

translation
Eines Abends saû ich im Dorfwirtshaus

I * L*M
# $$ * &
vor (genauer gesagt, hinter) einem Glas
+ + )! 7 "$
&#1 *$
Bier, als ein Mann gewoÈhnlichen Aussehens

& /# ! L+M " L*M
sich neben mich setzte und mich mit vertraulicher
#!
$+ &
! $ " ! /# "0 $
Stimme fragte, ob ich eine Lokomotive kaufen wolle
"
/## $"! & /
L

&F"M
Nun ist es zwar ziemlich leicht, mir etwas zu verkaufen
/
#
!
!#*
$$
denn ich kann schlecht nein sagen, aber bei einer
+ " & $
L 0 +0"$
M& /#
groÈûeren Anschaffung dieser Art schien mir doch
&** "#
+ #

! ! #/
Vorsicht am Platze
" # $ " L"
! ! & " M
Obgleich ich wenig von Lokomotiven verstehe, erkundigte
$#*# $$ + $"!

+!
ich mich nach Typ und Bauart, um bei
!
$+ L ;M + "
"
.(
German speakers
dem Mann den Anschein zu erwecken, als habe er es hier

# ! # !
/
L+M # # #
mit einem Experten zu tun, der nicht gewillt sei, die Katz'
/# 7 /# /$$* & # "
im Sack zu kaufen, wie man so schoÈn sagt
#
" &

& +$)$1

)5 *VW
"# ++*6 & 2$+* * $
#! +! Lieblose Legenden1
.-
+nch speakers
B # 2 $
Distribution
4B )"$* 4"# 2

1 2U
B %
!
+ #/
$ 7!&*%
+0" $ /

" $ * * ! +! 4"#
$* "$
# /
" $ +"
# : "0"
# !"
Introduction
4"# &$*
# ! " * + 3 $ * *

"$
$ $ $
# :*
! #
! " *
#
! ++"
&/
$*
B 4"# + 7 ! $ #
4"# + 4 "
& # ++"
* # #
&/
#
!" *$
#% # ++
4"# $"
" $
! $$ "! #
&$
"
4"#
3 $ * * &"
#
! "& *$
# /

* #
!
!$ 3

&/ 4"# *$
# &#
7 " &$ #
#$*" $

!
7#&
! ! ++"
#/
#

$$

4"#

/# &$!

*
"*
*$
# ! * $
&/
$$*
"
Phonology
General
4"#
#
! #$*" $ "# "
"
/# *$
# 4"#

# * +0"$ "* "* !

*$
# "

&
! + # /$

&$!

:#
!
! $ # 4"# *$
#

!
+ /

##! ++ #

" $

.'
French speakers
+0"$
&#
* "*
*$
#
!* # +
+ 4"# /#"# $ 54"# ""6 *$
#
8
9 $$ 4"# /
+ /
$$ &$
!

*$
/ )
&$/1 $ # *$
#

! /# #

+ "# / /3 !
& $ #
" $ &$!
+ "! #
"! #
&$
9

*
$$ &$ 4"#
$ "* # !
*
"

*$
# #
$$ + # /$ " # ""

*$
#

$$ &$
#
/ + "
!
! 4"#

#
*$
#

5
/ $$/6 # /
" ! # *$
#

& 4"#

!

""
9 4"#

! $
! +; F /
*% # + # *

#
!
+ #
&$ )# &# # 1 + # * ** 5
+6

! "

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
4"#
#$ #+ & " "$ /#

+0"$
$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- 4"# #
$
# + /i:< /I< $ *
"+

&/
$ leave live
' <Ã<

!!
" $!
$ /@<
# much &"!
`mirch'
= 4"# #
$
# + /U< /u:< $ *
"+
&/
$ pull pool
> <¡<
+
# +
" not
$

!#*
$ nut
. # /O:< /@U< ! /
# 4"# /o< $ *
"+
&/
$ naught note
.=
French speakers
, <{< + "

+0"$ * #/
" & #
4"#
! & $
8
9 $ *$
# /Ã<
# /
$ bank bunk
"+
%
9 # $ /A:<
# +
" hand

$ `hahnd'%
9
/e< "
* "+
&/
$ pat pet.
? <eI<
!!
&"!
/e<
# + 7 ! $ paper

$
pepper " /{< " $
& $

/e< #
" $ "+

$ mad made
@ I# ##*

$$ &$! " & # ! &
" /# ; $ +" $*# # / $!
8 I see
now &"!
Àhee see nah-oo'
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
4"#
#$ #+ & " "$ /#

+0"$
$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <T< /D< 7
4"# # + " #
4"#

; # + # * !
#

+0"$
$ /s< /z< /f< /v< /t< /d< "!! $

+ #

#!
Think ! & $

sink, ®nk `tink'% that
`zat', vat `dat'

' <tS<
+ $

/S< /dZ<
/Z< church &"!
`shursh'
F &"!
`zhoke'
= <h< )/#"#
7
4"#1
+ 8 Ì 'aven't seen
'enry today'
> <r<
" /# # & " + # * 4"#

$$ & " #

! / *$
#
. 5 6 /l<
will
"" 4"#

!
$ " & 5"$ 6 /l<
lay
, *$
# $*#
/$

$$ &$
&+ 0 $ "
"

+ " # ! / *$
#
#
#
.>
French speakers
++" &/ /

$ sat sad
& # * # $*
/$ &+ # d + #
" / )# "<" "

&/ d t
!"# $
! + " 1 4"#

" $$ $*# #
/$
$ * "+

&/
+ /
$ sat sad pick pig

t clusters
- /
* "
J le # 4"#
! 3
# 5 6 /l<
/@l< B!& /# # "

!$
$$ &" /
# $

$$ &$ #
*
"
$ `terri'bull' `lit'tull'.

' # + /
$ realism 4"#

! " /s<
$
" /m< *$
#
! # `realiss'.
= I
! $$ 0 "
+$$/ & /z< # +
4"# / "* *$
# $ $
4"#

# -s + " "

! * !

$
*two tin
Stress
- 4"# /
+ ! #
$$ &$ # /

)/#"#

!/# / # *$
#1
# $
"

$$ &$ 2# # 7" + <@< /#"#

!!
$ /$
/#"#

# " # # &*

# / <@< /I<
*$
# 4"#

# * +0"$ "*

# /
$$ &$
/# *$
#

" #!
#

#* / * $
"
&$!
+ 4"#

* "
*$
#

!* +! #
*$ 4"#

! + /

*$
# /# #

+ "# / /3 !

& $
+
"
' 2# *$
#

! "
4"# +

* !! " $ "
" B! 4"# *$
#
/

5Didn't you go to the grocer's?68
*$
#8 No, I went to the baker's
4"#8 Non, c'est aÁ la boulangerie que je suis alleÂe.
)G No, it's to the baker's that I went.1
..
French speakers
tonation
# 4"# *$

#

!

!$ !
"

!!
4"# &
$ *$
/#"#
"
!

* !
+ #!" /#

$#*# 4"#
$$*
"! $7 4"#
" $$ #/
" / )/# 7"
1 +! # /

$
4"# $
! #+ 7 " & &$ #
!
*$
# $$ !

! & !
" $$ & &*

"

/# $ "!& + $
#
++ $
*$
# 4"# "$ $8
-
$$ &$
* /# # $ r #
$
"
4"#% +" # ! "
&$!
+

+
#
*$
# /# /
$ hard, early, garden. /
$ sister
4"#

! " # 0 $ e
/e<8 5sistair6
' ou ! & " /u:< au ! & " /o<8
`pronoonce' òtomatic'
= *$
*

! " 0 $ /Id< /ed<
+ $$ "

+ $$ " "

8 warneÁd
jumpeÁd
> 4 $ / "

4"# )* $ $ -s1 +
" #

& " *$
# $
!

$ *differen *She stay *four apple.
. # $ * !& + "*
*$
# 4"#
"!! + 4"#

+ 4"#

#
/

4"#

# ! &$ # # $
/#
*$
#
$$* #
+ # / !#
$ * *

$ F"
" $
4"# ! $
!

$ *I will begin german classes on the ®rst tuesday of
january
:" "
*#$ #
! 4"# *$
#
B!!
" &
4"#
! "

/# # /$ &

*$
# ! $ !

$ *Consonants that are
doubled in writing, are usually pronounced like single consonants.
.,
French speakers
D !
/
$*#$ ++$ 4"#8 X Y
# # 5 6 55 66

# 4"# *$

# * !! " $

!

!$ !

/
8 # #
! 5 +
"#6 " *
% /
& $
!$ % 4"# #

*$ $ $ & +!
0
0 "$
*$ *$ &
7$ &
"

+!

+

# +"
& +!
)#*# #
/#"#
"
" $ # *$
#

+"

#
! / 1
#
! ! ++"
#*# 4"# &

E"
# # * + & "
&#

#

!& + #
&F" + # "$
)#*#
! + #
E"
#
+!
"#1 4"# #
; $ +
# *$
# *
+!
# &
4"# /#"# 7
! $ E" +! ;

*
#
!
/
# &
#
#* "
* #
$<
3
$ &
4"# # E" ;
*
4"# #
* !! " $ *8

F"
"$

!
!
!
"$ +! )#*# $ +/

#/
$
# &/ * ! *1% #
! /
$
E"
+ $ $ ) $
/*1 5
6 + #

" $$ "!
&+ # !0
4"#8
+ 7 ! $
" $$ "!
&+ & F"
&
&+ &

4"#

# &$ $ * " # 3s
*
#

*$

&
# !

+ #
*$
#
"
3E" $ * *
"! 4"#
#
* + E"
& +*
4 $ / 3s 4"# /
$$ "
$#*# # ++"
#
$$*
+ 0

" #

*$

*
+ *$ &
4"# $$
# +!
" #
!
.?
French speakers
Questions and negatives; auxiliaries
- # 7$ do #
; $ 4"# 4"#

"
&$!
*$
# * +! *

#
4"#8
9 ! $ & * ;
! &
* ;
8
CYou are coming this evening?
9
8
CWhen think you to leave England?
' *
4"# +! & * ne . . . pas 3
/ & # 7$ + $* & #
" $
!
+ do/did < "" $ "! + not8

CShe lives not in Paris
# ne $
"
# & /# # * +$$/

8
CI have not said nothing
= 4"# #

/#"# +! $ # *$
# +"

* $$ /# # & avoir )G have1 /
! &
)3
"$* ! "!! &
+ !!1 +! #

/#
eÃtre )G be18
CClaude is come yesterday
> BF* ;
*
7
4"#% /#
*$
#
# ;
* *
/# # ! & 4"#

n'est-ce pas?
)G isn't it? isn't that?1 ! "
$$ non? + $$ &
8
CYou're American, isn't it?
CEmma is with Simon, no?

- #
4"#
#
+! !"# $ # *$
#

+" & +"

! $

"# +! $
/*8
CI have been to Japan last month.
' 4"# #

$ & "

#
&* #
"* #
8
CI work in Paris since August / for six months.
CShe is going out with Marc since they were sixteen
= /*
!!

"# )
" $$ /# *
"

1 #

! &
$ & #

4"# #
*
++" + +
3!* " 8
COn 24 July 1769, General O'Reilly arrives and takes of®cial
possession of Louisiana for Spain
.@
French speakers
CI phoned Eric last night. When I ask him Àre you coming?', he
says he can't
> 4"# #

/#"#

#
! /
# *$
#

*
$ & " *
*
#
#

! 4"#

$

$ & # &
"
#

4"#

!
#

*
$ " +
! $

used to would )
#

+ was/were in the habit of 18
CWe were often going to the seaside when I was a child.
CI was eating here every day when I was working for IBM
CEvery Christmas my father was pretending to be Father
Christmas, and we were pretending to believe him
#

$

"

/# #
+" *

/$ &
*$
# /# for since8
CWhen I arrived, they were waiting for half an hour.
# $$ &
"$* 5
6 &
" & #

4"#8
CI was knowing him when he got his ®rst big part
. #

4"# /#"#
+! $ # *$
#

+"

* "

* $$ # *$
#

" $
&
/# # "
&

+!
#
& + "
# "!! /$* #

9
#*# # ! & !8
`Here we are. Room 232.' *`But I had asked for a room with a
view!'

- 4"# #

*
+!8
CJulie can't come to the phone now. She has/takes a bath
' 4"#

#

+ 7

$ This is the ®rst
time 8
CThis is the ®rst time I come to London.

4"# #
#
! # /
+ 7
* + !

*$
#8

going to
" +
* $ 4"#
*$
#
* + #

!$ & #
! ++"

- " 4"# #

*

#
! $

! & ""$
+ # +8
CI eat with Christine this evening
' 4"# #

7
"
#
!!
8
.A
French speakers
)# &$$ *

1 *I answer it!
#

$

7
!
8
CI'm doing/I do it this evening.
= 4"#

# +
+ + ! + # ; $
+
when as soon as8
CI'll phone you when she will arrive.
CWill you tell me as soon as he will have ®nished?
$
# *$
# ! $
can, must, should " # 4"# ; $

#
&
4"# +!
"$
8 $ # *$

#
"
# &# ++$ +! # E" &

#
" $ $
& ;

*
+$$/*
0
#
$
!

" $$ + &*
$ *He
cans . . . *Do you must . . . .
# # ++"
+
/#"# $ !

!
"!! &$!
8
- " 4"#

*# # # 0 +! "
3

# *$
# to30
"!! + #!
#
to30 /# *$
# ! $
8
CI can to swim.
CYou must to enter your password ®rst.
CYou should to try this new shampoo
' 4"#

+!
+ #
*$ & devoir " #
+
&$* " 7
*$
# & must should.
#
" $

* must /# # ! should
"
8
CYou must (to) ask Eleanor if she has any ideas.
CYou should (to) have a permit to work in America.
= #

" 4"# "
* # *$
#
+
shall + ! *
* +
**

#
"

8 #

# 5! +"6 /# if8
CI set the table?
CWhere do we go?
CIf I lent you part of the money?
> 4"#

" $

#
! /

# *$
# ; $
/ " $
$

)+
7 ! $ /
"$
/
& "

1 " #
# +! *
&
$$ " 8
CThe hijackers would be members of the extremist group.
)
+ The hijackers are thought to be / are allegedly . . .1
,(
French speakers
CAccording to Opposition leaders, the decision would have been

taken. )
+ the decision was taken.1
. # 4"# ; $
+ ! $ +"
"
" ++$8
# ; $ + I ought to have gone + 7 ! $
j'aurais duÃ aller
9 $ $$ Ì would have oughted to go' #
" $ 4"#

*$
# 0
+
" $8
CI ought to have go.
tives
-
4"# # +
+
+
"

"
$ * !

*$
#8
CYou will go straight until the lights, and then you will turn
left . . .
' / 4"# # 0
+

! +!8
CTo wipe your feet, please.
CTo break the eggs into a bowl and to beat lightly
Clause structure and complementation
- 4"# + +

$ "$
/# *$
#

-ing +!
F" $$8
CI love the feel of soft warm rain that falls on my face
' 4"#

0 * /# & +!
0$$ # $ " + 8

CTo drive the children to school is a nightmare.
CDavid is thinking to change his job.
CI'm tired to tell her the same thing every day.
CI want to talk to Susan about to change my job.
CHe can't start the day without to have a cup of tea
= "

/# *$
#

0 + & 7

4"#

# ; $ + for.
"
$ #

""8
CHe is going to London for buy some books.
C. . . for buying some books.
C. . . for to buy some books.
> 2#$ *$
# #
&# 5& 6 5to36 0
4"# #
$

#
$
!

$8
CI want go. *I hope go.
. 4"# $$/
57
6
&F" &F"
"8
CYour sister she came.
CThe telephone they repaired it?
,-
French speakers
CShe is there, your mother?

, $
! 4"#
4"#

" # &$

* ! "*
"
$8
That's the man my sister interviewed
tation with certain verbs
4"# &
# # "$
; $
*$
# + #
++ "! $! ! + # ! "!! "

8
- 4"#

)
&F"1 "$
# # 0
"
+ # ; $
+ want would like8
CShe wants that you come right away.
' # ; $ + know 4"# " & +$$/ & 08
CI know to make pancakes.
= 2# 7

+ $"! )walk, run, dance, "1 4"#

"+ # + !! & " $ #
&
# "#" + ! &
#
*$
#8
CShe left the room running. )+ She ran out of the room.1
*They went down the street dancing. )+ They danced down the
street.1
> &# *$
# 4"# " &
" & !! $
+$$/ & " &F"
/#"#
/#
++" & # &6
" & # $

; #
! # / $ * *
8
CI explained her the situation
CHe suggested me another solution
It and there
# 4"# 7
"
* there is
! " #

&** /# # ; $ + it #
" $ !

8
CIt's a problem with the steering.
# 4"# ; $ + there is (. . . that) " $
&
/# !
7
! ago It's . . . since8

CI met here there are ®ve years.
CThere are six weeks that she hasn't written.
Passivisation
- 4"#

# E7 # ; $ + one
! "

/# *$
#

#
8
,'
French speakers
CThat does not do itself. )+ That is not done.1

*One speaks English here.
' 4"# # &0" +
& )" &F"
" "
"1 " & #
&F" +

" 48
We were given two days to ®nish the work
4"#
/$$
8
COne gave us two days (for) to ®nish the work
= # $
4"#

# &$ /# "! $7

8
CThe house is building. )+ . . . being built.1
*A lot of books have written on this subject.
' , fluence of French
4"# #
+ #

" $$ "! &+ !0
#

#

+ /# #
*$
# #
"

! #

-
& F"
4"# $ " + # !
&$!
*$
# !
+! #
8
Ca dress red
Ca lecture rather long
Ca request quite reasonable
CShe is the woman the most beautiful that I know.
' 9 "!
4"# $
+; # *$
#%
/# # "" # !
0
# !+*
+$$/
8
Can article of newspaper
Ca shop shoe
= #

" "
* # 's *
"
4"# #
4"# # 30
/ " $ !

$8
Cthe car of my brother
Cher blouse's friend
> 4"# & + "!
&/ # & # "
&F"8
CI forget always the way to his house.
CI like very much your dress.
CSolange speaks very well English.
CHe offers never to help.
#
$ # "!!

+ !
/#"# "
4"# /
,=
French speakers
- 4"# "

&F" "$
$ "$
+ #

&F" + # "$

8
CI told her what wanted the directors.
CDo you know how is coming John?
CThe song that was singing my mother when she was putting us
to bed . . .
CThe house where lived my grandparents . . .
' + #
&F" + #
& "$

! $
"

4"#
*$
#% & * $
+!
*$
# ;
+!
!
$$ $ !

"#8
CThey asked us where were we going.
CI wonder which department does she work for
= 4"#

+ see, hear, let, perhaps8
CI saw go out a short plump man.
CI heard open the living room door.
CMs Hadley let play the children a bit longer than usual.
CPerhaps will they be late
# ) "1 0 # ; $ 4"#
" " #
"
! * $ * *$

#
"
$ *I have
never seen kill an animal
> 4"# 7

+ ;

" &F"
"! &+
#
" $ + /3 &8
CI have too much eaten.
CShe has everything read, but she hasn't found the answer.
CI have them all counted.
CHe's a lot done for both the children
. 7

/# 0
4"# " & de aÁ
/#"# 4"#

!!

$
to. #
#
++"
# $
+ * 0
8
CI asked him to not tell his sister.
, 7"$ !
/# # 4"# ; $ + how J F"< &

8
CHow he runs fast!
? I# " $ !

* +! 4"# / 8
Ca such charming woman
Cago ten minutes
CIs your coffee enough sweet?
Cthree days, about
Cthe four last days )+ the last four days1
Cthe three next months
CHas been your sister to France?
,>
French speakers
' , ticles and prepositions
#
& " * "
* #
$<
$ &
4"# 4"#

# +0"$ $ * #/
#

&
*$
#% / /# &F"

"$
&$!
CJohn phoned. Can you call back him?
4"# " 5
6
# + "$
2# #
;
/
# &F" +
4"# #

$/
"!
&+ # ;
/ #
"

*$
#8
CFrom where are you?
# #
$
# ! "
*8
( )
* At what time . . .?

$
! # +0"$
* $

"
$8
There's the girl I was talking to you about.
He's just been operated on.
Articles
- 4"# # 0 "$ ""!

/#"#

* $

8
CI like the Baroque music.
CThe whisky is a stronger drink than the sherry
' 4"#

"$ &+ # !
+ +

"! $!

8
CSarah is teacher
= 4"#

0 "$ &+

!
!
8
CThis is the mine and that is the hers.
CThe most people think the euro is a good thing
> 4"# # 0 "$ "
!!
& ! + #
; $
+ as without8
CI used my spoon as shovel.
CDid Tom go out without hat?
. I# " $ !

* +! 4"#
+ "$
8
Cthe Mike's book
CWhat time do you have the dinner?
CThe English is a dif®cult language.
CHe's coming the next week.
Cthe Cambridge University
Cthe Princess Caroline
,.
French speakers
CI'm not in the of®ce the Thursday.

CWhat pretty jacket!

-
!
"$ +! :

""*$8
CI can't ®nd my book ± he was on the table a minute ago.
CThis cooker doesn't work as well as she used to
' #
!
"
* his her 3
" $% # * * /# # # !+8
CI had dinner with John and her sister last night.
CJanet lent me his knife to open the parcel
Number
- !& +
" &$ 4"# " &$ )!
1

*$
# B!! !

8
Cmy hairs *your luggages
Cinformations *advices
CThe news are good
' ! #*
#
* & $ $
*$
#

* &
*$
4"# :
&$ !

8
Ca jean *a trouser *a short *a pyjama
Cthe middle age )+ the Middle Ages1
Cthe custom )+ customs1
CThe police is on the phone
= D
+ ! !

+ $;

$

"
" $$ $ $ & +$$/ & $ $

4"#8
CI need another ®ve pence, but I haven't got them.
CFifteen litres are more than I can carry.
CSix miles aren't far to walk if you're ®t
> 2#
$ $
#
!
+ #* 4"# +

# +* # #* #
*$ 8
CWe all put our coat on and went out.
. *$
# 9 "!
! $ &$!
/# +
#
#
$ $ ! *
*$ +!8
Ca teethbrush *a shoes shop *a books publisher
,,
French speakers
) $
#
" 52 61
-

+ / ! F"
4"#
$$
et )G and1
&+ # $
#
" $ !

/# *$
# &
F"
8
Ca short and red dress
' # !& + F"
# " &

*$
4"#8
CThe poor! )! * The poor man/woman!1
CThe essential is to get the timing right
F" " &
#" $$ /# # ; $
+ *$
# +! one8
`Which one is your brother?' *`The tall.'
= :

" $

F"
)$ interesting
interested boring bored1 + "+
8
CI am very boring in the lesson.
> B!

$
$/
+! /# # ; $3

+ more most8
CI thought she was much more old.
CI am the most short person of the class. / the person the most
short of the class
. 2# "! F"
&
4"# # / que
)/#
!
"!! *$
# ; $
that1

8
CI am taller that two of my brothers.
CShe doesn't drive as fast that you
Reflexive pronouns
4"#
7

" # 0

"

&/ E7

&F"

4"# #
" &/ #
5
$+6 5 "# #68
CI hurt me with the hammer.
CWe just sat there looking at us
Relative pronouns
- 4"# #

&F" $ )qui /#"#

* !
who1% &F" $
)que /#"#
* !
what1 #
" $
&$!
*$
#8
,?
French speakers
CThe book who made the biggest impression on me . . .

CThe man what I saw yesterday . . .
' # "$
! + # 4"# # "

whose8
CThe man whose the car was parked in front of mine . . .
= 4"#

# / "
* where
$ +
!
! 7

8
CThere was a terri®c storm the day where he was born
(unctions
- 4"# #
#
! / )comme1 + as like )+*

!$ 18
CWe're from the same family and went to the same school, but
he isn't at all as me
' 4"# +

$$

+ and or8
Have you got a knife and a fork?
In Germany or in Austria . . .
Prepositions

4"#

# *# *$
# ; $
:&$!

"

) ! $
1 /# *$
# 7

"
" /# # 5
!6

4"#% /#
+ # $ * *

# #
" $
!

#
8
Cresponsible of the whole project
Cmade in plastic
Cmarried with my sister
Clisten a record
Cdiscuss of a solution
I# &$!
)
"1 "" /# 4"#
#
! # *$ *$

# ; $ ! "!! +0"$
8
- Depuis " ! since for8
CI have lived here since ten years
' De " ! of from
$

/# $* &
#
# 8
CHe is of Cannes.
Ca novel of Zola
= *$
# $ "

/##

* +
!!
)* at/in/to1 4"# $ "

! 7 # / "$
+ # &F" + #
,@
French speakers

" + 7 ! $ /$$ & " & aÁ /## #
!
at, in to *$
#8
CShe went at London last year.
CThere are hundreds of cinemas at Paris.
CI went in Germany last year
> 4"#

"$

"!! & $
+ !
+*

+
8
CIt's very quiet here the night
CI usually work in the of®ce the morning and make visits the
afternoon
CI usually see Nick the Tuesday.
cabulary
Q ! 4"# *$

# /
+! #
!

# ! $$" $ "#" $ /
# ! #

$$
"" #
+ "$
$ * # /#$
" $$ # 3
!
* & / + !
# 4"# $
"$
$
"!! ! 3

* "*
! " !
+ ! "!! ! " /#"# !

8 liberate
+ set free extinguish
# # put out enter # # go in #
+ ! "
!

!!
"
"
"
* * #
+0"$ +
* #
$<
$ &

# !& + 5+ $
+
6 /#"# # ++
! *
# / $ * *
% 9 #
/
9 5$ &$
+
68 /
# ! $!
#
! # / $ * *

! #
! "7 #
`Bleached verbs'

+ !$3
5&$ "# &
6 7
&# *$
#
4"# & #
*

" ++$ "# $ * *8
- + # ""
7
*$
# /# # & to be
7
4"# /# # & "

* to have #
"
$ !

$8
CI have hunger
CShe has heat.
CYou have reason. )+ You are right1
B
$ 4"#

# ; $ + be Je suis d'accord )G I
agree $ $$ I am of agreement1 $ * # "!! !

*I am agree
,A
French speakers
' 4"#

# ; $ + take 7

/# *$
#

/$
have $ * !

$ *Let's take a
drink
= "
# 7
/# # & get

*$
# 7
/# E7 &

4"#8
CI woke me and dressed me early in case she arrived
+ unreliable friends
!!
!& + 4"# /
# ! *
/#"#
$*#$
"! $$ ++
+! # *$
# "*

! $$
! $ + # /
# 4"#

! !

*$
#8
actual, actually )4"# actuel G current, present; actuellement G
now1
advice )4"# avis G opinion1
chance )4"# chance G Lbit ofM luck1
command )4"# commander G order Lfood, merchandise "M1
corpse )4"# corps G body1
cry )4"# crier G shout1
demand )4"# demander G ask1
education )4"# eÂducation G upbringing1
engaged )4"# engageÂ G committed1
essence )4"# essence G petrol1
eventual )4"# eÂventuel G potential, possible1
evident )4"# eÂvident G obvious1
experience )4"# expeÂrience = experience experiment1
fault )4"# faute G mistake1
gentle )4"# gentil G kind, nice1
ignore )4"# ignorer G not to know1
important )4"# important G important big, extensive1
interesting )4"# inteÂressant G interesting lucrative, pro®t-
able, ®nancially advantageous1
large )4"# large G wide1
library )4"# librairie G bookshop1
occasion )4"# occasion G opportunity, bargain1
pass (an exam) )4"# passer un examen G take, sit an exam1
politics )4"# politique G politics policy1
professor )4"# professeur G teacher1
savage )4"# sauvage G wild1
sensible )4"# sensible G sensitive1
sympathetic )4"# sympathique G nice, easy to get on with1
?(
French speakers
" tten French with a word-for-word

translation
Le printemps eÂtait venu. Un dimanche, apreÁs avoir nettoyeÂ

#
* /
"! I + 3# "$
sa boutique aÁ grande eau, Lecouvreur, sentant les chaleurs
#

# &* / " +$* # #
proches, deÂcide de sortir la terrasse : quatre

"
# ! " +Z 8 +
tables rondes et huit chaises de jardin, qu'on aligne sur
&$
*# "#
+ * # $
3
le trottoir, sous un grand store ouÁ on lit en lettres
# ! &* /* /#
$
rouges: HOTEL- VINS- LIQUEURS.

8 I323:
Lecouvreur aime musarder dans le quartier, la cigarette
" $
3
$$ # *#&# # "*
au coin des leÁvres . . . Toujours la meÃme
3# " +3# $
$/
#
!
promenade, tranquille, apaisante. Il longe
/ $ ; " $!* / $
3 $*3#3
3+
l'hoÃpital Saint-Louis, puis il regagne le quai
# #
$ 3
# # *
# !& !
de Jemmapes. Des peÃcheurs sont installeÂs sur le bord du
+ !!
! 0
#!
$$ # & +3#
canal, au bon endroit. [. . .] Lecouvreur s'arreÃte. Il
" $ 3# * $ " L M " #!
$+

fait beau . . .
!
0
Partout les marronniers ¯eurissent,
/# # #
3"#
3
&$
!
de grands arbres qui semblent planteÂs laÁ
L0 !& +M &*
#
! $ #
pour saluer les peÂniches. Des bateliers
+ 3* # & *
L0 !& +M & !
?-
French speakers
se deÂmeÁnent . . . Un peu plus haut,

L#!
$
M / /# + " * $$ ! #*#
des montagnes de sable ou de pierre,
L0 !& +M !
+
+

des tas de charbon, des
L0 !& +M $
+ " $ L0 !& +M
sacs de ciment, encombrent le quai.
& *
+ "! "!& # !& !
Des voitures traversent le pont tournant.
L0 !& +M "
"
# &* * LG #

/*
&*M
)4! HoÃtel du Nord & *[ & # Z

V$1
?'
talian speakers
$
*
Distribution
P :B I4 I QB 2U

$ ! $
Introduction
$
3 $ * * "$
" +!
"$
$ $
# :*
4"# #
/
+ * $ $"
! + /#"# ! $$ $$*&$

! + /#"# # $ + # /

$
"
"
+ # * $ *

;" # # $
"
/$$
$
" $$ #
$
# !
"
$

#
$ * * /#"# $ +! +

" % & ! " # $" $ $"
/#
*
$"

"$

$
#
# $" ! & # 0

$ * * + !
$ $ * *
"! $

&F" #*# !
"
"#$ #

$$ # ++" # / *$
#
/$$ & $ $

#
!

" $ *
*$
# #*# # /
+ # *

+ !"# *$
#
$7

7 # *$3 7 $!
*$
# #/ "
"
+0"$
&
" "$$; $ *$
#
* + "

! &$ # ! +! $ " !" *

$ $
+ / & * !! " $ "" "%
#
! E" #

" 5"" $ 6 #
"!!
!#3* "#* #
$$ # #*# $$ + * !! " $
/
/#"# " & 7 $ +* $ * * $ *

?=
Italian speakers
honology
General
$#*# # ++"

&/ *$
# $ #

& + $

# ! +0"$
+
$ $
$ #
+

##!
# #
$
# !
&$!

* ! * #!3
$

# $ $ *$ ! "# &/
$$* " $ #

" $
+ /

!!
"
$
&"! ; * & # "3

" + *$
#
Vowels
i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
$
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <I<
+;$ $
"
<i:<8 leave + live.
' <{<
+;$ $
"
<e<: met + mat.
= <Ã<
$

!!
" <{<8 bat + but.
> ! $ /
+! *$
# # $ 3
" 8 ¯esh + ¯ash% 5""6 + crack
. # ##*
$ #*# # "!&
+
/$
/#"# ! ! *$
# ##*
*#
$

"*
/$
+ ##*
"

! * ; $ /*# # / $!

$
# #

* # 0
$!
, ! *$
# ##*
! & "" $ " B3
+

"!! &/ <@U< <O:< <¡<, $$ # /$
&*
$

# $ <o<% #
$
+0"$
*
#*
/
$ coat caught cot
!$ "+
!

?>
Italian speakers
&/ <e< <eI<

get gate &# &* $

#
$ <e<.
? # " + $ /$
++" &

/ $ /$

$* +! *$
#

3
!* "
&$!
"$ $ # "! #
3
" + ! $ "$$; $
"#

/$
+
"
# / # # &* /
" "
" )* < fotogr{fer<
+ <f@t ¡gr@f@< + photographer1
/ +!
+ + !$ /

"#
can have are must !
& "*

ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
$
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- $ <t< <d< <n< " /# # * *
# #
# # # *!3*
' <T< <D< + "
<t< <d<: tin + thin udder
+ other " I3! #

* #

" $ 7"

++ # $ 6
/#"# " & ! &$! " # #
* $
= #
&$!
$ "* "$ $ /# #
"
&/ <s< <z< /#"#
$
$
#
*

"#
5zmoke6 + smoke; # "*
+ $ $ #3
-s "

/# *$
# ;
"*

!!
# +0"$ "" $ "* $
" "

) /
$ big dog1
" &"
+ #
$
+ "* *$
#
> #
; $ $ + # #! <Z< /
$
pleasure occasion & " /# <zj< #
E" + #
$$*
?.
Italian speakers
. <ê< $
+ <n<. *$
# ng )
singer1
+
" <êg< & $
8 <s¡êg< + <s¡ê<.
, #
; $ + <h< $

/$$ # + $
" 3"!
8 `Hi 'ope 'e is'.
? $ 0 $ "

$$ + $
+* $ /
* bar, sport " 0 $ "

*$
# ! & * +$$/* /$
$$
"#/ 8 I went@ to
school@ on@ the bus@
@
+!
! *
! " 0 $ " "

8 <aI
wend om on d@ b{z< + I went home on the bus.
A $ w " "
&$!
8 + 7 ! $ would ! & "
"
<u:d< <hu:d<
t clusters
$#*# $ #
! + # !
&$ "
"$

+
*$
# )
! ! &

1 # $ * *
$
"
3#
# *$
# 2
/# ! # "$
)$ understandable1
"$ $ +0"$ 4 $ "$

+ "
&$!

" $$ #
" * <T< <D< * sixths, clothes.

! * $ $
"# $ &"
+ # "$

$
# &/
$$* " $ 7 " "#
$ & " )* <kni:< + knee1 "$ $8
- # $ r
$/
" $ #

"
*$
# $ * !

/
$ farmer
' &$ "

"

"# $ % #
" ++"
$
6 " + /

"#
summer accurate sitting
opposite
= # $
c g
# " $ ""*
/# +$$/
8 c
" <tS< &+ i e &
<k< &+
# /$
% g
" <dZ< &+ i e &
<g< $
/#%
sc
" <S< &+ e i &
<sk< $
/# " $

$* +! #
8
àchent' + accent
`sinjer' + singer
`sheen' + scene
$ ch
" <k< $ * ""
$
$ `kip' +
chip
> w $ /
+! *$
# # $ * *

+
?,
Italian speakers
"
<v<8 vat + watt
" #
$$
*$
# /
/# w
.

!!
" $
$ $

pneumonia
psychology /#
"# $ $
" $
*hythm and stress
$ $
+ "$ ! # *$
# $ 5 # /
6 #

3!
+ *$
# "
* +0"$ $ $

"$ $ !
+ " "! #
# "# "3

"
+

3!* & " $

& #
" + / +!

" $
/$$ 7 " +$$ $ & * $$

$$ &$

! + "
+
!$ # "# * + ! * /# /

#
" ; $
$
" * un poco ) <"umpoko<1% #

an cora (still, yet) ancora (anchor)% capi tano (captain)
"
capitano (they happen) #
!
+

"# *
&/

+
"# /#"# $$$ *$
# * politics, political "
/ +/

/ + /# #
# /
$ * * !
"

"# #! *$
# & &K
4 $$
#$ & # # / + stress $
accento
#
! & "+
/# accent.
Intonation
! $
! & #

* *$
#

# * #!

* ++"
! $

# +0"$ "*
*
8 ++"

#
*$
# &/ yes/no ;

)
* 1 wh-;

)+ $$* 1 "

"$ &$!
B

$

$$
* $$ & * # "!
+ #
"
#
# $! +"
"!
# /#"# ""
/# #
!

8
Il treno arriva alle nove )The train arrives at nine1
Alle nove il treno arriva )The train arrives at nine.1
*$
# + "
++ ! #

" & " & "# *

# !

# /# "
$
"# ** # + #
$!
$ $
#

"
&

$
# &$!
"*
* # $ +
* $$* ++" ! *%

+!
! *
!

* **
/# ! * ;

* ;

??
Italian speakers
+!

$* +! # $
# &/
$$*
" /# $
6 7 "
+ $ #"
$$* # &$!

+ "" " "! +! # $
$$* +
"*
$ psichiatra psicologia " **

$$*

"#

*psicology.
$ "
#
+ $/ "
++
$*#$
+! *$
# ! $$ $

$$ # !
+ #
!#
F"
+ $ # !
+
$ * *

Style
7
"

&$!
&"
+ ++ "
#

+ $*
"
"
++
& /# "

5*
$6
!
$* "! $7
"
/# !
& # *$

# /$ ! $$ + $ &
#

* #
! / : " $ "
"
! &
&
"
! &
/# & $
"
" /$ & ! ! $ *$
#
Grammar
General
# ! +0"$
+ $
$ * *$
# $ # + " #
*$
# $
* 7 / #

"
" * !! " $ +" /#
$ $#*# #
3
$ $* / +! # + * + /
+
*

$
#$
!"# ! ! #$*" $ E"

#
+
"" "
*$
# # $ $ " + ! #$*" $
* $
/$$ + "

"! $ # *$
# #
$

#
$$ * !!
" &$
Statements, questions and negatives; auxiliaries
# 7$ do #
; $ $ "

"" $
+0"$
*
+! & * # +" $ $
8
?@
Italian speakers
CWhere he work?
CWhat you want?
*
+! & #
+ # * "$ non
CI not smoke.
CI no speak English.
# $

+ * "$
/#"#
/# non
7
nothing, never, no-one " **

#
+ &$
*
*$
#8
CI don't understand nothing.
B+
""
/# # * + 0
8
CIt is useless to don't speak.
, tense and aspect: forms
- $ #
0

#

# # E" +!
+

+ " $
! $
! +" I#

+! & #

+ 7$

' # #

*$ * #

+;$
! & $ $
) $ /
$ -s

+ $ " # *
&" $
"

& $+ /*
/$$1 #

"$ $ +0"$
" $#*# $ !
"!!"
Che go *she say
= $ #
+!
!$ # *$
#
+" )"
"
/# # 7$ & have
" $
/#"# ! &
*$ *$ 1 * + &
!
$ "!!
3
&
+ ! "# * +
+! #

/# to be
)essere1 #
*

8
CHe is gone
$ E7
$
+! # +" /# essere:
CI am cut myself
> 5B $6 + $
"
! #$*" $$
* $$ &
+! # #
"
"
# +"
50
6
5
"6 5#6 " $
5" $
"
6
"
" ! + $7 $

#
&F"
# if3"$

+ /# / /$ " $$
" # "3
$
!
would
; $ *$
#8
CIf you would win a prize, you could share it with me.
CIf I would have known
?A
Italian speakers
, tense and aspect: use
- :*
&
7
$ & #

! $! #
*$
#8
CWhat do you read? )+ What are you reading?1
' $

#
+"
+" "
# "

#
0! $ / ! # $!
+ /# "
! & "
&
+0"$ #
/ #
+
#
! $ 5#
"6

+# "! $" & #
+ " # # ++"

* &/ #
# $
&/
/ $ #
" !
*$
# + #/ # "
/ /#
" #
#

$ ! * + $

+ +0"$ + #!
*

+ #
+" + #
! $

+;8
CI have seen her last week
= $ & #/ $*
+ ++
#
& ** $

#
! $

)+ !

* since + for
*
It is "
" & $* /# $ 18
CI live there since ten years.
CI am a teacher since 1983.
CIt is three years that I learn English
> +
" &
# $ ; $ + if "$

#
& "$

/#

/$ &

*$
#8
CWhen the holidays will be over, I will
.
$ #
; $ # going to +
#
+ #
*
/# + ! *% & #

! $

+" /# + ! +" $ 8
CWhat do you do this night? )+ What are you doing this
evening?1
CI go soon to home
To be, to have and to do
# ; $ + have

$ $ & "!! #
" $

8
CI have cold.
CHave you hunger/hungry?
7$ +$$3& +!
+ have + "+
8
CI hadn't breakfast this morning
# ; $ + make/do take + "

*$
#
+$$3& have8
@(
Italian speakers
CI want to make/do a shower.

CWe did a party.
CI did/took a coffee
# $ ; $ + to agree

" /# be8
CI am not agree at all.
"uxiliaries and modals
Do " $

&
& $! $
8
CI usually do go out on Sunday
# 0 ! $ 7$
$ /#"# # $$ # ! #3
$*" $
""
+ # &
$ # *$
#
; $
#
" $ "# "
"
+ *$
# ! $
#+
"
&$!
8
CI can to go.
CI would to go.
CShe musts come soon.
CDo you can help me?
I would
+

$ + vorrei )G would like to)8
CI would very much go.
#
#
+ ! * # +
&$ "

&$* " 7
& # *$

# ! $
+0"$ + $

5+$6 # +
"
must
"
$ ++
+!
+ dovere

# ! * #
# ++ ! $
8
CYou must to know )+ You should/ought to know.1
I#
"
/#"# ! "
+0"$ #
&/ could
was able to% must have to% mustn't, needn't don't have to%
didn't need to needn't have.
CYou don't have to drive on the left in Italy.
CChildren under ®ve mustn't pay.
B! #
&$!
! & "
& # + " # # /
+!
+ ! $
$ can must ! & " &
$

Non-finite forms
$#*# #
5*6 $ # +!

#
!
/
+;$
*$
# # 0
&
&
$
+ &

+ # * + F"

+

J *8
@-
Italian speakers
CWhen he had ®nished to eat . . .

CI am thinking to move to London.
CIt's not worth to buy that book.
CI am tired to listen to your criticisms.
$
+ $ $
# *
+
8
CBefore to go home, he . . .
CI am looking forward to see you.
To ! & &+ 0 /# #
"
*
/ $ 8
CI want go home.
CI hope see you soon
# 5&F" J 06
" "

&$!

" $

"$
8
CDoes he want that I come, too?
# $ 0 +

"

per )G for18
CShe went out for to buy . . . / for buy . . . / for buying . . .
ause structure: subjects and objects
$ "!!$ 7

# + 5$*6 /# # ; $ + 5
$
6 )piacere) #
!
# # $
&F" "

#
*$
# &F" "
/#"# " "
!

8
CYour new car likes me.

!$ &$!

/# # & to miss8 # $ + I miss you

Tu mi manchi 9 $ $$ You are lacking to me #
" "
$

# *$
# & # /* / 8
CMy home misses me
$
+ #
&F"
&$* ! $
"$$; $
"#8
CWhen a man ®nds a friend, ®nds also a treasure.
CIs dif®cult to say.
# +
&F" "
+ # *$
# " &

!
"
+ ! #

$ "8
C(It) would be necessary more time.
CIs arriving Giovanni tomorrow.

&F"
"!!8
CMy family and I we have visited . . .
I&F"
! & !8
CYes, I like.
# ; $
+ explain suggest say " # / &F"
$ 8
CPlease explain me your problem.
CCan you suggest us a good restaurant?
CSay me the truth.
@'
Italian speakers
*ted speech
+0"$ *
* # *$
# 53
6

#+ $
+
" &

" $

" + *

!

" $$
" $ "
" $

"# "$

8
CHe said that he would have arrived at six o'clock )+ that
he would arrive that he had arrived1
2 * wh3;

" & &$!8
CDo you know where is my village?
$ #
/ $ " # +"
+ say tell8
CHe said me that he wanted . . .
Relatives

! # +0"$
* "* "$

/# K $

$ That's the car I want.

! & 8
CThat's the house that I told you about it
The passive voice
$

#
" !"# $
# *$
#

!
# +0"$ +!* *$
#

"$ $ +"
*
+!

CNot enough houses have built in the last ten years.
COur new house is building now
!

! # & *# #
#
!"# " $ / 8
( )
* My bicycle has been stolen by somebody.
$ " ! " &F" #
&F" +
&

"$

$ George was given a camera for his birthday "
!
"$ $

"
$ He was thought to be hiding
They are alleged to have demanded "!
$ $

Reflexive verbs
E7 &
! "!! $ # *$
# #
; $
+ get up wash shave dress get ready sit down +
7 ! $ $$ E7 $
@=
Italian speakers
( )
* I get myself up at 6.00 every morning.
$ E7
++ +! +!
$

8
CTake care of you.
$ E7
" $
&

" &F"
"

/# *$
# /$

8
CI broke myself the arm.
# " 7
# + 5 "# #6

CWe will meet us after dinner.
#
$
$ !
$ E7 "
"% + $ 0
# "" *$
#
; $ $

"#
8
CIn this region you/he/it produces many shoes.
"ticles
$#*# !

+ "$
$ !
"!!"

# $
+ # *

&$!
+ $ $
$ #
&#
0 0 "$
/#"# E" + !& * &
#

++ +! *$
# # "
&/
"0"
*" "

&$!

" $

*"

# 0 "$8
CThe dogs are useful pets.
CI think the money is very important.
$

# 0 "$ /# +* $6
+

8
CI am teacher.
CWhen I was child . . .
0 "$
+ + # ; $
+ as with
without:
CI am speaking to you as friend.
CYou can eat it with spoon.
CI studied English without teacher
# $

! "!! 7

+*
$" 8
CShe lives in mountains / in country
/ "$
" &
$ !& + "

/# #
*$
# 9 +
" /# +* "

"$
* ! $
8
CI was travelling through the Italy.
CMy favourite colour is the red
CAfter the breakfast, we went to school.
I# +0"$
"$8
@>
Italian speakers
few / little
a few / a little
in future
in the future
last / next week
the last / the next week
(the) church, school, prison, hospital "
)uantifiers
$

$$ $
# much many
+0! "$

8
CShe has much money
Most
+ /*$
/# "$8
CThe most of my friends live in London.
#

+ both all " "
&$!
8
CWe all are going to the cinema.

+ one . . . another, $
!
a . . . another:
CHe spent the morning running from a shop to another.
Neither either none " $$ & nessuno $ 8
CNone of the twins is at home.
Possessive structures
"
/#
's ! & # /* / 8

Cmy car's father

's ! &

$8
Cthe table's leg
$
!
E" + !& * # #

#
#3/
" &/ his, her its8 #
"#" + / $
# * )!
"$ +!1
+ /#

+ #
8
CLook ± there's Maria and his boyfriend!
CHe bought some ¯owers for her wife.
I# "!!
"$ #
+ your + her% !

$ *the my book

" $

+;$ "3"" /#
"$

B+
+
!

$
""
+3
;$
# # #
! +! $ 8
Cmine parents
4!
$ a friend of mine +0"$
@.
Italian speakers
Number and countability
# " &$<" &$

"
$
"$ 3" $ #
*$
#
! " &$ *$
# /
# " &$ ;3
$
$ 7 ! $
8 news, furniture, information, luggage,
advice, weather, spaghetti ) #

#
1 bread.
CIt's a terrible weather!
CI need two breads.
B $ #

$ $ /# *$
#
8
CA second-hand car in good conditions.
# $ / + people )gente1

*$ 8
CPeople is strange.
$ + !$ !
" & * $ $ E"8
Cthe Smith )+ the Smiths)
Pronouns
Who ! &
/# " #

+ 5 /#68
CWho ®nds a purse in the street should take it to the police
station.
$
+ #
di )G of 1 + # ; $
+ some-
thing anything " *

8
Csomething of interesting
Cnothing of important
He she ""
$$

+ it E"* # * + #
; $ $ 8
CWe started up the mountain, but she was too dif®cult to climb.
F"
$
$$ +$$/ # E" + !&
/#"# ! $ &*
! !

8
Can idea stupid
Cthe dears children
" $
! ! !

/# 7

$ the
poor, the blind "8
CWe should give money to the poors.
$
# "!
$ E"
8
CShe is much more old than me
! 7

$
F" /# *$
# /$

&8
Cspeak slow
Cwalk quick
@,
Italian speakers
$ & !
& +!
&F" "! $!8
CI like very much English.
CI live always in Rome.
tions
# "
! * +
!

$$ $
&#
$ * *
*$
# +

$

& " $

"
& $
+ "$8
Cto discuss about
Cto read on the newspaper
Cto go in England
Cto listen something
# $ /
+ before after $
"!!$

&
8
CWe went to the National Gallery; after, we went to the British
Museum.

# +0"$ /# 5
3
*6 ;

$3

! $
/$ 0 # +$$/*
"
#
"8
Who did you buy it for?
That's the woman I told you about.
She's being operated on tomorrow
Vocabulary
:
$ * 7 " + $

$ / +
/
$ # #
$ &$!
+ + $
+

! + # ! +;$ " + #
8
in fact
! indeed
actually
! now, at present
sympathetic
! pleasant, friendly
according to me
! in my opinion
to know
! to meet (for the ®rst time)
library
! bookshop
editor
! publisher
lecture
! reading
conference
! lecture
morbid
! soft
sensible
! sensitive
eventual
! possible
comprehensive
! understanding
@?
Italian speakers
assist
! attend
control
! check
I# "!!
+ "+

$* +! ++ 3
$ * " * # / $ * *
"$8
still, yet, again
as, how, like ) $$ $ & come1
which, what, who, that ) $$ $ & che1
too, too much, too many ) $$ $ & troppo1
very, a lot, many, much ) $$ $ & molto1
why, because )&# $ & percheÁ1
come, go
bring, take
dead, died )&# $ & morto1
also, even )&# $ & anche1
worse, worst
2
! & &/ +! 4"#8
Cstage + 5"
6 5/ 7 "6
Cdepliant + 5&"#6
+07
+ /*$ "
" & $* /# # *$
#
4"# /
8
Csatisfated *abandonated *interpretated *changement
*$
# $ 3/
! & 37 /# "# * ! *

#
+ gadget ! 5+&6 5 ! $ !6
" tten Italian with a word-for-word

translation
L' altra notte ho fatto un incubo tremendo. Mi

# # *# LM # ! *#! !

trovavo nella stazione di una cittadina a me sconosciuta
LM + #
+ / ! /
Ero appena scesa dal treno, quando fui
LM /
& $
" +! # /# LM /
avvicinata da due poliziotti che mi chiesero i documenti

"# & / $"! # !
# "!
con aria intimidatoria. Presa alla sprovvista, cominciai

/# ! * 3# LM &*
a cercarli prima nella borsa, poi nelle tasche ed

"# #! 0
# & * # # "

in®ne nella valigia, da cui estraevo ogni
0 $$ #
"
+! /#"# LM 7 " "#
@@
Italian speakers
indumento ed ogni oggetto, uno per uno, prima con calma

* ! "# &F" & 0
/# " $!
poi affanosamente anche percheÁ mi stavo rendendo
# & #$
$ $
&"
! LM /
*
conto che quella non era mia valigia. Cominciai
"" LG $
*M # # /
!
"
LM &*
allora a farmi prendere dal panico, a guardare in giro
# ! ! & # " $
a destra e a sinistra per cercare una via di scampo ma
*# $+ +
"# / +
" &
la stazione era circondata da un ®lo spinato ed a poco
#
/

& / & & $$
a poco mi apparve non piuÁ come una
$$ LG $$ & $$M ! LM !

stazione ma come un campo di concentramento. Ed io non ero
&
" ! + "" /
piuÁ una viaggiatrice qualsiasi ma una deportata

! $$ L+!M + /# & L+!M
e quelli non erano poliziotti ma soldati. Presa dall'
#
/ $"! &
$
& #
angoscia e dal panico mi sveglai di soprassalto
7 & # " ! LM / +
LG /#
M
e il cuore mi batteva cosi forte che ci
# # ! /
& *

* # #
vollero alcuni minuti prima che mi rendessi
/
! !
&+ ! LM L
&F"M
conto che
"" LG +/ !
$ $
M #
era tutto un sogno
LM /
$$ !
)& I$ 1
@A

h and Catalan
! B-
Distribution
8 : "$* # B

% # /#$ + I
B 7" K$ #
% B B%
BI% B% :I BI I B 3
:B% 2
# %
! & "
# ""%
; $ %
!
+ #
8 BI I # B
+ Q $" $" 4 " )

:
1 /
#
+/ $ /#
B $ 7"$
$% !
B $

$

# 4"# ) * /# # $1
Introduction

# B $ ! " $ * *
"$
$ $ $
:*
% # &$* # 3 + !$ Q

# " &$ /#
$+ $
&/ !3
$ #

# !"
/ #

++"
$ *$ "0 " " &$
! #$*
7 &* + $
/# 2# $$
7 " $$
! $$ $$*&$

$! ** #" $
B $
" &$
+! # #*# #
$ *$ /#
" " &$ #
$ * * + ! $
$$*&$ #*# #
# $ "

*0" $
++ +! ! $ B $
Phonology
General
2#$ #
# *$
# "

!

#/ !
!$ 3

# /$

!

"

++ #

- $ +! !"
*
$ & # # #
"#

A(
Speakers of Spanish and Catalan
" "
* +0"$ +
#3
* $
+ *$
#

#

"$ 0 *$
# "
# #

+ !
# $ * *

+
B $ /#
& * + /$

! !
!$ # + *$
# * $ # $
+0"$
! "!! +
+ # " " $ +
#
B $

+ *$
# 8
9 +0"$ "*
*
* *$
# /$

9 * "* + 0 $ " "

9
" ##! /# # " $ !"
+ *$
#
! *
* +0"$ + *$
# $

9 / * + "# )

1 "* &
++"

# #
0 /$
0 ##*
% B $ #
*#
/$
*# 5+ $$*6 ##*
# $ * *
$*#

" + B
;$ $
0 +0"$ ++3
* &/ *$
# /$

" $$ /# $*#
+
# ++" " $$ $
/ *$
# /$

# # 5 #"
"6 "" &

#<B $ /$
33 "
3
"
"" $$ !
&$
- <i:< <I< "

# <u:< <U< "

#<B $ <u<

$ pool
pull "+

. *$
# <z:< <@< #
!$
# /$
<@<
! $$ $ " & #

* " + # / /$

<abaut< + about " <z:<
$ " & <i< <e< $
E <r<

<birt< + bird% <bert< + Bert " B $ # # #

# $ /$ /#"#

$$ &$
" * # $

a e% *$
# <@<
#+
"#
&$! + B $

,
+ ##*
# + #
!$ *$
#
A-

# )7" # #
" $!
#
&

* # *$
#18 <aU< <eI< <aI< <OI< #
##*
+0"$ +

#3
* $
*$
# <@U< #/

+
*
# +! <O:<
coat caught )
/$$
cot1 "+
+ 7 ! $
B $ #
/ * + ##*

# *$
#% #

#*# # 7 " $
"" B $ $
# $$
+0"$ "* "" &$

ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $

#
B $ " "$ /#

+0"$
#*# # #
! "! $"

# #!
"
&$!

- $ "$
$

)<p< <t< <k<1

*$
#

# +
$ <b< <d< <g< *$
#

' 230 $ " $

# B $ % $

<t< + 0 $ <d< <k< + 0 $ <g< <p< + 0 $ <b<
I# " /30 $ "

$
&
*$
"
5rish6 rich + ridge% <beiT< + bathe "
=
# B $ # #
! #
$ #!

*$
# <m< <n< <ê< & #
!$ #

3
* #" "7 ++
+! *$
#
+ 7 ! $
<aiêgoiê<
"!! + I'm going

# <n< <ê<
$ " <m< 0 $

+
7 ! $ `drean' `dreang' + dream 4 $ <n<
#

$/

" ! & &
&
$
/$
< " ! $ <ê<

# B $ <k<
+$$/ <ê< # +
/
sing
" + &# sing sink "
>
#<B $

* b d g # !#3
* $
/#"# ""* "7 #
;

!$ *$
# $$ & &/ /$
#
+
"

8 <b<
! $ <v< <d< $ <D< <g<
A'
7 "$ $ *$

#
#
" ! $
6
" + /
$ robin habit ladder reading bigger
again
!/# +0"$ +

.
# <z<
7
% $

<s< + <z<
pence +
&# pence pens lacy + &# lacy lazy " #

# " + <s< + "#
<S< "
*
"+
&/
$ see she
B $ # # # #
<z<9<s<
"
!$
# + *$
#
#
* $ &$! / B $
<z<
/30 $$
B $
/$$
face + &#
face phase "
,
# !

+ B $ $ #
#
+ <b< <v< ) " " $" $$
&$ & $
+" " 1% #" "+
&/
$ bowels
vowels
? I+ # *$
# #!
<S< <tS< <Z< <dZ<
#
$ #
<tS< /# &
"
;"
+ $
B+

"!! &/ /

"#
sheep cheap jeep% pleasure
! & "
5pletcher6 5plesher6 5plesser6

# !" <Z< <dZ< "" /
/ /# ll
* $$ ! <dZamar<
B $ # # # #
+ #!

!$ #
*$
#
#*# # "
<Z< <dZ<
0 $$ "
* &$!
/# /
$ bridge beige
@
#<B $ <r<
E
! $$ " $$

% #
"
*$
# ) $
#
"
5E" +
$$* " 6 &$/1
A #

#
*$
# <h<
$ +" $ #
ch "
# loch ! Bach )& / j g1 #
+
$ "
*$
# <h< #

!/# $
#
# !"

#
-(
#

+ " *$
# <j< )
yes1 # $
<dZ< $ * /# "* "+
&/ you chew Jew
year cheer jeer "
--
# B $

! " <w< # $ <b<
&/ /$
* <aribalker< + 2 $ + /$
<w< ! & "
<gw< <g<8 <gwud< <gud< + would
t clusters
B
"$

* $ $
+;
# B $
# *$
#
# $
# +0"$ "* "*
*$
# "$

" $
! $0"
8
A=
èspres' + express

ìstan' + instant
`brefas' + breakfast
`tes' + test text
win + win wind
when + &# when went
can + &# can can't
cars + cars, carts cards "
kick + kicked% grab + grabbed
! $
" 0 $ "

$$ +# "* *
5+ +
$ 6 + fresh fruit salad
# <s< $
# "

Spain, sceptic, stop
""
# &** + /
# B $
Èspain',
èsceptic', èstop' "
- $$* " "$

$ 9
! $ 9 $

#
&** $
" *$
# /
$ & $ B $ # $

# &/ "

$$*
&
"! $"

*$
#
#
*$
# #* #
!
$
+ &$! / /#

/ /
B $

$
" $ &
$ ! 7 ! $
8
asked " àsket'
break8 e a "
$
answer8 w r "
friend8 i e "
$ )& d 1
chocolate8
" o 0 $ e "
' 4$ <r<
* $$ " /# /

&+ "

)
learn farm1 +
#

$

#
+ /
)
four bar1
4#!
# B $ &$ r
$$ )
B $ $ r
/$$1 #
# & "

= <@<
7

#

$$ &$
"
/# # / /$8
teacher <titSer< interested <interestet<
photograph <fotograf< photography <fotografi<
>
# B $ &$ l
* $$ "
# $ # 3lli3 5!$$6% !" "
"$ <j< <Z< <dZ< *

! " #
"
*$

#
.
# # $ j "

"$
$ +" #
A>

!!
$

" * jam / #

! $ ham *$

#

*hythm and stress

#

$$ &$3! $ * * * $ $$
$$ &$
&
#
! $*# + ! " \#*# 7 $*# ! &

+ ! #

1% *$
# #
#+ * ++"
!" &/

$$ &$
*$
#
# # #

$$ &$
" "# "# * &
" !
"$ /#$

$$ &$
"
+ " /# $ /$ <@< <I< " " /
\
&
F"
&
1

*$
# #
#+ $ $ !
"! /# #

* !3
! " $ /
\ "$

7$ &
1 #

##! + *$
#
" * $ + "
" "$

" ! * 2#

#

" *$
#
" /#

##! #
"$
!
*
*$
# $

0 +0"$
&"
# "

$ " #
" \4 7 ! $ Ann is older than Joe, is
than ! &
!
old.1
B $
#/
! ! ++" &/

$$ &$
"$* $ /$ $ <@<

B $
$
!

3! \/#
!$ !3 $
$
* &/

*$
# # # &/
$$ &$
$$ &$1 & #
+

$$
!

*$
# #
/#$ B $ $
" $$ 7! !
"$
$ *$
#
" ##! #

$$ ! * ! * +
++" & "!

# B $ $
0 &$

" &$ \

$

#
" 5 6 &$/1 # "
$$ # "*

" # ++" *$
# 7

$8
the black bird the blackbird
the green house the greenhouse
B

$
&$!
&$! + "*
" *
8
CWith sugar or without sugar?
CMary didn't come but John, yes.
# $
/
! # $

# # "
* /
A.
tonation

# B $
/ "# * #
*$
# ! # "

7
7 $*# # #

7 "# #

!

!
#

"
& *$
#

*$
# # "$
" + $$

$$ &$
#
" * /#
&* ! #

"

# ) $ * 7 B $ 1 # "$
+ $$
#
$

$$ &$ #
" )+ $!
&

#
+ / $$/
! # 1 #
$
"
7! John painted the walls )

/ # ;

What did John do?1 / # 0 * +0"$ "*
) "*
*1 # John painted the walls )

/
# ;
Who painted the walls?1
Spelling

# #
#*#
9
$$* "
"
&
$ #
$$* + *$
#
"!
$% B $ # "
"

!"# ! "! $" ! * #
$$* + *$
# $
+
#" 4 &# *

"!! " &$ $

*$

8
Capear *diferent *necesary *forgoten
# &$! +
$$*
7 "& &"
$

3
*
# *$
# #! "

# " 7 $ #

9
$$* *$
# 7
4 7 ! $8
hoping
"+
/# hopping
this
"+
/# these
$ #

# +0"$ *
* &
" *$
$ #
*$
# " / # / /$
$
"

/$ $
/ "

8
Cbreack *crak *shoutting
Contractions

# B $ # " " & +!
$
0 #! &$! $

* *$
# # 0 +0"$
"* + 7 ! $ will would 8
I'll come tomorrow.
A,
They'd help us
"
#!
I come, They help "

* $ $
$"
" "
+3
*8
I will not come I won't come "
&
;$ /# # # *
# #
"

#! *8
Are you Spanish? Yes, *I'm
Punctuation

# B $ " "

!$ *$
#

# $ $ +/ &$!
B!!
+
/# *$
#
/$ +
!3"$

!3"$
/# *$
# /$ +
+$$

*
! " #
#
+
;
7"$ ! ! # &** +
"8
C¿When are you coming to see us?
C¡It was fantastic!

# B $
"!!
*
"#
&
!!

9 #
8
± ¿CoÂmo te llamas? )2# 6
!H1
± Me llamo Sara. ) !6
1

!!
#
" " "
"# )

# 7 " * ---1

# B $ &#
"!!
"! $

#

8
3.000 )# #
1
3,25 )# / 0% " $$ " +$$/* #

#
Cthree point twenty-®ve1
Capital letters

# B $
" $ 0
$
+
+ # /
!#
$ F"

8 Cmonday Cjuly Cspanish "
Grammar
General
!! " $
!$
&/
# B $ *$
# "$8
*$ $ $ +!

+
% 0 0 "$
%
A?
*$ *$ &

%

+

% +"
*
& +!

% "$
+
F"

)!$ + +!
+ "
*
!$ +
8

&$/1
/ "! /# *$
# &#
# B $ 8
9 # #*#$ E" &

!
%
9 # + / %
9
#/ * !& F"

%
9 # ! $ 7$
%
9
#
!"# $
%
9 #
&F" !
# $$ +
7 )
"
"1
# B $
#/
$$ *"
# &$!
$ /# &$/ $$
$/
"!! &# # $$ + ! #$* &#
#
B $ #*#$ E" # & #
*$ $ $
+!
+
F"
I+ #
$ # $ $ + # F"
"$
#
" &$ ++" # $ * + *$
#%

" 5!&6 &$/ )" $$

* #

+
$ * *
/#
"
+ & *

#$ 0 # -s + # #

*$ + # *$
#
! $

" $"
" $
+ ! !

#
1
'
#

!"# +
# B $ # *$
#
- 5&F"9&6 5&9
&F"6 *$ $ "

! ;

"$8
The ®remen arrived ten minutes later )
!1
CArrived the ®remen ten minutes later )
!1
)4 ;

7
"1
' # + / $$/
/
# ! #

& $ "
$
8
CYesterday played very well the children.
CPlayed very well the children yesterday

/$$
8
Yesterday the children played very well
The children played very well yesterday
= 4;" &
#
$
&$

& #
" $ !3
+ *$
#8
COften she has helped
CShe often has helped
A@
> F"

" $$
!+ #
8
CThey live in the house white
CCan you lend me a ball of tennis?
#
!
#

$ Cambridge University Bridge Club
"$ $ +0"$ +
# B $ $
&"
+
#! # $!
+ # #
/$ ! $$ & 7

#
8
CThe Club of Bridge of the University of Cambridge

* #
#<B $

+
" los
Rolling + the Rolling Stones un Christmas + a Christmas card
# "
# 0
/ # *$
# #

#
#
.
# B $ " &F" !
#

)a1 # / &F"
" * #
8
CThey gave to Sam the book.
They gave the book to Sam
# *$
# /3&F"
" They gave Sam the book
+0"$
+ $
#
, & $
&F" "! $!
*$ $ $ " &+
" &F"8
CThey took to the hospital her mother.
CMrs Smith speaks very well English.
CKeep tidy Britain.
)uestions
- #

/ + ;

7$
$
#!8
John has bought the books?
CHas bought the books John?
Mary came?
CWhen Mary came?
CCame Mary?
CMary, when came?
$$
&F" &F" ;

"
+0"$ &#
"* "8
*Who did kill Oswald? *Who Oswald killed?
*Who killed to Kennedy? *Who Kennedy killed?
)4 #

+ to /# " &F"
#
" 5:

6
&$/1
'
# +0"$ /# do/does/did8
CDid they went?
CDo they went?
AA
CDo she goes?

CDoes she goes?
) $
5"
"#6 &$/1
Question tags

# # / * *!

!
! /#
+!

* no # #
"! $" )+
1 + ;
*
*$
#

* # #

! $ $ "
*8
CThey're coming tomorrow, no?
CYou have a car, no?
B $ # "
*
$ ;
*
oi &
B $

$$
no *$
#
Negatives
- 7$
$ +!* *
"

#
B $ % # * / *
&+ # & #
8
CPeter not found the key.
CPeter not has found the key.
# * "$
no &*
! $ " not & no
""*$8
CI no understand.

#
/
# * *
+ # F"
& "8
*Those no. *Green no. *Here no.
' # &$ *

8
CI not saw nobody *I didn't see nobody.
CTom not helps her never *Tom doesn't help her never.
#
!
+0"$ + $
" # # *$
#
" *
+8

8 some somebody always/once "

3
8 any anybody ever "

* 8 no/none nobody never "
"$ 3
+!
"

* 8
CI waited but anybody came
) $
5B$

" "! $! 6 > &$/1
-((

-
# B $ $$ &

#/ # ! $ * +

)

+ " $1 "!
+!
) *

+"1 #
#

" * + ! $ 7$

*$
# $
0 # "" #
! $" + # +!

#

+0"$ *
" $ !

"$8
CMaria cans cook.
CDo you can swim?
CMay you come tomorrow?
CShe could ®nd the key )! * . . . managed to . . .1
CShe had to win the match )! * should have won . . .1
CThey will can do it next week.
' ! "

/# *$
# # / ++ /

/

/# / ++
"

# B $ #
&
/# &#

&$
8
She went up the stairs.
CShe went up the book )! * took the book up.1
They were waiting. *They were waiting the bus.
`Mary laughed.' *`What did she laugh?'
= #
* $ &$! /# /3 #3 &
!
"

&"
# ! * + # *$
# "!
"&$
+! # ! *
+ #
$
&"
$
+$ !
"!+ &$ /#
! +! ) 5Q" &$ 6
- &$/1
! "

#*#
# : "$ &$!
+ & $
" "$ # + " # !
*$
# #

"

* + `be J F"6 7

# B $ & `have J 68
Chave reason (= be right)
Chave hunger
Chave heat "

#<B $ I like this
7

This pleases me
$ * "+

"#
8
CFootball likes me
4
2# " &

+! $ * * # 2#
*$
#

it so any "
+ "! $! # " &
-(-

+! # "7
#<B $ + $$/
"! $
$$

8
`Do they want some money?' `Yes, *they want.'
`Do you want to go?' `No, *I don't want.'
I like to get up early; *I'm used.
Àre they coming?' `No, *I don't think6
, tense and aspect
+!
# B $ !
! $< *

"8
Maria visita )G Maria visits1 < Maria estaÂ visitando )G Maria is
visiting.1

# B $ $
# +"
"8
Maria ha visitado )G Maria has visited.1
/ $#*# #
+!
"
*$
# +!
#
"
$

!$
"
+ ! *
- #
! $

+
+ " * $ " /8
CLook! It rains!
' #
! $

+
+ + !8
CDo I come tomorrow? )+ . . . Shall I ?1
CI wait for you at home )+ I'll wait 1
CI see her this evening )+ I'm seeing her 1
= #

+
*
!
"* #
)/# *$
#

+"18
CHow long are you working in your present job?
CIt's a long time that I live here.
> B $ #
# +
!
+ #

+" " &
/# !3/# & $

! *

! $ /# +* "

$ #
!
8
CWhen has she received the letter?
CToday I've ®nished work early because I've started at seven
o'clock this morning.
#
+ !" # # # #

! $
" &
) ! #

# + #
#

$
!1 /#
# *$
# ;
#

+"8
Ya lo leõÂ G I have already read it.
.
# B $ # ! # +! "
* #

*
*$
# + /#"# !
#
!
used to
(do) #
"

"+
8
CWhen we were young, we were playing a lot of tennis.
-('
* $ #
+!
! +; # *$
#
"" $$
+ #
+
&
)# ; $
+
have, know "18
CWhen I was a teenager, I was having a motorbike.
CShe wasn't knowing that he had died.
, # ! + #
7

&F"8
CCome you tomorrow!
?
# B $ #
& "$

+ !

"
+* + ! # #

&F" $

$"
#

! $8
CWhen Mary will get here, tell her to come in
@
# B $ # +; & )soler1 /#"# $$/
$$

+! + 5used to6 7
+;"

! *8
CI use to do a lot of exercise.

-
# B $ #
+! "

" #
!
/
# *$
#
8 /# `be J

" $6% & #

"

/# *$
#

#
/# * #

# B $
+! !
" + # *$
#
E78
CThe house built itself before the war.
'
# B $ " +!

# $$$8
They were given bikes for Christmas.
Polly was owed a lot of money.
#

"
)/# # " &F" #
&"! #
&F" +

&1 +0"$ + $

= #
#<B $ *
"
* -ing -ed
# "$ "
! *
"$ /# "
;
"+
*$
#8
CThe lecture was very bored.
CI'm very interesting in Polish ®lms.
tives
-
# B $ +
# 0
&
"
)"
* # *$
# 3ing +!18
( )
* To smoke is bad for you.

"
;" $
! # +0"$
*

"
/#"# # 3ing +!

&F"

-(=
'
# B $ # 0 ! )a1 &

3
&

; +$$ /# *$
# to8
CIt's dif®cult learn English.
CLet us to see.
) $
#
"
5B$

" "! $! 6
5"
"#6 &$/1
"ticles

! + # ! ++"
#
+ # "$

# B $
"! /# *$
#8
- # 0 "$ *
/# !

$ $ "
#
/# * $ ! *8
CThe food is more important than the art.
CDo you like the big dogs? )! * big dogs in general1
'
# B $
# 0 "$ /#
3

8
CThat is the yours, and this is the mine.
=
# B $ !
" &/ # 0
"$ # !& one:
CWe used to live in one ¯at; now we live in one house
>
! 7

/# #
" &/ !
"
$
*$ "
"$8
CDo you have car?
CHer sister is dentist.
. # 0 "$ #
$ $ +! )"
* *#$
some) #
" "
&*
! !

8
CI have ones nice American friends.
Gender

# B $ # * !! " $ *8 $$

/$$
$ "$

F"
!
"$ +! +"
! /# # "

* 8
The table is dirty. *Clean her, please.
Number
-
# B $ # +! + # $ $

!$ *$
#
)-s *1 & # *

/# "$
F"

/$$

8
*yellows ¯owers *hers news shoes
-(>
' #
$ /
# " $ $ +!

#<
B $ /# *$
# #
!
**
+ 7 ! $8
Cfurnitures *informations *spaghettis *thunders
CI've got two news for you.
= #
5
!!" $6 #*
# $ $ +! *$
#
)trousers, pyjamas "1
$$
*$
# B $ 8
*a trouser *a bathing trunk
# *$ $ $

# B $ % $

$ &$ "
people

*$ ! !

$ *a
police, *childs, *childrens.
"(ctives
- F"
"
/# # +! one:
CThey showed me two models, and I bought the small.
' B!

$
7
&
* # ; $
+ more most8
CI am more old than my sister.
#
$ / )maÂs/meÂs1 + &# more
most8
CBarcelona is the more large city of Catalonia
Pronouns
- &F"
$
$ *$ "

#<
B $ &"
# & * "

!&8
Rosa isn't French. *Is Spanish.
CHave gone home because wanted to go to bed.
CWas raining.
I3"" ! $

$

8
CThat's the man who he lives next door to us.
'
# B $ !

$
# #
! +!
+
&F" &F"
8
*I saw she. *They know we.
= $#*#
# #
; $ + #
" ìt is + 6

+
$+8
`Who is it?' *Àm I.' )+ Ìt's me.'1
-(.
. E7

!!
"

! "

E7
&*

#<B $ /# *$
#
#
"
$ * 8
*They enjoyed very much
*She complained herself
/# # &
&#
#<B $ *$
#
E7 # !
# &$! # # E7

#
#
!
#
$ 8
CI showered me and went out
,
#<B $
! $$ 7

" "
3
* They helped themselves They helped each other

-
# B $
# 0 "$

"
$8
CMary washed the hair
+
!
"+ #
++" #

"#
*
E78
CBill cut himself the ®nger
'
# B $ # #
! / + your )+! $1 his, her
their /# "
; "+
*$
#8
CSara and Joe had both got his shoes wet.
= B $

# 0 "$ /#

8
CThe my cousin is in Portugal.

:
$ ""

# *$
# 7
&

"

+
)* Jim's bike, Mary's boss1 7

# B $ /# of3 #
8
*the book of Rosa *the gate of the garden

# &$!

*
#* &/ a bottle of wine
a wine bottle " &"
una botella de vino / una ampolla de vi "
7
&# ! *

#

/# /
7
9/#$ $

#
$ garage door table leg /$$ & 7

8
the door of the garage Cthe garage's door
-(,
* tive pronouns and clauses
-
#

*
# &/
$ 3
$
$
8
Cthe man which came *the ball who is lost
' # $ " & $
# B $
$
# +0"$
* *$
# "$

/# K
$ 8
The girls we saw looked quite happy.
Did you like the woman we spoke to?
)7 ! $
$ # $
/#"# $ "$
0
#
/#

/#
&F" #
& $ "$ $ +0"$
+

1
Clause structure and complementation
- :
"$

7
/#
)para/per a1 #
08
CThey have gone for (to) buy a ®lm.
'.
# B $

+ 7 ! $ We are going
to paint the house * $
+ /#
" $$ ** #
* # 0 &$!
/#
"#
"

8
We are going to have the house painted
+ "

#
#<B $
! &
7
# 5
++"6 !!3
$ +$$/* # & /# *$
# #

;
++
"8
CShe explained (to) me the problem
CThey suggested Jim to take the job
Indirect speech
"# + "
"#
#<B $ "

# +
*$
#8 & +!

" "# * #
++"
&/ # *
# * $

- / #
" + "!!
;

"
++
#<B $ "# #
/#
&F" )
-(?
#+ 0 &1 # "$

$

!$
" *$
#8
CI am asking that they go
CThey ordered (to) her that she should go/that she went
7 "! $"

/# # "$

*
/#"# *$
# /$ + "
& 7
& not to do "

8
CI want that you don't go/that you not go
CThe captain ordered the soldiers that they didn't retreat
'
*$ " ;

"
&$!
+ !
" $
2# # # 0 $$ "! *
/#
*$
# ;
/ # "
;

$
* #
8
CI don't know where does Mary live
CThey asked me how much did I earn
tions
-
# #
5
$
6 )a1

"
/# # " &F"

#! 8
CThey took to their mother to the hospital.
'
# B $

!
$/
* /# #
#
" * # + "$
8
CFor what have you come?

0 +0"$ *
"
$8
I don't know who they're working for.
Who does Fred sit next to?
=
# B $
" & +$$/ &
08
CAfter to see the ®lm, we went for a meal.
> 2#$ ! "

# 5" $6 ! * +

$ * * "

# # # $/
!
7"
#

! $ "
"

+ "$
+0"$ 8
9 in/on/into8
Cin Monday *on July *lying in the beach
CThey are into the room.
9 to/at/in8
Cgo at the beach *arrive to the station
CWe stopped in the crossroads.
9 as/like8
CShe works like a waitress.
CThey seem as their mother.
9 for/by8
-(@
CThis park was designed for the Catalan architect GaudõÂ.

9 during/for8
CThey stayed there during three months.
# ! # &$!

cabulary
-
# B $ $ !
+ % # " &$
#+ "
# 3
+ *$
#8 estructura G
structure derivar G derive difõÂcil G dif®cult confusioÂ(n) G confusion

2#$ #
+ " ++
# $
""
$ *

" &$ $

! # $ * *
+! $8 #

enter # # go in arrive at + get to extinguish + put
out " "$ $
# +0"$
/# # +!

!$ $ ! *
+ /3 #3 &

"#
put on put
off put out look up look for look forward to
'
# B $ + &# # !!&
+ ! $9+! $
) + !$ * 1 &
* # $ $ + # ! $ +!8
rey/rei G king reina G queen reyes/reis G kings sovereigns
hijo/®ll G son hija/®lla G daughter hijos/®lls G sons children
$
+
fathers + parents brothers + brothers and
sisters sons + children "
= ! $
&$! +
$

8
9 #
+ $ $

"

C®ve hundreds
9
# B $ $ *$ $

Cthe ®ve of June
9 " + !&
)
#
" 5:" 6 &1
9 # !& ( /#"# +

cero/zero $$ $$ "3
7
% #" &$!
/# nought nil love # 56 + $3
# !&

>
# "
+ $$ $ * *
# ! !
+ " &$
/#"# # ! * $
# + 33! 4 $
#
* +0"$
" $$ /# ! # !# *
7

/
# * $ * * # &$! /#
cero #
F
& ! I# "!! 7 ! $
8
casa G house home% coÂmo/com G how as like% conocer/coneÁixer G
know meet% decir/dir G say tell% dejar/deixar G lend let% esperar
G wait for hope% hacer/fer G do make% historia/histoÁria G history
story% mucho(s)/molt(s) G many much% nervioso/nervioÂs G
excited nervous% romper/trencar G break tear% llevar/portar G
carry wear% perder/perdre G lose miss% pista G track (tennis)
court runway ski slope% porque, perqueÁ G because why% receta/
recepta G recipe prescription% tiempo/temps G time weather%
uÂltimo/uÂltim G last latest
-(A
. ! "!! 5+ $
+
68

#<B $ English translation
actual current
asistir/assistir attend
bene®cio/bene®ci pro®t
caravana traf®c jam
conductor-a driver
carrera race, degree course
discutir argue
(estar) constipado/constipat (have) a cold
embarazada/embarassada pregnant
eÂxito/eÁxit success
en frente/davant ( enfront) opposite
extranjero/estranger foreign(er)
eventual possible
(persona) formal reliable (person)
lectura reading matter
librerõÂa/llibreria bookshop
pariente/parent relative
pas(s)ar (un examen) take (an exam)
pretender/pretendre intend
(clas(s)e) particular private (class)
profesor-a/professor-a teacher
propaganda advertising
probar/provar test, trial
propio/propi own
remarcar emphasise
reunioÂn/reunioÂ meeting
sensible sensitive
simpaÂtico/simpaÁtic pleasant
suburbio/suburbi slum
--(
" tten Spanish with a word-for-word

translation
Sentado en el suelo se calzaba

# E #!
$+ # /

#* LG * M
las aÂsperas botas de racionamiento de suela clavateada
# *# &
+ * L G ! &
M +
$

y puntera de metal: ellos se las
" + ! $8 # L+M #!
$
#! LG # &
M
miraban con envidia
# / $* L M /#
¿Un regalito de la viuda GalaÂn? dijo Sarnita, y

$$ + LG +!M # // $ H #

Java se levantoÂ y le hizo una senÄa
#!
$+ #
LG * M LM #! # !
*
Ven, dijo, y Sarnita le seguioÂ: bastaba la
B! #
#! # +$$/8 /
*# #
luz que se ®ltraba a traveÂs de la arpillera
$*# #
$+ /
0$* #*# #
"*
para ver el escenario de tables, desierto, la diminuta
+
#
* + &

#
concha del apuntador, forrada con una tela roja, las
#$$ + # ! $ /# "$# #

candilejas de cinc abollado, y maÂs allaÂ, la
+$*#
+ K" !&
! # LG &M #

oscura sala con los bancos de missa en formacioÂn
# $$ /# # &"#
+ !
LG /
M +!
sin pasillo central
/#
$ " $
)4! Si te dicen que caõÂ &

Z1
---
" tten Catalan with a word-for-word

translation
Tenia prop de divuit anys quan vaig

/
# * $!
*#
/# * L
7$ M
coneÁixer en RauÈl, a l'estacioÂ de
/ LG /# !M # $ #
+ LG M
Manresa. El meu pare havia mort, inesperadament i encara

# ! + # # 7 "$
$$
jove, un parell d'anys abans, i d'aquells temps
* " $ +
&+ + #
!
conservo un record de punyent soledat. Les meves relacions

!! + " $$
# ! $
amb la mare no havien pas millorat, tot el contrari

/# # !# # $$ ! $$ # "
potser ®ns i tot empitjoraven a mesura que
#
# / /
*
# LG
M
em feia gran
!
$+ /
! * &* LG /
*/* M
No existia, no existõÂ mai entre nosaltres
/
7
* 7
&/

una comunitat d'interessos, d'afeccions
"!! +

+ ++"

Cal creure que cercava . . . una persona

"
&$ # /

*

en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva
/#! " # ! $+ ++"
)4! Un amor fora ciutat & $ :$1
--'
tuguese speakers
# #
Distribution
U :I I IU D 3

B: Q I :B:
! ]
! "
Introduction
:*

! " $ * * "$
$ $
# "

+ :*
)#"+# :1 # $$ &$

* "# #% #
$

# !$ +
# lingua franca + " # +! +" "$
#

* $" :* $
# + # " "$

+! #
B!& 3
& * :*

$
# $ * * +
7! $ A?^ + K$

K K$
#/
+/
! F
$" "!
/# !
"3

#
* + K$ :*
)#"+# :1
#
+ # "

&/ K$
:*
!"# * # #
&/
# !"

$
+ *$
# # " + # /

++% # !
*"
+ " &$
)+ 7 ! $ : #
! /
+ &" * # : /#"# #
&/ "
*$ $ * !& + /
+! $ * *
!" *$
#1% #
! * !! " $ ++"

#

+ "
# /
! $$ "! 3
#
&$
Phonology
General
# *$
# :*
/$

!
; ++ 2#$
*$
# #
/$ /$
: #
): *# $

"#/
<@<1 $$ + /#"# " &
$

--=
Portuguese speakers
!* # +

+ :*
/#"# *
:*

"" *$
# 8
9 4;
$ /$

9 #
+
/$
&/ "

)
" $$
:1
9 4 :

" $$
$$ &$3! # #

3!
$ /# 3! # " " + !

$3
$ &$

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U @ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
:*

#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +03
"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
! "
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <i:<
& "
#
"+
/# <I<8 rich
+ reach% hit + heat "
' <e<
"+
/# <{<8 head had
= <A:<

# "+
/# <{<8 aunt ant% can't cant
> <¡<
"+
/# <O:<8 caught + cot spot + sport%
/# <Ã<8 hut + hot
. <U<
"+
/# <u:<8 fool + full
, <Ã< ! & "
<{<8 lack + luck &"
+
#* #" +"
<u:<8 mood + mud
?

/$
+ * # +$$ $
" $$ & :

8 Ann + an% thee + the I # # #

/$
#
+ /
! &"! /#
$!

&$8 sit + city% cough + coffee% òffs' + of®ce
-->
Portuguese speakers
Diphthongs
# +/ ##*

:*
# *$
# # *

&$!

/# <I@< <e@< /#"# & "+
8 hear
hair
Consonants
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
:*

#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +03
"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
! "
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- # 5 6 <l< 0 $
&+ "

+
"
/$
!$ <U<8 `bottu' + bottle `heeoo'
+ heel
' <p< <k< <t<
$$ :*
! &
"+
/# <b< <g< <d<8 peg beg% Kate gate% tin
din
= $ ! $ <t< <d< &# " ; +"+$$
! & "+
8 tale dale% latter ladder /#
+$$/ & <i:< <I< <e< # + "
++"

$!
$ <tS< <dZ<8 `cheam' + team% Jean + dean
> #
$
"+
&/ <t< )
# E 1 <r< )
#
$$18 better bearer% heating hearing
. Q/$
&+ 0 $ <m< <n< <ê<
$
+ #
/# # 0 $ "

&$
, $ <r<
" $$ ):1 +" % : $

!

!$
* $ h8 red head% right
height
? 4 $ <z<
"" :*
! & $ " & <s<
)rice + rise1 )/# :

1 & <S< )hash + has1
@ <T< <D< $
#
<s< <z<
<t< <d< $ *
"+

"#
sinker tinker `dinker' + thinker
breed breeze + breathe
--.
Portuguese speakers
A <tS< <dZ< " <S< <Z< $ * "+

&/ +
" chair share pledger pleasure
-( $ <h< #
; $ :*

# ! )ear
+ hear as + has1
"
$ &"
+ 3
"!
8 `High ham is holdest friend' + I am his oldest
friend
-- 4/ "

" "" 0 $$ :*

/$
+ 8 `parkie' + park% `cabbie' + cab B$

&/
/
! &
! $08 `widis' + with this
t clusters
# * + "

"$

!"# / *$
# #
:*
+ "
* #
+ 7 /$
& :*

5

6 " + *$
# )`closis' + clothes1 :

0 "$ $ +0"$ $ "$

/# s
)èstream' èstudy'1 /#$ :

! $+ 0 $ "$

$$* " "$

$ $ :*

/$$ & ! $$ $$
+ "! " "!!

" # $
g )&+ i e1 j
<Z< /
$ general
jury & $* /# :*
gelo caju "
Rhythm and stress
:
# $

3! $ * *

+ : 0
&$

" "

""$ *$
# & #
" +

$$ &$
! & 7"
$ " :
$$ &$3! $

# #
$
+0"$
+ # +$$/*
+ :

8 "
9
"

$* "/
""!
* *poli tical
demonstra tors *a telephone box% *a tea cup
9

7$ &
"$
"F"
3

"
**
* ! #

8
CI saw them

CThey were #
CIt was his & his & * /
9 :"*

/

$$ &$

--,
Portuguese speakers
tonation
"$
"
* ! $/ + $$ + ! * # $

/ &$ $$ *$
# ;
*
& " /#

*
" + ! *
Juncture
#
" /# # &$ "

"
&#
/$ + 7 ! $ this stop at that time
:*

# "
&$ +0"$ /# *$
#
$$*
$$ $$
#
"
*$
#

)$
$$1 /# #
:*

$$* +!
# +$$/*

+ " $8
- $$ /
* "

)7" l m s z r1 &
* 0 $ /$
#
/$
+ "$ /# /*
*$
#
CShe is a cookie
' 2# # #!
<I< <i:< ""8
CÌnglish' + English
C`clined' + cleaned
CI have bin
= 2# # ##* <aI<8
C`traying' + trying
Claying + lying
CShe is dating a `nayce' gay
> 2# # #! <S<8
C`®niched' + ®nished
C`choes' + shoes
. 2# /

!$ &# $ * *
&*
/$$

# :*

$$*% #
+ $
/
&* /
/#
*$
+ &$ "
)* *di®cult
*apropriate *e®cient1
, F"
+ $ # " $ $
:*
8
Cportuguese *english
--?
Portuguese speakers

# :*
* !! " $

! #
!"# "!! /# *$
#
! # /
$ * *
#
!$ 5
+
"#6% :*

s $ $
#
0
0 "$
*$ *$ &
7$ ! $
&
"
+!

+

# +" & +!
$#*# #
+" #
!
$! $" :*
+! $ :
#
+" *

:*

E" !"# #
! /

4"# $
# /#"# !
# # / " &
!/# + # *$

#

- :*
;
+!
! & &
#
+ 7$
)#
; $ + 7$ do1 )
yes/no ;

1 & "# *
+ / 8
You know John? He is married?
' I* $
+ do "

!

" ;

8
CPlease tell me what did he say.
CShe couldn't explain where he does work.
= # * +! :*

! & $ "* # / naÄo
&+ # ! 7$ & +
8
CHe no would like it.
> # &$ *

:*
8
CHe doesn't know nothing.
CI haven't seen him nowhere.
. #
/
;

:*
+! & * #
& + # ;
8
`Do you like dancing?' *`Yes, I like.' *`Like.'
, #
$ ;
* :*
!$ naÄo eÂ (verdade)?
)$ $$ Is it not truth?1 # ; $ isn't it?

3
"! $ *$
#
CThey want to go at seven o'clock, isn't it?
There is
: # &
haver ter )# +! $ "$$; $ ; $
+ to
have1
7
there is/are " :

$ haver
$/
#
*$
--@
Portuguese speakers
CThere are/were a man from Scotland next door.

CHad lots of people at yesterday's match.
CHas wonderful beaches in Rio
CExists a lot of problems
, tense and aspect

:*
#

! $

+"
+"

+!

- *$
# :*

#
+" + " "

$* #

The weather has been terrible (lately)
I haven't seen him
' /# # ; $ + already " &

"!!8
CI already ®nished the exercise
= 2# # ; $ + ever " & #
! $

8
CDid you (ever) go to London? )+ Have you (ever) been to
London?1
> 7
# + #

! $

/# haÂ
)G it is18
CIt is years that I don't see him
. #
" + & $ +* 0
# 0
#
!3
#
$ "
"#" :*
8
CI have been to Rome last spring.
CI didn't visit my mother this week
, #

+" *

:*
#

! $

*

!
; $

8
CI am here since ®ve o'clock.
CI am studying English for ®ve years
CShe is living in Manchester since 1981

- : #
/ "!!$3

+!
8 *#$ ;3
$ # *$
#
! $
)* Ele percebe 9 He under-
stands1 # # ; $ # *$
#
*

)* Ele estaÂ trabalhando 9 He is working1 :&$!

#/
/# &
)! $
&
1 /#"# # $ "
"
:*
& *$
#
CShe is not understanding
--A
Portuguese speakers
' : +!

*
+! /# estar a J 0

)$ $$ 5 &
!#*61
C`What are you to do now?' Ì am to read the newspaper.'
" #

"

/# &#
" &
:

! "+

! $ *
+!
*$
#
= :*
" $

# ; $ + go

*

7$ $ *

!

going to
`What's your son doing now?' *`He's going to look for a job.'
)+ `He's looking for a job.'1

!
+ & +!
+ "F"
+ !8
CI will be there when you will need me.
# +

:*
! + # *$
#
7
*

There's the door. *Will it be Peter?
CHow many hours will she work a day? )+ How many hours do
you suppose she works a day?1
$
2# *$
#

can $ &
$$
:*

$ #
! &8
CHe swims )+ He can swim1
# *$
#
+
" $ +! )/# to1 + # 0 +
! $
#
:*
; $8
CHe must to do it now.
# "! $7
"
&/ must should must have to
can may

+0"$ + :*

+
# $

tionals
"
+ $ !
! :*
* !!
" $$
#
$ * *

!
$$$ & +!
# /
# $
+ " $
"

CIf I see him, I tell him.
CIf I went to London, I visited the British Museum.
CIf you had started on time you hadn't missed the train.
-'(
Portuguese speakers
* tives
:*
#
/ que "
* $ who which
CI spoke to the man which seemed to be in charge.
CIt's a ring who belonged to my grandmother

# +0"$
*
* *$
# "$

/#
K $ )$ The car he bought broke down in the ®rst
week1
The passive voice
* $ #
+"

!$ / :*

*$
# $!

# #
$ &$!
"
"*
# +!
""$ "! $7
"
! "
+0"$8
CYour application is considered )+ . . . being considered1
CThe meeting has postponed )+ . . . has been postponed1
:*

!!

E7 &
/# *$
#

8
CEnglish speaks itself here
:*
# " &F" + " & "
*$
#
+"
#
&F" +
&

#+ #
+0"$ /#
"
$ I was given a watch
B

+ have get # :*
; $
8
He told someone to paint his house )+ He had/got his house
painted.1
Non-finite forms
- #
; $ :*
+ #
&
$
+ #
-ing +! )*1 # 0

8
CDo you mind to wait for a few minutes?
CI'm tired to listen to her complaints
CShe stopped to work at ®ve o'clock after to ®nish her report.
' :*
0
+ " &

"#
de
a "

/# :*
0 #

! to &+ # *$
# ; $
CI tried telephone you.
CShe promised pay everything.
= # *$
# 5&F" J 06
"
# :*

; $8
CShe wants that you phone her )+ She wants you to phone her1
-'-
Portuguese speakers
'
- :*
/
* $$ + # *$
#
"!! ! 3

&F" " $! # + + #

"8
( )
* Cakes I like!
' # & +$$/
# ;
/ "
"# :3
*
8
CI wonder where is your of®ce
CI asked who was her friend
= &
& $ #

"
& +!
&F"8
CI like very much samba.
CHe wanted a lot to go to England.
CI visited on Sunday afternoon her in her house
> "$ /

7"$ !
/# como ) G how18
CHow he is clever!
. :
$
! & $ " &+ + &/ $!
+ # & *

!/# # + :*
8
CHe me explained the theory ):1
CHe explained me the theory ):1
CI asked what to do to him )+ I asked him what to do1
, : "

3"$+
"
" & Quem (= Who1
CWho gave me the present was John
? F"
+$$/
:*
8
CIt was a problem very dif®cult
@ # ++" #
/ " $ !
3

*
8 administrative activities ! &

adminis-
tration of activities% few moving parts " &

little
movement of the parts
A :#
$ &
"" :*
% # / /#
&F"
"

&$!
8
The heating's still on. *Can you turn off it?
-( :

" & "# +! # &F"
:*

#
! $ $

3+! $ $ ;

"
8
With whom did she go?
$

"
$ # +$$/* $
+
+0"$8
I hated the people I was working with.
He can't be relied on.
-''
Portuguese speakers
"ticles and countability
- :*
# 0 "$

/# # +$$/*8
9

* $

8
CThe bees produce the honey.
CThe life is dif®cult.
9
8
CThe Paolo is a friend of the Maria's parents.
9 !
+ ! $
8
CHe didn't eat at the breakfast, the lunch or at the dinner.
9 # ; $
+ next last8
CI hope to meet her the next Sunday.
CI saw him the last weekend.
9 # !
+

CI bought it in the Oxford Street.

9 /
+ 5

6
* $

/# *$
#
+

"$8

Cto go to the church / the school / the bed * in the hospital
' ! " $ !

E"* :*
7

/#
"$
8
CHe arrived on tenth of May.
Cto have right to do something
Cto feel need to do something
Cto have strength to do something
CYou have reason )! * You are right1
= ! " &$ *$
#
# " &$ ; $

:*
8
CI asked him for an advice and he gave me many informations
about furnitures.
> + # ; $
+ much how much so much :*

"
#
*$ +! + " &$
+ /
" &$
CWe have much problem this year.
CI had never seen so much tree.
Determiners
- # ; $

+ any # an another8
CThat does not make difference.
CWe visited him in other town
' :*
# ; $ + all " &
/#
*$
" &$
#
; $ + each every +
"!

"#
everything8
-'=
Portuguese speakers
CWe went to see him all Tuesday )+ . . . every Tuesday1

CHe understands all
= "$
# !
"!!$
&+
3

" $$ :8
CShe wanted to borrow the my car.
COne my uncle is a solicitor.
CDo you know this my cousin?
& F"
! $$ +$$/
:*
-s
* /# $ $
8
CThat is a book very exciting.
CWhat a city marvellous!
CThose are the wrongs papers.

" & + F"
+ # ! *
"$ +! #
"7
CThe important is to help other people.
Pronouns
- &F"
+;$ % &F"
! $

& $+ + # " &
+! # "7
CDon't like this music.
CIs boring.
CVisits her mother every weekend.
CI've seen
' # !
$
&F" it
7
:*
8
CIn Brazil, when is the summer, is sunny
CIs dif®cult to understand her
= B
$ 0" + eÂ /# it is " $ #
+

8
CThe life it is dif®cult
> ! :*
&
" & +$$/ & &$3&F" "
"3
/#$ # *$
# ; $
" 8
CExplain me your problem
CRepeat me the words of the song
. One

#
; $ :*

! $$ 7
& a gente )$ $$ the people1

CThe people have to admit )+ One has to admit 1
, :*
#

*$
! + his her
-'>
Portuguese speakers
/#"# *
* /# # #*
2# "

*$
# #
" "
&$!
8
CHe phoned her sister and asked to borrow his apartment
? +! $ + $
$
:*
#
"

teu(s), tua(s) $ " & # #3
+!
seu(s),
sua(s). #
" "

"+
# *$
# ; $
8
CShe likes your brother very much )+ She likes her brother very
much1
@ E7

/#
! :*
&
/#

*$
# ; $
# #!8
CI always have coffee before I dress myself.
tions and particles
# * !& +

*$
# /#"#
#3
+ ! "

0
+ ! $" !!
:&$!
"" /# :*

#
! #
*$
# ; $
- AteÂ

+ &# ! ) G until1
" ) G as far as18
CHe walked until the station
' Durante " ! during throughout for8
CI lived in London during three years
= Para !
for to at8
CShe bought a present to her sister.
CHe is travelling for Edinburgh next week.
CThey gave a lot of importance for their possessions.
CHe was looking for the pretty girl )+ . . . looking at 1
> Para
$

/# 0 ! * in order to8
John travelled for to spend his holidays at the coast
. Em !
in )+ !1 $
at on8
CShe always comes home in Christmas.
CIt's nice to go to the beach in a hot day.
CHe's in the beach
CI'll meet you in the cinema )+ . . . at the cinema1
CThey're sitting on the table )+ . . . at the table1
, #

; $ + #
into /# &

"#
go transform change "
CThen the Prince changed in a frog
? I# "!! !

E"* :*

$
*8
Csurprised with *to count with )+ on1 *interested with/for
Cindignant with *worried with *to resemble with
Cto dream with/in *to pay attention in *based in
Cto talk in )+ about1 *to rely in *to think in )+ about1
-'.
Portuguese speakers
Csatis®ed in *passionate for *to like of something

Cto marry with somebody
cabulary
"
:*

3&
$ * * : :

0
* " !"
"0"
!"# $
+0"$ # 3
* "$$; $
*$
#
Some common problems
- # ; $

+ come go #
$*#$ ++
! "
$
# :*
Go ! &
+ !!
+!
$
8
Àre you coming here or not?' *Òf course I'm going, right now.'
!$
! /# bring fetch give take8
CBring this book to John. He's next door
' # & ®car
/$
:*
" ! to stay
& " $
+ "# * +
+
* to become to
turn to grow to remain8
CHe stayed furious because he waited so long )+ He became
furious 1
= :*
#
#
! / + why because8
CHe didn't come why he felt tired.
> :*
#
#
! / + as like8
CHe looks as a teacher
. Be careful take care
#
! &
! # ; $
+ #
with of :*
8
CTake care of him CBe careful with him )+ Beware of him1
, # :*
/ obrigado ) G thank you much obliged1 "
&
7
$ +
$ 2# # /
thank you
*$
# * #
!

) # you

# $!
$$ &$

obrigado1 *
!
+ ! $

"
!
? # ; $
+ just ever /#

0

Have you ever . . .?% He lives just nearby
@ B+

* &"
#
:*
/ + /
! /
*$
#8
rob ± steal
lend ± borrow
speak ± talk
amuse ± enjoy
-',
Portuguese speakers
still ± yet
as well ± too
then ± therefore
hear ± listen
see ± look
across ± through
say ± tell
after ± afterwards ± then
+

! $$
$"8
abuse )abusar G use frequently1
actual(ly) )actual(mente) G current, nowadays, at the moment1
cigar )cigarro = cigarette1
cobra )cobra = snake1
constipation )constipacËaÄo = a cold1
discuss )discutir G to argue debate1
disgrace )desgracËa = accident, misfortune1
disgust )desgaste G worn-out1
distracted )distraõÂdo G absent-minded1
educated )educado G well-mannered1
expect )esperar G $
to hope to wait1
expert )esperto G intelligent, sly1
facilities )facilidades G pro®ciency1
familiar )familiar G decent, respectable1
intend )entender G to understand1
library )livraria G bookshop1
licence )licencËa G leave of absence1
local )local G place1
lunch )lanche G snack1
ordinary )ordinaÂrio = vulgar1
parents )parentes G relatives1
presently )presentemente G at the moment1
pretend )pretender G to intend, to plan1
primarily )primeiramente G ®rst1
private ): privada G toilet, privy1
push )puxe G pull1
rat (rato = mouse1
real )real G royal; sure; that exists1
use )usar G to wear1
vulgar )vulgar G ordinary1
-'?
Portuguese speakers
uistic elements
:*

&
$/ "# #
# *$
# &
#*# $! #
*
$$ &$

$ " + !
+
;
+!
) $ ;

! # ! 1 + "
# )
1 !
# #

*
! $$ "" 3! $ " "
$*# !*
K$
# /# !

: $
"$
*# /#
# $ #
" $ "#*
! /$ "" &$ #

"
" & !

A sample of written Portuguese with a word-for-word

translation
Ao acordar disse para a mulher: Escuta, minha ®lha:

I / #
# /! L/+M8
! *$8
hoje eÂ dia de pagar a prestacËaÄo de televisaÄo, vem aõÂ o

+ #
$! + $
"!
# #
sujeito com a conta, na certa. Mas acontece que ontem eu naÄo
&F" /# # &$$ " #

#

trouxe dinheiro da cidade, estou a nenhum. ± Explique isso
&*# ! +! # " ! L
$ *M 9 7 $ #
ao homem ± repondeu a mulher. ± NaÄo gosto dessas coisas.

# ! 9
/ # /! 9 $ + #
#*

DaÂ um ar de vigarice, gosto de cumprir rigorosamente as

+
/$* $ + +$0$ *
$ #
minhas obrigacËoÄes
! L $ $M &$*

)O Homem Nu & 4 &1
Acknowledgement
# # /$ $ # # # /# #$ $$
*
+ #
+ #
"# & $!/
B#
# !
/#
**

+ # :*
7 ! $

-'@

# B : +#!3
Distribution
B BP:
Introduction

3 $ * * &
"$
$ $
# $ * * #
+ !$ *$
# #$*
7
" &$ ++ *$
#
#+

$ * * +

Phonology
General
# *$

# #$*" $

!
& $
!$

#

+0"$ "* < "*
""$ ! *$
#

# *$
# /$

! /#"# !
+ !
"
# #

! "

&$!

$
++
!* # +
+ /#"# *
5 ""6
*$
# 8
9
*" "$ # *$

# /# $ 7 /$
$
$ 3
* $

*
9 " + "
&/ /
* +!
$
"#
"! /# *$

#
9 " + $

!$
% #
!
# *$
# +

$/ /$* # +! $
9 "
#*# $! ! +! "#
$$ # !
*$
# $
9 ++

-'A
Greek speakers

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $

#$ #+ & " /#

+0"$ 3
*
$
#/ # +0"$ "$ * #

""$ ##*
& "$
/
/$
" /
$$ &$

# /$
! "
! &$!

- <I<

$$ $ " & <i:< "
*
$ sit seat

!$
' <{<

$$ $ " & <e< #
<a< + 7 ! $
bad ! & " <bad<
+ <b{d<
= <Ã<

$$ $ " & #
<a< + 7 ! $ but
! & " <bat<
$ bat but lack luck
! & "+

> <z:< <@<
$$ $ " & <e< + 7 ! $ bird ! &
" <berd<
+ <bz:d<
. * /$
<A:< <O:< <u:<
$$
# $ " &
#
; $
<a< <o< <u<
"$
, <¡< <@U< $ <O:<
$$ $ " & # /$ <o<
+ 7 ! $ off
" <of<
+ <¡f< home
3
" <hom<
+ <h@Um< #

"+
&/
*$
# /
/#"#
*
# & #
/$

"#
nought/not/note, cord/cod/code, walk/woke, hop/hope, want/won't

? <@< ##*

"#
<e@< <I@< <U@<

$$ $ " & #

<a< + 7 ! $ hear
" <hIa<

+ <hI@<
-=(
Greek speakers
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h

+ #
# #!
7! $ *#$ *$
#

% $#*# $
/$$ " #!
$ "" "3
$ ! +0"$

# #!

/$$

!
# #!
"
!
! "
&$!

- <S<
+ "
<s< + 7 ! $ shirt ! &
" `cert'
' <Z<
+ $ " & <z< Garage + 7 ! $ ! & "
`garaz'
= <s< &+ <m< &"!
<z <b<

$$ " & <m< <d< & <n< able !
& " <eImbl< idle <aIndl<
. <ê<

$$ "
<êg<4
" sing
"
<sIêg<
+ <sIê<
, <h<
37

+ $ " & # *#

<7< )$ ch loch1 4
" him ! & "
<7Im<
? # letter r
" /#
/ $ * !

# *$
# /# r "
"
"!
#
+ / )
card, hair1
@ <tS< <dZ< ! & " $ <S< <Z<
"$ $ *
"+
+
" &/ choose shoes ledger
leisure

$$*
#"8 #
$!
33 "
"
&/
* #"
!&$ /# +/ !&*

$
$

" $$ &*
# " " $$
# $
# / + ** #! # $
8
-=-
Greek speakers
/kUld< + could

/me< + me
/water< + water
/eleven< + eleven
/eIgt< + eight
/sekretari< + secretary
Stress
#
!
!$

+ /
"

*$
# #/ #
#

$$ &$ "# / $ *$
# /
/#"# ! $

#
$$ &$
/#
"

$ $

" !

*$
# /
* $$ #
$$ &$
/

8
" "
/sÃbstI tju:S@n< + <"sÃbstI tju:S@n<
Rhythm
- #

$$ &$3! ##! "#
$$ &$ #
7! $
#
! * $
+ # !&
+

" *$
# #/ #

$$ &$

" $
" * $
+ # !& +

$$ &$
# $

+ #
$$ &$3
! ##! *$
#
' *
! $
# +0"$ "* "$ *

" /

"
Q + #
"
$

5/ +!
6
"#
but, were, than "
"* #!
#
$ # ! 0 +0"$
#
"# /
/# # " $

Intonation

++ *$
# ! +
+
" *$
# )
"#
#
+ #*# + $$ /#
*$
# /$
$/
1 ! !

&
! $ " $ ""
# + $ ;

**

"!!
++
;
*

#
+

"#
Mm, Yes, I see, That's right
/#

-='
Greek speakers
Spelling
-
$ # &"
!&$
++ +! # *$
#
$
&*
"" # /*
' *
!
$ "

$ + "#

$ * !

$8
Csistem *Inglish *kut *taim )+ time1 *trein )+ train1
=
! $
$ $
8
Cbot )+ bought1 Ctok )+ talk1
Punctuation
:" "

* $$
!$ #

*$
# & # +/ " $ ++"
/#"# ! "

&$!
# ! ++"
#
!"$
;
!
; !
/ ++$ /#"# " "

&$!
+ &*
8

!"$8
;
! 8 %
; !
8 X Y
Grammar
General
# *$

# * !! " $

!

!$ ! /

# #
! 5 +
"#6 " *
#
+

"
*$ $ $ +!
0 0 "$

*$ *$ &
"
& +!

+

# +" & +!
& #

+" +
"

#
! /
*$
#
#
; $ + # *$
#
*

+" *
+!
)#*# # ! *
7
& #

+!
" & 7
# /
1 #
#/
*# ; $ + #
*
+!

#*#$ E" $ * * 9 "$
F"

# + "

+ 7 ! $ 2
"
;$
+ # *$
# /# # * !! " $ +" +
/
!
$ " &

#
" $
# +0"$ /# / *$

#
-==
Greek speakers
#
* !! " $ * 9

!
"$
+! 9 & #

! " $
# &/
* ! * F"
$/
"+! # * + #
/#"# # + # $ " +

! " E" $

!
*$
# $
$
+$ # *$
# #
5 * !! 6
/ / # "#"
" + & +!

#! /#

&$!

Questions and negatives
# 7$ do #
; $

! ;

%
yes/no ;

++ +! +0!
&
$8
You come back from school early every day?
CWhat she is doing?
CHow many brothers she has?
*
+! & * den )G not1 &+ # ! &
!* # 7$ 8
CThey not come to see us.
CWhat he not do yesterday?
CHe not agree with me.

- #

+"
+"

)+! /# exv
# ; $ + have J
01
/$$

! 3
+"

# *
+!
#*# ! "

# ! +"

+"
$ #
*
*$
#
' #

+" !"#
% #

"!!$

8
CHe did not yet return the money he borrowed.
I am sorry I am late. *Did you wait long?
CI just ®nished reading that book when he telephoned me.
=
#/ $*

#
& ** !

8
CI know them since I was a kid.
CHe works at the of®ce for many years.
> I* $
+ # *$
#
+" ! $
!

$8
CShe has married long ago.
-=>
Greek speakers
. ""
# #
#

+ *
&
#/
#

/# *$
#

+
* &8
CHe did not say if she is at home.
,
+
# ! +"
+ used to
8
CHe was going out a lot, but now he is married and stays at
home.

- # #

*$ *
+ !8
CHe go to school every day.
' # $ " +
*
"

!

8
`Where's Tom?' *`He waters the ¯owers.'
CLook! Those two boys ®ght!
CI am eating breakfast after I am getting dressed.
= #
*
# & to be

+ !8
CThey running fast.
CShe playing tennis.
I # # #

!!
"
$ #

! $

8
CWe are walk to school every day.
CShe is speaks English.

- *$
# +

"
" ; ++$
#
; $ + # going to +8
CI will to see them tomorrow.
CThey will ®ghting each other soon.
' $
!

! $

+ +

8
CI go to school tomorrow.
= I # # # &$!
"
& # *$
#
+ #

& "$

+* # +8
CI shall meet him before the train will go.
tionals and ùnreal' forms
- " $
"
! # #
! & $
"
&# "$

#

+ &*
6 *$
#8
CIf my car will be ready I will meet you at the station.
CIf she would have money she would buy you a present.
-=.
Greek speakers
' :
" $
+0"$8
CIf you had ®xed the car we had went for a ride.
=
# +0"$ /#
"
+ I wish if only8
CMary is gone. I wish / If only she is here.
The passive voice
- #
+ #

*#$ ; $ *$
#
"!! !

! -ed +! #
" $
# 7$ 8
CThe sky is cover with clouds.
CThe girl punished
'
! # +0"$ /# "! $7

!
!

$8
CThe house is building for a long time.
Modal verbs
# *$
# ! $

!3! $
can may must have to ought to
" # 33 ; $
&$ #
++"
/#"# $ !

! "!! &$!
8
- *

to J 0 + ! $
8
CI cannot to come to see you.
' :
! $
"
"
&$!

+ ! * # ! $
&

!

! $ /#
! &8
CI can saw it.
CWe must made it.
= # ++"
&/ can may must have to "
! !

Complementation
- *$
# -ing +!
+ "
0
9 +
7 ! $ +

8
CBefore to reach home she ate all the sweets.
' 0
+

+ -ing +!

"! $!
+
&
F"
8
CI must stop to smoke. It's bad for my health.
CPlease excuse me to be so late.
CShe is busy to write a book.
-=,
Greek speakers
= $
+
to J 0 "

/# *$
#

# 0 /# to 9 + 7 ! $ + # &

see, hear,
watch, feel, make, let, help8
CShe saw them to come down the stairs.
CI made her to eat the food.
tive of purpose
- *$
# * 0 +

* $$ " &
in order so as #
! & 8
CHe crossed the road not to see me.
'
! $ " # 0 + to &

+! )
* $

+ +! 18
CI called George to told him the good news.
= 0 +
! & $ " & ! "$
8
CI want the book I read it.
> 0 +
! & " & for
8
CGeorge went to London for study English.
The causative structure
#

7

$ " /# #
; $ +! /#"# *$
#
$
"+
&
/#
/# + /#!8
CShe had cut her hair at the hairdresser's.
Word order
2
+ /#"# "

$
! +;
!

-
" ! &* /# # " # " &F"
"! $!8
CThe book to Mary I gave on Saturday.
CWonderful is the house you bought.
' & !
& $ +!

&F"
&F" "! $!8
CI last night did my homework.
CThe teacher speaks always English in class.
CThe girls will be tomorrow very happy.
= &
+ $ " ! " &
+ ! "

/# *$
#
/$
#
8
-=?
Greek speakers
CThey will be tomorrow here.

> # ; $ + ago ! " 7
+ !8
CI sent the letter ago three days.
"ticles
- # 0 "$ ! ""!

/#"#

* $

#
$

! !

/#
" &$ $ $
*$
#8
CThe gold is very expensive.
CThe honesty is a great virtue.
CWe must buy the bread for two days.
CThe dogs are faithful animals.
' 0 "$

/# !
8
CShe speaks the French very well.
CThe Peter is my friend.
= # 0 "$

&+
&F" "! $3
!8
CShe is doctor.
CAlex is good footballer.
CHis new car is Porsche.
Gender

!
"$ +! :

""*$ *
+ /

"# #*

8
CMy bag is in my room. Can you bring her here?
CThe river is long. He runs all the way to the sea.
Number
- ! " &$ *$

#
# " &$ ; $
8
CCan you give any informations?
CI left all my luggages at the station.
CI have many works to do.
' *$ $ $
$
&$!8
CThere are a lot of sheeps in the meadow.
-=@
Greek speakers
- F"
E" # "+! # !& )
/$$
# * "
1 + # /#"# # + #

$
" + !

+ &*
8
CThere are four greens chairs in the room.
' &
+ ! +
!&$ F" +!
8
CAll cars must move slow on this part of the road.
= Q + F"

"#
friendly lovely
&
8
CShe looked at him friendly.
Pronouns and determiners
- :
$
+ !8
CIs very hot today.
CWhen he saw his father, sat down.
CWe saw him play football and we liked.
CI want to tell me the truth.
' I # # #
&F"
+ &F"
! & "
&
8
CMy brother he came to see me.
CMary who sits next to me she is sixteen years old.
CThe car I bought it yesterday.
+ 0 "! $!
&F"
! &

"
$8
CThat is not ®t to drink it.
"

! $
&
$ "$

8

#
" &$/
= It ! &

+ there " 0
&F"
8
CIt is a chair in the next room.
> I#
!

$ "+
& $
8
some ± any
anything ± nothing
my ± mine
this ± that
other ± another
much ± many
little ± few
few ± a few
-=A
Greek speakers
*# uns
- #
+ "+
&/ &F"
E7<
! # "

8
CI often talk to me
CJohn did not do it him.
' E7

!!

+ &
$ wash shave /#"#
; !3

CBob shaved himself before he left for work.
Relative clauses
- $

who $ "$

/#"# !+

# !
"$ +! which $
"$

/#"# !+
# * $
+
! *
CThe river who runs across the valley is shallow.
'
! # +0"$
* "* $
"$

/# K $
$8
The people we went to see weren't at home
= $
&F" &F"
! &
"
3

$
CThe man who he is upstairs is Peter.
CThat is the man whom I saw him.
C John, look what I make it.
Conjunctions
That
$ " what " ;

8
CI do not remember that you said to me.
Comparisons
- *
+
+ +!
+ "!
*$
#8
CMary is taller from Jane.
CMary is more tall than Jane.
' #
! / ! "
&# as like "
"7
#

$
" + "+
8
CShe looks as her mother.
CI, like ecologist, want to protect the environment.
->(
Greek speakers
tions
- $
# "
&$ +0"$ /# *$
#
3

# *# *$
# ; $
&
&$!

"

) ! $
1 /# *$
# 7
3

; # 5
!6

8
CShe was dressed with a white suit.
CHe walked in the bridge.
CDinner was prepared from my mother.
' :&$!
$
"" /#
#
! #
*$
# ; $ * # "7 ! 7 ! $
8
9 meÂxri G to till
CWe walked till the river and back.
CThey shall stay with us to next month.
9 se G in into8
CHe was into the room all day.
CShe came in the room and took a book.
9 se G on at in + !8
CWe have a meeting at Saturday.
CI usually get up on ®ve o'clock.
9 apoÂ G from of in since8
CShe has been here from Sunday.
CHe is deprived from his fortune.
= :

! & ""$ ! + " &
#
E" + 8
CHe came and asked my pencil.
CHe explained me the matter.
CThey knocked the door and then left.
> # "

+ &

* # E" + 8
CThey left to England last Friday )+ They left for England 1
CHe entered in the room noiselessly.
.
# +0"$ /# 5
3
*6
"
/#

$ " # + "$
"!!

! #
8
CWho did you buy it?
CThat's the woman I was talking.
,
+ $ " for /# since since /# from8
CMary has lived here since two years.
CI have been teaching from 1994.
->-
Greek speakers
hrasal verbs
- # $7" $ !

; $ *$
# #
$
&
$
# +0"$ /# #!

* #! +*
3/ &
/#"# " *
# +! $ &
# !
8
He returned on Sunday )+ He came back on Sunday1
I telephoned him )+ I rang him up1
They visited us last weekend )+ They called on us last
weekend1
We had no petrol )+ We ran out of petrol1
' 2# /3 #
$ &
# &F"
+ $ " +
# "$
+ &+
CI rang up him yesterday.
Vocabulary
- ! *$
# /
$
+! )* telephone television
crisis phenomenon catastrophe1 I#
# & &/
)* jeans pullover goal picnic1 #
+ "$
$ *
" "

& # $

! 5+ $
+
6 /#"# ! $
"+
4 7 ! $
! !

8
agenda ! notebook
agnostic ! foreign, stranger
barracks ! small shop
cabaret ! bar
ephemera ! newspaper
fortune ! storm
graphical ! picturesque
idiotic ! private
pneumatic ! witty, intellectual
sympathise ! like
trapeze ! table
'
! # +0"$
"

/# / #

$ *$
# ; $
/# $ + *$
# /

# 7 " " 7 ! $
8
miss/lose
beat/hit/strike/knock
woman/wife
house/home
®nger/toe
of®ce/desk/study
made of / made from
->'
Greek speakers
know/learn/study
interesting/interested
remember/remind
make/do
room/space
Excuse me / Sorry
very/much
too/very
say/tell
annoy/bother
= :#" $$ ! "+

$

&$
" +
!

8
man/men
woman/women
prize/price
" tten Greek with a transliteration and a

word-for-word translation
"
Htane toÂso dynatoÂ to xtyÂphma, poy den brhÂke to koyraÂgio na
Itane toso dinato to htipima, pou den vrike to kourajio na
2

# # &$/ # + # # " *
diamartyrhWeiÂ. Ti noÂhma Wa eiÂxe mia opoiadhÂpote diamartyriÂa;
diamartirithi. Ti noima tha ihe mia opiadipote diamartiria?

2# ! * /$$ # /#
H
O aÂlloq th doyleiaÂ toy: eÂkobe syneÂxeia to kreÂaq.
O allos, ti doulia tou: ekove sinehia to kreas
# # L"M # / #
8 " # "
$ # !
Kai to maxaiÂri, aytoÂ to katakaiÂnoyrio, to astrafteroÂ maxaiÂri,
Ke to maheri, afto to katakenourjio, to astraftero maheri
# + # # $$ / #
# +
eiÂxe giÂnei agnwristo. PagvmeÂno liÂpoq eiÂxe kollhÂsei sthn
ihe jini agnoristo. Pagomeno lipos ihe kolisi stin
# &"! "*
&$ B$ + #
" #
lepiÂda toy kai sthn labhÂ, mikraÂ kommaÂtia kreÂaq.
lepida tou ke stin lavi, mikra komatia kreas
&$
# # $
! $$ "
L+M ! L*M
Den mporoyÂse na dei kalaÂ, to fvq ligostoÂ, h kardiaÂ
Den borouse na di kala, to fos ligosto, i kardia
"$ #
/$$ # $*# L/
M $$ # #
->=
Greek speakers
toy anastatvmeÂnh. Pwq na to piaÂsei sta xeÂria toy to

tou anastatomeni. Pos na to pjiasi sta herjia tou to
#
L/
M
/ # #
#
#
ejaWlivmeÂno maxaiÂri, pwq na to karfwsei sto sthÂWoq thq . . .
exathliomeno maheri, pos na to karfosi sto stithos tis
!
&$ + #/ $3# # &
#
)4! The Passport & !
1
" # the written English of an elementary

Greek learner
!
#
+ /

#
$ /#
#* # + ! # !
! # /#"# ! !
#

$
# 6$$ *
$$/ /# !
* !#N + ! * + #6

#
$

# / !

/# #N 0
# *!
/# ! + # & #
#
N
6! # & ** $$/ 6$$

6$$ *
+ !
$ "
N I+ "
6! $$ # &"
6$$
!
+
! + !$ + $* ! 6!
# # #
6$$ EN
2# $
4
->>
Russian speakers
" $7
Distribution
4I ! K& F $

* O K #
O*K
# $
F
!
K&

Introduction

&$*
# $ " & "# + # 3 + !$ +
$ * *

"$
$ $ $
% #

# $ " $ * *
:$
# BK"# $ $ &
B $* " #
! # ! F
+ # ->@ !$$ $

#
$ * *
! @( !$$ $ # +! &$"
+ #
$
#

# 0
$ * * /# # >(
!$$ $ #
/$ "

*

" $ * * lingua franca
Phonology
General
# / ! F +

/#"#
*
# #

!
+! *$
# # &
" + #
#9$* /$ ++
# &
" + ##*
*$
# ##!

$
# +

!

->.
Russian speakers

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $

# +! # + $

+ "!&
+

" "$ /#

+0"$ $#*#
!
"+

!
$$

# #!
! "
&$!

4 $ "!!

&$/
- #
<z:< /#"#
+
"

$
+ *$
# # *
+0"$ # +
&
#

<z< <o< )#

<z<

!$ #
"$
+ # *$
# ##* bare # *$
# /$
bell1 : "$ $ &$
! /
&** /# w
"#
work worm worth worse

' <A:<
& $ " & # ! + $
<a<
= <{<
& $ " & ! "$

!&$* <e<
$ * "+
&/

"#
sat set
> #
"
+ ##*
#
" #
+
##*
& 5 "6
. #
<O:<
+ $ " & # ! + $
<o<
##*
<oU< "+
+

&/ /
$
cot caught coat bought boat not nought note
, * $ $* /$
"
+0"$ 5
6 /#"#
!
#!

!$
# /$
Field ! & "
$ ®lled + 7 ! $ seat $ sit
? # ++" $*# + $* /$
* # 0 $
"
)"! pea peal peat1
$
+0"$ !

@ ##*

" !
*$
#
/$

*$
* <¡<
+ " $!
$ <w¡< <O:<
<@U< <z:<
<e@< " #

!
& # +0"$

# /# ++ * # " &/ $* )

1

# )$ 71 *$
#

# &**
+
)$*1

& " $ 7 / /#

* /
# !$ + # "$ %
#

& ##*
#
$*# $*#*
->,
Russian speakers
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $

" "$ /#

+0"$ $#*#
!
"+

!
$$

# #!
! "
&$!

4 $ "!!

&$/
I+ # '> *$
# "

#

<T< <D< <ê< <w< /#"#
+
+0"$
- <T< <D<
! F +0"$
+ $ " & <s<
<z< " $ !

8 sin + thin% useful + youthful% zen +
then
' <ê<

$$ $ " & #
<g< $ <n< +

7 ! $ wing !*# & " wig win
= # ++" &/ <w< <v<
+ "$ $ +$ $ *
"+
&/ +
" while vile west vest
> #

<t< <d< <l< <n< + ! /# # * "#*
# # /#"# *
#! +*

. 4 $ " "

"#
<b< <d< <g< "

"
* $
"
"# /

lab said pig +

"
lap set pick
, #

<p< <k< <t<

/#"#
"

$
!
" #! # &**
+ /

*$
# + 7 ! $ pit !
# $ bit come $
gum tart $ dart
?
! $ " <h< & *#
)$ ch "
#
loch1 ! +"
" # "
+
"$
@
$
5
+6 ) $ $
1 !
*$
# "3

&+ + /$

"#
<i:< <I< <e< <eI< <I@< /
$ tea )/# #

<t< &*

!&$ <ts<1 deed )/#
#
<d< &*

!&$ <dz<1 key )/# +
**

+ #
<j<
+ <k< $ $
1 "
A 5 6 <l< )
full hill1 + $ "
5"$ 6 <l< )
light
¯y1
-( #
<S<
$/
# 5 6

->?
Russian speakers
$
+ *$
# ! <S< &+ /$
# +
/
# )5 61 # # "" *$
#
/#"#

$*#$ $ $

-- #
<tS<
$/

$*#$
+ )5 $ $
61

$
$ " # # )5 6 $ $
1 *$
#

<tS<
chase /#
$ $

-'
#

<dZ< $#*#
#

<d<
<Z< #
<dZ< $ ""

&/ /
+! *$
# * jeans Jack "
! # $ * *

$
$
+ *$
# " # *$
#

<dZ<
/

/#
+0" +
+
"!

-= #
" + # *$

#
<j<
"
/# $ ! +"

-> # $ r /
$ doctor

!!
"
<r< &

/# 0
$ * *$
# $ + #
!*

# "
t clusters
- # "!&

<T< J <s< <D< J <z< <s< J <D< )
months clothes
sixth1 * $$ ! F "# $$* + ; * $

/# +
&
<ts< <z<
' 3 &$!

"* <t< <d< <s< <z< +$$/ & <j<

situation, education, Did you see the ®lm?, issue, casual "
/#
$
+ *$
# * # #" #!
+ ""!! <
!$ + F "

= "!&
+ / $
"

)
"#
<p< <b< <t< <d<
<k< <g<1 # 0
$

$$ 7 $
#

" # " +

"# /

asked, hugged,
lobbed "
>

# $
<@< # "!&
<tl<
<dl< <tn< <dn< $ * "

"#
little <lIt@l< button
<bÃt@n< modern /m¡d@n<
. # $ "$

<tw< <tr< <pr< <dr< <br< $
+0"$ $ *
&$!
/# /
$ twice tree price dry bright

$
+ *$
# " # "! $
#

"$

$
!!

* $ /$ &/ #
/

+ +
* #! *# " &$

$ <tr< tree /# # $ *$
# "$

!$ # $
chair <dr< dry /# # $
*$
# "$

# $ <dZ< "
->@
Russian speakers
*hythm and stress

&$
*$
#
/

$

"

$* *$
# /
8
"
competition <k@mpI tISn<
"
intelligibility <Int@l@dZ@ bIlItI<
"
compatibility <k@mp@t@ bIlItI<
"
imperturbability <Imp@t@b@ bIlItI<
" ##!

&$!
4
" $
+ 3
" #
$/ 5
*6 +!
+ /
$ as than can must
have
+ # +
5/ 6 +!

Intonation
#
$/ + $$
*# # $/

&*
$/ *#
5
#6 /
& $ I# &$!
8
-

0
# # yes/no ;

/# + $$ /#"# "
! #!
! $8
Did you tell her?
' * ;

! $
"
"+
8
It's a nice day, isn't it?
= $ ;

+ /#
8
Do you want coffee or tea?
+0"$
+
+

+ # $
+! #
$ " + "
" &/ /#
/ # / #
" " $ !

8
knife <knaIf<
comb <k¡mb<
break <bri:k<
risen <raIzn<
singing <sIêgIêg<
mind <mInd<
through <TraU< <TroUg< "
Writing and punctuation
Writing
$#*#

# B$$" $ # & ! *$
# $

!$ +!
$
8 a, o, e, n, m, p, c, k, g, x, y, M, T, H
->A
Russian speakers
)" + #! " ++$1

! 7 "
+0"$
/* s, r, i, h, l, f, b, t, j, I, G, Q, N /#"# ""
B$$"
Punctuation

" !
# $
+ #
&
" $$
!$ *$
# # ! ++"
#
+ "!!
!
++ $ $$
& "$

#
$
&
+"
# +$$/* " $ !

8
CI think, that you're right.
CI don't know, which book to choose.
"!!

$$ / $ #
8 66
Grammar
General
# * !! " $

!
+
*$
# + ! $$
++ *$
#
$" $ * * /#"# * !! " $
! *
$ *$ 7
#*# #
+ $ /
&
"# *
/
# # #

#"
$ * * /#"# # ! F + * !! " $ +!
"
#*# "# *
#
" + /
& !
+ $

! + 07

+07
E" $ *
/#"# "
"$
"F*
!& *

#+ #
+ $ "! $"

!
+ F" "$3
& "F* & #

" #
$ 07
/
#
*$
# &

!
7
# ++
+ ! *
#
$ #

8

+ #
&

!
! $ &$ # +
" #

# "

&/ "
/#"# "! $ )! +"
"1 #

/#"# "! $ ) +"
"1 #
"

"
#*# +07 :+" *
+!
+ &

3
*$
# 7
"$
* # 7$
&
$ do, have will
$#*# # & bit' )to be1 +

7 ! $-
&$ +
+!

!
" +!

"$ & "

+ 7$ & * V dva chasa ya budu
rabotat' doma )I'll be working at home at two o'clock1 Rabota bila
-

" +! B$$"
# + $ )
bit'1 "
#
#

$ $

-.(
Russian speakers
zdelana v srok )The work was done in/on time1 #

! #

& $ "$ pust )

!$ ! * # *$
# let1

&$
! ! ! +!
"$ $
& ""

+ 7$ * Pust on pridyot zavtra )Let him come tomorrow1
5:#
$6 &
7

#
+

+ ! $! # *$

#

# * !! " $ *
# "$

2#
"# &
" ++"
&/ # * !! " $

!
+ #
/ $ * *

&$ # # /$$ & " ! F +0"$
+
$ * *$
#
- # 7$

do have will be # ; $

" $ !

!
;

8
CI no like it.
CWhen you went there?
CHow you like it?
`Do you like football?6 C5Yes, I like6
' Do
+ "+
/# does "
8
CShe don't go there now
= * ;
+!
! & /*$
8
CDon't you know when he's coming? )+ Do you know H1
> # * 7$ &

$ "
;
*

# * +0"$ +!* #

+ ! !

/#

* #! # $
! $ #! + $
+;$ #

8
CYou like her, doesn't it?
CIs many people in room, isn't it?
CDid you see him, didn't you?
CYou didn't do it, didn't you?
.
$
0 #
+
#
/
$ ;

+0"$8
`Can he play tennis?' (*) `Yes.' )+ `Yes, he can.'1
Àre you tired?' C`No, not tired.' )+ 5No, I'm not.'1
`Don't forget to write.' (*)`No6 )+ Ì won't.'1
Ìt was a very pleasant evening.' (*)`Yes.' )+ `Yes, it was.'/`Yes,
wasn't it?'1
Ì don't understand.' C`No? I explain again.' )+ `Don't you? I'll
explain it again.'1
,

# +0"$ /# #
+ Let !
8
-.-
Russian speakers
CLet they to do it.

CLet's no do it.
, tense and aspect

#
+"
*

I
! $
+!

+ "

& +" *

*$
# " $ !

8
CI read when he came.
CHe said he already ®nished work.
CI still didn't read the book.

-
#
+"
*
+!

#
$
! $

#
$
!

$8
CWhere you go now?
CYour article is typed now. Please wait
CHow long you be/are here? )+ have you been here?1
'
"#

+ &
#

;" +

$8
CHe said he live here long.
CI knew she (is) in town.
= # #

*$

+ ! #
+07 3)e1s8
CHe very like her )+ He likes her very much1

-
! $

! &
+ # +8
CI promise I come tomorrow
' # + +" + *

8
CShe will work here ten years by Thursday
CThis time tomorrow I will lie on the beach
=
& "$

+ ! # +

/#

/$ &
*$
#8
CWhen she will ring you, tell her I called
>

! /#
;" +

8
CShe said she go tomorrow
CThey said they no come
CHe said he will come
CThey said they will do the work by ®ve.
-.'
Russian speakers

!!
!

* *$
#

* $$ "" &"

#
&

! #
$ /
"
) +" ! +"3
1 7
!
$ #*# +07 /#
# *$
# &
/ +! #

"
/#"# " & "!&
7
3
* 5
! $6 "
+" "

&
" $$
#
# " & " *
/#
*$
# #
-, + "
+33#3
+!
" # +0"$ $
7 "
* #!
The passive voice

$

$$ 0 # &
" +!
+ #

&$! " # "! $7 +!
# "
+"

"
"
# !
+0"$8
CThe house is (was) building.
CThe book has ®nished.
Conditionals
-
& "$

+ " # +

/# #

/$ &
*$
#8
CIf she will come, I will tell her
' &$!
&$
"! $7 " $ +!
8
CIf he would (to) helped me I had did it.
Modal verbs
- #

! + ! $ &

! $ # *$
#
+" ! #+ "
!

"#
# +$$/*
# "
"
to be able to to have to "$ " 8
CI can to do it.
CYou must to work hard.
CYesterday he must go home early.
CI shall must phone him.
CShe will can do it.
'
/
;

/# may must "
+0"$8
`May I come in?6 C5No, you may not/can't6 )! * 5Please
don't61
`Must I do it now?' *`No, you must not6 )! * 5No, you
needn't.'1
-.=
Russian speakers

- # $ & to be

$ #

8
CHe good boy
CThey no nice.
' $$

7 " +0"$
#
+ # there is
"
"8
CIs table in room?
CMany tables are in room, yes?
= 2# # there is "
" #
& $

!
$$
"+
/# #
+ it
!!
&F"8
CThere is hot here, is it?
CIt is very good stereo in room.
have
-
$
" 7 " +0"$ ! * #
"
&/ # *$
# & to have

; $ #

ù menya est' "
" )$ $$ 5 !
61
' &* $$ !

!!
! #
+ has/
have.
CHe have book.
Non-finite forms
- # ! "! $7 3ing +!

0
) *
+"

1 "
+0"$8
CI heard of his appointing headmaster )+ I heard that he had
been appointed headmaster1
CI like inviting by my friends )+ I like being invited by my
friends1
CShe is said to live here long.
CShe is believed to write a new book.
' # 50 +
6
+0"$ !
8
CI came for to help you.
CI came that to help you.
Verbal complements
- 5I&F" J 06
"
"
&$!
+
$

CI could see that he goes across the street.
-.>
Russian speakers
CI could see him to go across the street

CThey made me to do it.
' B

"
$
+0"$8
CI've just made it )+ I've just had it made1
CI must go to cut my hair )+ I've got to have my hair cut1
'
- "
7

&
" * !! " $ $
#*# E"3

/ #

"
# ! + #
*$
#
"!! +

"
&* /#
& $ #

+ ! $ " #
$
" " $
!

8
CYesterday on table lied my book
' B$
30 $

"
&$!
+
$8
CAt what are you looking?
CWith whom were you talking when I saw you?
"ticles

#
"$
# !

$
+ *$
# !
#
+ # *$
# "$
!
$
# #

* $ "+
#
* + # &
" ++"
&/
the a/an # K "$
- I + # $ &$!
+
$

$ * #/

# "$
* $8
CNew house is building near cinema that is near us.
CHave you mother?
' # #
# &$! + "#" &/ # 0
0 "$
8
CHave you the mother?
CIs she a woman you told us about?
Quantifiers
2
+ $* & ;
!

$$ "
"
3
&$ +0"$ # "!!$ !

"+
; 0
few
)of 1 a few )of 1 little )of 1 a little (of 1 much )of 1 many )of 1 none )of 1

! #
8
CI have many money.
-..
Russian speakers
CI have few days before I go ) #

8 I have a few days
left before I go1

many much little $ +0!3

"
8
( )
* I have many friends )+ I have a lot of friends1
( )
* I have much time )+ I have a lot of time1
( )
* I have little time )+ I don't have much time1

!
"$ +! #
$
$
! !

/#
$
8
`Where's book?6 C5She is on the table6
`Where's my umbrella?' C5He is here6
Number
- # " * + !& 7

/ # " &$<

" &$
" "

&$!

"
! *$
# 3
" &$
# " &$
; $
8
CHer hairs are nice
CI have one news
CI'll give you a good advice
C`Where are money?6 5They on table6
' " $ "
$
/# this/these that/those8
CI don't like this songs.
Noun compounds
"!

+ # the boy's book John's book
&$! &* $$

of3 #

)* Cthe book
of the boy1 /# ! <

# !
Numerals
# $ $ * -s

+ hundred thousand million
billion # E" + #
$ * *8
Ctwo hundreds roubles
Ctwenty millions
-.,
Russian speakers
- # *
+0"$

+

# +! + #
*
+ "!
+ # F"
bad good far8
CHe is more bad than I think
CThey are badder
CIt is farer
' F"
" $
& "+
/# &
+
" bad/
badly good/well8
CHe speaks English very good
CShe plays piano bad
Relative pronouns
-
$$ who
"+
/# which &"
#
!
/
" &
+ &#8
CThe people which came I no like.
' That
"+
/# what8
CI know what he work here
Interrogative pronouns

"" #
+ who which whose8
CWho of you know/s English?
CWho book is this?
Indefinite pronouns
Everybody everyone +
" /# # $ $ !&

&"
# "
*
$ $
8
CEverybody/Everyone were there
Negative pronouns
Nobody/no-one +

+ # ; 0 none
3
"
$8
CNobody/no-one of them were there
-.?
Russian speakers
tions and adverb particles
- #
!
+

$

8
CI listen music very much
CI want to explain you this
CIt'll be dark for three o'clock )+ by three o'clock1
CHe work on factory
CCan you comment this?
CWhat are you laughing?
'
#
; $ + *$
# & "$
%

3

7
:#
$ &
#+ "
+0"$

" $$
/# # "$ +$$/
# &F"
I'll look it up.
Vocabulary
False friends
# ; +/ /

#

!$ *$
#

& # # ++ ! *

#
+ ! * 7 ! $
8
aktual'niy )G current actual1
simpatichniy )G nice friendly sympathetic1
biskvit )G sponge cake biscuit1
manifestatsiya )G demonstration manifestation1
salyut )G ®rework display salute1
perspektiva )G prospect perspective1
perspektivniy )G promising future long-range perspective1
dekada )G ten days decade1
miting )G a rally a meeting1
kharakteristika )G a (character) reference a letter of recommendation
a characteristic1
pretendovat6 )G to lay claim to to have pretensions to to pretend1
operativniy )G effective quick practical current timely operative1
moment )G point element aspect

moment1
ekonomniy )G thrifty frugal practical economic1
! "! $ $
+
3*$
# + $
+

& +
# " & Q Q $ *$3

3*$

$ 6 5K## K :"# 6 )*$
#3

3*$
# " + 5
$ 6
4 $
4
61
"/8
""$ :&$
#*
-A,A
-.@
Russian speakers
Other confusions
!& + /$3
/
# ++ $
+
* +! #
"$

; $

- yet<already8
CHave you see her already? )! * Have you seen her yet?1

/$ 0 +0"$ &* $$ ++
&/ Have you seen her yet? /# yet
* $
$*!
;
Have you seen her already? #

What? So fast?
How did you manage to do that?
' so<such8
CHe is so clever man
CIt is such dif®cult
= say<tell8
CHe said me that you are ill
CThe story says about the war
> Please8
`Here's a book for you6 5Thank you6 C5Please.'
8
`Give me the book, please6 C5Please.' )
+ Here you are1
. #
to my mind you see you know well8
`What time does the ®lm start?6 C5To my mind, at seven6
CWell, you see, I often go to the Crimea, you know
, 4 $
5"
$ 0$$
6 #

! !

! $ /# + " # ! &
8
`Would you like to go there?6 C5No, I wouldn't6 )+ 5Well, I'm
afraid I can't because 61
CTell me please how to go to the station )+ Excuse me, could
you tell me the way to the station, pleaseH1
? # 7
of course

& $ !

8
`Can you speak French?6 C5Yes, of course6 )+ 5Yes, I can61
Attitudes to language learning
$$ "#$

"
"#$
$ +* $ * * #
! F + $
$ *$
# )
# *$
# &*
# !
/# !" *$
#
$/$ * * *1 $#*# 4"#
!
# !& + # $ * *
$
*#
B!!" !#
/$
/# ! #

$
$$
"K
#+
&$ 7 " $ * *
$
# * $$ #

" & $ * * $

& &"
# $ !$"$ $ !$$* $
"
-.A
Russian speakers
+
/ *
"3"!" "# *
# $$/ " *

" " "
/# # *$
#3
* /$
tten Russian with transliterations and

word-for-word idiomatic translations
Pyftnt kb ds^ xnj dpzd j,sryjdtyysq heccrbq
Znayete li vi, shto . . . vzyav obiknovenniy russkiy
O/ L* M # *

fkafdbn b hfcgjkj;bd ,erds jghtltk/yysv j,hfpjv^
alfavit i raspolozhiv bukvi opredelyonnim obrazom,
$ # &

* $
0 /
vj;yj gjkexbnm yt njkmrj rfylblfncre.^ yj b ljrnjhcre.
mozhno poluchit' ne tol'ko kandidatskuyu, no i doktorskuyu
" " $ " & "
lbccthnfwb.?
dissertatsiyu?

H
/ # &
* #
$ # & $ "*
# $
" / " & $ #

&
" $ H
)4! Literaturnaya Gazeta ? !& -A@>1
Gjckt ltcznbvtczxyjuj jncencndbz dthyekcz r ;tyt b

Posle desyatimesyachnovo* otsutstviya vernulsa k zhene i
+ !# &
" /+
ltnzv exfcnybr ghjikjujlyb[ cjhtdyjdfybq gj
detyam uchastnik proshlogodnikh sorevnovaniy po
"#$ " $
"!

cgjhnbdyjve jhbtynbhjdfyb. A& Erkjyztd& Chfpe ;t
sportivnomu orientirovaniyu F. Uklonyaev. Srazu zhe
* 4 $ "

gjckt djpdhfotybz cgjhncvty yfxfk ecbktyye.
posle vozvrashcheniya sportsmen nachal usilennuyu
+

! &*
*#
gjlujnjdre r yjdsv dtctyybv cnfhnfv&
podgotovku k novim vesennim startam.
+ /
*

C #
*
/ 3* & " 3
-,(
Russian speakers
4 $ )G # *1 /# " $

6

* "# !

# #
#
/+ "#$ +
3!# &
" !! $ #
# #$

* # +#"!*
*

)4! Literaturnaya Gazeta -' -A@.1
-,-
h speakers
K*K Z / ) #$*1
" _`&/

Distribution
:I% :$
# "!!
# ! K$ B
$
/#
Introduction
:$
#
3 $ * * !!& + # )2
1 $ "
& "#

"#
!
"$
$ $ BK"# $
!
$
$
$*

" &3B $
" # "# * + $" $

! -A@A /# :$ &*
*#
$
/# # 2
# $ + *$
# $/
$
$ * * #
! " $$ "
*$
#
/ "

$ + * "

/$ *# +
"#$
! $
*
3
" 4 "

"
*$
# $ :$
#
3 $ * *
&"

3
!
"$ F
#*#
*
:$
#

" $$ # * 0 "$ $ +0"$
Phonology
General
:$
# $
+ *$
# +
+ # $ " + "

3
" &/
$$* "
$! $$
7 " "# $ & " * :$

# $
"#
$ # !$ +

*$
#
$
$

:$
* # *$ $! 3
$$ &$

+ #
!# * # $ !
+ *$
# "
#
5#*

*#6 # # *$
# 5 # /
6
4
+ # :$
# " + *$
# # "&
:$
# "" *$
# "$8 #
+ +$$
+ "
/$

$$ &$
** # !
+ 5 "*
-,'
Polish speakers
!"#6% " "

% ! $$ <r< 9

" $$ /30 $$% 0 $ "* )
" $$ <s< $ " + <z<1%
!
" + th <ê<
&$
4 $

&$/
*hythm and stress
:$
#

# ! F &$!
!
* #

3! ##!
+ *$
# # + " "*
/ +!
!
" $$ # /
/# $ ; $ !" /#"# ++"
# ##!
"$ 8
- 4$$ /$
" $ " + <@< /
$ banana
photographer
' !! " $ !

"#
and that, as, a, the * #
5
*6 " $$ "7

= !& + /
!
3

# E" + #

$! 3
$$ &$

:$
# $
$ + #$ "/# #
"
" " + / + !$
/#

3
#+
)* politics,
po litical, poli tician1 $
/# /
$ vegetable, reachable,
comfortable /# # a
/*$ "
<eI<

)
&$ & $* /# table able1 ! *

"# /
+0"$

> :$
# $
+ + $" "
" "
"

$* /
* "infor mation "multi plicity
Juncture
- :$
# #
$* <j< <w<

;"
$ my uncle, do it
"
$
' /
:$
# $
$ "

/$

;"
$8 have an apple, come for a meal
= 2# / $

+$$/ "# # )
used to, like Carol, and
diving1 :$
" $$ " &#
$ " $$ 3
"* # 0
+
"
> ;"
+ <d< <t< <s< <z< +$$/ & <j< #

$ would you,
as you know, did you, miss you "

/#
!$ )* <wUdju:<

+ <wUdZ@<1
-,=
Polish speakers

Q/$

+ * +0"$ $ "+
#

+ #

# :$
# #
@ /$
$ ), $ '
$1
"! # '' /$
+ *$
# :$
# #
$*#
"
##*
##*

$ *$
# /$
"

! F &$!
:$
&#
*
" "$
# &$ &$/ $$

! + #
&$!
8

i: I U u: i 3i u
e @ z: O: Eo
{ Ã A: ¡ a

#
!&$
" + # *$
# /$
#
7 "
; $ :$
# 2#
! :$
# #
$ /$
"!
!
+ *$
# B
;$ /$

#
*$ !
+0"$ + :$
#

&#
*
# *
# ++"
&/ #! "* "" /$

# +$$/*
/# *
- # / /$
:$
#8
"#/ <I< *$ $
$ " & +$$ /$

' # <e< <{< " $$ "
<E<% #" #
&$!
/#
$ man 9 men, bad ± bed, pat ± pet.
= <I<
"
<i< # # # !
!$ & " $

i $ * "+

&/

"#
feet ± ®t
:$
# <a<
sheep ± ship
> <A:< ! & "+
/# <{< $ * !
" + /
$ father "

" # "#" &/
#
!"
+ /
$ pass after
. <ow< # :$
# 7! + # ##* <@U<
+
" $ " + <O:<

$
$ # +$$/*
+ "+
8 saw ± sew, bought ± boat, law ± low.
, #*# <z:<
$ $
/$ $ :$
*$ $
$ " /# <o< /# #
/

"# )
work, word,
world1
? #
" $!
+ # "$
* ##*
<eI< <aI< <OI< <@U< <aU<
"
<j< <w<
"$ )! * :$
#
3
;"
$8 <a< J <j< <u< J <w< /#"# ##*
1
@ # $*# + $* /$
""* /# +$$/
)
pea peas peace1

+0"$ !

-,>
Polish speakers
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
*$
# "

"
! F "! #
&$!
+
:$
# $
# ! +0"$
$ # "" "
"* # $ +!
$$* # #!
# ;3
$
; $
:$
# "$ /#

+0"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
! "
"
&$ " &$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <T< <D< *$ $ $ " & + # +$$/*8 <f< <v< <s<
<z< <t< <d< <ts< <dz< $
*#! +
$! $
$ + ""
' "
" $
+ !
" <S< <Z6< <tS 6<

6 < dZ
6 < $ "* #! /# # #
# 3 $ $ :$
# < s < < z <
<ts< <dz<
"$
= # :$
# ; $ + *$
# <h<
"$
/$ &
+"
!$ # 0 $
loch !
$
" *$
# <h< #
/ :$
# $
7 "
h & " /# #
/ !

;"
$ give him the book, take her out
> #
<r< #

" $$ ; $ :$
# + !
*$
#
" $$ $! $$
)*# /# #

$$ $ " + "$ 1
+
# *$
# $

& *# not " <r< /30 $

&+ "

®rst work, her, water, far, there )!3
" *$
#

+ :$
#

"1
. :$
# "
!
0 $ " "

/#"# $
"3
+
&/
$8 bed ± bet, his ± hiss, dog ± dock #
&$!
"$ $ " /# / +!
+ /
$8 is, his,
was /#"# $$ " /# &$ 0 $ <s< I
/ $ /# #
&$!
++ $ + "" $*
0 $ "

+$$/* $ /$

his uncle, is a
man, was at home.
, I # # # <l< <r< + " "

/
-,.
Polish speakers
$ please, try, cream, prison ""$ " /# +$$

"*
? #
<l<
:$
# /#"# "

+0"$ /#
/
$ table, able, little, role.
@ :$
# $
" $$ !
" ng
<êg< )&+ /$1
<êk< ) 0 $
1 Singing ! & " <sIêgIêk<
ring him <rIêk hIm<% sting

$ stink% wing
" $
wink
A :$
# $ "

+ <p< <t< <k< /#"# ++"
#
+
&# # "

# +$$/* /$
/
$ part
top cat
-(
$ "

"
+$ )/# $ $
1
&+ + /$
* 8 knee, meat, need
-- Q +/ $
/ # # $ " + "$ + <t<
<d< <n<
$ :$
# & $$ ) # *! *1
*$
#
tonation
# ! F + :$

#

*$
#

7 **3
++" /#"# "

"
&$

"
! * *$
# "
+ + +
* + :$
" $$
!
" wh3;

"* + $$3

+ + $$*
I # # # # ! + $$*

+0"$
!
** # !
+
* E
+! # "+

* +! # "

" &/
$$* " :$

#

# +0"$ /# /
# / /#
$ $

$$ &$
8 * psychology salmon
whistle know knife camera, secretary, comfortable
Spelling
$$ :$

# $
7 "
! +0"$ /# *$
#
$$*
#

$
+! # + " # :$
#
$$*
$ *$ #" 2#
! #/ # # /

!
#
+ # / !#
" $
:$
#
-,,
Polish speakers
#
$ & " $
* F"
#
$

!

$8
Cenglish books *tuesday
I # # # $

* +
" $$ :$
# ; $
+ you your " $

% #" !

$8
CI'm writing to You . . .
Punctuation
:" "

*#$ #
! :$
# *$
#
# ! ++"
# "!!

! ++
&
"$

8
CI think, that it's OK.
CI'll call you, when/if she comes.
"!!
/ ++$8 66
Grammar
General
:$
# $ *$
#
#*#$ E" $ * * #+ #

!"# + /
+ 7 ! $ # * !! " $ !&
* )!
"$ +! 1
"

#/ & "# *
+! F"
"+! # * !& "
+ #
/#"# # + "# & )/# /#
1 *

"$ "
# * !! " $ +" + /
" &
#
!
# # &

#
"
*$
#
Q&

$$ # ! +" +"% # ! +"
+! #

)

+1 # +"
/ )

+1 !
* $$ "
+ " &#
!
# #
! :$
# ; $8 czas
:$
#

#
!"# $
# *$
# #
#
$ &

! ! $ 7$
)

*$
#1 +"
*
& +!

# "$
:$
#
$$ $$ #
++"
"+
:$
# $
+ *$
#
:$
# *
! $ ! & * $ ;

/
! $ &
* ;
*
! &
-,?
Polish speakers
"* # & /# nie )G no1 # /#$ + 7$

#+ $ "

"
&$ &$!
" $ !

)
" $$ &*
6 $$1 "$8
CShe no(t) do(es) it.
CDo/Does she it?
CI very not like school.
CWhere they live?
C(Why) You are standing?
CHe is working now, yes?
$
8
CDid you ®nished?
CHe do(es)n't knows.
I* $
# # # + $

"#
8
CDo you can swim?
:$
# yes/no ;

; ;
/ )czy1

$
$
+;$ " &"
# # # " !!&
*$
# ; $ #
#* $$ " +
7 ! $8
CIf does she work here? )+ Does she work here?1
I !
""

:$
# ;
!$ $ * /#"#
$
!

$8
CNobody doesn't understand.
CShe never doesn't know nothing.
$
8
CShe doesn't know something )+ She doesn't know anything1
Question tags, short answers and reply questions
:$
#
#
/

! $ YeslNo $ ;

;

*
; $ Yes? Really? +/ #
#

$ #

$
3 &

"#
8
`Can he play chess?' (*)`No.' )+ No, he can't1
`Do you live here?' (*)`Yes.' )+ Yes, I do1
CThey have (not) ®nished, yes /isn't it?

/# * # ;
*

#
/
$ ;

+; :$
#
# *$
#
:$

#! $*# #
! !

! $ /#
+ " # ! &

$
8
`He never comes on time.' *`Yes.' )+ `No.'1
-,@
Polish speakers
It and there as subjects
- 2# *$
#
" #
!
$ it

&F" :$
# +
#

&F" #
$
!

$8
CToday is cold.
CHere is quiet.
CAlready is making dark )+ It's already getting dark1
CIs three o'clock.
$
8
Rain/Snow was falling ) +" It was raining/snowing1
CThere is cold/warm )+ It is cold/warm1
' There
* !! " $
&F" "* 0
#

&
" $$ +0"$ + :$
# $
8
CIn my room is a/the table )+ There is a table in my room1
CIs a table in your room?
CThere is my/the book on a/the table.
CThere is my school )+ My school is there1
#
"
&$ "+
#
+ $$ *$
#

!
+
$$ +" *

# # :$
# ; $

- :$
#

/# *$
# ;

+"8
CShe still didn't come.
CWere you ever in China? )+ Have you ever been to China?1
CI saw that ®lm )+ I've seen that ®lm1
CSorry I'm late. Did you wait long?
CShe cried )+ She's been crying.1
I # # # :$
# $
/$$
8
CI have done it last week.
CWhen have you seen Tom?
' " + *

:$
# $
!

$8
CI watched TV when you telephoned.
= B
$ #
*

!!

8
CMozart was living in the 18th century
CWe were dancing often when we were going to school.
CHe was believing this.
> #
+"

!!

+
;" +

8
-,A
Polish speakers
CI had eaten breakfast and I went to school.

+

# "

8
CThey had emigrated before the war.

-
*$ :$
#

7

/#"# *$
# ;

+"

#

$
8
CThey work now.
CWe watch TV since two hours.
CI live here all my life.
CHow long do you learn/are you learning English? )+ How long
have you been learning . . .1
' #
! $
#

*$ *
+ !8
CShe live here.
= I# " $ !

"$8
CI'm living here all my life.
CAre you hearing the noise? )+ Can you hear . . .?1

- # "#" &/ going to will

$$ ! !8
CThe ®lm is going to end after ten minutes )+ . . . will end in
ten minutes1
' #
! $
# # # *
! &
+
# +
"
$8
CWhere do you go?
= #*# # +
+
! :$
# &

!&$
#
*

" :$
# $

! $ #
8
CI will learn English all Sunday.
> $$ +"

&$! !
+ $$ # + +"8
CHe will come back by Monday )+ He will have come back by
Monday1
. 4 + ! +" :$
#

# +

&
"$

+ !8
CWhen I will return, I will telephone you.
CIt will ®nish by the time we will get there.
!uence of tenses

"# +
* & :$
#

#

+
# * $
"# #"8
CHe said me that you are busy.
-?(
Polish speakers
$
8
CI realised that she doesn't know about it.
CHe thought that he can go.
CI didn't know he will come.
I* $
$
!

$8
CI don't know if/when he comes )+ I don't know if/when he
will come1
The passive voice
B! /# *$

# :$
#

#
!"# $
#*#
!
"

# 7 " ; $

/# # #
$$ 0 # *

" $$
+0"$8
CIt is done/doing now )+ It is being done now1
" $ !

"$8
CShe born in March.
CBread ®nished.
$
8
CI am interesting in music.
Conditionals
4 + ! +" :$

#

# +

&
"$

+ "8
CIf I will pass, I will celebrate )+ If I pass, I will celebrate1
#
& "$

# 5
"6 5#6 " $

" $ :$
# #
*# /# # $! !& + :$
#

$
* "+
$$ "!& +
*$
#

&$
" $$8
CIf you would go, I would go too )+ If you went, I would go
too1
CIf she knew, she will/would tell *If she had knew, she would
had told *If she would have known she had told ) $$ +
If she had known, she would have told us1
Modal auxiliaries

*$
# ! $ 7$
# *# :$
# ; $
#
:$
# &
#/ +$$/
" $ $
+ ;

*

4#! :$
# #
$ + 0
-?-
Polish speakers
# "#" &/ 0 /# /# to $ "
&$!
! +" *
0 +!

$$
#

$
* $ + "+

- I* $
+ $
""* # +! + *
*
$
8
CDo you must/can, " (to) work?
$
8
CHe mustn't come )+ He needn't come1
' #
+

"
&$!
8
CI will must (to) go
CThey must read it yesterday.
= # ++" &/ You must You have to
+ $

# &/ You can . . . You may . . .

> #
/
+
""$8
`May I sit down?' *`Yes, you may.' )+ Please do1
. Shall I . . .? ++
+

"
* $$ ** /
Can/May I ? Do you want me to . . .? *Do you want that I
. . .?
, Can # # may

$ & "
&$8
CShe can know the answer.
? :+" *
0
&
$$8
CShe could see it )+ She could have seen it1
CHe must work now )+ He must be working now.1

"
$ # & !
$
/$$
Maybe . . . I'm
sure that . . .
* ! $
$*#
tives and - ing forms
- *$
# -ing +!

$$ "
:$
# 0
8
CI enjoy to dance.
CYou must stop to smoke.
' :$
#

& "$
/# *$
#

5&F" J
06
" #"8
CHe wants that I come )+ He wants me to come1
CWould you like that I open the window?
= :$
# $

& "$
/# *$
#

5&F" J

" $6
"8
CI saw how she came / was coming )+ I saw her coming1
-?'
Polish speakers
*#
E7 &
! "!! :$
# # *$
#

" $$ $

8
CI woke myself, then I washed myself, I shaved myself and I
dressed myself.
CThey kissed themselves )+ They kissed1
CThey looked at themselves )+ They looked at each other1
'
2
$ $ + :$
# #*# #

"

! &$!

!*# 7 "
- I + +0"$
#
+ &
8
CI don't well speak English.
CI don't speak well English.
CI very like apples.
CI like very much apples.
CI eat every day/often bread.
COften I go to cinema.
' 4 $

:$
# $

#
$$
8
CAt what are you looking?
CFrom where is Tom?
CWhat do you listen?
CTell me about what it is.
= # & + !! $ +$$/
# $ :$
#
#"8
CThis is (the/a) house where live my friends.
C(The/A) Question which asked (the) teacher was easy.
> 2 :$
# " ;

#
!
"
;

)#

1% yes/no ;

; ;

/ /## # "
/# # !

*$
# " ;

! #+
8
CTell me where are they.
CTell me are they at home.
CShe wants to know what do you want.
$
8
CHe asked how will you do it )
5;" +

61
CI don't know if to do it
-?=
Polish speakers
"ticles
# "$
:$
#

$
! $

#! $$ !
#! !
$$ #

#!
# !
&
"
" &/ 506 506 "

*
"+
8
CI have (the) dog.
CHe is (the) doctor.
CI like the/a chocolate.
C(A) Film I saw yesterday was fantastic )+ The ®lm I saw
yesterday was fantastic1
Possessive determiners and pronouns, personal pronouns
- :
!

#
! :$
# #"8
CThis book is my.
' :
!
+ :$
# /#
"$
+! # "7 /# #

8
CI must do homework.
CEat breakfast )+ Eat your breakfast1
= * $ # "
&$ &$!
/#
&F" &F"

$

/$$

!

8
CI can't see his )+ I can't see him1
Other determiners
:$
# $
# &$!
"! * &/ many/much a
few/a little, " #"8
CHow many juice do you want?
CI need a little apples.
#
+ some any )
" + # $1 $
"

"+
8
CI haven't (some) oranges )+ I haven't got any oranges1
Relative pronouns
"
#
! $ ktoÂry )G which1

+ #!

! $
! &F"
# +$$/* + !

&$8
C(The/A) Student which asked (the) teacher didn't know (the)
answer.
$
8
CThis is all what I want.
-?>
Polish speakers
untability, number and concord
- #
news money advice information furniture
" &$ :$
#8
CI have one advice for you.
' # :$
# / + )drzwi1 7

$ # $ $% $+ )zÇycie1
7

$ #
*$ 8
CThe door(s) are open )+ The door is open1
CPeople's life . . .
=
:$
# "$$"
# !&*
$
*$
$ $ )
&
!
&
""*$1 #+

"
$ The government are . . .
:$
# $

# !"# ! $$
The government is . . . " $
!

"$8
C(The) Police is looking for the criminal.
$
# wszyscy )G &<1 ;
$ $
&8
CEverybody are here.
> # :$
# ; $
+ how many many a few ;
*$
& # ; $
+ a lot half /# # +
$ $ " &$
8
CHow many is present?
CHalf of them is absent.
Gender
:$
#
*$
!
"$ +! :

""*$ #" !

$8
Look at the cow/mouse. *She is so big.
`Where is my coat?' *`He is there.'
- &

!!

:$
# /# *$
# ;
F"3

#"8
CIt looks/sounds beautifully.
CI feel terribly.
' :$
# & F" " &
$ + #
) # one /#"# #
:$
# ; $18
CGive me (a/the) red )+ Give me the red one1
CThe most important is to ®nish.
-?.
Polish speakers
tions
- :$
# $
# "
&$ +0"$ /# *$
#

$#*# !
# *# :$
# ; $
# #/
++"

* #"8
Cin work/school )+ at work/school1
Con university
Con the party
Con Christmas
Con the bottom/top
Cnear the table )+ at the table1
Cin TV/radio
Csince ten days
Cafter ten days )+ in ten days1
Ctypical for him
Cbetter/bigger " from
Cangry on
Cmarry with her
Carrive to
Cbefore the museum )+ in front of the museum1
Cexam from mathematics
Cgood/bad from mathematics
Cmade from )+ made of made with1
Cbetween the students )+ among the students1
' :&$!
$

/# :$
#
;
8
Clisten me/music
Cexplain me this / why you . . .
Crepeat me this / why you . . .
= :

+ ""$ # E" +
:$
#8
Cgo to home
Cbe in home
Cdiscuss about this
Cbelieve in this )+ believe this1
Cride on a bicycle
Cclimb on a tree
Cleave from
Cin next/last week
Phrasal verbs
# #
$ &
:$
#
:$
# $
!
$$
return # give back write # write down cut #
-?,
Polish speakers
cut up invent # make up ®nish # use up check # look

up "
cabulary
- # "
&$ !& + /
# " $ :$
#
*$
# )radio 9 radio1
!$ )alphabet 9 alfabet1

+ #
# + * # $
!
$
+! *$
# )sweater 9 sweter1 $$ #
+ "$
$ * $

$
!

"#
# "
+ *parking
):$
# parking G a car park1 *camping )camping kemping G a
camping site1 *sleeping )sleeping sliping G a sleeper1
4 $
+
! 5+ $
+
6
# Cambridge International
Dictionary of English
'
$ "" # + " # / ! :$
# /
#
*$
# ; $ *$
+ 7 ! $
# szklanka

! $ + * kieliszek + $"#$ )" #

"
&$ ++"
K &/ # / "6
"!3
! / *$

+ / $ " &

! &$ #
"& !1
=
#

# "

!
"+
#/ #
+$$/*
+ /

$$
" /# :$

#
; $8 clock/watch house/home ®nger/toe politics/policy job/
work this/that these/those so/such yet/still yet/already say/tell
speak/talk remember/remind lend/borrow learn/teach look/watch
hear/listen make/do enjoy oneself/play take/pass ) 7 !1 Excuse
me/Sorry
> # *$
# / please
+
& # 7 "
; $ + # :$
# proszeÎ + " proszeÎ #
!"# /
* +
*8
$

/ Thank you )*#$
Not at all1 " ! Here you are Pardon Come in, please
Follow me, please
CMay I please you? )+ Come in/Follow me1
. # 7
of course

& !

8
`Do you live here?' *`Yes, of course.'
, # :$
# ; $ + have

$ & *
8
CHe has two years )+ He is two years old1
Forms of address
:$
# !
" * + +! $ #+ $
$
0 +0"$
# "# & #

# 0
!
-??
Polish speakers
9 you
!
+0"$ +
! :$ $
$ /$$
"; #
#
* pan )Mr1 pani )Mrs1
!!
panna )Miss1 #
$
!& + !

8
CMr Adam, can I ask you something?
CPlease mister/Mrs. )+ Excuse me1
$
8
CA mister/Mrs is waiting for you.
" tten Polish with a word-for-word

translation
Nie ma pisarza, ktoÂry by nie mysÂlaø
#
/ /#"# L" $ "$M #*# L!
"$M
o søawie. MozÇe tylko w sÂredniowieczu spotyka
& + ! & $ !$ *
! L!
$M
sieÎ bezimienne ksiaÎzÇki, ktoÂrych autorzy, ukrywajaÎc
LE7 "$M ! &
)+1 /#"# #
#*
swoje nazwisko, zwracajaÎ sieÎ przy
!<<#
<#<<#
! LE7 "$M
konÂcu dzieøa z modlitwaÎ do Boga albo z prosÂbaÎ do czytelnika, by
/ /# /# ;

o nich pamieÎtaø w kosÂciele
& #! !!& L!
"$M "#"#
An idiomatic translation
#
/ /# /$ # & + !
$ #
$ *
#
# "!
"
! &

/#

#
# # !
$ # + # / #
/# )1 # /# $
!!& #! "#"#
)+! Alchemia sowa & : /

1
-?@
+

$ 2$

Distribution
+*#
:
#

Introduction
4

3 $ * * /#"# #
& * $ E"
& &" # $ # & + ! 4
"

+ =' "# "
/ &"
" +! *# $+ #
/
+ #
& ";
#
# " /#"# ! * $ +
&" " &$ /
$
" ! * 4

$ &$
+ / ++ *
E"
4

#
+0"$ $ * *$
#
" $$ * # $
*
$ *$
&"
+ # + !$
"
Phonology
General
# 4
*$
# #$*" $

!
++ # * +

/$$
#

4
#
$
$ /$
##*
=' "

/#$ *$
# #
''
/$
##*
'> "

4

#+
# * +0"$ "* "$ * # +$$ * +
*$
# /$
##*
# 0 *$
#
"
#!
# # ; $
4

-?A
Farsi speakers

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
4

#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
# !
"!! /$
$$ &8
- <I<
+ "
<i:<8 sheep + ship
' <Ã<
+ "
<A:<8 cart + cut
= <{<
+ "
<e<8 bed + bad
> <U<
+ "
<u:<8 fool + full
. <@<
+ "

/$ $

#3
* #" +!
, <O:<
+ " # $ <¡<8 cot + caught
? <z:< + &"!
<e< J <r<
2# ##*
# &$!
"" "$ #
+$$/* $$ "

" $ +0"$8
@ <aU<
+ "

"#* <A:<
A <e@<
+ "
<e< J <r<
-( <@U<
+ " "$
<¡<
-- <U@<
+ "
<u:<
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
-@(
Farsi speakers
# #!
# ; $
; $
4

#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <D< <T< & "+
"
<t<8 ten + then%
tinker + thinker
' <ê< ! & "
/
#!
<n< <g<
&"
+
#* #" +!
= <w< <v<8 $#*# <v< #
; $ 4
# /
#!
& "+

> <r<
/ $$ 4
! $
# *
+0"$ "* # *$
# <r<
. <l< 7

4

# 5"$ 6 <l< )
leaf 1 & #

; $ + # 5 6 <l< )
feel1 $
$$ #
&$!
/# #

t clusters
B
"$

"" /#
*$
$$ &$
4

4

#+
# /$ # &+
# !$ + #
*$
# "$

7 ! $
+ $ /3
*! "$

# "
+0"$ bl, ¯, pr, pl, gr, gl, thr, thw, sp,
st
`perice6 + price
`pelace6 + place
`geround6 + ground
`gelue6 + glue
#
/$ $

$$ 7!
#
#! <e<
start &"!
5estart6
2# $ #3
*! "$

# &$! &"!
* #

<e<
"$ $ "!! &+ "$

&** /# <s<
B$

"#
spl, spr, str, skr $
" "3

"#
8
èsperay' + spray
èsteraight' + straight
èsceream' + scream
4 $ "
"$

$
$$ "
&$!
/# $
*
* <e<8
`promptes' + prompts
`warmeth' + warmth
-@-
Farsi speakers

# " $
&/ 4
*$
#
$$* )
+! +/
$

"#
stainless steel1 # 4

#

$ / #* #"
/#"# $$ +
/# #
# " /
$$* 4

! $
#" 7" + # !
+
# /$

$ 4

" "$ $

/# "$

#
" "
&$!
/# * $ /# /
$$
" $ # / +! "$ 4

$$ # +0"$ /# #!
/#"# # / +
#* #"

4 7 ! $ # #! <i:< /#"# #

*$ #* #" +! 4
" # + # +$$/* +!
*$
#8 ee, e, ea, ie, ei, ey, i ay )
quay1

"$ $ # + 4

"*
# #
3
" $" r
"

# *$
# &
$$
"
$*#* + # /$

Stress
4

#*#$ " &$ * $$ + $$
# 0 $
$$ &$ + / #

$
# * +0"$ !
* #
" &$

+ *$
# : "$ &$!
""
/#

$
! *
'content con'tent 2 +!
$

"
"
&$ &$!
#
; $ + / +!
4
/$

$$ &$
$
# ;
; $ $
$$ # +$$ $ +
# a can

+$$/
# # /$$ $
#
&$!
"* / +!

"#
Intonation
4

"

+ *
/# "#
* " * !

$$ &$ /#"# !
"# *
+ " *
" & 5

6
)/# ! +$$/1 50 $6 # &
" 0 $

!$
#

*$
# /# + $$ " $ + "! $
!

+ yes/no ;
+ $$ /# * /

4
#

*
#

#*# #

$$ &$ /#"#

! # + # * 2# "
*$
#
! + #

" "

$ #*#3 "# 5/#*6 ++" /#"#

""*
-@'
Farsi speakers
* $ 4
3
*

# ! F +0"$
/#
# !
$#*#
! + # !
$

/#"# ! $
"
! *

+03
"$
!

/$$ "# * /# *
$ /# $ " + "$ $ "

$$ $

Juncture
4

+ #
!$ &$!
/# *$
# F"
#
# # /# "
"$

#+ /# /
&
"#
next street # /$$ +
7 <e<
$ $ "
"
!#* $ `neksetestreet'
4
/

/#
!$ ) #" "# *1

F"
/# #
""
*$
#
Would you <wUdZ@<

$$ "
+0"$


& 4

/ &"
" #

"! $$
++ +! #
" + *$
#
/ +! *# $+
/# # $
F* "# # ""* 0 $
4

+ *$
#
$$ # $ "! $$ / $ # &
/ / + /* !
# /$
$+ ! $ 4

#* # #
" $ !

*$
# #
" $ $
4
#
*$
#
+0"$ + $

!
*
$
$$ # &$!
# +$$/*

8
-
/# ! ! *
* b d p q
' B!&
+ $
# "$ & "+
+ +! *#
$+ * tow two% pot top% form from
$$*
&$ #" 4

6 / *$
#

& #
!
4
!&
$#*# &" ++ +! #

*$
# # #/ / +! $+ *# ! $$
"
$ $ +/ &$!

Punctuation
$ # $ # " " /

$$
4

& * # $
#

!
!$ #

-@=
Farsi speakers
*$
# #
& #
#/ * * +
+! #
+ "!!
;
!
# ;
!

ù # "!!
5 4$$

7! $
*$
# & ; !
$

#
/
$$ #
$
" 4
4
/
#
" F
"
*# ! /# "F"

"#
and
but
: * #*
" "

$$ $ ""
/

4

3 $ * *

!$ ! /

*$
# # #/
!
# ++ +!
*$
# #
" "
"
&$ +" + # 4

$ * *$

#
2 4

+ ! $$ ++ +! *$
# /$$
"
+0"$
# $
*
F"
$/
+$$/ #

% &

$$ $ " # +
"
CYesterday girl beautiful (I) saw
Questions
# 7$ do #
; $ 4
Yes/no ;

+! $
4

* $$ &
" $ ;
/ aya &
+
*
4

#+
;

! $
& !

$ ! # 7$ /#
&$* 8
CWhen you came to England?
Negatives
4
&# *$ *$ &
"F*
"# /
# # 0
<
"<#
& *
&"! + # &
#+

&$ !
! * !$ & 07*
# & )&#

1 /# na Not ! /$$ &
#
! / 8
CShe not eat supper )+ She doesn't eat supper She didn't eat
supper1
-@>
Farsi speakers
"uxiliaries
4
# ; $ + # 7$ to be

!!

+07
+ &*

+$$ +! #+ 4

/$$
!!
! *$
#8
CShe (a) teacher )+ She is a teacher1
$#*# to have 7

7$ & 4

$
" ; $ # *$

# *

/# # *$
#

+"

!
;

*
! "

! +0"$
I have bought my ticket
$ $ $$
4
!
I am buying my ticket
Special confusion ^ Chera (= Why not?)
4
#

" $

* ;
#
"
$
$ &
$
Why not? 2# #

*$
#

+
& 4

$$ **
8
Àren't you going out tonight?' *`Why not?'

$ 7 $ # #

"" &$ $ *$
#
Question tags
4

/ * + ;

*
Na )G No1 #

$ $$

#+ 0 $$ ;
*
7!$ "! $78

CHe said he was coming, no? )+ He said he was coming, didn't
he?1
CYou said you would pay me back, no? )+ You said you would
pay me back, didn't you?1
Time, tense, and aspect

- Simple past and present perfect

4
#
! $

; $ &#
+"
! $

*$
# #+ 4

!
!!

# /*
8
CI bought my ticket )+ I have bought my ticket1
CI saw `Star Wars' )+ I have seen `Star Wars'1
CI lost my purse. Did you see it?
-@.
Farsi speakers
' Past progressive

#
*

4

+! /# # ; $ + to
have #
$
4

"8
CWhen I arrived, he had eating his dinner )+ When I arrived,
he was eating his dinner1

4

"#

$$ "$ # +! /#"# /
# "! $7 $

+
"# **

*$
# " #+ "
"+
#
! $ # 4

"8
CHe said I am feeling ill )+ He said he was feeling ill1
D

;

$
"$
# 4

!*# "8

CHe asked are you going home )+ He asked if I was going
home1

; !
$
4
/# * "
"# *$
# # 4
$ !*# "8
CHe said I am ill )+ He said: Ì am ill.'1

#

4

+ + +"
8
-

#
! /
# *$
#
*
+
" * $ " #
#
!*# $ # 4

"8
CHe reads book )+ He is reading a book1
'

+ " &** #

$$ "*
/#"# !*# $ # 4

"8
CI live here for two years )+ I have lived here for two years1
=

+ # + /#"# ! "
"+
+ # +

! $
*$
# $ # 4

3
"*8
CHe comes next week )+ He will come next week1
#
+"
+ #

4
#
$

/* *$
# "+
#

+ #
*

+"
! 7 +

#
$

*

+! /# # ; $
+ to have /#"# #
! *
!$ # *$
#

*
% #
!*# $ # 4

"8
CHe has walk )+ He is walking1
#
* $
/#"#

!$ # *$
#
! $

-@,
Farsi speakers

"& * $ #
% #

#+ $$ $
"+

#
$
+
4
+! /# 7$
; $ to want #

+! $ 9

"#
$ $ ! /* 9 & ! $ # 4
$
"8
CI want go tomorrow )+ I shall go tomorrow1
$
$ &
/ #
! / 4

*$
#
4
&# # ; $ + can #
" ! &

E" #
! & " *$
#
CI could went
$#*# # ; $ + must 4

E" /

&# +

#
! $ # 4

/* *$
# "8
*Yesterday I must went to the bank )+ Yesterday I had to go
to the bank1

#/ #
+ ! $
# # $ +0"$

4

# # * + ! *
7
#*# ! $

*$
# !
+ #! /$$ "
&$!
4 7 ! $ # *
+ ++ ! *
7
& must, have to, ought to, need to

should *$
#
7
& ! $ & 4

/# #
++"
# ! * &* " & $ #

# &
4

! # &$!
/# # ++"
&/ # *$

# ! $
"$ $ &/ should must
%&te forms
#
* +! 4
# 0 +!
! $$

$ " 2#
"
; *$
# 4

0 +0"$
8
CInstead to ®ght, they danced
Word order
4
/
"

$$ +$$/
# 8
&F"
&F" & #
! $ "+
F"
! $$
+$$/ # # !+ /#"# ! $ 4

"8
CI girl young saw )+ I saw a young girl1
-@?
Farsi speakers
4#! 4
&
+ !
$$ $ " &/
&F" &F" /#"# "$ $ "+

/# /*
*$
#8
CI yesterday visited him )+ Yesterday I visited him1
The active and passive voices

4
#
+!
+ $$

& #

/$
# *$
# :
" 4

! $ +! &
# !* #
$ # #
$ $ )

4
& E" "
# *1 & * # 4

; $ + to become #
" $ + #
& #
4

! "8
CIt becomes built )+ It is built1
Articles
# 0 0 "$
# ; $ 4
+07

" /## # 0 0
#

!
; ++ +! *$
# 4

#
"
&$ +0"$ /# $$
+ "$
I # #
4

! "$
&+
/#
"

8
CHis father is postman.
CHe plays piano.
CTiger is dangerous.
CEnglish people always talk about weather.
CIrish are very friendly.
CShall we to cinema?
CI listen to radio
CHe is best )+ He is the best1
I # # # 4

! "$

/# #
#$ & !8

CI go to the school every day )+ I go to school every day1
CMost of the people think . . . )+ Most people think . . .1
CThe rocket ¯ew into the space.
CCriminals are a danger to the society.
CIn spring the nature is beautiful

F"
&

$$

!$ /
4

#

+ +!* &
+! F"
!
-@@
Farsi speakers
"

#
! /

&#
F" & 2#
/ " $ &

F" )$ # 4
/ +
dangerous1 #
"

#
)ìn a dangerous way'1

& $ ; $ #+ 4

$$ "+

F"
&
&# +! ! *
#
// & $ #

atives and superlatives
B!

$
$/
+! & # +
+07
# / ++ !#

*$
# "+
*
# 4

#
4
$
/# /* *$
# !
"8
CHe is more better )+ He is better1
CThis road is dangerouser than that one
#

/# "!
4

# ; $ +
from #
4

! "8
CHis feet are smaller from mine )+ His feet are smaller than
mine1
# 0 "$ &+ #
$ ! $
& ! $ *
4

"8
COne of best musicians )+ One of the best musicians . . .1
Gender and number
4
#
he/she *
"
*$ &*

+ &# #

$$ $ *$
;
" $$
8
CMy mother is a dentist. He works in London
:$ $
* $ "
4

! F +0"$

/
4
$ $ +!
/#
/#
!&
#

$$ " *$
#8
CI saw two man
CTen ship sailed by
Prepositions
4

+;$
+ &
& + #
++ +! #

*$
# 4

$
#

"$ *$
#8
CHe climbed from the hill )+ He climbed up the hill1
-@A
Farsi speakers
CShe threw it out from the window

CI travelled there with car
hrasal verbs
:#
$ &
7
4
$
0 #!
"+
* / +0"$

8
- # +0"$ + "" * # # + "$ " $$
"# * # ! * + &
to run up a skirt ) !
;"$1
' # + " # # & " &
+! # "$ &
&F" I # +;$

$

# !
+ #
"$8
CHe cannot do his buttons
CI put my coat
Subordinate clauses

#
$ $ 4
#

+ #!

! $
! &F"

$

/# #
#
&F" # &F" + # & /#

; #
$" + # "" $ *$

# #+ "

&$!

CThe man which was here . . .
# &F" $ "$
/#"#
! *$
#
"$ 4
8
CThe man, which I saw him . . .
CThe book, which I gave it to you . . .
4
# 0
+07

/# # # "!
&+ #
$ /#"# !*# $ 4

"8
CA man who I saw . . . )+ The man who I saw . . .1
4

$/
# &** + # $
"$
#
! *
"
$ Who did you buy it for? +0"$ +

/# +! $

" # !
+! $
"8 For whom did you buy it?

B $
"
+* #
+ +!

$$ #

! / 4
*$
# # 7
+ #
-A(
Farsi speakers

) =1 " $
++ 4
#

# ! "$
**
8
CIf I had ®nished my work, I was going to the party )+ If I had
®nished my work, I would have gone to the party1

4
# ; $
+ although but " &
#
!
" #

+;$ " *$
#8
CAlthough he had no money, but he travelled to America
!
BF"

!"# ! +;$ 4
# *$
#
"$ $ # &** +
"

# !
"!!$

"F" 4

and

# " F !
"$

*#
$$ /#
* + ands
cabulary
$#*# 4

3 $ * * # +/
!$
&/ *$
# 4
" &$ /# $ +/ #*#3+;"
/

"#
# ; $
+ mother brother
#/* #
"!! 3 *
I # # # 4
"
! " &$ !

/# &"
#
$ $$ # $
:
: #$

# + ! "#$* #
&*# !& +
"0" "#" $ /

+ *
"#
radio
television helicopter ! + /#"#
$$% &
# " #
& 4

#
" # / + +" &$!
* radio "
`rahdioo' # -A?(
# /
! & # *!
5:

6 $$ +* "#" $ /
& #
! /# $ $!
""
+ #
$ !" $ #/ !
""
+$
! /
!
$ $$ # 2
!
4

";* *$
# " &$
#+ !"# ! +0"$ +
4

# + 7 ! $
"#
!

7 " #
! + *
" &
! # #
$ * ! + " &$ /$$ & &
& $$ #*# *
"
"$ 4

$
$ * ;
+ " &$ & # #*# $

+
!
&
0 #

! # + " + #
$ * * "" $
-A-
Farsi speakers
B!

4
+;$
$ "$
*$
# **

*
8
Ca work house )kar khane 9 $ house of work1 G a factory
Ca book house )ketab khane 9 $ house of books1 G a library
+

# +/
!$
&/ 4
*$
# " &$
# $ $ +/ + $
+

&$!

+! /
/#"# # & &/ & 4

/ # ++ ! *

2#
"# /
" *$
# #
! #
#
! ! *
4
8
lastik G tyre elastic
machin G car machine
nylon G plastic bag nylon
chips G crisps )
*$
#1 chips
estanless G stainless steel
ulture
$!
$$ 4
3
* $
+ *$
# /$$ & #
"

!
7!$ +! $ $
* ! #

# $ + +! $ $ $ * * $ *

$

+ +0"$

"" # ! "
+ !
* "$$; $
+!
+ /*
! $ "$
$

7 " # "# & # 0*
# 7 " &
5;KK6 *$ $ 7 !

$ # *
!
"

"
/#
* "
#/ $ "!!"

" $ "
* ! " # + "
"
/# " "!!" !#$* /$$ $ $ 3
! + $< $
$$
"$ $ /# * $
#$

* +

6 /$$*
""
+! $ !#

"#
"# $ $$* $ * *$

* # #

$$ "!!" "#
7"$
$ "!!" !#$* ! "

+$ #
"

$$ 5

6
! $ "$ $
/$$
" $
#"

&*#
3
$ !" $ ! /$$ 0 #
"# *
+0"$ "" # ! /$$ "! /# 3
2
+ /#
* +
$ !" + ! $
!
-A'
Farsi speakers
#
"* *
2
!
!
#/ * + #
$
! 4 ! $
/# # ! #

&<*$ $
#

+
# # "
! + $"#$" & *

$
/! "#
#/
$$
" tten Farsi
A direct transliteration
#
$
! ! 4
K & # ! +K
!# K $KK !& * * & *#
$
$*#& KK * ! !
#!
5 +K6 #
$ * #
* $&
& & !# *#*#
* &

#!
# ! $ *## $&
* # !* # !
#

A word-for-word translation

# $ 4
$ * * $/
#$* +K
+! # F #
# * "
+ $$ $

"
5 +K6 #
#
$
# #
! !
* &*
+

+ $ /
$ ""

"

# $ $ * $ &$" $

-A=
Farsi speakers
" tic translation
4 #
+
4

# F * +K6
#$*
"* $* # "
# * + #
5+
$$6
+K #
# $ # #
! !
#

*

+ $ /
$ ""

"

#
$
/# $ & # * $ &$"
)4! Hafez's Anthology & *#1
Handwriting difficulties: a sample written by a

Farsi-speaking student
-A>
" ic speakers
!#
Distribution
P: D I O2

I P IIBBI I : D
P
P :B
&"

" ! F $ * * B#
$
F& *$
#% $
K& F K&
!

F
O K #
O*K
B#"#
&" &* # $ * * + # O # #$ / +

$ ! $$
$!
+ /# $
! 7 + !$
/# &" " " 7
$ #+ E" &
#
+ #/ $ * * /

$ ! #

*0" +$$/*
* $ $ * * ! $ &$" O
+*#
:
$

# :#$

# B# *$ 7! $ >((((((((
$ $$ "
*
Introduction
&"
!" $ * * # * * !! " $

!
!$
! " &/ # #

$ 5 3
&"6 $ * * /#"#
*#
"#$

& # !
!
$$ & "
+ $$ "!!"
+ +0" $
2# "# " + ;
! $$
/ +
"$$; $ $"
# $ ++* +! # $
" & $
"!! $7" $ !

! 7

" # ++"
+! " " ! !
#
++"
&/ O
$ *$
#
Phonology
General
# &" *$
# #$*" $

!
++
$ # * +

& # ! #

$ " /$
-A.
Arabic speakers
"

7
* ! * 2#$ *$

# #
'' /$
##*
'> "

&" #
$ *# /$

##*
)#
# # $* / ##*
1 =' "3

# #
# /$
&" # $$
*0" "8 #
$!
$$ #" # / #
"
#
"

$* /$
##*
/#"# * ! *
&"

#+ *$
"+
*$
#
#
/$

/#$ $ ! #

* "

* $

# +!

!* # +
+ &" /#"# *
5 &" ""6
*$
# 8
9 *" "$ # *$
# /# !

$3
$ &$
& +/ "$ $ "$ /$
** $$
""
5F &&6 ++"
9 #
+ *$ $

&+ $ /$
"!! + +
&" #
& * # $ "
+ *$
#
9 * $ $" " ! "

" # / +!
/ * <klaImbed< + climbed

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
; $
&"
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
2#$ $$ $$ /$
! "
&$!
# +$$/* #
!
"!! "+

8
- <I< <e< + "+
8 bit + bet
' <¡< <O:< + "+
8 cot + caught
= ##*
<eI< <@U<
$$ " #
#
"+
/# <e< <¡<8 red + raid% hop + hope
-A,
Arabic speakers
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
&"
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- &" #
$ $ # <g<9<dZ< /#"#
"

<g<
! *
&$ *
<dZ< #
&"

#+ " *$
# g
!!
j $$

""* # $" $ $"

' <tS<
#!
+ $ +/ $"
& #

""
$$ $$ $"
F"
+ <t< <S<
= # / 7!
# *$
# <h< &" #
"!! + #!
" #
#
% &"

#+ " *$

# <h< # #
#$
> <r<
" E $ # : <r< &"

"!!$
" #
3" $" r
car park.
. <p< <b< $$ #" &
# !$8
I baid ten bence for a bicture of Pig Pen
, <v< <f< $$ #"
$$ &# "
<f<
It is a fery nice ®llage.
? <g< <k< + "+

" $$ & #
&
/#

$"
"$ # #! <g< :
$ goat/coat bag/
back "
+0"$
@ $#*# <T< <D< "" $ &" !
$"
3
" #!
<t< <d<
"$ #
!
#

6 *$
#
I tink dat dey are brudders.
A # #! <ê<

$$ "
<n< <ng< <nk<
Consonant clusters
# * + "

"$

""* *$
#
!"# / #
&" $ /3
*! "$

""* &" "$8
-A?
Arabic speakers
pr, pl, gr, gl, thr, thw, sp $ #3

*! "$

""
&" $$ *8 spr, skr, str, spl $$ + # & "

#

" !* &"

# /$
5

6
" 8
`perice' `pirice' + price
ìspring' `sipring' + spring
# * + 0 $ "$

$
!"#
! $$ &" I+ # ?@
#3
*! "$

+ +3
*! "$

""*
0 $$ *$
# none ""
&" &"

*

# /$

àrrangid' + arranged
`monthiz' + months
`neckist' + next
"#
/$$ ! ! &$ 7 ! $
+
"# "

/#"# $
" #
$$* +
"# /
&

6
/ *$
#
Note: 4 $ "! $

+ *$
# &"
"
"$

) !"# #
+$ +! 1
The
Teaching of English to Arab Students & F
)*! -A,=1
fluence of English spelling on pronunciation
2#$ #
!$
&/ # &" *$
# /*

!
&"
$$* /#
/

!

! $ $$
#" &"

#+ ! "
*$
# /
#" $$ #
# " + "

*
" &$!
"
& # E" +
# / +!8
ìstobbid' + stopped
`forigen' + foreign
Rhythm and stress
&"

3! $ * * /

"$
" &$ *$ &"

#+ # &$!
*
* # " &$ + *$
# /

# #

" $ ! *

a toy 'factory a 'toy factory
con'vict )&1 'convict )1
"! $$
*
:#

" ##!

!$ # / $ * *

#$ "
+/ &$!
:!

"" ! +;$
&"

$$ &$
" ! "$ $ /#
$ /$
& 5
/ $$/6
*$
# &
* *$
#
-A@
Arabic speakers
$ /$$ + " " +!

$

/#
# #
"" ##!
tonation

&"
!$ #
+ *$
# "
! * D

**

++
! !"# !
+;$ &
* # &
" $ !
#

" *$

#
2# * $ #/

"
* # &"

"# "* $/ + $$ #

+ #

"

Juncture

# *$ $

"!! #! &" +/ /
&* /# /$ #

"
* *$
# $*
0 $ "
/# +$$/* $ /$
"
"* "
"$

/$$ "
&$!

"& #
" 5B
"$

6 F"
"#
next spring "

!& + 7 /$

# !
"
+ #" "# * *$
# #*# #
F" + " #!
* <t< J <j<
what you need <w¡tSu:
ni:d< <d< <j<
Did you see him? <dIdZu: si: hIm<

*$ & &"

/#
$
+ "# * "

"

# "!!"
&" #* #
"

! * +! *# $+ I$
"

$* /$
/ #
$/
"

" " #
$ +!
+ $
! $$ &
F7
+! /

&"

!
#+ $ $ / $ # & +
*$
# "$* " $ $

!% # !

#
" $
$$*
$$
"
+ /* *$
# "

! F &$!
+ &"

#
#$ & 7 "
" /# * /* #
! $$ "

/#
!$ $$ + 0"" $ *$
#
" $ &$!
8
9
* $
/# 5!6
#
* p q% d b
-AA
Arabic speakers
9
* $
/# /
& *# $+ !!
*
form + from% 5twon6 + town #

"" # /* +
&

+ "

9 $+! + $ $
/*
+0" $
* # $ ! +
" " /*

! #

!

$$
/# " $ $
)+ !1 /# #
$
o, a, t, d, g # "
$* + $!
$

$ &
" *$
# # # ! "

"
# ! $

& "
++ +! # 5 &"6
! $

#*# # / +! $+ *#
* "* !&

! F &$!
Punctuation
&" "

/
!$ /

$ " #*#
! + #
!&$

* ù + H 5 +
#
+ +$$

"!!

!"# + # *$
#

"!! &* "# /
" /# # ; $ + And
So B" /* *$
#
#+ " $* $

"
$ & "!!
and

Grammar
General

&"
!" $ * *
* !! " $
"

++ +! # + 3 $ * *
# #+
+ +/
+ + "$ + *
+ +" #
!
& & ! /# &"

!7 /#

# &

+ # &" $ * *
# #3"

"#
writing cooking eating

& #
"

"$ $$ & +!

F"

" $
" # +! & * #
# "

07

!0
!!
&
! $ 07

+07

<k/ /t/ /b/ "# writing$

/#
#
+ $* kattaab )G a writer1
:
" $ maktoob )G written a letter1

:

yaktubuh )G he writes it1
'((
Arabic speakers
/dZ/ /r/ /h/ %# wounding cutting$

/#
djarraah \G a surgeon1
#
+ $*
:
" $ majrooh \G wounded a battle

casualty1
:

yajruhuh \G he wounds/cuts him1
# .(
& !
$$ +!
+ +
"# & #

#
" $ &

+ # $ * *
+$$/
# &"

# * +0"$ *
* #
"+
* * +
+ $$ /
*$
#8 #
&

F"
+$$/ *$

*
# +! #
! # #
! #* #" +! "# *$
+
! #$*
*$
# #
"$ $ # + +07
/$$ &
$ *
& &"

* -ing, -able, un- "
'
" $ # &"

" $ "
# & 0
+$$/ & #
&F" #
"
+$$/ ! /* #
"#

" $$ # &
$ + /* ! " *$
#
/*8
CDecided the minister yesterday to visit the school.
# 7$ do #
; $ &" 2#
"0" ;

/

;

! $ &

* 8
CWhen you went to London?
You like coffee?
# # &" + where?
wayn? /#"#
&$ "+

/# when? *
+! & * "$ \laa maa1
&+ # &8
CHe not play football.
To be
#
& to be &" #

# " $ \am, is,
are1
7

#+ "!!$ ! *$
# &
&"

"$ $ #
*
& +!

8
'(-
Arabic speakers
CHe teacher.
CThe boy tall.
CHe going to school.
uns
&" & +!

" #
$

&F"
&F"
07

+07

"!! # #!
*$
#
+ # &8
CJohn he works there.
Time, tense, and aspect

- &" #

+"
/#"#
*0
"
"! $ # ! +
* #
#+ "$$; $
&"
" / &/ /# *$
# /$ &

! $

+" &8
CI lost my camera. Did you see it?
' #

+"

7! $
*$
#
+! & #

+ # & to be +$$/ & #

& )he was he ate G he had eaten18
CHe was ate his dinner when I came )+ He had eaten his dinner
when I came1
= #

*

+! & #

+ # &
to be +$$/ & #

& )he was he eats = he was
eating1
CHe was eat his dinner when I came )+ He was eating his
dinner when I came1
>
"# &"

#
+ # * $

"# #

"
+ *$
#
CHe said he (is) going to London.
#
+ "
"#
! "!! **

"#

8
CHe told me I am (+ he was) going to London.
CHe said me she will meet me tomorrow.

- &" #

! $

+! /#"#
*0
"
0
# # ! +
* "
#
+ # *$
#
'('
Arabic speakers

! $ *

"$* #
+
+ ! # $ " +

+ # & to be " $
/# #

*$

"

/ * +

*$
#8
CHe go with me now / every day.
CHe going with me now / every day.
CHe is go with me now / every day.
CWhat you do?
CWhen you come / coming back?
' #

$
+
+ ! # ! +

* 7
*$
# & #
+"8
CI learn / I learning English two years now.
= #

$

&F" + that +

& "$

"!! &" /#"# $
""
$$ $
/# *$
#
*8
CHe wants that he go with me.
CIt was necessary that he goes to the of®ce.
( )
* It is impossible that he stay here
> 2# +/ &
+ !!
" $ )$ $$
going, walking "1

)/# " $ 1 7
!!
# * # ! +
* # + #
7!
$! /
*

&"

$ #*# !* # " $
CWhere you going tomorrow?
CI going to London.

- #
+
+! &"
+ #
*$
#

+!

+ # +
' Q
+3" * "$

"$$; $ 3
&" " +" # + # $ " &+
#

& #
7! # *$
#
+
will shall
$
# ! $ &

&" # +"
+! &
! $ &
+ !
$

+$$/ &
&3
F" )
1
8
I can go: *I can that I go.
*From the possible that I go.
I must go: *From the necessary that I go.
'(=
Arabic speakers
*On me that I go.

I may go: *From the possible that I go.
&"

#+ # &$!
*
*
* #
+! +" + ! $ &
/$$ *$ & *

#!
7$
/# #!
CDoes he can do that? Yes, he cans do that.
#
$

* "
that "$

&# /# ! $
# &
* &F" J 0 "
" *$
#
) 530 +!
6 &$/1
CIt (is) possible that I come with you?
CI can that I help you.
CHe wants that he helps you.
%&te forms
# *

7
&"
+"
+! &
& $
+

& *$ & +!

Smoking is bad for you # &" ; $ + # & $
smoking
+ ;
+!

+ # & to
smoke
# &" ; $ + I enjoy smoking /$ & *I enjoy I smoke.
I prefer working to playing # &" ; $ "
"
/$ & *I prefer (that) I work to (that) I play.
!$ $ #
0 +! &"% * # 0
7

"
! $ & /# /# that
CI want (that) I go out.
( )
* It is necessary that I go out.
+$$/
# & $
/$$ # $ #
$ &$!
+
! * # "" "#" &/ * 0 & $
&
"
&$!
+ +! "" + &#
The active and passive voices
# "
+!
+ $$

&" & #
$$ " $ # " +!
++* $ # "
+ # )/1
# /$$*
& 7

#+
$ "*
&$

"# +!
"7

+ $
+;$
&" /* # *$
# # $ $$
"#
#
/#$ # ""
+ "

#$ $ & 3
# +!

+ #
/$$ "

&$!

#
+ # * &"
bi /#"# + "$
#

+ by *$
#
'(>
Arabic speakers
#

+
**
8
CHe was stabbed by a knife.
CThe letter was written by a pen.
B!!

+! #
+ " & +!
+
8
CHe hit by a stone.
CThe bill paid by the government.
# "!! ""!$"

! $ ! #
&
"8
CThe bill, the government paid it.
"ticles
#
0 "$ &" # 0 "$ #

* +
++ +! *$
# # 0 "$ "

#
!
&
&$!

"!!$ ! /#
*$
$ $ " &$
8
CThis is book I *This book )+ This is a book1
CHe was soldier.
2# # *$
# 0 "$ #
&

&

/# # 0 "$

8
CThese are a books.
CI want a rice.
#
0 "$ +! &" #*#
# +! +
07 )al-1

*$
# + & " 0

$ ! $
+ ; +"
)the sun, on the
¯oor "1
# !
"!! &$! /# # 0 "$

+!
+" +! # &" * "
"8

John's book ) The book of John1 Book John
A man's work ) The work of a man.1 Work man.
The teacher's car ) The car of the teacher.1 Car the teacher.

+ /
+ "$
* "
"
+" + #
8
CThis is book the teacher.
CThis is the key door.
+$$/
# &"

# * +0"$
/# # *$
# 's
* "
"
# "

/#"# *$
# !
# "$ * in bed, at dawn, on
Thursday, for breakfast "
$$ # 0 "$ &"8
CAt the sunset we made the camp.
CWhat would you like for the breakfast the Sunday?
$$
+ # /
! !#
#
$! " $ !
'(.
Arabic speakers
!
+ /
"
"
"$ # 0 "$
&" /#"#
+
$ $ 8
CWe lived in the India.
CWe had a ¯at in the Khartoum.
We travelled to the Yemen.
F"
+$$/ #
&" * *
!& #
! "
&*
! !

8
CHe (is) man tall )+ He is a tall man1
&

$
"!!$ &" # *$

# 7"
+ &
+ ! # 07 &
+ !
+ 7
#
8 quickly
7

with speed
dangerously
in a dangerous way #
+; "+
&/
# F" & +!
*$
# # F" +!

$$
8
CHe drives very dangerous.
Gender and number
&" #
/ *
!
"$ +! /#"#
$$
+! / * / ! * :$ $
+

+* #! &*
"
+!
*$ 8
`Where are the books?' *`She is on the table. I gave her to the
teacher.'
:$ $
+
&" + +! & $
"# *
)
/# mouse ± mice *$
#1 # + -s
+07
+ # $ $
!
$!

+ &"

+
!8
CI have many book.
4
+$$/* !&
&
# $ &"

singular +! #

+
+8
CI have ten brothers and sixteen uncle.
Prepositions and particles
&" #
/ $# + 07

"$

/# &#
&
F"
+ #
"" /# # "
*$
#
$
8
'(,
Arabic speakers
*to arrive to *afraid from *angry on

*a picture from )+ of 1 *near from *to look to )+ at1
*to be short to *in spite from *an expert by
*responsible from
!

# & $ +"
9 # ; $ + on " 7
&$* 8
CIt is on me that I pay him.
9 # ; $
+ to for " 7
8
CThis book is to me / for me )+ This book is mine1
9 # ; $ + with " 7

8
CWith me my camera )+ I have my camera with / on me1
9 # ; $ + for " 7

8
CI went home for (I) get my book )+ I went home to get my
book1
# #
$ &
&" #
/#$
+ *
+0"$ + &"

+" !"#
!
! $
3
$"* $ & *$ &

* #
$ &
$*# # !

!
+ #
"$
CI search my keys.
CI look my keys.
CI dress me.
CI put my clothes (off).

&" $/
+$$/ & $

3
*
*$
# )Who did you buy it
for? That's the woman I was talking about.1 /$$
$$ &
+ + # &"
/#"# +
!$ ! +! $
*$
# 4 7 ! $8 For whom did you buy it? *For who you
bought it? That's the woman about whom I was talking I !
+ *That's the woman I was talking about her )# + #

"
&"
7 9
$
5&
"$

6 &$/1
usion of it and there
# 7

there is/are 7
!
"$$; $ &"
$"
& #
fee )in1 & #

"!!$ "
*$
# ! +! $ &" # ""
7
&

+ # & to ®nd ! * to exist8

CIt exists a horse in that ®eld.
CA horse is found in that ®eld.
" # &
to exist to be found / $
$
#
$$ $ " & # & to be8
'(?
Arabic speakers
CIt is a horse in that ®eld.

# / there /# "

$$

3
$ ! There is a horse in that ®eld /$ &
!

Over there (there) is a horse in that ®eld.
+$$/
# #
" &/ #
+ it there
"#
7

" +$ **
Question tags
# ;
*
"!!
$$ &" $"

$$
! "# ** +! $* # $

+ 5Is that not so?6
# &$!
#+ /# ;
*
"" $ &
"" & $

$ !
#
&/$ & #
!$ + "# ** +!
*$
# ;
*

Subordinate clauses

B$

" & in order that " &" &
"F" $
$
$
for +$$/ & #
&F"
)
1
8
CI went to the shop for (I) buy some shoes.

# $ )which, who, that1 !

" &"
""* * & #! 3#! #
#3
+ "+
# "#" + who which
&"
necessary "$ # &F" + & $
"$
/#"# *$
# !
& !8
CThis is the book which I bought it yesterday.
CThe hotel, which I stayed in it last year, was very good.

&" #
/ /
+ if /#"# " # * + $$# +
# " " $
"
/#"# *$
#
" $
& +!
&"

#
! $
&# ! " $
"$

8
CIf he went to Spain, he learned Spanish )+ If he went to Spain,
he would learn Spanish If he had gone to Spain, he would
have learned Spanish1
'(@
Arabic speakers
cabulary
# ";
+ " &$
"$ $ +0"$ + & $

# # $$

+8 $ !! $ !& +
/
*$
# &/ +! &"
! $$ * + ! $
"#" $ /

"#
radar, helicopter television # &
&" & #
"!! !
$ * *
&"

# +/
* $
* "! #
&
+ # 0
$ * * #
#$ & 7 " ";
*$
# #* $ #
! "
$

# +$$/* *$
# /

!$ $* /

&"

"#

#$ #! +
&$8 zip, zipper,

air, tease, kiss, cuss, nick, unique
Culture
"
#*#$ * # & /$ # "#

$$

" 0* # "# $ *
* $ &/
"
& * $ "$ &
# "#*
!"# !
$ $ * # "* + +! #
#
/
/$
!
+ "#* /#"#

/

$"
"
! & F"

"
+ #
"# / ! $$ /$*

7 !

+;$ ; $ # " + 3$

;* * $ #*# # 7
+
$
! & "
+
# / $ * *
* / ! B$$3
; $ $ * * #
$$

$ *$
# $

""3
* 5 "$$; $ *$
#6 ! & $
#
# +0"$
/#"# $ & $
# " *
/# +! $ "#* "# /#"# # "#

0

!
"

; $ # #
)#*# 4
!#$* &
"#$

&* 3 $1 #
/#"# $
" !#$* "# ! &

F"

$
+ & "#

#$ #
+
+! $ $/
& 7 $ /# #
"+

"#
! $ +! $
#$ $/

" +$$

!
$*

&$ " 2# #

7

#

# & "#

# ! 8 # "# #

!
#$ & !!& # ! & "
"#$

"$
** $$ $$
! /!
! !7
" $$ $$
# !! + !$ ""$ #
"
$ !7* + #
7
" $ O $ * *
"#$ " "
'(A
Arabic speakers
! $ !$ & $$ "#

)+ #
71
#$ !
0!$ +
$ $

# /# & $
I" +! $
"# #
"# * /#"# &
/
# # ! 5!#6
! * # # # 5

6 ! *
# /$$ # +/ &$!

# "$ $ "# *
! & "
&*# & &
" " /# # /
)
*

"# !

# $ + /!

! * "
!
1
! &
/** & " !
"
/

$ !" #7 #
*
E" +
$ ! !
& "" # !
+ # &
/$ /
$
$"
E"
$ #

$* #
+

! &
+

#
# "$ "#

#$ &
/ + #

$ !" "$ ! ++ ++
/*$
'tten samples of Arabic
Type-written Arabic
fee qalbi lundun taqa' saaHa waasi'a tusummee traafulghaar skweer aw, idha
aradnaa an nasta'mil lahaa ismhaa al-'arabee al-aSlee, saaHat aT-Taraf al-
agharr. haadhi-s-saaHa al-maqSood minhaa iHyaa' dhikra tilka l-ma'raka
intaSar feehaa al-loord nilsoon 'ala naabulyoon gharbee shibh jazeerat
eebeeryaa. wa-yatawassaT haadhi-s-saaHa 'amood murta®' ya'taleeh
timthaal il-loord nilsoon. wa-bijaanib haadhi-s-saaHa al-ma'raD al-waTanee
li-S-Suwar az-zeeteeya al-mashhoora wa-kaneesat il-qadees maartin.
'-(
Arabic speakers
" && translation
#
#3

; &
#3
3" $$ + $* ;
+ /3/ # /3
3# !3# #3 &" #3* $
; #3# $ #3& +$ #

#3
; #3 +!3#
"!!! !! # #3& $ /#"# #3/
3"
3#
#3$ $
$ /
/

!&$ "
$ & 3
#3"
#
#3
; "$! #*# #3
!
3
#3$
$
3&
#
#3
; #3* $$ #3 $ +3#3
"
#3$ #3+ !
"#"# #3

# # + #

&
; " $$ + $* ;
+ / /

* $ &" ! # ; + +
$3*# )# +$ $ 1 #

; /

* 3
# !! + # & $ /#"# $
/ "
$ /
+ # & :
$ * # " +
#

;
$$ "$! + /#"#

+ $

#
;
# $ $$ + + !
$ *

6
B#"#
Printed Arabic
)#
7 "
+! # " $* + # D $
! #
*$
#
$ +! #
!
"
&
1
& '
# $ + # D
$
/ !*
# 0

& !& "
$ ! #
#
+ # *
" #
"$
# */# + # $
/#"# D $
"$ $ ! $
#

" + #
! $

"&
# !*" *
# -A# " + # $3#
+ !$6
$
# + #
# ! &$ ! /# #

#
$

'--
Arabic speakers
" ct transliteration
qatar fee-l-'ahd il-islaamee

kaan sukkaan shibh jazeerat qatar min awwal il-aqwaam allatee a'tanaqat
ad-deen al-islaamee. wa-taareekh il-minTaqa mundhu dhaalik al-Heen
yashmal numoow w-izdihaar tijaarat il-lu'lu' allatee la'ibat qatar feehaa
dawran 'ala ghaaya min al-ahamiyya. wa-yaSif haadha al-qism min al-matHaf
aiDan DHuhoor usrat Al-Thaanee fee-l-qarn at-taasi' 'ashar li-tatabbu'
za'aamat ad-dawla wa-rijaalhaa al-afdhaadh alladheen khadamoo al-bilaad
ka-Hukkaam li-d-dawla.
3/
# &

!&$ "
$ ; +! 0
#3 $
/#"#
#3!& " #3$* #3

$ !" 3#
#3
" #
#3! #3"$
*/# 3E
#* #3 $ /#"#
#3
$ ; 3# $ 7! #3! " 3#3
"&
#
#3 +! #3!
! $
" + !$ $ # #3
" #3# +3
#3""
$
# #3
3!3#
#3; /# #3
#3"
3$
+3#3

Handwriting difficulties: samples written by two

Arabic-speaking beginners
'-'
Arabic speakers
'-=
urkish speakers
#!

Distribution
OP I BP:

$* # K $ * * +
#/

$ *$ "3$$*&$ /#
#
Introduction
# " $ * *

" / +!

/
#/
B# & #
*
#!* /# # + !$ /#"#
$ # # 3
*
# !"
#
#+ + ! $$
++ +! &# 4
&" #*# #
#
&/
# $ +! &#
/$$
+! 4"# " -A'@
# #
&
/ !0
+ # !
"

#
+
" & 7 ! $ + # **$
+ $ * * /# !
*
"
! $

4
" kuÈcËuÈmsenmemeliydiler )G they shouldn't have been
belittled1 " & $

+$$/
8
kuÈcËuÈk G small )0 $ k

#1
-mse- G regard something as
-n- G
<E7
-me- G *
-meli- G should
-ydi- G

-ler G they

#
#
/# O
/ &
/
" $
8 ) 1 !0

&+ !0 F" &+
& &+ &% )&1 # 0 &

# + #
"
7 ! $ +! $
"" ! * K8
Yeraltl suyundan duÈsËuÈk dereceli lsl
Ground-under-its water-its-from low degree-d heat
cËlkartan lsl pompalarlndan banliyoÈlerdeki
get-out-ing heat pump-s-its-from suburb-s-in-being
'->
Turkish speakers
bahcËelerde kaÃrll bir bicËimde yararlanllabilir.

garden-s-in pro®table one form-in bene®t-passive-passive-can.
! +$8
Heat pumps that extract low-grade heat from underground water
can pro®tably be made use of in suburban gardens.
$
"# #/ /
/$ + ##!
! #

*
"
E/% # "

+07
/ ! "$ /#

/# /#! * $
+ /

#

#+ 0 *$
# / $
$ #
*$ " #
* !*#
**
&
#$
! F
!&$* &$" $* "! $7

"

honology
Vowels
- <i:<
key
+ " $ # ##* <I@<
"$

$$ &$
<I< 9 # $
8 <kI@< + key% kip
+ keep #
# / giy "
* 7!
*$
# <i:<
' <e<
bed
+ + &+ n "#* <{<8 man
+ men
= <{<
back $ *

#3
* $
$*

&/ # <e< <{< # +

&
<e<8 set + sat
> <O:<
+ "
<oU< $ * "+
&/

"#
law low
#

" " <O:<
""
3
+$$ + # $*#
# <o<
. <u:<
&"! <U@< /# 0 $ <U< "$

$$ &$
8 <dU@<
+ do% `pullink' + &# pooling pulling
#

&$ " #

""
+$$ + <j<

few
, <@< 0

# ; $
# l /#"#
#/ #*#

# E" +
$$*
#

+
*

/$
#

$8 <InkonwInient< +

inconvenient% <eddISonal< + additional
? 2# # ##*
<eI< <aI< <OI< "" 0 $
<I<
! & " " /# +" ) # $ !
ch ich #
# + 4"# oui # h human8
<boIC< + boy% <deIC< + day1
@ <e@<
care
$$ &"!
<eI<
A <@U<
+ #
<oU< /# +$$ & " 0
$! #

* $$ ! "" &$ *$

#

# # 5
#6
+
<@U< <bU< /#"#
!
#

!
'-.
Turkish speakers
-( / s "

<I< <@< ! &"! "

$*#8 <stI@< + city% sport + support <beIsk< +
basic
ts
- <T< <D< ""

# # * * $ +
+0"$
+ $ " #! & 3
<t< <d<

# + 7 ! $ through &"!
<thru@<
+ <Tru:<
'
# <b< <d< <dZ< $
" /# 0 $ <g<
""
0 $$8 bet + bed% `britch' + bridge
=
# <v<
!"# ! $*#$ "$ # # *$
#
; $ /# & " /$

"$
*$
# <w< #
#
$ # &
6 " # $ w $ /
" * w
/ /# v #+

0 # /

"+
*8 `surwiwe' + survive% `vait' + wait
> <ê< $ ""
&+ <g< <k<
#8 `singgingk' + singing
.
# #
#
+ <r< + #! $

# <r< R
" /#
/
,
# #
&# 5"$ 6 <l< )
let1 5 6 <l< )
tell1
/ #
&
#
!
*$
#
!

" & 7 " &+ /$
)5 6 <l<
+ 5"$ 6 <l<

! "

1 &+ "

)5"$ 6 <l<
+ 5 6 <l<

! "

1
? 2# <p< <b< <m< <f< <v< +$$/ & <{< <A< *$ )$
<w<1

8 <bwAI< + buy% <fwAn< + fun
@ 4 $ <m< <n< <l< & "
# "
#
!
#! +0"$ " ! $ $$*&$
&$!

Consonant clusters
#
# "

!
$$/ $ "$

/
"$

+ ! # # "

$ $#*#
! $ /
# $
* /$ )*
istasyon G station1 # " /#
* *$
#

#
/$ + # 0
"
8 `siprink' + spring% `®lute' + ¯ute
Rhythm, stress and intonation
# ##!" + *$

# /#

"#3

$$ &$
#

$$ &$
/# # " /$

$
'-,
Turkish speakers
+0"$ +

#

"
$ There was considerable
confusion over them /# $ -sid- -fu- +$$

!"# ""
2

7

#
/

# 0 $
$$ &$ & ! &3+!

9 "$ $ *
9 #
$

&
!
$
& 0 $$

$ 'photograph / pho'tographer / photo'graphic ;
" &$ &$
!
! &$ + *$
#
# * /#"# /

" # !

" & wh-;
/
)
"#
kim
G who ne G what nicËin G why1
$$

# /#
# $

*$
# +
" $ ! #

/#
*
$
#

#+
'Where are you going? +
Where are you 'going?
"$

7

+ $$ "# #

$$ &$ *# /#
$*# $*#* "

$
9 !"#
*$
# *$
# "# "
" +

#
#
* "# +#*# #/

" ! $ after # !

8
There's a badger in the garden.
Oooh ± I've never seen a badger.
Ssh! He'll run away if we make too much noise.
$
+ !$
# + $$9
/#
"
+ / *
"! $
$ "*" + +! 8

Can you lend me a pen?
Well, I can lend you a red one.
That'll do ®ne. Don't let me run off with it.

#

9 "$ $ ! 9 0 #
!&
3
* 4 $$*9
*
""
# & ! $ *
#
*
+ "$

# 0 $ "$
* + $$ #

+ " *$

# # $ " + "F"
8
IÅ went to bus-station, IÅ searched my brother, IÅ couldn't see,
IÅ went to home.
Punctuation

# !

+ !
+ # " !
$ &$ 3
" $ * *
&
/ / 8
- "!!

$$ / + # " +
" /#"# +
#
& #
&F"8
CMy father, works in a factory
' & "$

$$ ! ++ /# "!!
8
When you get back please remember to telephone me
'-?
Turkish speakers
"
* /# # ; $ + He said I imagine It's
obvious
!$ 7

"!! after # "$ ki )G
that1 /#"# *

8
CHe told that, his passport at home of®ce
= "!! +

/ "3 "$

8
She has a good voice, she enjoys singing
> "
* /# CËuÈnkuÈ )G because 7 $ * /# #
*
&+1 ! $$
+ +$$

She was tired. *Because worked very hard
I#/
#
+ # +$$
* #* "

!"#
*$
#
. B$

*$
# &
$$ +$$/ & " $
$
!3"$
$$

, D
"#
+ &/ *$
#3
$ "!!

&/ X Y ! I+ ;
*$ /
#

"$
#

) 1% #" ! $ ! &
+ &/ X Y ! #

9 /# *$
# !*# 3
$
&$ 9

#/ & " $ $

"!!

'

#
5
&F"9&F"9&6 $ * * /# ; $0 "
; $0 " "

"!!
& "
! &

+! #
$ "!!
"# $$ /* $$
F" $
#/ $* " #
&
# ; $ +
*$
#

+$$/ # # ; $ +
& 3
* "F"
+$$/ # "$

$ &
+$$/ $7" $ &

;"$ $ # + ! $
+ *$
# /

$

! $
"
& " # +0"$ !
"! $7
"
#
+ &F"
/# #
$ &

&$!8
CI saw that the light was still on, so I turned off it.
"
/# 5
3
*6 $
"
&$8 $
#
&$
* "*
"
$8
How many people did she go with?
That's the hospital I was in
'-@
Turkish speakers
,
#
# &
#/

!&

" " !
! $ $

/$$ #+ & + #

""
& 7
#*# "# *

& +!
#*# #
*$
# +!
#!
$
"
* +0"$ # &F"

7
/# # &%

*

#
& to be
# #
! $ " $

$$ *
7

CMy uncle farmer.
#
# ; $ + there is " &
)$ # *$
#
"1 /# 0

&F"
8
CThere was not the driver in the bus )+ The driver wasn't in
the bus1
CYesterday I looked you from telephone, but there wasn't you
)+ Yesterday I tried to phone you, but you weren't at home1
have
To have

# "
# ; $

)4
" #
# + I've got a car
$
$ $$
`Car
my there is'1 #
&

&*
/#
!

$ *
&$!

Yes/no *

*
"
"
# &

* "$ "$
# &
0 &#

#
+ do +0"$8
CYou are tired?
CI not think we can ®nish it today
#
# ; $ + *$
# ;
*

! $ &$
7
8
CYou're not very well today, isn't it?
++"
# " * +
# *$
# & +!

$
# +$$/* +0"$
8
'-A
Turkish speakers
-
!
#
*
$ /#

&

"#
know + # & $ "
8
CI am knowing her. I am seeing every day
'

#
#/ $* #*
# &
**
#
#
; $
+ since
for8
CI learn English since three years
=
# " &$ +0"$ /# # !$ $" +
"
# 7
*$
# + +* # + 4
" #

! $
! &

+ # will +
" $$
;

++
!

/# +* "

&$ "!
8
`Will you bring one?' `*Yes, I do.'
CDon't drop it ± it breaks!
CAsk GuÈlay; she tells you
> #
*
# used to "

" ! & "+
8
CI was often going to the mountains when I was younger
.

#
+"
&
* + #

! $
"

/#

&*

+! #
& $* ! $
$ *
8
CThis castle had been built 600 years ago.
CI had written to you last month, but I couldn't receive any reply
till now
$

# #
"! #

+ ! $ &
/#"# 7

!$
! *
# *$
# ! $
"$*
+!
"
*

"

"#
I was able to go / I could have gone We had to
do it / We should have done it
#+ & $ + !$
/# # ! *
7
& # *$

# ! $
)#*# # ++3
"
&/ should must have to have got to "
+0"$1
#
# !"# "
+ # *$
# +!
#/ /# # " "3

$
/$
"
* $ + &$
tionals
$$ # &

+ " $
/# # "! $" #

#

# past $ +! +
$
+ # $$
+$0$$ &$8
CIf I had been English I would have missed the sun )+ If I were
English I would miss the sun1
''(
Turkish speakers
The passive voice

"" $ +0"$
&
" $$ # *$
#

#

"$!
# $ $ + be
*
7$
+! ! $

" + +0"$
$ *

"+

"#
"

was taking was taken
was to take was to be taken
CMy house was building in 1920.
B! $7 +!
$ #
*

+"

"
"$ +0"$8
CNothing is doing for poor people.
CMy uncle has hurt in a car crash

#
+ !
"0" # *$
#

"8
CThis tea is too hot to be drunk.
CIt's easy to be written
I$ * # "9

# +
*$
#
#
!& + &
/#"# " &
&#
$ )/# #
*

&F"1
$ )/# #

&F"1
I
broke the window / The window broke% She burnt the wood / The wood
burnt% I couldn't start the engine / The engine wouldn't start "

$ #

#

&
%

! #+ 0
"+
*
#
! & &# "

"!! !
8
CWhen will school be opened?
Participles and subordinate clauses
*$
# " $ "$

"
*
++$
+! #
# ; $

$ * &$!
"# + # +$$/* 7

"

*$ "! $7
" $ & +!
#8
write and . . .
who writes/wrote
when someone writes/wrote
unless it is/was written
while they are/were writing
as if it had been written
without writing
by not writing
because we couldn't write
of the things you write/wrote
" #
# +!

#/

! # +0"$
**
*# *$
#
& "$

)* "
"#
"
"
1
''-
Turkish speakers
CI told him that I am lost and I asked him how I can ®nd my
hotel
* tive clauses
# !
"!!
# ; $ + *$
# $ "$

" $ "
" $ " &+ # #
$
$
* "F"
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz guÈnler . . . The days on which we work . . .
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz mesele . . . The problems we're working on . . .
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz yer . . . The place we work in . . .
*$
# $
"
#+ +0"$ +
# $

# !
* #! $*# !

+
!
8
CDo you know the people which I was talking to them?
CI went to visit my friend lived in Paris
Nominalised clauses
*$
# #
+ /
+ ! $
* "$

#!

&F"
&F"
"! $!

#

0 #
+
"

"#
# +$$/* +0"$ " &$% #

#

"
"# "

8
I advised her to go.
I suggested she went.
Her going was a good thing.
It was a good thing she went.
The fact that she went was a good thing.
It was a good thing for her to go.
I approved of her going.
Nouns

#
*$
& #
#/ !&

"
# $ $
$

# *$
# 9 "$ $ /#

0 *" + !&3/

$*
+! #
$* ! " 8
CIn the Turkish, tomato too cheap.
CI spend the evenings writing letter.
CWe saw a few animal.
Cthree week ago
'''
Turkish speakers
4! +

+! #
+
"#
#*#$ *$

#

# " &$ &$ /# *$
# /
+!
uns
:
$
!"# $

# *$
#8 #
&F"

7
$ + ! #

"
" #
&F"
" /#"#

! $$
*
# *$
# &
"# *

I&F"

$

:

$
! $$ "

" # 5
6 +! +
# !
# $
# "$ 8
CWhen my father had ®nished breakfast, went out.
CTramp asked some money, for this reason I gave.
CJohn is having trouble with car.

# #
$ #3

he she it
"!!$ "+

him her #

his her8
CMary changed his job because he didn't like the boss.
Articles

# #
0 "$ /#"#

/"# &/ F"

! $ * *

+ +

* 7

$
8
CI am student.
CThere wasn't bus.
# "#" &/ a/an some
+0"$ +
#

" # $ &/ " &$ " &$

$

# $ /
# *$
#

some8
CI asked some policeman, he told you will see some bridge.

# #
0 "$ & " &F"
++ +!
""* /## # 0 ! * #
" *
$
the /# $$ 0 " &F"
$ *
!

"#
8
CLibrarian controlled the my ticket.
CI like the Cambridge.
Adjectives
B!
$/
!
#8
CShe is old than you.
''=
Turkish speakers
Quantifiers
# 5* <

6
" few / a few little / a little
&

# /#
# " &$<" &$
"
few/little

CI eat few butter
# ++"
&/ much many a lot% long a long time%
far a long way distant +0"$ +
#3
*

+ # $

Too very "!!$ "+
8
CTeacher, you are too beautiful.
Adverbs
&
# !+ &

$$ " $ +! F"

#8
CHe generally works slow.
Here there " &

#8
CHere is boring place.
CDo you like there?

0
&$! 8 cËok sogÏuk

""*
"7 very cold colder too cold "
*

"+
#
*$
# +!

Conjunctions
!* # "F"

# "

" $ +0"$ +
#

even if however whether . . . or I+ #
!

# / "

&# "F"

*$
# $ * "+
&/ +
" although
despite% as far as until by% before ago earlier% after next
afterwards in . . .'s time later
I# *
+ /
/#"# ! #
*$
# ; $
)"
* "+
" "7
*$
#1 8 and whether%
and also either even% because in order to
B3 "$

+ F7
/# "F"

# $ * $
and so but8
( )
* We looked, they had gone.
( )
* I ran, I caught the ferry.
''>
Turkish speakers
tions
:

# "
"+
"$ at/in/on% than/from% with/by%
to/for% until / as far as / as much as / up to / by% with / near / up to
Cin Saturday *for learn English *by pencil *until the bank
CI must get back until Monday.
CI am living near my landlady.

!!
$ #
$*#
#/
* ! $$
CHe came near me and asked me my name.
CShe went Newcastle.
Vocabulary
# $ $7" $ "!! * &/ *$

#
#

& + &/*
+! 4"#
"#
en¯asyon )G in¯ation1 kalite
)G quality1 ! + #
/
+ $
+
9 +
" sempatik
)G "1 kontrol )G check1 $ &$ "
* +! &! &$
*
# $ "
; $
+ ! *$
# &
"

*
+ 3;3
!
*$
# /

"#
shorten abbreviate abridge + #

# " !

" $$ "!! "+

8
mind/idea/opinion/thought
tell/say
de®nitely/exactly/completely
cut/kill
turn/return
®nish/leave/graduate from
food/meal
nearly/about
pass/go on
already/before
still/yet
now/no longer
always/every time
win/earn/pass (exam)

# pull &$ #* #
% give "

%
stay )+ $1 7 !% throw
/$ "! eats %
see " / % comes )
!
1 ! # %
become $$
F"
''.
Turkish speakers
The language classroom
"

# $$ & + $ #
! "#* !
/# # 7& #
"#
7 " & *# $
7 " "#* &

" # #
" #
+ * $ +
$ *
!!
/#
+0" ! * $$
! #

! & $ "
# $
* $
& !
!

#*# # #
*
/
+ $ * *
$$
# +
"+$
7
* $ /# $$ $ * * B!!" "#
$ * * "#* ! "!

&
$$
#

" $$ /# #
&"!

#

" #
$ "# $$ ! "
"! !
I""
$$ # ! ""

"
+ # #!3
$
$"
& # "#
#$ F # ""
! +
#
# !
$ #*#$

#
/$6
+ #! # / ! !! $ /#
#/

#
$ * *
# * ++"
&/ # / $ * *
!

$
*$
#

*$
# ! &$
/$$ * ! $ /# !"# &
" " &$

+03
"$ 2 "!

+
" # !

"! $7 "
"
# " & +$

"#
&"
"!
! # & 5
6 #!
'',

uth Asian languages-
B#
# # "$
Distribution
:O : O

Q & :
$
+"

Introduction
!
7 ! F $ * *

# "
+ #
&" # + $ * *

+ # ) !$ $ $ !
O $*1 !!&
+ # + !$
# #
$$ 3 $ * *
!!&
+ # & "# + #
3 + !$ /#"#
+!
# "$ #
$ $ * *
+ )1 :
)1 *$
#
)* $1 $ ) $1 )# $ 1 # $
)#1 &

! ! * $ $ * *
+
:
)F # I
!
O
#! #
: F &1 $ + #
$ * *
# &
& !*
#
+ # /$ # O*! / #
$ *
"!!
+

+ * $ F : F & )! + #

$
E 1 !$

$ + # $* +
# $ *$
# #
&"!
0!$
&$
# #
#
/# " "!! +
*$
# /$$ # & 7

" E" #*# #
!
$ /
/#"# # $$ #
$ * *

# # + #
"! *$
# "
&

$
!! + 7
& #

/# # #*#
$$ + " +
/#! # !

*
+ # $ * * !

# *$
#
/# 5" " 6 &/ #

/ *
$ #
/# # * *
+ "!!
5 *$
#6 B#E
*
# & #
" + +
/
+! #
$ * *
#
#
*$
#
" /#
! &$ * + +! #*# #
&"
-
# +"
#
"#
# 3 $ * *
+ #
#
+$$/* "# + # &$!
+

+ $ * *

''?
Speakers of South Asian languages
!* !!*
)#*# &$ /#
! * $

" $$ + ""1
" +! #
"#
#

+

/# !"
$
*$
# + #
" +
+ #
*$
#
"!! !
$$ + # 3 $ * *
! $

+ # !
"$
"& & +*
# " $ 7 ! $ + /#"#
# "$ #
"$$; $
#
# !
/$
lingua franca + #
&" &

+0" $$ +
$
# *#
+ # + :

# $*3
&$
#
+ *$
# #
"#$
+ #
&" # &$!

" & $
$$ &
! $ ! & # " $ # # # "$
$ * * & "* #
"# $
" $$ /# # * $
&$!
#

+ #
$ * *
)/## #
&" 1 ! " + # "#

# *$
#
* !$ )# $

*0" +
/#"# ! "
&$!
+

+ $ "$ #

$ * * "#* #
+ *$
# " $ &
$ /# "# + #
$!
K1 +"
" $
$
6 !

#$ &
#
+ !/
! $ #

# *$
#

! /

#
*$
#8
! "

+! #
""
! & +"$ "" # #
+! # # :
$ * *
/#"# /

+ # &"
" $!
#
$ * * #

/
" / +! $+ *# " &# "

/$
$#*# # ! $ # &
! $$
/
! F #
$ * * # *$
# /*

!

* $ &$!
+ !
#
$

honology
General
# #$*" $

!
+ #
$ * *
*$
# ++
!
"
&$ # ++ !" *

"
&/ /$

"
&/ "

2#$ *$
# #
'' /$
##*
'> "

#
$ /$ #!
&
*
#
=( "

+

"

" +$$
*
#
$ " + # *$
# $$

<t< <d< #
&#

+ $
" /# # &$ + # * &# # #
''@
<t< <th< <d< <dh< # " $$ #

E7

"
/# # + # * "$ & " &# # $$ * <`< <`h<
<¦< <¦h<
!* # +
+ #
$ * *
/#"# *

5#
""6 *$
# 8
9
"$ # *$
# /# /$
" +#
+/ $ * # $
+
!
"
&/ ++
/$

9 # " + # "$
"

<p< <t< <tS< <k< /#

$$

9 # " + # *$
# $$ "

<t< <d<
# # E7 "

<`< <¦<
9 ++

! +! *$
# )
&$/1

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
# #!
# ; $
3; $
!
#

$ * *

#$ #+ & " "$
/#

+0"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
! "
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <e< <{< + "+
8 said sad
' <¡< <O:< * $$ "+
/# <A:< #
! /$ <A:<

" $$ # "
+
"#

+ /

lorry
law laugh
= # ##* <eI<

$$ "
# "$
! ##*
<e:<8 <me:d< + made # ##*
<aI< <OI< &# $ &$
& $

<a:I<8 tie + toy
> # ##* <@U<

$$ "
# "$
! ##*
<O:<8 <kO:`< + coat
''A
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
3; $
!
#

$ * *

#$ #+ & " "$
/#

+0"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
! "
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- # "$
"

<p< <t< <tS< <k< " /#

$$

% # <p< pit # * #
! $
#
spit
' # +" "

<T< <D< $ " & #

$ <th< #
<d<
"$8 <dem< + them <f<
+ $ " & #

<ph<8 #
<phI`< + ®t

<pIt< + pit
= # $$ "

<t< <d< *$ $ $ " & #
E7 "

<`< <¦<8 #
<¦en< + den

<dem< + them )
&1
> #
$ #
#! # + <v< </<
#
" &/ #
/

! F +0"$ +
$
8 vet wet
. ! #
$ * *
<z<
$$ # + <dZ< /
$ bridges ! & *3/

+
! $

,
#
$ * *
$ " # #! <Z< /#"# ! &

$ $

<z< <S< <dZ< <j<
"# /

pleasure
? # 5 6 l
®ll
* $$ $ " & # 5"$ 6 l
light
@ <r<
"
+" $$

/#
/ )
&$/1 /# ++"* # ; $ + # "*
/$
A ! #
$ * *
# $ #! # +
<s< <S< !

+ + 7 ! $ * $ F
0 +0"$
*
# &/ #
/

"+
*

+ /
$ self shelf
'=(
#

"
+ # !
#"
#
$$*
$ *$ "" * "

6 " +
*$
# /

"
;$ 3+ #+$ # / +!
8
- <r<
" /# r
/ "$*

/#
"!
&+ "

$"
market of®cer order #
; $ + # "* /$
++"
:
!
"!! + $
#!
" &$ <di:@r< + there #!*
/# here
' / h ! &
" * + # #

"
"

"

"# /
$
ghost which
= # / -ed + # *$

+ "

/ +

!
* "$
"

<¦evel@pe¦< + developed <A:ske¦< + asked
> # / -s + # $ $ ! & "
<s< +
" "

walls $* /$
fees /#

#$ & " <z<
Consonant clusters
# * + "

"$

""* # &** +
*$
# /

!"# / # #
$ * *

"#
"$

! $08
- $ /3
*! "$

&** /# <s< ! & 07 & <I<8
ìstation' + station ìstreet' + street "
' $ "$

+ !

$ &$ & & & #

+ #
# /$ <@<

# " 8 `faree' +
free `salow' + slow "
= 4 $ "$

! &
!$ $ &
! $0 & #
!
+ "
8 `®lam' + ®lm `toas' + toast "
> 0 $ <l< <n< +$$/* "

little button "
"
"! $
$$ &$ /# "$ /$ <@< &+ #
<l< <n<
Rhythm and stress

" +! *$
# /#"#

3! $ * * /#"#

/

&# # $ ! $/
" &$ #

$ * *

$$ &$3!

" #
'=-
##! /#"#
&
! $ # *! + $*
#
$$ &$
2

#! ""*$

& / $
$

$/
" &$
#

* +
$$ &$
*$
# /
"!3

#+ + * +0"$ +

+ #

$ * *

- #

+ $ " /
! & $
"
$
"* + 7 ! $ ne cessary +$$/* ne cessity
""
"

*
" + # $
$$ &$
"$ $ "!!

development event
' # * !! " $ "
&/
/#

# 0

$$ &$ &
/#
"
$$ &$

$
+ +
/
"

" #
"
$$ &$ +

/$$
&

re cord trans port #

!$ "+
&/ 9
"!&
" + "!&

+ F"" /#
#
toy factory

*
# +! toy factory
= 4$$ /$
&

$$ &$

#
&# # e + "" #
" o + Oxford # $
"!! /
! $$ "
" 5/
+!
6 *$
# $ and but than as is has was will would

!$ $ # +$$ 5
* +!6 $
$$

" $ $
*

tonation
#
$$
* $ $ #

"# "
& # #
$ * *
# !
&$ ++" +! *$
#
$
#
+
&
$$
"# /# # "$
" ! #

#
! "
/# # ! $ *$
#
"&
+# # 5
*3
*6 !
+ #

*$
# #
! $ +! #
$$ &$3! "# " + #
$ * *
+ # *
# " $
* + ;

*$
#

+
7

+

!
#
$ * *
# "# "3

" * /#"# # + ;

! &

3+ $$ #
; $ # *$
# ! "

$ "
!

* : "$ $ $ ;

3
+ !
+ !

$ &$ & "
##!

$$ "$ $ $$ "

&$!
+

+ #
$ * *

" $$ #
" + / +!
# " "* +
"

! #

"$ $!
/#
"
'='
Juncture
# +" + * #

+ $ / +!
#
* $
+

# "
! $+ "! $7
"

#

+ + *$
# $$
$+ "

" $ &$!

#
" E" $
+ *$
# +! # #
++ $ # &" $

!

" #
$ * *

!3 #"
$$*
" /# #
$ +;"
#

!!

! " #
+ " $ $
/#"#

*
# #

"
#

"

$ # ; $ + # +$$

&+ # " + *$
# * # # /#$ & +
"!!
"$
;
!
# $ / +$

/* #

"
$#*# $/

! " $$
!$
"
+ " ! & " #
$
+
*$
# /# # "$ &$!
#
+ "!!

"
"#
"
" "# "
" + !

#
$ * *

; "!! 0 " + #
8
CShe said that `Rakesh was not feeling well'.
Grammar
General
# +$$/*
" #
& "! $ # &

+ # "

&/ *$
#
# !
!
+ #
3 $ * *
4 #
"" /#

+ # #

$ * *
!
!$
# O*!
! & &
# /#

& $
; $$ #
$$ " $ $!
/# 7" #
"$
$ $ : F & "# /$$ $
#$ + F #*#
# $
+ * $ /#"# #
$ !

#$ &

# # $ * *
+ # #
; ++ * !! )
# +$$/* "# 1
# 5
+
"#6 + *$
# & $
!$

#/ !"# ! #*#$ E" $ * * /#"#
!
! & "! /#
# #

*$ $ $
'==
+!
% F"
$ " &+
% * $$ *$

! +
& "F* /#"# "$

! $ *
"

+!
% 7$ ! $ &
%

+

)!
$ "
*$
# & #
" "!
$* #
+ 7$ &
1
$ *$
#
*
#
!
"$ +!

#
"!! )*3 $1 +!
+ $$
$ "
!
+
# "!
$ +!
+ F"
#
/ "$
"
* # *$
# "$
+

$ " +

#

! $ /
/#"# # &
$ " 0 $$
" ! + #

++"

/$$

! + #
!$
+;$
"
&$!
+ #
$
+ *$
#
- #
; $ + # 7$ do 2#
"0"
* /

;

! $ &
3
9 + ++ +! *$
# 9 /
$8
CWhen you came to India?
You like our Indian food?
' *
+! & * * ! )/#"# "
3

&# not no1 &+ # &8
CYou no(t) like curry?
# !

/ yes/no ;

&
* $$*

* * ;

# +0! " "

"+
8
`You have no objection?' *`Yes.' )G I have no objection1
= #
"!! ;
* +" + $$ ;

" + #
&F" $ ! nicht wahr?8
CYou have met Mohan, isn't it?
#

$
"!
#
*$
#
innit?
> # " $ 7$ &
# ; $ + to be #
& "

* to have

+
& $
+ *$
#8
CYour book is lying with him )+ He has got your book1
'=>
, tense and aspect

! $

$

*
#
#
# & $

*

+" #*#
*
"! $$
" $ *$
#
- 2# #
! $$ * + "!!
&
"$* believe
hear know understand want /#"# $
*

+!
# *$
#
*
! &
$ &
$* /# #
# & $ +! /# #

" $
7$ 8
CWe were wanting to go to England
' #
! $
! &
/# *$
# /$ + #

+"8
CShe cooked the food just now )+ She has just cooked the
food1
= #
+"

+
! *

+! #
/# # +" & " +!
+ ! # ! $ *$
#8
CThey had gone to Delhi this year )+ They went . . .1
> #

"# /#"#
$$

# * $

+
* &
8
CHe asked that if we are doing this )+ He asked if we were
doing this1

! $
$

*
#
#
*

+" / "!!
+ "+
"" #
/*
+ #
*
*$
#
- 2#
&
$
*
+!
#

*
! &
$ & $* /# #

! $
+! /# #
" $

7$ 8
CWe are not understanding what she means )+ We don't
understand what she means1
' #
*

#/ $*

+ ++
#
& ** 8
CHow long are you living in England?
CShe is studying English since six years
'=.

#
+$$
+ +

#

!"#
! +$ # *$
# 7
# + & &$8

CYou will be knowing him )+ You must know him1
tionals

" $$
+

+ #

#
" $ "$
& + $
$* /# # +

&F"8
CIf he will come, then we may go )+ If he comes . . .1
! "
would ! &

+ #
! $

# " $ "$

/$$
# ! "$
8
CIf he would again come, then we would come )+ If he came
. . .1
Modal verbs
#
# " ; $
!
*$
# ! $ &
;
"$
$ $*
"
"
& # +; !
! "#

#
*$
# "$ #*# 7

#
* +
could would may #
could

"
!8
CWe could succeed because of hard work )+ We were able to
succeed 1
# +; "#" + could +" can
* &
$*

+ * $
# # +! $*
# +

&F"8
CLet us leave so that we could meet him in time )+ so that we
can meet . . .1
!$ $ would
+ will8
CWe are hoping that you would come )+ We hope you will
come1
B

$
+;$ ! & #
+ may $ " + should8
CHe may be instructed to attend )+ He should . . .1
+ " 7
+ &
;
! & "3
/# may

+ will ;

! & *
/ 8
CYou may kindly come tomorrow )+ Will you please come
tomorrow?1
B! 8
CI may go now )+ May I go now?1
'=,
Q&
+ /
#* &$ &$! ! #
$

/#
+ # *$
# 0 +
&
#
+
& "$
" #

&F" &

+ should8
CI want that I should come )+ I want to come.1
CI wanted that she should intervene )+ I wanted her to
intervene.1
%&te forms
*$
# #
&# to do doing 7
# + & $

/# #
$
*$ 0 B+

&/ # /
*$
# +!
"$ $ "!! 7
* # +

/# # !$ 9 + # 0 +$$/ &

; $ for 9 ! & ! 8
CHe went to college for improving his English )+ . . . to
improve his English1
B
$ # *$
# 0
+;$
$ " + -ing
+!8
CShe showed great interest to study )+ . . . in studying1
CWe prevented him to speak )+ . . . from speaking1
Reflexive verbs

! E7
"

/# #
#
!#3* " 8
C`Please enjoy.' Òh, yes, we will enjoy.'
Word order
$#*# !
#
$ * *
++ +! *$
# # *

# #

$ " # & # +
#
" #

+
" $$

"+

7"
" ;

)
&1
Articles
#
+ # *$
# "$

+ # !
+0"$
+
$
*
# #
$ * *
#

; $ + # 0 "$ $ # !& 56 "
'=?
!

+ # 0 B+

"
;$ +;
*$
# /# $
+ ! # "$

" $$ the
&
one + # 0 "$
, number and case

* !! " $$ # !
"$ +!% 7"
/# $
7
"" # "$
0" #
$$ $
! * # +! + +
#/

* F"

&
! $
++ +! )5 *!61 ""* # * +
# ** #

# * +!

$! &

#/ #
"" $ )
&F"
&F" "1
" :

*
# + *
# #

9 # ; $
+ he she it 9

& !

$
! * that this
$$
* # * "

&$!
*$
# + #
$
+0"$

*
#*
* # #

*$
! &
$ &

"!
+ # !
"$8
CI know this car and his problems )+ . . . its problems1
# *$
#
"

"$
$ $*
# +
&$; "
+$$/ &

# ! &$! +
#
$

$ * * $
#
"

/# *$
# +
of /#
+ "! $7 $!
8
Cthis grave situation's two very important causes )+ two very
important causes of this grave situation1
:$ $
+
+! & # $ + # 0 $ /$ &
# + *
$ * * + !
"$
!

"# * #
! $ +! + # $ $ #
! "" + #
""
$ * + -s +! *$
# $ $

# $

! ++"
&/ *$
# #

+ /# "

$ $ #
! "
"+

*$
# 2
$ scissors trousers
*$
/#

! #
" &$ *$
#
$ $8
CThe rice are not very well cooked.
CHer hairs are very long.
:$ $
+
+
*$

2#

" $ $ $
# ; $ + people
+
#!8
CWe people are very lazy )+ We are very lazy1
'=@
F"
" #
# ; $+
*$
#
# / $ * *
# "! &$

+
! $ &
+/
"!!
+ "+
#/
8
- #

" $ +!
+ # "!
$ +
&

*

! $ "
" + # 8
CThe boy is clever from the girl
#
"
;$
! "+

#
+ # *$
#
"!
$ +!
&$ +!

"!!8
CHe is the most cleverest boy in the class
'
! #
!
"
&/
+*
&

/ & # *$
# more very too8
CI like this music too much )+ . . . very much1
= # F"
&
+;$
*

+
& ! #

&#8
CHe cut the bread into little, little pieces )+ . . . lots of little
pieces1
CPlease speak slowly, slowly )+ . . . rather slowly . . . very
slowly1
Prepositions and particles
B
&$ +0"$
"
+ !

+ #

$ * *
& $$ +!
+

* "$* #

3
" /#

$

)That's the woman I was
talking about1 /#
#
$ &
(He's just been operated
on1 + # !
"!!
"" #
! $ $$ +

* # /*
& $* /# #

#
/$ &
$ * * $ "! &$ 7

I$ +/ + # !
"!! "+

" & " #8
CI was angry on him )+ . . . angry with him1
CThey were sitting on the table )+ . . . at the table1
CShe is studying English since six years )+ . . . for six years1
&
# * " &F" *$
#
$ /#

8
CWe reached to that place.
CTell to that boy that he is a cheater.
CI asked from him that he should come.
# 0 $ $! + #
$ &

$
$ &$ "+
8
CHe left off one important point )+ He left out . . .1
'=A
CHe has built up a house for himself )+ He has built himself a
house1
Subordinate clauses
#
$ * *
* $$ $
+ + "! $7

&
"$

# *$
# +*
! $ $$$ "
"
+03
"$
#+
$$ 7 " & $
+ *$
#
# $* # ! "! $7
+
& "$* $
"
"# # # "
"
$$
& & $

$ "$

/# +
# "
"8
CWhich people lived there, they were all very poor )+ The
people who lived there were all very poor1
CAll that he was doing, that we liked very much )+ We very
much liked all that he was doing1
Vocabulary
*$
# $ /

$ * !&
$$ #

$ * *

" $$
"" /# !

"#$* #

$$ * #$ $
+ *$
# /#
/$$ &$ / * $ + " &$
/#
$$
"# $ /
#/ !! $
+ &$ & "
*$
# # &"
# " #
&
*0" $
"# * &"
# / &
$
# *$
# &"

#

"$ $" $ 7

+ ! * +
#
" *
+/ 7 ! $
/$$ !
#
+ +0"$ /#"#
!
# !
+ # !#
$$ &/ +! *$
# &
# " #
+ &
*0" $ $8 `'farvari' +
February% à'prail' + April% à'gast' + August% àk'toober' + October
"
!$ $ hotal
#
! $ ; $ + # *$
# hotel &
$
"$
" +Z

furlong /
" # "
" ! &
"
#
" /# +

" / # # 7 crossing crossroads # roof +
!

ceiling # & " * + #

/#
* & 6

#
/# # /
5/ /$$
#/ !
& "
6N
'>(
ulture

+ "# *
" !
# E" + # "$
+
#
*
"
"!!
+

+ #

$ * *

$
#
&" # $

" + # "# + # / /

$$ !
"# "
" + $
+! # *#&* "

! #

+! $
" $ / /
# &

" $"$ ! ""
/#"# ! 0 #
" /# # "
! #

"$$; $
*
"#
! 0 # $"

+! +! $ $
$
# $$3+! $ "$
Samples of Hindi and Urdu
A passage of Hindi printed in the Nagari script
A direct transliteration and word-for-word translation
ek din begam saÅhabaÅ ke sir menÇ dard hone lagaÅ

I * ! #& 36
# 3& &*
unhonÇne launÇdõÅ se kahaÅ ± jaÅ-kar mirzaÅ saÅhib ko
3& ! Ç +!
5# *3* K #&
bulaÅ laÅ. kisõÅ hakõÅm ke yahaÅnÇ se davaÅ
" $$ &* ! " 36
#
+! !"
laÅenÇ. daur , jaldõÅ kar. launÇdõÅ gayõÅ to
Ç Ç
)#1 ! 3&* #
! 6 / #
mirzaÅjõÅ ne kahaÅ ± cal abhõÅ aÅte hainÇ. begam
K F &
5 F
3/ )/1 "!6 * !
'>-
saÅhabaÅ kaÅ mizaÅj garm thaÅ. itnõÅ taÅb kahaÅnÇ

#& 36
! # /
3!"# " /#
ki unke sir menÇ dard ho aur pati shatranj
# # # & #
& "#
kheltaÅ rahe. cehraÅ surkh ho gayaÅ. launÇdõÅ se

Ç
$ * ! 4 " &" ! +!
kahaÅ ± jaÅ-kar kah, abhõÅ calie, nahõÅnÇ to
5 *3*
55
3/ $3#!3* #
vah ap hõÅ hakõÅm ke yahaÅnÇ jaÅenÇgõÅ.
# #self " 36
#
/$$ *666
" tic translation
I * ! #&

# # "# 5 " $$ K
#&6
# $ # ! 5
#! * !
! !" +!
"6
$* #N6 2# # ! / #! K F

5I++ * 6! F
"!*6 * ! #& /
+
/ "$
# /# # * # "# /#$ # #

& / $ *
"#
H + " E
# # $ # ! * $$ #! $
*# / #/

#6 * # "6
#
$+
)4! The Chess Players & :! B# 1
A passage of Urdu in Perso-Arabic calligraphy
A direct transliteration and word-for-word translation

ab savaÅl ye uthtaÅ hai ki agar vo sab kuch thõÅk hai jo
Ç
/ ;
#

*
# + Ç
# $$
!#* *#
/#"#
urduÅ vaÅle hindõÅ ke muta'alliq aur hindõÅ vaÅle urduÅ ke muta'alliq
/ $$ #
36
& / $$ #
36
&
socte hainÇ, aur agar in dononÇ zubaÅnonÇ kõÅ bunyaÅd masnuÅ õÅ
#* + #
&# $ * *
36
+ 0" $
'>'
aur ghair-®trõÅ hai, to phir is kaÅ kyaÅ sabab hai ki in dononÇ

$
#
#
36
/#

# #
&#
zubaÅnonÇ kõÅ din ba-din taraqqõÅ ho rahõÅ hai aur in kõÅ
$ * *
36
&3 $ ! # 3*
#
36
maqbuÅliyat avaÅm men barh rahõÅ hai?

Ç
$ $ Ç */ 3*
H
" tic translation
# ;
/

# + $$ # #

# &
#

&
"" # &

+
&# #
$ * *

0" $ $ # /#
#

# &# $ * *
$ * & # # $
!* $
*/*H
)4! Hindi and Urdu since 1800 B # "$ $$1
'>=

Dravidian languages:
Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu

!#
Distribution
I O :I $

# +"
! Q ! # B && %
# !$3
* "!!
! #
+ # /$
Introduction
+ # &$!
+ " &

+ $ * *
/#
# $ *$
#
# /#

+ # #

$ * *
4 $
+ #

*
''?9'>= /
$ * *
**$ $ * *
$
#% # ++ " $$
# #$* ! #$*
7 +! # 3
$ * *
+ #
&" # "
*$ $

"!! /# *$
# # #
$ * *

+
$ * *
#+ " !& + $ &$!
/#
$ * *$
# #
"# $
/# # *$
# + !$3
*
$
& #
! * $$ $ +

+ #
$ * *

Phonology
Vowels
# !$ /$

! "

+ 0
+
# $* /$
8
<Ã< <A<% <I< <I:<% <e< <e:<% <o< <o:<% <u< <u:<
$$ # /$
##*
#*#
$/
"7 # / /$
<o< ) "$

# /$1 <o:<
)# $* ; $1 # "$
"

#
*$
# #*#
!$ /$
"" "
#
# #
* $

# / ##*
8 <aI< )$ # /$ buy1 <aU< )$
# /$ cow1
'>>
Speakers of Dravidian languages
B!! &$!
8
- *$
# ##*
& "" $ "
!
$ "
/
# /$
/# $ *$

paint <pe(y)int< pound <pÃ(w)Und<

' Q/$
! &
# $*# "" " /#
"
$ "# 3
" $$
54/$6
" <phU¦vÃr;¦<% vegetable
"!!$
" <UedZI`è8bu;<
=
0
" $$ +0"$
*
# " #
/$
cot caught coat /#"# # "$
!$ ; $3

% # /$ pat ! $
& "+
/# # pot part
ts
- !$ "

" $$ & " /# E7 9 #

/# # + + # * "$ & " "# #
+ # # $ #

+3! + + 5
""6 &
"$ $
* !$

' $ * *
#
"

#
!
# *$
# $ <p< <t< <k< /#"# ! $$

# + $
" ""$% # " $$
&

E7 "

! #

<b< <d< <g<

"$ # * pear ten could + 7 ! $
bear den
good
= # + ! $ *$
#
" &/ " "

)* !$ "

5*! 6 &$ "

# 5
*$6 "
! & +$$ " /" )
+
Duchies / " $ Dutch cheese1 B
*$
# #
" #$ ! $
#

. <T< <D<
think then "
* +0"$
" #
7! !$ ; $
$ # # $

6 " ! "! "$
<t< <d<
, #
<z< !$% maze !
$ mace
? #
<f< !$% $
! " *$
# <f<

<p< $ * "+
&/ + 7 ! $ full
pull
@ <Z<
7
!$ <S<

&
/

"#
occasion
A 4 $
$ "

him thin # $ " 4 $
<ê<
thing
*! <êg<8 5thingg6
'>.
-( #

! " *$
#
" &/ $ 5"$ 6 <l<

look 0 $ 5 6 <l<
full
+0"$ + !$

%
!$ #
+ ++ "

#
& #

*
# #
/
tructure; consonant clusters
!$ #
+ ! "
"$

# +
"

!$3
* $
#

&$ /# #

" + *$
# / !$ /

$$
"

$
! / <U< #
+
!
*$
# /
+ "$ "
Stress and rhythm
# &$!
$ *$
!$ #
+

+ # #

$ * *
#/8
- !$ #

"

/#"# * $

$$ &$
/# $* /$

"$

$$ &$
* *! "
3

& #

'
/# # $ *$
# $ *$ +!
* / 7
! " "# /

#

" ##! !*

Morphology and syntax

General
!$ ! #$*

5 **$ *6 5"" *6 #

* !! " $
! " $!
5
" 6
;"
+07
/
!8
[azhitta:rgal.]

9

+07 9 $ $
+07
= They destroyed.
# + 5/6
#+ # #
!

!$
*$
#8 !$ / ! " $!
# *$
# /$
& 7
&
$ ++ /
&$** ++
+
"# # &

&/
+
"# #!
$

!/# E !$

! # "
&$ +0"$
'>,
*
* ""

"
# "!! $ " #
* !! + 3 $ * *

"#

" ! $ 73
$ F" &
%
* # /

/#"# *$
# /

" "$

"

' ntence structure
0
" !0 $!
)&
5$
6 &$/1 Q&
"! # + !$

"
! &
" 7$

/#"# " $ &*
! !

!$
" " & +! /# 0 & /#
7

&F" &F" #
! "$ $ +" +
!
$
"
+ *
"+* *" /# 3
* " ) # 7 # + # "# + 7 ! $
1
$$ + #
+
! & E" $
6 *$
#
Complex sentences
B! $! "$

" ! "$

!$ $
#

"#

"3 "
" /#"# & 7
&
"F"
*$
# ! & " # /
!$
7
! #+ $/
! #
$
#
7 $" B $
"
"
"$ &$!

"
&/ 0 30 +!
$/
"$ 3
" !$
" #/ "! $7 $ #
0 &
!
% $$ # &
/$$ " $3$ +!

!
" #
*$
#
* -ing +!

+ 0 &

& "$

Indirect speech
*$
# "
"#
"
++ +! # !$
; $
$
! 0 #! +0"$ *

Relatives
!$
# $
# !$ ; $ +
*$
# $
" $
* "$
&+ # )
# $
+ 5living next door people6 5foreign returned people6 + 5the
people who live next door6 5people who have returned from abroad61
'>?

#+ 0 *$
# $
"
+0"$ !

* #!
terrogatives and negatives

0 # *$
#
+ 7$
+ ;

*

/ + ;

# $ )D

! !$ & * "$1 D

*
! & $ " &
*$ * ! 8 *You will come, no?
Tenses
!$ #
"! $7

! +

/# ! *
#
$/
"
"$
$ #
+ #
*$
# ; $

4 7 ! $ # 5+
6 " 7
# & $ "F"

/
#
!* # #*

CIn young age I will play a lot. )+ When I was young I played a
lot1
CNext year he will come back home. )+ Next year he may come
back home.1
CTomorrow I will win a prize. )+ I wish I could win a prize
tomorrow1
Articles
!$ $ "
/# / " $$ "$
#*# !

/
"
*
! + #

+ *$
# "$
:" &$
$
0 # "$

! +0"$ " $ !

$
*
one
+ a/an $ * the 7" !

! # " "7

Emphatic and reflexive pronouns
!$ #

! # " E7 !
$ * $

# *$
# ; $

CWhen he was young itself he lost his father.
CThere itself I ate my lunch.
CIt was he himself who stole the book.
CThe book belongs to myself.
CShe only stole the jewel, not her sister.
'>@
#
! & "+
/# "# # /#
&
)

!
&
+
"#1
!$ 7

"!
$ ! *
&
" $
"$
& "# *
# F"
F"
&
" $$ + ! #

Hierarchy and honorifics
!$ #

$*
" "
+ " * # $

+
#

! +$
/* #/
#
*$
# !
! # # !
*
!#*
Speech and writing

# * &/ #
/

* $$
$ * *
#
! $ $
+ 3$ &
3+! $
$ / *$
#
A literal translation of a Tamil text, with a normal

English gloss
This one man-of one day-of (adj.) living.

#

+ ! 6
$*
You (hon.) having-dared-being-if having-done-being-able small-nesses,
#

# !*# # "!! + #
compel-being-forced-being-if having-shown-being-able daring,
# * !*# #
$ + # & +"
having-wished-being-if having-received-being-able diseases,
#

!*# # * + #

having-touched/taken-being-if attained-being-possible disrepute/shame,
#
# ! !*# # "# + # $$/
$+ &
"#
these-indeed that-man life.
#
# ! 6
$+
'>A
That-man-that next day (acc.) about we knowing taking need-not.

#
+
0 & #
7
Why-asked-if that-man-to-also ± us-among many-to like-indeed ±
"
+ # ! 9
+ ! !*
9
tomorrow different-one day-indeed!
!/
#
) * F 1
*nce
#!
#! A Grammar of Modern Tamil :"# -A@A
'.(

't African languages
:#$ **
Introduction
# $ * *
+ 2
+" !

+ $
* $ $
* 2# "#
! ++ !# *

+ $ # ! $$ ; $$3
*&$ #
/#"# # "#
!

lingua franca
/# * # ! # $" /
$ /$$ & + " * $ * *

$
/#
! $$
! # & / / $$
4! *$
# $ * * "#* + /
!
+$
"$
+ #

+ 2
+" ""* # +0" $
"
$ * * )*$
# 4"#1 #
" $ * *
# $ * * +
*! $ * 7 + "
&F" $" $ $"

$
# !! + */* +" $
" 4"#
"$ $ *$
# "!! *
* + / !
# + # !# *
4 #

# "#" + *$
#
4"#
+0" $
" $ * *
#
*
E" *$
# "#* ! $
!#
# # !#
* + $
"#
$ * + # $ + $! "

$ +/ /
+ *$
# $$ #
/# #
# $! " !
*$
# $ ""
$$
/#
$ $! "! " # #*#$ " $
"
$
# #! !
$! 7" #

/
#

+ * *$
#
"
$ "# *$ #
" #

/ $" + *

! 7
$
lingua franca *
* $ "* "
*
" !" $$ * *$
#

*$
& !
2

+" $$" $
#
$$ +0" $ "* /$$ &
"
# #*# /$$ & E" ! + # +
+
" * !! & + ) # !"# + #
*
+ / *

+!

$$* /#"#

# " 1
# *$ #

+ 2
+" "$ * #
!& ) $$ +!
# "$
1 $
&
'.-
Speakers of West African languages
/#"# #
#
" $ $
/
/# # B !
*$
# #
# ; $

/# 4"# & "" $
/ +
0 "
) & '. " + # $ 1
*$ #
# + " #

) +! B !1 "!

$ * B# * $ # B
4

* # "

!
#/

* 4"#
E" *$
# $ &
!
# $ * *
&
/# 4"# "" #

*$ # + " #
"
" # /#$ + 2
+" 7" + 3

&"
$ 7"
! 7 + $*

!*

$ !" $
"#E #
&3 #

# !
! + # !# *
*$ # 2

+" ) +! *$
# & 1
+$$/
8
. Nigeria8
4$ # # P& #
#/
&
#
#

& &$ # !
! #*#$
$ + $$ 2
+" $ * *
#
&
*$ E3
" & &" #
$* $
&

#/ /# # "& !
! * $
*$
#
. Ghana8 # * + $ * *
)! $ / 4 1

# #
# # + "" / )
$$
" evay1 #
#
*& #
# #
. Sierra Leone8 $$ *$
# 4/ & ! $ O
# /
! #
# # )G
*1 #
#
. Gambia8 2$+ #

. Liberia8 $$ *$
# & ! $ + #
$ * *

$#*# # E"
+ #
! 0

" $ * *

&$ $ & " $ 2

+" &$!
+ $
/#

# *$
#
* !$ #

&$!
! & $ # +" + " & +
# "!! ! 2
+" $ * *

"#
$
"! $
! $ /$

! $ $
# $ ! +
+" + *$
#
lingua franca $ "!!
"$ $ +
#
* $

$
"$ $ *
# /#"# )
" $$ # +!1 ! # # "$
+
2
+" *$
# "#*
'.'
honology
General
2
+" $ * *
# +/ /$
# *$
#
+/ 0 $ "

"
"$

#
! *$
#
/$
++ & 2
+"
! ! 0 $
"

" !
2
+" $ * *
&# $
$$ &$3! #
+
* 2

+" *$
# F
&# !* )/# $$ *$
$$ &$
!"# + ! #

1 )/#

/
& !"# $$ 1
Vowels
- <i:< <I< +

" $ &# &* "
#

!!
+# "+
/# <eI<8 ship + sheep
!!
shape
' <e< and <z:< + " $8 bed bird # <z:< #!
"

"$ &$!
! & +# "+
/# <A:<8
bird barred
= <{< <A:< <Ã< "+
8 cat cart cut
!
<{<
<Ã< "+
/# <e<8 bat but /# bet
> <O< <O:< <@U< "+
8 rod roared road
. <U<
"+
/# <u:<8 pull pool
, <@< $ <z:< "

* +0"$ $
$+ & $
)!

" $$1 &"
2
+"
* $$ / #
/$
+

$$ &$

$ # "
*$
# /

#
$ ! * "$ ++" +
7 ! $ &/ policeman policemen -ence -ance "
# 0 0 "$
" 7! $
<A:< <de< -er *
" <A:<
?
"
! /$ $*# $$ /$
&
"
# #
"

# "+
&/ "
"$
"

write ride
Consonants
- <T< <D<
$$ pronounced <d< <t<8 day + they% tin +
thin% tree + three "
' <ê<
"!!$ " <n< <êg<8 `siêgin' + singing
=
!
<l< <r< "+
8 `rolly' + lorry # !
'.=
& /
"+
&/ + 7 ! $ grass glass% play
pray "
> Q" 0 $ "

& " # "* /$

#8 write + ride% rice + rise% rope + robe% picks + pigs
"
. B
"$

"
+0"$
" $$ /# 0 $ /#

! "

& !8 nest + next% knees + needs%
fat + fact "
, 4 $ "$

"#
®lm months asked helps " "

" $
&$!
#
!
+ +0"$ ""
F"

®ve big towns 4 #

#
+ * $
"3

# "

+ "

"# /#"# #
"! 3
#
! # "" /$ "

#
$ & ! /$
#
#$ & "
/ "!!$ * # +$$ +! ! $ & #
$$*
! $
& # E" +
$$* # "

"# /

tongue
among money stomach love other touch & " /#
<¡< <O:<
+ <Ã< :" + $
$
++"
$$* +
"

" $$ +$$/* #
""
+$
+ " !# "#*
!
"#$
8 the order one% in other that% the sun bent my skin
"
Rhythm and stress
2
+" $ * *
" $$
$$ &$3! /#"#
*$
++"
# ##! + 2
+" *$
#
3!
"#
$$ + !$ B

I did it I did it Did you
say the green book or the red book? $

" $
Intonation
2
+" $ * *
" $$ $ "# $7" $ ! +

*$
$$ &$ /$$ # 07
;" +

"
+
"7 #
# "" + "$ $* /#$
" &* " &$ + + #
+ ! #

;
* # + 2
+" *$
#
$ *$ $!
+ yes/no ;

+

/# #
" 0 $ + $$ +
!
wh3;

I#
'.>

$ # 7" !* # #*#$ " +#
+0"$

/# +" ! /#
07 #

& 0 *$
#
"
"
$!
!
&$

* # # *$
# # " +
# !
Punctuation
# # # #

# /$$
+
"+

!
"!!
+
""$ &+

"#8
CHe said that, he doesn't want to come
I# "!! !

*
+ " $
"!!
&/
"! $
"
)+ ""$ $ /# also however "1
+ "
"0 2
+"
Grammar
General
/$ & +0"$ +

" $
! $
+$
* $

& # * !! + 2
+" $ * *
&
"# + *$
# 2
+" ;"$ "
# "" +
"
+ !
# +$$/*
$"
/

#*# # $ & !# * +"
$/
"$ * $

" $ +
Verbs
- # *$ *

#
+ 7$
#
! $

"
+; &$!
8
CShe want to speak English, but she don't know how.
CHe doesn't goes to school.
CHe didn't came back
'

"!! /# & #

" + "F"3

8
CI didn't see anything or heard anything.
CHe made me sit down and told him about it.
Either/or ;

"
!$
8
CDo you make it by hand, or you use a machine?
= # 0 +! + make let see hear "

&$!
8
'..
CHe makes me to do it.

CHe makes me does it.
CI saw him did it
> B#" +
+! "

! &$!
:3
*
+!
! & /*$
$" /# "

+
* have think see8
CI was having no money.
CI am thinking you are wrong.
CI am not seeing anything
. #
+"
+;$ !

8
CI have seen him yesterday.
CI am a teacher since 1980
, #
+"
* $$

&

$ " + used to8
CIn the old days we had travelled on foot.
Used to
$+
+
#
+ # & $ "8
CThat boy use to tell lies )+ That boy tells lies1
? I will I am going to ) * I go * I go kill him1
&
/# # " " +! I'll /$ & !
$
$ &
$ +!

+ $ /$$ # /#$
#*#
!"

)* That must/may/can't be true1 /$$

8
Must is to &
# 7
+ have to8
CI can't come as I must take an exam.
CNowadays all children are to go to school.
Needn't
+ +$$/ & to8
CYou needn't to say that
%uns, articles and determiners
- # ++" &/ " &$ " &$

/$$

! " &$
/*$ "$
08
CWe had a rain this morning.
CHe gave me some informations
!$ !

"" /# #
8 * ®rewood food
luggage advice furniture news equipment help dress property
land luck permission
' I# !

/# "$
! ! & $ "3
&$8
'.,
CThis is goat ) !
+ ! $
"$ &

1
CThis instrument is called thermometer.
CHe has written some book
= Some + ""
+ *
8
CI don't want some
> # 0 "$
+ /*$
! /# !

$
8
CDo you want to speak to Minister?
CHe goes to Roman Catholic school.
CThe South Africa *The Tema Harbour
. 7

+ ; + !

* much8
CThey don't have much children.
CYes, I can eat much.
CIt is much interesting
, Little few $
"+
# * ++" + !*
a

8
CThere are a little eggs.
CGive me few more oranges.
CThere are a few mosquitoes, so we do not suffer from malaria
tensification and comparison
- Too ! & "+

/# very8
CThis stew is too good!
CHe ran too fast to catch the bus
' Enough
+
8
CThe roads are bad, so there are enough accidents
= So
+
$ +! $ 3! # "
$
! very8
CIn the southwest there is so much forest
> B!
! &

+
+!
8
CThe library contains more books )+ The library contains quite
a lot of books1
Pronouns
- He him +
+ #! +! $
+ ! $
8
CI greeted my sister when he came
' E7
+

+ each other8
CThey greeted themselves
= "
/* #
"
)
'.?
# #" "

1 ++ /
"! $

"$ #
$ +

/
Subordinate clauses

+!
" $
"
"
&$!
8
CIf I tell him, he would beat me
CIf it would not have happened, he would not be killed.
(
#
#
!$
+! &$!
if
"!!$

""$ + when +* # +8
CIf the sun sets this evening the meeting will begin
'
;" +
$
"
"# /$$
8
CJesus told them he will die.
CI didn't know you are here.
CI hope you would come
" ;

*
# +! "
8
CI want to know how do you do it.
CHe asked her that, will you marry me

Though "$

& +$$/ & but # ! "$
%
however "$

"
/ +0"$
8
CAlthough it is dif®cult, but I can do it.
CHowever it is dif®cult, I will do it.

$ "$

"!!$ "
&$!

" $$ # +

8
CThat is the man I saw him.
'.@
cabulary and culture
2# *$
#

" $ * *

+* $ * *
&"!

! 7 # + # 3
%
#
# /

E"
#
# / "$
+"
#!
$
# +

#

" $$ #

" +
# "# "$ ! / $

#
*$
# # + " !
# 2
+" "
*$
# #
$ & " "# "

" /
% "
" &$ * $ 7
" ! * $

+
* !! % ! "#
/$$ 0 +0"$ "* #/ +
* 5""*6 " +
! #! "+! #

# ! #$ + 7 ! $ "" storey-building% He has
travelled far )+ He is away1% We are tight friends% They were making
noise " $$ + /#"# "!!$
2
+" *$
#H
#$ " # * + +! $ $ /*
**
/#"#
* 2
+" "$H "# ;

! #*#$ & &$

2
+" $ * *
"# &
"$+$
*

+"
"
;" & $ " *$
# &

*
!
#! + !
&

+
&$
# * + 0" &* # + $

"! $

*
+ " $
$+3! ! 3

$/ " /# 7"

+ # "

"#
& "" B#" +
&$ 0"

+"

+ $$ + !$ /#
&F"

/
"
+! #
+ / /# " 0"

+ $

&$ #

"
# 7

" # -A.(
+ *$ +"
$ *$
#
**

&$
$ & # $ * * +
!"# +
+0"$ F
" $$ # "
!!
"
$
'.A
hili speakers
$$
Distribution
U OP IU D U

B!
! $ / I! U !&
Introduction
/ #$
# !
! $ * *
+" /# $
,(
!$$

I$ !
/ #$
# !# *8
!

" # +# $ * * / #$
#
$ $ * * + K + # + +" $
$ * *
+ U # +0" $ $ * * + O $

! $
lingua franca

! 7 B $
+" /#
/$
&# $" $ $
& "
*

!& + /

#
*/*
$
"
"# "
# / #$ /
!**

$ * *
$
# # " # & &$ *
+! #
O
$
# $ * *
&# / #
+" "

# # ! / #$ "!
+! # &" / sawaÅh il
! * coasts # $ * * "
!& + /
+ &"
* / # $ * *

$$ +"

/ #$ &$*
# + !$ + $ * *
/#"#

& !
+"

# + $ / *#$ +! $
B ! # /

/
# # + Q" %
+! #
+ Q" "
! $ / #$

"! $$ " $ + $ * *
)
&$/1 &
# !

/$
$ * * &$ " +"
#
/# # #
$ * *
$$ # !

*
" $ ! #$3
*" $ "# "
"
"
+ #
! + !
+ # &
3

! & / #$ #
"# ! & $ mutatis
mutandis # $ * *

$ * *

# inter alia # +$$/* "# "
"
8
',(
Swahili speakers
- Noun class system $ * * $!

$$ +!
"

+ 07 $

! # 07 /$$ "
!
" * /# "$
#
8
mtu G person watu G people
kiko G a pipe viko G pipes
# !& + "$

$*#$ +! $ * *
# / #$ #

! 0+ "$

# +/ #
!
# $ * *

' Concord $ * *
# !
#
" #
# /
#
" &*# "" $ $
#
/# # & !
+ +07
" $$ concords / 7 ! $
+
/ #$ /$$
+0"8
Kisu kile kikubwa kimevunjika )$ knife ± that ± big ± is broken1 G
That big knife is broken.
Visu vile vikubwa vimevunjika )$ knives ± those ± big ± are
broken1 G Those big knives are broken.
= Agglutination $$ $ * *
# **$ * ! #3
$*" $
" )/
! "
* !! " $ "$
1

/ #$ 7 ! $8
wameshindwa
wa G they
me G
<
" !
shinda G
! + # & kushinda to conquer
w G
!
)! * They have been conquered1
> Sound systems $ * *
#
!$

!8
9
$ * *
$8 #/ $
$$
&
+! !
$"
+ / #$
9 :#!" $$ # $ * *
$
! &$
!$

+ #! # #
! 0 /$ #!
)
&$/1
##*
# "

!
$

!$
7" #
! + #
# $ * *
# &/

! O#
5"$"6

/ #$ #
&/
!
&"

+ /
+ &" *
#
#
! + #
$ 0* "# "
"
+
$ * *
/$$ &
# # ! ++"
&/ / #$
# # $ * *
$ # +/ /
+ &" * #
&/ *# /#

! "

$ " + $
#
! $$ !& + "$

# "
$$ #
"

/ #$ ! & *
" $ $ * * # "!!
# +$$/ & / #$

6 +0"$
$ * *$
# /$$
#+ & $" &$ $ * 7

+ #
$ * *

/$$
',-
Swahili speakers
honology
General
# ! ++"
&/ / #$ *$
#
+$$/
8
9 / #$ #
$ 0 /$
"
# '' + *$
#
9 *$
# #
'> "

% / #$ #
'@
9 / #$
"# $
/$
/# "

"
$$ "

"$

9 / #$ $$ "

$$ &$
/$

9 # / $ * *
# ++

!
+ /

9 #

!/# ++
Vowels
# /$

# &**

*$ &$! + / #$

$ * *$
# # 0 /$
+ / #$
+$$/
8
/i<
)
#

$*#$ #*# # #
; $

/e<
<u< *$
#
/a< #

# #*# +# +/ #

*$
# ; $
/o< #

!/# &/ # *$
# <¡< <@U<
Q $$ $$ *$
# /$ ##*

! #+ "

&$!
# "
+ / #$

$ # / #$
# # "

&*
# * *$
#

#
&$!
"! & #
$ !
$ * #3
* # + *$
# # &$! ! &
!!
"$ &
#
* !8
','
Swahili speakers
/ #$ #!
*$
# #!
):1 O /
<i< <i:< bead

<I < bid
<I@< beard
<eI< bayed
<e< bed
<e<
<e@< bared
<Ã< bud
<{ < bad
<z: < bird
<a< <A:< bard
<aU< bowed
<aI< bide
<¡< bod
<o< <O:< board
<@U< bode
<OI< buoyed
<U< bull
<u< <U@< boor
<u:< booed
# #
& 4 +
+ # * ! &
#
)+ * $ !" 1
:$!Z )-A,?1
# *$
# #! <@<
! +! #
* !
#

; $ / #$ ;

" $ "" / #$

* #
$ !

*$ ! $ &
# #* #"
!&$ #

* again !*# & 3
" <{geIn<
"0"
"

"
* +0"$
"$8
/i:< <I< leave live
/{< <e< band bend
/{< <Ã< rag rug
/{< <A:< hat heart
/A:< <Ã< heart hut
/I< <e< bit bet
/z:< <Ã< bird bud
/e< <z:< lend learned
/¡< <O:< <@U< cot caught coat
/e< <eI< edge age
/U< <u:< full fool
/{< <z:< tanned turned
',=
Swahili speakers
ts
$$ # *$

# "

# # *# ; $
/ #$
7" <r< /#"# / #$
$$ $$ $ $$
"
# <r<. #
" ! + $"" $
/ #$ /#"# " "
&$!
#
$ " &$
# ! $
& E"
#
6
*$
# +! #
#
0
$ * * + #

/ #$ :" &$ &$!
"$8
- <l< <r< + "+
& #
/#
/ #$

"
# $ * *8 load + road.
'. <h<

!!
8 eat + heat
= <T< <D< "" / #$ /
+! &" &
# $ * *
"# /

!
$"
8 #

<t< <s< ! &
+ <T< <d< <z< + <D<8
useful + youthful% breeze + breathe "
> # +$$/*
"

!
! $"
+
/ #$ # $ * *
"+
"
8
/g< <k<8 engaged encaged
/b< <p<8 bride pride
/dZ< <tS<8 judge church
<t< <d<8 train drain
. <s< $ "
<S<
! $"
+ / #$ /#"# " "
*$
#8 sew + show
, U / #$ # $ * *
<g<
"
<k< <z< <s<8 lock + log peace + peas.
? $
U / #$ <d< <l< ! &
+
! <l< <r<%

!!
<b< <w<
Syllabic intrusion and addition
B
"$

!"# / #$ # *$
#
/ #$

#+
# "

"$
/# 5
6 /$

/ #$

7 /$ "
* "
8
/ekIsplaneISon< + explanation
/sItIrenITI< + strength
" #
*$ "
" &/
#* #"
!&$ / #$ # / $

$ !
$ & # *3
$
+ *$
#
$$* # &$!
+ $ " &$8
',>
Swahili speakers
- $ $
! & " * honour sign.
' ""
$
/$$ &
* /
# $
$
* òrainge' + orange `biskwit' + biscuit "
*hythm and stress
/ #$

$$ &$3! $ * * /#
*$
#

3!
$ * * "
;" / #$

*
$$ &$
*$
# $!
; $

2 +!
*$
# &

! & *
#
* "
/ #$ "!! /# $$ # $ * *

#
$!
$$ &$ + / B *$
# #
" $

/
$ photo'graphy, hospital'ity, ci'garette "
Intonation
/ #$ # " $

$/ + $$ /#"#
"
*$
# /# *$
#

$

$/
"$ + / #$

+ 7 ! $
* ;

*$
#
Grammar
General
4! #
" + $ * *
& /$$ $ &
# # " $ ++"
&/ # * !! " $

!
+ *$
# / #$ # "$

! !3
" **$ # $ & + / #$ $

#
!& + 7!$ "!" $ E" $ "
+
* $$*
* + * !! " $ ! *

Aliweka kalamu mezani. )G He (or she) put the pen on the table1
A li weka kalamu meza ni
#
! $ &8 put 8 pen 8 table $"

!
* !

!
',.
Swahili speakers
/ #$
# #* ; $ # *$
# 7$ &

! +
* ;

" *
! $ "
/ #$ # "$
#
* ! * *$
#

# 7 " ; $ / #$ /#"#

$"
+!
"# #
# 7 ! $ & )mezani1
"$
""
+ !$3

$ E"
"$

2 9 3Q3I 3Q3I3I 9
! $
#
! )
!
& ;

1 & / #$
$$
$ * *

"
$

!

#
$

/ + "+

* &
*$
#
- # 7$ do #
; $ / #$
#+
& !

!8
CHe not leave yesterday.
CHe leave yesterday?
CWhy the boys hid behind the trees?
' !!
do

"
$8
CEvery morning I do get up and I do have my breakfast.
= Yes/no ;

! $ & "# * +
#* #" $$ & # ;
! 8
CThe work it is ®nished?
> D

/# ;
/ +$$/ # # 5
!
J * 6 # 5* J
!68
CHe arrived when?
CWhy you are late?
. No not &
"# * &$8
CHe is no going to the mosque today.
CThere is no any rice in the market.
) $
#
" 5"$
!
61
Time and tense
!
" & # +$$/*
!
)07
18
- 3na38 :
!
Watoto wanasoma )G The children are reading. / The children
read1
/ #$

& $
++ &/
*

! $
# /

#
"+
*$
#8
CThey are going to school every morning.
',,
Swahili speakers
$
++" &
+ " 3""$
&

"#

know, like, have understand8
CI am seeing many different colours in that khanga.
CI am having no news from home.
# "!!
# !
+ # 3s # #

*$ +! + #
! $
8
CThe boy love to play football.

& "$

-na- " $
&

! "
#
! # "7 2# " *$
# #

$
!

"
"#8
CThe students realised that the school is on ®re.
COne day she was told that her mother is ill.
' -li-8 :
!
Nilikwenda mjini jana )G I went to town yesterday1
/$$ & &
# #
! + # & 9 #
"
kwenda 9
!
"# * #

$
/# "
*$
#8
CI go to town yesterday.
!!
# 7$ did

; $ #
!
-li- "
7$
8
CI did go to town yesterday.
I# &$!

* #
! $
*$
# "$8
9
+ # *$
+07 + *$ &
8
Cleaved + left
C®nded + found "
9 E"* ;
* +!
8
CDid they went to town?
CThe man did not died.
9
* #
! $

+ #
+"8
CWe ®nished the exercise )+ We have ®nished the exercise1
9
* #
! $

+ #
+" /#"#

7
/ #$8
( )
* He said he never saw a plane before he came to Nairobi.
9
* #

+ #
+ # 5 $
68
CYou have better go soon.
CIt is time we return to school.
:&$!
$

+! #
+ &
" -ka-8
Nilikwenda mjini nikamwona Moyo )G I went to town, I then see
Moyo1
# 07 -ka- "
# " +$$/
#
+

;" + "
!

+ #
"
*$
# $ +#

/$$
# # !
+
# "F" and $ $ # + $ "!!" /
',?
Swahili speakers

" 2# ! & "
"
+
!

$ #
! & # /
!

/ #$
7 *$
#8
CI went to the market I buy some fruit.
= -ta38 4 ) $ # ! + +"1
Nitakwenda mjini kesho )G I shall go to town tomorrow1
# shall/will + +!
&
*$
#
"
; $
+ #
07 -ta- "$* ""

/# #
+
+!

*$
#8
CDon't go until he will come.
CUnless he will come soon, he will miss the bus.
# -ta- 07
$

/ #$ "7
# *$
#
; would8
CI wish he will hurry up.
CMwajuma said she will tell the manager next day.
# # #
!

#
!
"#

#$ & # / #$ "

*
"#
$ #
*$
# 8
CHe said that, I shall go to town tomorrow )+ He said he
would go to town the next day1
# #
"!!
/$$
# "# *

+!
$$
$
+ "
$ +! / #$
"ct
* &$
" $

! & +!
!
#
" $ !& + &$!
# $ * *

/ #$

++ !
" # / "

3
$
!* #
!
8
- -me- #
07 "
" # #
& "! $ #

$
+ /#"#
$$ $ #
! &

$$$

+ #
+" *$
#8
Wanangu wame®ka )G My children have arrived1
/

"
7 "$ /# # *$
#
*8
Chumba kimechafuka )G The room is untidy1
Tumesikia )G We understand. / We have heard1
#
! "" + / #$

""
$$
* #

+"

+ #
! $

"# "7

B
$ / #$

+;$ + $
#

+"
"
$ He has worked there since 1980 #
/ #$ "

# -na- 078
CHe is working there since 1980.
',@
Swahili speakers
# "!!

# "+
+ since for8
CHe has worked there since six years *He is working there
since six years.
' -ki- "
/# # -me- 07 # -ki- 07 "
"
# *
!$
$ /# # " & "! $8
Tuliwaona watoto wakisoma )$ We saw them the children they
reading1
!
! $$$ "
"
*$
# $

"#
8
CThe women pounded the grains and sifting them.
CHe walked slowly and carrying a heavy basket.
CHe slept meanwhile his sister was working )/# meanwhile
! & ! " #

+ # -ki- 071
-ki-
$

" $ ! 8
Mungu akipenda )G If God wills1
" #
; $ *$
# / #$

!

+ ++

" $ "$

" $ !

"$8
CIf I went to town I will see Mwajuma.
CIf I will go to town, I will see Mwajuma.
CIf I have gone to town, I would see Mwajuma.
$
$

$$ 7
& !
+ & E" !&
+
! "$*8
9 #
+ can will + could would8
CAli promised he can help them the following week.
9 4 $ "
"8
CI can be able to help.
Other verb forms
- # & $ +! / #$

#
!
# 0 +!
#
$
! &$!
8
CThey succeeded to ®nish the work.
CThey stopped to talk )+ They stopped talking1
CThey made him to work hard.
' Q&
#
*$
# ! &
/ #$8
CAt the party they enjoyed very much.
CShe needed some rice, so she went to the market and bought.
',A
Swahili speakers
= Q&
+ #& $ / #$ !
&
+$$/ & & /# * E"8
CHe prevented him not to go.
CHe denied that he did not know him.
> / #$ &
! &
+ #
& !
+
E"8
kupiga G to beat
kupigwa G to be beaten
# / #$ "

++ +! *$
# # !
&$!

8
CA school is hoped to be built.
COur school is dif®cult to be reached.
CThis water is good to be drunk.
. D
*
"!!$ !

/ #$ #

! $ *
sivyo? )G not so?18
CYou have seen the headmaster, didn't you?
,
/
* ;

" $
$ "! $ & 3
/ "!!" # / #$ /
ndiyo siyo +
*#$
$
yes no "" $ #
* $

8 It is (not) as you say #

/ *
;
!*# & !
$ *8
`So you don't want to go to the dance?' `Yes.' )G Yes, I don't
want to go1
%& tences
#
"!! / #$ * $" !
! &
! $ " 8
Kikapu kiko jikoni )$ Basket ± it ± there ± kitchen ± in/at1 = The
basket is in the kitchen.
I+ #

/# to J 0
" $

"
8
CThe bus left for town. The supporters being too late to catch it.
CThe committee reached no ®rm decision. Each case to be
considered on its merits.
Miscellaneous
$$ # +$$/*

& &$ / #$ +"8
CI forgot my book at home.
CIt was last week when I came to Tabora.
CClinics are not enough )+ There are not enough clinics1
CIn my family we are many. *We are many in my family.
'?(
Swahili speakers
"ticles and determiners
# 0 0 "$

$ * *
#
! &$!

$8
- # !
+ "$
8
CWhere is pen I gave you?
' #
+ # /* "$8
CPlease close a door.
= B+
+ a an8
CThat is an useful book.
>

+ # 0 "$ /#
8
Cthe President Nyerere
CRiver Tana is long.
B!!
/# # !
"$8
- B+
+ few / a few little / a little8
CBecause of the rain, there were a few at the match.
'
+ all + both8
CAll my parents come from Mombasa.
= B+
+ much/many few/little8
CShe has much clothes.
CThere is few rice in the basket.
> B+
+ no not8
CThere is no any / no enough food.
. B+
+ some any8
CHas he some petrol? *He hasn't some petrol.
Nouns
$ * * "$

!

++ +! *$
# #
! &$!

"$*8
9

+ " &$
8
Cinformations, *equipments, *breads, *a cattle, *an advice "
9
* $ $ & +! /#
*$ 8
CThis news were good.
9
* $ $
#
*$ 8
Ca trouser, *a scissor "
9 4 $
!

+ # 3's * /#"#
7

/ #$8
Cthe door's handle *the house of my friend
9 B+
+
F"
)+ #*# + $ #$*18
wealth/wealthy, dif®cult/dif®culty "
'?-
Swahili speakers
uns
# &**

*$ &$!
# + $
*
# &/ !
"3
$ +! +!
/#"# ! / #$ #
$ * *
8
CShe loved his husband.
# ! F &$!
#
+
+ +
/ #$8
CKukubo he has brought the food.
CHave you brought it the food?
# $ #
;

!!
!
# &F" 07
$ *
"#

8
CI have brought.
! # " +!

!!

$8
CMyself I have arrived.
CMyself travelled to Mombasa.
F"

"
+$$/ # / #$ # +
F"
*$
# " "
&$!
# ! &$!
"! $7 F" $

$* "!
8
Mtoto wangu ni mrefu sawa na wako )G *My child is tall as yours1
#
E" + "!
$ +!
/#"#
* $$ & /

$ kuliko kupita #
$
!
8
CThis house is very big than that one )#
0 sana

# ; $ + more1
CThis house is more bigger than that one.
CHe was the very interesting man I have met.
CThis is the best book than all the others.
+! # +0"$
/# & "$
&$/ #
&$!
/# &
"$8
- I!
+ &
8
Àre they coming later?' *Ì don't think.' )so !1
CI worked as I could.
' 4 $ "! "
"

/# F"
8
CThey are walking slowly more than me.
CI am working hard as you
= 4 $ & +! 8
CThey ran away cowardly.
I#
!$
"$ *fastly, hardly )+ hard1 quick )+
quickly1 loudly aloud &*
"# * &$
'?'
Swahili speakers
tions and particles

#

!

/ #$ ++ +! *$
# #3
+ "
* &$!

- I!
8
CShe explained them the exercise.
CHe arrived ten o'clock.
CShe replied me that she doesn't know
'
+ "

8
CThey requested for help.
CWhat time did you reach at Tanga?
=
+ ""

I ! F &$!
# / #$ #
$"
+07 )ni1 # ! * + /#"#
""* #
"7

$ *$
#

+ $" $$ &
"+
8
mezani )G at, to, on, by, from the table1
nyumbani )G at, to, in, by, from the house1
mwituni )G at, to, in, by, inside, from, near the forest1
# # &$!
+ # !
*0" &* # !$3

katika /#"# " ! in, into, out from, up into,
up from, on while $
#
# ! "

# !$3

kwa /#"# " ! with, on,
to, from, for, as a result of during8
kwa miguu )G on foot1
kwa kisu )G with a knife1
!* # ! "!!
8
Cto arrive to school
Cto drive with a car
Cto be full with water
Cto meet at London
Cto look to the board
Cto walk till the college
Cto stay to evening
Cto enter for the hall
Cto go for leave
$$ *$
# #
$ &
$$ "
&$!
#

; $ $ * *
# 5
$ &
6 /#"# &
E" 7
/
&$ + $
#
#
! /
"! &$ & "" /# #
$
& $ "$

*$
#

$8
CThey put off the ®re.
I# &
* "
"$
8
CThey accompanied with his sisters.
CWe discussed about politics.
'?=
Swahili speakers
Subordinate clauses

# ; $ + # *$
# $ / #$
#
"" amba /#"# E"

#/ "" $ *!8
Hiki ni kikapu ambacho nilikinunua )G Here is the basket which I
bought1
I + + #

"
# #
& "$
"$
#
&F" 07 -ki-
# # $ $
$ + #
"
This is the basket which I bought it # "$

+ #
&F"
&F"
"
;$ "!! 8
CThe girl who I married her is very beautiful.
CThe people that they came from Lesotho settled in Zambia.
CThe man I married him is very lazy.
)

# ! "F" / #$
na )G and1 /#"#

! $

"" #

$
"!! "3 * "F"
"#
juu ya hayo )G in addition1 kwa hivyo )G because of this1 #
; $
*$
#
" ""
# # "F"

#
$

"
$8
CShe missed the bus therefore she was angry.
CThe pupils did the exercise meanwhile the teacher was
marking.
CShe was exhausted. Even though she continued to work.
CHe worked hard because of this he was made a prefect.
:
+
& " $
"
&$!
# $$3

0 sana

$ "$ *$
# "
"
$8
CThe chest is too heavy that I cannot lift it.
CThe chest is very heavy that I cannot lift it.
# ; $
+ although )ingawa1 but )lakini1 &#

""

"8
CAlthough it was late but they went on working.
CDespite they were cold, but they worked hard.
Vocabulary
# +$$/* & "+

!

# &"
# "#
# $ ; $ / #$ &"
+
! " $
+ #

8
'?>
Swahili speakers
to borrow / to lend to rest / to have a holiday

to rise / to raise to see / to ®nd
to rob / to steal to send / to bring
to stay with / to keep to leave / to give up
to escort / to see someone off to wear / to put on (clothes)
to bath / to bathe to cheat / to deceive / to tell
to refuse / to deny lies
to like / to love to follow / to accompany
to prefer / to like to meet / to ®nd / to discover
to do / to make to hurt / to pain
to reach / to arrive to lay / to lie
to discover / to invent to say / to tell
to learn / to teach to take place / to take part
to think / to hope to convince / to persuade
to wound / to hurt / to attend / to attend to
to injure /to damage to win / to beat
to refuse / to forbid to take off / to put off
newspaper/magazine every time / all the time
fault/mistake wonderful/strange
arm/hand leg/foot
very/too/so all/both
job/work in time / on time
# +$$/* 7 ! $
+
+" ! " *$
#
"!!
#*# ! + * &$ "" &$8
on my side . . . )G in my opinion 1
on the side of . . . )G as regards . . .1
somehow )G rather1
to school )&1 * I schooled in Moshi )G to go to school1
brotherisation )G nepotism1
menu )G programme1
to foot )G to walk1
to help myself )G to urinate1
today morning )G this morning1
yesterday night )G last night1
ulture
/# #
*# +" /$$ * # #

$
"# # / $ + #
"# !
!
! $ # # 0 #
! !
#
"#
+"
"! $$ /* +"
& $*

8 # !
/$$ # /
$ +" $ * *
) $$ + #!
1 &+ # $ *$
# #
""
$ * *$
#
'?.
Swahili speakers
* # ! +0"$

; ! &$ #
* "#
/# #
"# +" /$ /$$ !!& # +$$/*

8
- # * "#
$
* $ + &# # "$ + #
#
" +
$ * *
+

+$$/
!!&
+
++ +! # !
# 7

$
# /$$ & # !"# ! /$"!* + *
$+

$*
$ /# # ! $" $ $ * *

F &$ #$
"# ! ++"$ &
$$ #$
+! /#/#$ $
#
/# $ +!
# #
"
' 4
;"$

&$ & $" $ ; "3

$ $ #/ $ * "# # $ + "# #
"
!$ /
/$ +$ #
&
+ "" /# # F& # &# &
&
"
$
+ "
4 7 ! $ # /$ &
"

$
"
8 5$$ & #
! &$ 2# H6
"#
# ! +"
+

# ! &$ #
&*
!
+ #
/$ "$* +" # $

"# &
"#
/$ &

!
++
"#
"

/# ;
& #
6
# $# + !$ "
! #
#/
$$

= *

!
!
"" &$
"

"
! +" "
4 7 ! $ !
+"
"
**
/#
* #
#

* K ! & #*# ++
I # # #
# *
#

!"# ! "!! #
/#
!
/#!

+ $ +
0* *

#$ &
"$ $ # " $ 5"! #6 &"* /# # +0*
>
/#

/

#/* ! $ "

+ !$ 7 "

#$ $/
& /$"!
! #/
* 6
* *!
#
! $
7 $ /# *

+ $ $#*#
#$ &
# ! +"
"
*

7 "
!
. 4 & $" $

I # "

$!

* "
#$ & "
* ++" 4
7 ! $ /!
#$
" +$$ !
$*

#$ &

&$ " 7"

! " #

"!! &$+ !* * ! $
# "
$
"
+! $ #+ +$
I+ #/
#
#
++" 7" +! $ ""

#

$$ "

+$ &
#
#
0$
'?,
Swahili speakers
"" &$ +/ "

&$ K
#

" $$ +&
" tten Swahili with a word-for-word

translation
Hapo kale paka hakukaa katika nyumba za watu; alikaa

+!$ "
$ " #

+ !% #

mwituni au maguguni tu. Paka mmoja alikuwa ra®ki ya sungura
+
&
# $ B # /
+ + #
wakatembea pamoja, na paka akastaajabia werevu wa
# / *# " # ! "$
+
ra®ki yake; lakini siku moja funo akagombana na
+ #
% & # * *# /#
sungura akamwua kwa pembe zake. Sasa kwa kuwa ra®ki
# # #! $$ /# #
#
# + & +
yake amekufa paka akafuatana na yule funo
#
#
" # ""! /# #
)#1
$* ! * # " $ !6

#

8 # $ $ #
+
# &
# " " /
# + + #
/ & /# #!% # " ! # "$
+ #
+
& ; $$ /# # # $$ #! /#
#
+ #
#
" #
+ /
# " &* *
"! /# #
)4! An Introduction to Languages and Language in Africa &
: $7 1
Acknowledgement
# # /$ $ # $3## + # B + +"
* * * + #
"!!
$ + + #

'??
Swahili speakers
2 hy
$7 : )-A?'1 An Introduction to Languages and Language in
Africa
$ & 4 #/

:

! " $

# I )-A>> -=# !
-A,,1 Swahili Grammar 8

*!
&* )-A,, ' 1 The Languages of Africa # *8

"# )-A@-1 The Swahili Language
$ & B ! &$$
8 $* O* : $

$$ Q : )-AA,1 Teach Yourself Swahili 8

*#
2#$ 2$+ )-A,A1 Swahili (The rise of a national language) 8
#
'?@
$ <

P P*
Distribution
:B I4 I 4I I4

P :B I4 :I
I4 %
# /
"

+
#!
"
+ # $ * "# $ * + !
$ 3&
"$
+ $ !* # * $$ B#
3
* # &

+ # $
$!
+ +!
#
$ & $

+

B#
!

$ # B"

$
# I"
Introduction
# $ $ <
) <1 $ * * &$*
# /

* + $ * *
+ $
+0" $
$ * * + #

"
8
$
* 3

!
+
+! $ $ 7

&* $ & +0" $ &

#
"
$
$

!
+ "!!" +
!
$" $ *
! + $
#
/ "
%

+ " !" #$
#" $
+
$ "!!"

/$$
$ /*

"!!$ $ <

"
"
#
*$
$ * * $
/ "$
$ $ $ * *

!
! ++"
&/ # /
$7" "
* !! " $ "#"
+
+
"
*
#
3
+!
! $$ $$*&$
$

"#$ $ &# "
# $*
"
&$!
# ! " $ *
* # *$
# $ * *
;
!$
'?A
Malay/Indonesian speakers
honology
General
# $ <
*$
# #$*" $

!

++ *$
# #
'' /$
##*
'> "

#
$
7 /$
<i e a @ o u< # ##*

/#$ $ #
$ # /$
<E O z< + "

< #
-A "

) &" *$
# $

<f v T D S z x [< # &
!$ #

! + ! < * *

!$ 7
*

# $ * *1 ! + # +
+ < /#"# *

5 $ <
""6 *$
# " &$/
Vowels
i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aI@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
$$ /$
! "
&$!

! 7 /
#
#!
# ; $
; $
<
#$
#+ & " "$ /# * +0"$ 3
# #!
! "
!

&$!

# +$$/* # !
"!! "+

8
- $$ /$
/# # 7" + <@< " /# !
$
"! &$ $*#8 bit/beat, pill/peal, full/fool, cot/caught.

' BE + <{< <e< <e<8 hat ! /het<% ankle ! /enk@l<%
grammar ! /grem@)r1<.
= :" + <¡< )
hot knock1 /# " &$ $ 3
*
> *$
# ##*
! & $

/$

!3
!
$*
!!

# /# " &$ *$
'@(
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
<
#$ & " "$ /# * +0"$ $#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
! "
!

&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- # *$ $
<?< )$ # "" " + tt butter1

" #! < ! "" $

6 "

' #
!
+ # $ $
$ <á< )$ # ni onion1
*$
# <nj< ! & $

<n< <á<
= < /
" "

<b d g< # +"
<v z S<
# ++"
<tS dZ<
$$ #

#
+ *$
# /

" $$ + # "

8 5bul6
)bulb1 5oul6 )old1 5haan6 )hand1 "
. <f<

+;$ $ " & <p< & $
0"

8 5preper6 )prefer1 5pavour6<5papour6 )favour1 5pil@m6 )®lm1
, <v<
<% /#
""
&+ /$
$

$$ $ " <v< & <f< <p<
" $$ #
+ /

?
* $$ " <T<
<t<8 tin + thin tot + thought
5tousan6 + thousand <D<
$

<d<8 5dat6 + that% 5dere6 +
there
@ # ++"
<tS dZ<
!!
$

$$ +"
8
ship + chip leisure + ledger <S< ! & " <s<8 sip +
ship
A

"
3" $" <r< )
car
park1 $
*
$$ $$
/# " $$
'@-
$

* $$ <r< #
+ /
& $*#
# "* /$8 5caa6 + car <peIp@:< + paper
-( "* <h< # *$

#$ / ** #

# ++ ; $ +! *$
# <h< !

<h<%
!
<?<

-- $ $ +/ "
"$

! < /3
$ /30 $

% # !
+;$ ""*
$3
$ &$
"
! $ < /

"
3/$3"

$$
! $+ "$

*$
# /
8 5stan6 +
stand talk + talked

"#/ /$
#

! $ /
8 5s@k@rip6 + script 5fil@m6 + ®lm 5p@rojek6 +
project 5k@linik6 + clinic "
onunciation
$ <
/

$$
$ # / # "%
#
*$
# /
/# #
$$*
! "# # "
" "
&$!
*$
# /
"
* $ /
<
+;$ !
$8 ekonomi )economy1 risiko )risk1 prinsip

)principle1 talipon )telephone1 "
Rhythm and stress
2

+

$! /#$ # +
$
0 $% <

+ #

#
" + *$
# /

+ < #
$$ &$3
! ##! # ++" &/
*
+

&
! $$% /# " *$
# #
"

!
+ ! E
4" /
$!

"
#

* *$
# 7$ &

3

" # +$$ 5/6 " < $
*
*$
# $ /$$ + " " +!
$

/#
$/
"" ##!
Intonation
D

**

++
! & * $
*
/#$ # !
#/
$$ #*# $ $/ 0 $
"# # ; $ +
*$
#
#$
&$!

'@'
$ <

/ # )!
1
"
# 3
/*
&$! +

+ *$
# < /
+ *$
#
$* "! $7
" "
"
% /# #

#! " " & 37
"
Grammar
Word order
$ <
/

!$ # + *$
#8
&F"9
&9&F" "
$
"# #/ #
&F" ! &
# /
#
! & E"

6 !

*$
#
Number
<
E" + !& # " & ! $ $ &
$" )kucing-kucing = cats1 #*# #

# +
! $
<

# &$!
&# /# *$
# $ $ *
/# #3
& *!% $ $ *
"$ $
$$ & + !&
$ $ ; 0
8
CShe have three sister and two brother.
Ca number of boy
Cone of the man
Ca few doctor
$" &
" "8
CHe beat and beat the dog many times.
*$ $ $ +!
+ ; 0
!

$/
""$
8
CThe teacher gave too much corrections.
Ca lots of types of stones
Cthis pictures
Cthese bicycle
Countability

0" $
! $ $
*$
# !

8
Ctwo milks *three bags of ¯ours *many furnitures
Ca lot of butters
'@=
&
"
/#"# " & !
" "

$8
Csome works to do *®ve year experiences
Cvery good educations

7
* !! " $$ < I / dia )he/she/

it1

+ #3

*$
&F" &F"
!!

8
CJohn sat for exam and passed. She cannot believe got ®ve
distinction. Her parents very happy.
uns
<

+
#

/# *$
# /$
$!

#"
8
CMany students work very hard. Many of them work all day in
the library. Is sad many students cannot pass the English
test.
Genitive and possessive pronouns
:
$

< " &
#/ & & 3nya &
# +
$
dia )he/she/it1 mereka )they/them/their1

# +0"$ /# # ++ *$
#

! " $

8
Cmy wife friend
Cmy father name Jaid bin Omar
Cyours school bag
Cthe book of them
Ctheir's houses
Cthe cat's tails
Relative pronouns
$ <
#
$ $ / yang /#"# "

# *$
# wh3
that K

"#
#

"!!8
CPeople which live in town are rich.
CThe ¯ower that red is hibiscus
'@>
$

! & $" &
$
8
Cthe letter that I haven't received it yet
*# uns
# $ $
$ + # E7 self
diri <% $
0 #
*$
#

! "! $" " $ !

8
CAli hurt heself.
CThey cook for theirselves.
CWe must listen to ourself.
CMe, myself do all the work.
Topicalisation structures
<

+ *$
# +;$ ! #

)5 " $
61 "
"

& $ "* #! # &** +
"

" $$
#
<8
This kind we don't have.
Ten per cent off we give our customers.
Cantonese I can speak quite well.
CFrom school I learn English.
My homework I have to do ®rst.
$ +
" * /# #
&F" &F" + #
"

# #
"
! $
+!8
Some Europeans, they like to eat here.
My mother, she wants me to help her cook.
My sister and me, we always ®ght.
It and there
*$
#
"
/# # !!
&F"
it there +0"$
+ $
# ; $ <
"

# / ada )got/has/
is18
Ada sebatang pen di atas meja.
Got/Has/Is a )"$
01 pen on top table.

"#
#
"!!8
CWas an examination last week.
CA few people in the room.
CIs nice to play football.
'@.
"ticles/determiners
# "! $7 + # *$

# "$

!

/
!

+ $
$

- <
# "$
$#*# # !

ini )this1
itu )that1 " $ +"
! # ! * + 5#6

#

+ $ $
"
;$ #
0 "$ *$
#8
CHow was exam?
' !

/# < $" $ $
/#"# !
$ $

"$ /# *$
# $ $8
CIt have the four legs.
=
# 0 "$ "$ $ &+
$ * ""

+ !
; # &

"
8
Cnumber of schools
Cchange for the worse
> $ $ $
!
# 0 "$8
CMy hobbies is a sleeping when I have a problems
. # 0 "$ ! &

+ # 0 "

8
*They have to deal with a economic recession )! * the
current economic recession1
CThey include the secondary school and a kindergarten.
Verbs
< &
! +

!&% 7$
$!

"

" # !
0"
$

# +0"$ !
* # "!3
$7 + # *$
# & #


Sudah/telah/pernah "
" "! $ # ! +
* & < #

#* "
* # *$
#
"
&/
! $

+"
# "
&$
+0"$ /# *$
#
+" & +!
" $
8
CI write the letter yesterday.
CI was write yesterday the letter.
CI ®nished written the letter.
'@,
CLast week I have wrote to her.

CI already ®nish write the notes.
CI already inform him and he agree

<

# ! $ & sekarang )now, at this moment1 &+
+ &
*+ " 0
# # ! +
*8
CNow he swim.
CHe is swim at this time.
CHe swim right now

#
" $ "$ akan < "
+ !
#
&$!

*
*
#* #
*$
# +!
8
CThis book will we read.
CTomorrow you come.
CThey will to market on Sunday.
*

$ <
7

" )53#3 "
3+61 &

* sedang<semasa/sewaktu/sementara /# &
"& 3
** "

# *$
# -ing +!

; $ & # 7$ 8
C They eating their dinner tonight.
C They coming back late tomorrow.
C They waiting here since 2 o'clock past.
C They playing chess yesterday when the phone was ringing.

Berada adalah ialah "

# *$
# " $ to be% #
+;$ $
Adiknya (berada) di rumah
Younger sister/brother his/her is/was at home
Fatimah (adalah/ialah) guru sekolah
Fatimah is/was teacher school
# " $

" # 7

"

+ 7
"8
Yusoff sangat gembira
Yusoff very happy. )Yusoff is/was very happy.1
'@?
#3* +" "+

/#"# +!
""

$
+;$ # !
+ +!
+ to be
#

8
CHis sisters very clever too. / *His sisters was very clever too.
CTheir parents not happy. / *Their parent is not happy.
CThey hardworking farmers. / *They was hardworking farmers.
%&te forms

0
7
< #
+!

+ "+
& $
8
CTo running very good for your health.
CMy mother like to cooking not to sewing.
CWithout money, I can't to continuing my studies.
CMother is going clean the room.
CI shall to go to market early.
Modal auxiliary verbs
$ <

# &$!

* can may shall
will #
" $
+!
)could "1 # "! $7 ! $
7$

! +
*$
#

" $$ " < /
! ! $
can must /# can "$ * /
* +

! + /#"# !
& *

$

< *$
# ! " $ "
8
You can borrow my book. 9 !

*You can drive, isn't it? 9 &$
Can you lend me your car or not? 9 /$$*
She can lend you her car. 9 *!

*`How the movie?' *`Can do.' 9 !$ $
*You go with me, can or not? 9 +0!
He can't be sleeping all this time. 9 ! & &$
*Cannot be he so rich as this. 9 !
&$
*Must be he is sick. 9 "
You must be hungry by now. 9 "
You must go see your professor. 9 &$* <"! $

! $
! $
$*#
* &

&
7
# ! $ ! *

8
CMaybe Ahmad calling on the phone. / *I think that Ahmad . . .
)for That will be Ahmad calling on the phone.1
CI think Samy joking. / *Maybe Samy joking. )for Samy could be
joking.1
'@@
CSurely that Fatimah. / *(I'm) sure that Fatimah. )for That has to
be Fatimah.1
CMaybe expensive to shop here. / *I think not cheap to shop
here. )for It can be expensive to shop here.1
CMy father normally not home now. / *I don't think he at home
now. )for My father wouldn't be home at this hour.1
"ctive and passive
I$ $
$ /*

+!
!
+;$ # # ! $ * * /#"# #

* +" +
" +!

$
#
+!
* $$ 4 #

&"

+!
++$ # / $ * *
<

0 *$
#

+0"$8
CThat car drives by Amin.
CThe door is open by me.
CFor Sarimah the coffee make by me.
Question forms and question tags

! $ wh3;

< $$/
# ++
+
"
8 in
situ ;

+$$3! ;

+"
;

B!!

$ "
$ +! < *$
#8
CAli buy what?
CWhat Ali buy?
CWhy you so angry?
CWant to go where you?
CWhat that Ali buy?
D
*
*$
# & " $ / +!
isn't it?
is it?8
CShe will remember, isn't it?
CThey don't know you, is it?
Negatives
$ <

# * "$
no, not, never
not yet "
"! $8
CI said no to do it again.
CShe no understand my problems.
CThe teacher never come to class today.
'@A
CI not want to be a teacher after I graduate.

CHe not yet ®nish his homework.
# tences
$ <
/
"! $7
"
2#
$

#! # !
" #! /$$ ! + $
++ &/ "$

BF"
$* 7

! & $" ! " $
8
CEducation although expensive but is valuable for a good future.
CI failed my exam as a result because I didn't study hard.
CI was late for school and suddenly I got up and with quick I
brush my teeth.
"
/# and or ! & & $ "8
CWhen I have time I like to watching TV and read the story
book.
Prepositions

"" #
+ # ""
+ & F"
7

$ add to, attend to, allow for, hope for,
conscious of, based on.
$
# +0"$ "#
* # *#

07 7

$ with great courtesy, in anger, by
the back door, on the radio, by train.

*$
#
# ; $
$ # +"
+! &
#
+ / ! " $ !

8
CHe don't work at Monday.
*I have to attend for my garden.
CHe shouted in angry his mother.
CHe roundabout his house with bicycle.
!$ &$!
!
/# & $ "$
8
CPlease don't on and off the light.

!
&
&
+ F"
"
+
# E" + # !# *8
CYou sit quiet there.
CAli dress smart every day.
CIn recent we have the steadily increase of tourists.
*The students study hardly.
'A(
B+
/# #
+
"# $
""
8
*He write with well.
*a luxury life
*. . . consist of agriculture land
B!!
/# F"

"&* *
+ "!

"
$ +! $ <
8
CMy sister as clever your sister.
CHis cousin is very bravest soldier.
CHis house less smaller than your house.
CIn my village, Pak Toha most richest than all people
cabulary and style
Range and choice of vocabulary
" < $

!
$ $ " * +
" &$ * ! " $
"!! 7

+ +
! &
" +!
+ 7
8 very very proud )+ putting on airs1% to

pass very well / have a good result )+ to pass with ¯ying colours1% very
good food )+ a delicious / excellent meal1 " #
"&

" $*3/
8 after I ®nish doing the course )+ after I

graduate1% I will further my studies to specialise )+ I will specialise1%
my mother stays at home only and doesn't go to work )+ my mother is
a housewife1
$*
"!!$

#/ ! #

< #
!
& E"

6
+ *$
#8
*You just merely cycle along.
Cthe short cut way home
Transfer
7" $
+ &/*
" $$ + "#" $ !

$ "
+! *$
# < * *
$* $ /
&$

&

! & !
$ & # <
$$* + /
$ talipon, bankrup, ekonomi, industri, psikologia
'A-
usions
< $
# "
&$ &$!

*
#*
+ *$
#
/
# #
*$ < ; $ 7 ! $
8
live/stay *I've stayed in my village since I was born.
tell/ask/say *They tell (ask) me where is the canteen.
CThey say to me to shut the window.
open/start *Matt and his wife start the shop early.
take/send/pick up She sends (takes) her children to school every day.
CShe takes her son after school.
can/could *We are happy if you could help us.
will/would *Will you mind if I smoke?
at/in *We cannot play at class.
borrow/lend *Borrow me two dollars.
®nd/look *I found everywhere for the cat.
hear/listen *I listened a sound in the dark.
follow/accompany *You want to follow me to market?
Culture and language

$

*$
#
! &"
/3
$* + *$
# *

*
/$$
!
+
$
"! # +
$ " !" 0$

#
# *$
#
"#

" 0* # "$
! "#

7 " ! 0!$ +
$ +! $ $

# /#
$
4! $ "#

#$ $/

" +$$ !
$*

&$ "
4* "#
/$$ 0 # $ $ * *
!
8
#$*" $

!

! $ # * !! #
E7

!
"
* !& # $" + /$
$;
# /
# +;" + #
# "!&
+
" "

# / "#!
$"
!
$
!#
/3
* $ * *
4*
! * $

7"
$ *$ 3

#
#*# " * + $ <*$
# &$* $
$

$ *$
# # / ! $ * *

"#$
+ 3#" "!!" / /#$ $ <

"#$

"; 7& $
*$
#
#
$ * !
$" $
+
*$
# #!3 $
4*3"

+*3 "#
/#
*$
#

3$
"
++" /

'A'
"
$ #
&"! #
$ $ * * +
"
$

# "
! /$$ "! /# #
"$*
"
$
/$$ &
!$ # +

/# $
# $ $ * *
# ! !
+ "!3
!" # +0" $ $ * * $" + &# "
$
$
$$/ &
!*
*!
+"
/ *$
#
$
$$/ $ "+3
"
/"#* &/ *$
# <
"!!

$"
/"#* /# <
" $ th a word-for-word translation
#

"$ +! $" $
/
$ $
#
*$
#
$ +! #
!
"
* &$/
Internet telah mengubah wajah perpustakaan dan bagaimana
# "# * " $& #/
pustakawan bertugas hari ini. Perpustakaan tidaklagi terbendung
$& / #
& !
"0
oleh empat dinding. Ia telah berkembang ke ruang siber
& + / $$ # 7
" "&
Ramai pustakawan telahpun masuk ke dalam ruang siber untuk
$& # *
" "& +
mendapatkan sumber dalam talian. Sesetengah pustakawan
*
" $ $+ + $&
pula telah membantu menyusun sumber melalui home page
$
# #$ *

" #*# #! *
masing-masing. Pengguna perpustakaan kini dapat melawat

! !
$& / "

ke perpustakaan yang terkenal di seluruh dunia

$& /#"# + !
/#$ /$
Mereka boleh membuat carian pengarang, tajuk ataupun
# "
"# # $
subjek dalam internet. Semuanya ini dapat dibuat dengan selesa
&F"
$$ #
" & ! /# "!+
dari rumah atau pejabat dengan mengklik butang tetikus
+! #
+0" /# "$" & !

'A=
ataupun menaip pada papan kekunci komputer

& "!
Apakah antara perpustakaan dalam talian? Apakah antara buku
2# !* $& $H 2# !* &
yang terdapat di dalam Internet? Apakah pustakawan akan menjadi
/#"#
0
H 2# $& /$$ &"!
pustakawan siber? Ini adalah antara perbincangan artikel di bawah
$& "&H #

!*
"
"$ &$/
# #
"# * # " + $&
#/ $&
/ # $&

$* "0 # + / $$
+
&$* #

7 "&
" $&
# * "&

" $" 3$
"
! $&
# $
#$ *
# ! $
# #! *
&

/ + $ &$
+ !
$&
#
/$ # " $
! #
"# $
"#
&F"
"# # $$ #

" & # "!+ + # #!
+0" # "$" + !
* # &
2#

! + # 3$ $&
H 2#
! + # &
$ &$
# H $&
&"!* "&
H #
!*
# #*#$*#
+ # "$ &$/
'A>
" tudent's writing
'A.

#!

Distribution
: O /
Introduction

& &$ $ O
&$ "#
*$
#
$ B#
!
&

"
7! #
$ * * #*# / $" $ 7

*$
#

0 "# #6
$ * *
#
$ I
+ #

# # & "

+
"
" ++$ # / $ * *

#
+$$/* + *! +!
! * K
$ / +
/ *$
# $$

# $ 6
&$!8
Listener called one as-for, midnight at waking study doing be
expectation of person (focus-particle) nucleus being reason is-
probably.
$
7" $$8
It must mean that the audience consists of people who are
presumably staying up studying late at night.
# +0"$

& * * !! " $ $7" $
#"

6
$ * * * $
# $ "$ &
"
+ # / $ * * 4
$ 5
"
$ * *6

0$ * # 3+3"7 + *! + $*
" $$ #
* $ & # *
7 $
#
$

+ &#

8
" &+ +
"#
" $ "$

" ; $ "$ $

"#" +
" &$ * !! #

"
+ *$
# #3
+ 7
& /## # &*
+0"$ ) 7"
$1
$ ! " &* #!
$

you
*

" $$ # "# & ! "$
#
!
!&
+
/
/#"# " #
! & / ++$ 9
!3
!
/ * 9
# #

&+

/# * $
# $; E
"#
#*#$
'A,
Japanese speakers
%
+

+

#
" !!!
&
/#

50
#6 "
#
#
! K* &$ # #
/

"# *

!
# #! $
#

#

* ++"
&/
*$
# 3

$ * *
#
* /#$
&
#

" /# $ * *

$ * 9 #*# /! 0
$ 7 # $ * * "$
# !
honology
General

#
# $! #" &# !& +

#
& # $ 0 /$
#*#
#
! &
"$ $*
# $$ &$
"

! $
)* $$ /$ J "
/$ $1 # +/ "

"$

$
#+ 0 # ! "! $7
"

"!&
+ *$
# # " # !
# * +0"$ "* "" $ /#

I+

"
; "! $"
" /# + $$
* !!
"#" + /
/$ & &$
#
!
" + /

#! # !&
#

$

+
*$ /# #

" "$ /

"# $ F / !! & !!

!
" $

!
+
"#

07
"
/# / #

* + !
#
+
! & " *$

#
Vowels
! + # !
" &$ &$!
+
$
8
- <O:< <@U< &# "
$* <o:< "
*
"+

$ caught coat bought boat
' <{< <Ã< &# "
<a< "
* "+

$ lack luck match much

= <z:< &"!
<A:<8 tarn + turn
> <@< &"!
<A:< $

$ " & #
# /$
**
&
#
$$*8 <k¡mpo:zA:< + composer
'A?
Japanese speakers
. ##*
* <@< " /# <A:<
8 <DeA:foA:<
+ therefore
, <I< <U< " )/#
1
! "7
! * #!
+0"$ + *$
# $
#
? <u:<
: "" ! & /
$ who too
unusual
ts
! + # !
" &$ &$!
8
- <l< <r< &# "

<r< ) E $!
$

# <d<1 "
* "+

$ glamour grammar
election erection
' <h< ! & "
&$ & $ + <F< &+ <u:<8 `foo' + who
+ <i:< <h< !
$!
$ <S< )
# he she
"+
*$
!$ 1
= B
$ <f< ! & " $!
$ <h< &+ <O:<8 horse
+ force
> <T< <D< ""
# ! & "
<s<
<z< <S< <dZ<8 shin + thin% zen + then
. <v< ! & "
<b<8 berry + very
, <g< ! & " <êg< &/ /$
8 `binger' + bigger
? <n< + /$ !
)/#
$
+ # /$1
! &"! <m< <ê< * "78 sing + sin
@ <t< <d< <s< <z< + "# * &+ <I< <i:<
+$$/
8
/t< &"!
<tS<8 `cheam' + team
/d< &"!
<dZ<8 jeep + deep
/s< &"!
<S<8 she + see
/z< &"!
<dZ<8 `jip' + zip
A <t< <d< + "# * &+ <U< <u:<
+$$/
8
/t< &"!
<ts<8 `tsoo' + two
/d< &"!
<dZ< <z<8 `dzoo' + do
Syllable structure and word-linking
*$
# "
"$

+0"$ +
$
#
+ & #! &
*
# /$
/#"# $

5 ++6 0 $ "

+
" table ! & "
<teburu< match <matSi<
0 #
# #
5*3
++6 /$ $ /# /$ &*
# +$$/* /8 #

"$ $ " &$ /# # 0 $ "

<n< $* <r<
* $ + "" ! & ; #

'A@
Japanese speakers
*hythm, stress and intonation
#
* # * *

3

& # $ $! $$$
&/ #
"

!
+ # / $ * *

# # ; $ +
5/ 6

+!
+ /
$ was can have $
!
+ $ " #
#

$$ &$

:
" 3
$
"!! &# $ * *
"$8
9
* # /#$ "#3 * + # " /# !& * /
" + "
$/*
* $ "!* %
9 & * # "#3 *
#/
$!

;

&# wh- yes/no
$$ #
#
"30 $ ;
"$ ka% # ;
3 * "$ ne

#/ " + $$
#/ "0! *!
+ # $ "$
& *$
#

0 7

& & $
"$

# # *$
#
+ #*#$*#
+!
" )+
"
*
# +! /#"#
$

# +! +! /#"#
/ #
$
1
*$
#
"3

#+ # &
"
"
$ $ "
&

"$ $
" "$ 7 $
+ #/ #
+
/ #
;"$ $ /

#*# &$!
! "" /# "!

/# /
&/
/# ""
"
# "E"
/# # *$
#

"#
rekoodo )a record1
Summary
# +$$/*
" /$$ *
! + # E + # /$

"

$$ &$
" /3$* +
+

""8
The team who usually win have lost this year. They'll have to
make a bigger effort in future.
L<<za tSi:mu Fõ: jõ:dZõari 1wi~ habu rosto dZisu 1jia:<<zeiru habu
tsu: meiku a biêA: eho:to i~ Cõ:tSA:<<M
Orthography and writing

$
* $$ # * +0"$ /# *$
#
$$* # /* #

&"
+ # * $
!
* #
/*

! )/#"# "!&
B#
3
'AA
Japanese speakers
* !
/#
$$ &" "# "
1 2

"
+ !$ !

#
/# # $ *$
# +!

+;
5roÅmaji'
$
/#"# "!! +

"
!

#
*

'

5
&F"9&F"9&6 $ * * D $0 "
; $3
0 " "
"!!
& "
! 2#
"
*$
#

+$$/ #
"$
! * too either only even & * "F"

+$$/
# "$
%
" "$

#/* * +0!

+$$/ #
" $ &
+$$/ $7" $
&
$$ F" $
#/ $* " #
&
!
$$

8
kore wa nan desu ka?
this speaking-of L " "$M what is question particle
)G What's this?1
watashi wa kore o kakimashita1
I speaking-of this object particle wrote
)G I wrote this1
ano hito wa se ga takai desu
that man speaking-of stature subject-particle tall is
)G That man is tall1
Tookyoo wa Nippon no shuto desu
Tokyo speaking-of Japan genitive particle capital is
)G Tokyo is the capital of Japan1

$
;"$ *
# &
" / + *$
#
"
:
/#"# " "
+0"$ "$
&F"
/# #
$ &
8
CShe didn't know the word, so she looked up it.

"
/# 5
3
*68 $
# &$ 3
* "*
"
$8
What did you mend it with?
That's the shop I told you about
-
#
# / +$$/* 7 ! $
; +! * B ! &$$6
Compendium
of the world's languages )$* -AA-1
=((
Japanese speakers
calisation

"!! + # " +

" )/#"# ! &
#
&F"1 & "
$ # &** 9 #
#

*$
#
"
$ That car ± we've had
nothing but trouble with it #
" $ !

" $$
/ *$
#
" $$ +
&F"

/$$8
CThose people do not understand at all ) * I do not
understand those people at all1
!
" $
&
" $
+ "3
it8
CIt should be opened more places at the university.
Verbs
#
&

$+3" 8 7" + # " $
da )G be1 & "

"
/ ;*
#
&F" &F" & 7

Wasureta. )G I've forgotten it1
#
" $

$
&F"
&F"

*$
#
`Did you get the bread?' *`Yes. Went to supermarket and
bought.'
# " $ be
+ )
5F"
&
6 &$/18
CI terribly bad at English
*$
#
7

" # ! *
#*# "# *

# +! + # & /
#
3
/ & +!
/# 7$ &

#

0 *$
#
& #

+0"$ "
" B+
#
+ "

$

7$ be $8
CI was opened the door.
CWe are write to each other in English
#
&
"# * +
!&

$ +* # *$
# #3

*$ -s
CShe usually go to country at weekend
#
+ do ;

*
"

&$!
)

;

+ $$
! & "$
30 $ ka /# "# * +
/ % *

#/ & "# * # & +!1
CYou want a drink?
CThis is not mean what you think.

0 ;
*
"! $" !
$ + 3
&$ +!8
=(-
Japanese speakers
CYou're tired, isn't it?

CThis is yours, no?
:
$ &
+ "! $" #

+
8
CI can communicate many people. Now I want to speak native
speaker

! #
" $ +0"$ /# !& ;

"#
It
depends whether . . . It's a question of how far . . .

$
*

# #
! +0"$

#
$
/# # "! $7 *$
#
<
"

!

"3
* &
* !! "$ #
+ #
+ # +8
CI see her tomorrow.
""
$ "+
&/ *
+" +!

"
"# !
#
+ # * $ $ * !

*$
#8
CShe said she cannot write it
tionals
$ " $
)* If I had known . . .1 +! $$
"
+! $ " $

# $
! F &$! +

+ /# # # !
# !"# "
+ +!*
$ " $
/
#
$$ # "! $7 # &$! +
"" !
8 #

* # * $
/$$ " +$ 7 $

+ # ! *
$
"
"#
#
" $ !

8
CIf I know you are here, I would come sooner.
CWe can go swimming tomorrow if we got up early
Passives

#

+07
&
* +
++
+! *$
#
+0"$ "
"* *$
#

$

"#
8
CUsually the house of Japan makes in wood
CI speak badly because I have never taught pronunciation.
CIn 19th century many modern countries establed.
CMy purse stolen on bus.
CThe exhibition will be visit by people from many countries
=('
Japanese speakers
!
&F"

& $
$

! 0 +0"$ "
"
"
$ Our house was
built 200 years ago The parcel was sent last week I # #
#

" &

! "

/#

&$ *$
# )+
" #

&F" " +

/#
++" & # " & /# /$ & # "
" &F" + # ; $ "
"1
CHe was stolen his money )+ He had his money stolen1
CShe was died her husband )+ Her husband died1

+ #
+! #
+ *$
#

$ &8
CI was waited by my mother after school
++" # / $* "
7
*$
#

$
!

/# # 7

easy to dif®cult to8
CI'm easy to catch cold.
CThis pen is dif®cult to write.
#

$

/#$$ "

#/
"

8
CWhen were you come to Japan?
tation
Q&
"$

! $

! $ / &
$ "* + #! + # "$
koto no #
$
# # $ 0 "+

* # "#" 7! $0 8
I'd like you to go.
I object to your going
I'm surprised at the fact that you're going.
It's a good idea for you to go.
Relatives
$

7

)
1 !
& !0 & "! $7 #

/#"# "! &+ #
# # +$$/* $
8
there in visible house living people )G the people who live in the
house you can see over there1
twenty years ago together school-to went friend )G a friend I
went to school with twenty years ago)
Tokyo in born I )G I, who was born in Tokyo, . . .1
#
!
# $
#

+0"$
* *$
# $

"
"* $ "$

# +
! $
=(=
Japanese speakers

* #!

* + $
$
$
which &*

* $3
""8
CThis story reminds me of my memory which I was in the
elementary school.
CNobody could understand my feeling which I looked forward
to this day.
%uns
$ * "$
+

+ B#
* " $
+"
F"
&
) * # +$$/* "$1 #
"
$ !

*$
#8
CTokyo is very safety city.
CWe should eat more nourishment diet to avoid ill

"! +$ $ "* # $!
!"# #
!

*$
#8 # " + ! "3$ * *

$
$ )*scheme of insurance of employees of bank1

# & #

# *$
#
$
" & *
*

#$

8
CMy sister's friends sometimes telephone my sister early in the
morning.
Number and the use of articles

+* $ ! + !& + $ $
+07
) * * +
"1 & + # "7 !
$ $ "$ # *

!
$$ $$

+* $ #+
$! #

"
*$ $
#/
$ $
" #
" &/ "
!
)" &$ " &$1

"*
!&
" &$
! F &$!

$
"#
$$ " &$ 0"" $$
"
+ / *$
# 7" +
"$
# !&3" &$ &$!8
CIn Japan, industrial product is cheap. Because we have an
economic growth. But vegetable is so expensive. Because we
Japanese have a few lands.

*$ $$ ! $ 7

+ "#* $ $
"$

+0"$ #

& !
+$
#&
* &"
# # & !

" "#"
+ "$ !& " $ "$

$! $$ 8
=(>
Japanese speakers
CWe used to live in the big house in suburb of Fukuoka. A house

was built of the wood.
CI usually spend Sunday by a river; the people who work in of®ce
need to relax in some countryside.
uns
*$
#
$
#
; $

4

" you
anata kimi omae kisama #
6
! $

# ! !* # +!
+
"# / "
"
! $"
+ * $
#

#
$ " + "#" *$
# + !&

#

" $
+ "#" *$
# "$
* he she
&

+ # !
*
!&
& # ! $
#3
& 7 ! $
+ # &$!
8
`Do you get a lot of snow in Hokkaido?' *`Yes, I do.'
CTo make omelette, ®rst I crack two eggs . . .
`Do you ever write poetry?' *`Yes, I wrote it yesterday.'
:

$
! #

"
" * 73

8
CShe washed face and cleaned teeth.
*$
# 0
$ #
! +0"$
) "$
# "#" &/ some any1
+ # $

CWe didn't have some food in the house.

#
"$
+ 5 F"
6 /#"# &# $ *$ $ &
8 #
" & E"
#/
"8
yokatta )G was good1
yokattara )G if it's good; if you like1
#
" $

*$
# F"
$ &
$

# 7 + !* # " $ be8
CThat ®lm good
CWe should not afraid the failure
+ #

F"
5
&F"6 +* #
6
# 6
+$*

$ !
Is Japanese
food delicious? ! * Do you ®nd Japanese food delicious?
# 7 ! $ #
F" kowai
! I/you/we
are afraid You are frightening% /# #3

&F" /$$ !
he/she is afraid & I/you/we are afraid of him/her #
$$
$
"+

6
+ $$$ *$
# F"

=(.
Japanese speakers
# * !! +

" $ # !

+ *$
#

F"

! &8
CThis is democracy country.
!& + *$
# &
" & +$$/ & F" $ "! $!
)+
" look sound turn1 #
; $
# 3
& $ "! $!
8
CIt looks tastily.
CIt sounds strangely.
CIt turned bluely.

*
# &/ * &$ 3* &$
F"

!
&
+ * ! #

$8
CIt was very enormous.
CI'm absolutely tired.
B!
$ E"
7

"!! !

8
CI intend to work hard more than last term.
2

/* # ;

Where? When?

% top up #
! /% mae !
the front ago8
CI like here.
CShe is in upstairs.

#
!
+ "

+ F"* *

"

/#"# *

+
perhaps rather a little such
Determiners
&$
!
+ ; 0
"$ whole/all all/every several /
any number of far / a long way long / a long time much / a lot of
much/many a bit / quite a bit far/distant
+$"
"$$"
" $

8
CI have quite many English friends.
Much/many little/few
" & " 8
CMountain is many. So vegetable ®eld is few.
Conjunctions and complex sentences
*$
#
"F"
$/
#
! $ 33
; $
And +
" "

$
$
++
+!
* /## # ""

F"
&
"$

* "!! and ; $
!$
to * & " *$
# / 0 and with
=(,
Japanese speakers
; !
when if whenever as to from #

" $ / mo "

$ also both . . . and
(n)either . . . (n)or whether . . . or even if though -ever as much as

" ! #

" #+ & 7 "
# ! &$ #
!
* # ! *
+
*$
# "F"

"$
3"F"
+ &$

3
"$
:#
&"
+ #

$/
" # "$

3"!&* $ + *$
# "F"
#

* "
#! /# 3"$

"
8
CI am working very hard. Because I want to succeed an exam.
But I am afraid I can't succeed it. So I must be more diligence.
cabulary
# + "
#
$ * # " &$ + *$
#
-

$+ #
!
$7" !"# + #" $$
;
# # ! * + "7 $
/ &"!
"$ $ /# # /

9
!* # # $ /
# B#
"# "
# "
#
#+
""
!
$$ $ * " &$
' # +/ &
9*$
# < *$
#9
"3

# ! 7"$$

=

* !& + *$
# /

9 #*# +
& $ "*
&$ +! 9
"#
" $$ #
&$
#!
+ $
"!!" $
$ ! * K

I #
!
#$
$ #
"
# $$

9 sake "#
"
miso
9 #

!
52
6 *
" ;
3*$
# !
8 Lion #

Pocari Sweat +37"
# +/ + $
+

$ konsento )G electric socket1 $
" *
$ ensuto )G
stopping the engine1 masukomi )G mass communications1 /#"#

# "
! # # "

I+ # $7" $ + $$
# / &+ #
! $ #
& &/ " &$ * !!

*
#
++3
$ +! *$
# &/
" &

# +
"
okiru !
get up be up kiru !
put on wear #
; $ + can "3""
/#
! &
/# *$
# F"
8
CIf you come to Japan, I think you can enjoy.
#*#
#
; $
+ walk ¯y drive +
go
(by) walking go by plane go by car /# "#* 6

=(?
Japanese speakers

# !
Come go $/

+! # speaker's
/
Àre you coming to my party?' *`Yes, I'm going.'
#
! $
bring /#"# #
# "! $" +
"
* #
+!
""* /## !
bring a thing bring an inferior or equal being bring a superior being

9 +
# & take

+ accompany bring with you
Receive accept " & "+
get

+ #

# + $

# & yameru " ! refrain give up . . . -ing give up the
idea of% #"
"# & !

8
CPlease give up smoking on the coach.
CI've given up getting married.
Itadakimasu 9
&+ * 9 $ * !& + "
$$

7

# *$
# ; $ /#"#
#
" +
!"# !&
! $7
&$
+ I'm
sorry to . . . you Thank you #
$ # *$
#
!&
& ** "* "! $!

Hiroi

semai ! $ wide narrow & $

spacious cramped
England is very wide country )! * #
*$
+ $
E "
$* / 1

$ &$!
! $

"+
interesting
funny funny out of sorts important carefully careful
dangerous

#
$ * !& + *$
# /
% #/
# " #
+ &
!0 # # $*
"*
&$ *$
#

7 ! $
8
emurushon (emulsion); torekkingu (trekking); ranchi (lunch);
shiruba (silver); sabisu (service)
! + # 5*$
#6 /
7

#!3
*/ /
8
beddo-taun (dormitory town); kanningu (cheating)
Style
&$! /# # / / +

# #*#
$$* *
* !! ! & + $$
3
+
&
"
# * + + !$ ! *
!
$
"! #
&$ # *$
# &
"

"
#
* + #

! $ ""
" &$

$+ #*
" + &
"

$ *$ "!
+ /3 #3"# " "!
! + #

=(@
Japanese speakers
# "! &* * # $

#

; $

/
" 2
$ * *
%
! + #! / &
+ "$
$ ! +! # + # 2

$$
/
#
A(^
7
&
.(^ $
*#
+ *$
#
"#$ "$$* &
$ * !& *
"#$
# *
+ 9 # *$

9

& #
&F"
# /$$ &* #!
""
#

" 7 ! /# *$
# $!
$ * :
+

# #
"#$
#$
" *$ #
$$ &
+$$/ # !
"#$
# $
* " $ $
$ * * * !

$ # $ " *$
#3$ * * & "

/

&
/$ $ &$
# 3 +$ "
++ +! " " /# *$
# & ** & #$ 0
3
$ * * *$
#3
* "
7
9 * #
#

$ #$
9 ! "" &$ + !
$
# $
* + # +! $

/# "#3! $

/# !"# #
# 5""6

/ $ * + * !! $
!3&3! ) # #
"7 $
1 " &$ # + +! "
$$

+$$/
8 /* *
* $
*% /# $
* #

&
* /# #
"
++ #
/
!$ $3"#"
Chokuyaku )/3+3/
$ + $
*$
# &K
1
!"# + $
!$
#*#
"#$
"* # *3 * /$ *# # +**
$$ $
% & !

$ * *
"#$
/
!#
*$ 9 #*#
! " $
! !
#
" & 5 #
6 &$"% **
/* " & "
+ $
# !
" $$ + + "$
!
/# *
" $$ + ) #

1
3

/
% $* #*#
"$ /#
"+"
/# "!
$$ " #
6

#

#
&$" /#"# !
# 52#
# + H6 "
+
"
" & +$$ + $* +$
$"
# 3
"#
$ !

!&
!

&$
# #& **
"

!$3 $
"

& !
! ++ #

+ #
/$$ + &$ #

+
/
** / # +
=(A
hinese speakers
* B# *
Distribution
:I:6 :B I4 B 2 :I $

%
# $
$ * "!!
+ B#

#*#
#3

I" # # !" & 0+# +
# /$6
$

+ B#

Introduction
# B#
$ * * # Han $ * *
# B#
" $$

"$$" + !
$"
/#"# ! & "$
0 *#

$" *
)
!!
+
++ $ * *
18 #
B#
) $
/
1 2
* O #
# P# ) B
1 2#$ # $
+
$"
# !# *
+ !
B#

B#
# B#

# $" + ?( " + # B#

$ $ *
# &

+ !
B#
/#"#

# "" / $ * * + $$ B#
#
& !

# $ $ * *
# B#
$"

# $ / $ * * & $

! &
" +
$$
" $ $$
# &$!

"

#
"# & $ * "!!

+ $$ $"

B#
*$
# &$* / ++ $ * * + !$
)3
& 3 1 # !
" $ ++"

+0"$

$$
*
+ *$
# $ * * $ *
! & 7 "
Phonology
General
# #$*" $

! + B#

++ +! # +
*$
# ! *$
# #!
# B#
"

# $ I#

!&$ B#
#!
&
=-(
Chinese speakers
" $ #! " #

"
"+

F" $$
+ +0"$ * $ B#

0 *$
# # " # &$ $ *

#
$ * *

- # ! /$ "

*$
# # B#

*$
# /$
"$
"# # !
+
+
"$ # B#
/$
#
!
# ! ++
;
*
# #!
' # "
&/ <i:< <I< #
; $ B#

"+

"#
eat it bean bin
= #
! $
<u:< <U< $ * "+
+
"
&/ fool full Luke look
> <{<
"" B#

$
!
$
& "+
/# <A:< <Ã< <e<
# /
"#
cap
!*# & " <k{] p< carp cup `kep'
. <¡< #
; $ B#

!!
!

$ <O:< <aU< <U< + /$ +
" shot !*# &
" short shout <SUt<
, <Ã<

!!
$ " & <a< /#"#
"$
7!
B#
#!
? B#
##*

$$ " /# ;"

! $$ * $ !!
# # *$
# "

#+ ! #

# /# *#

" &/ # / "! /$

ts
- # #
+

<p< <b< <t< <d< <k< <g< #

* <b< <d< <g< " *$
# &
# /#$ "$
B#
B#

$
#
" +
* *$
#
' <v<
&
+! !
B#
$"

$

!!
$ <w< <f<8 invite ! & " ìnwite'% live
" `lif'
= B#
$"
# <n<

* #

$"
0 +0"$
*
# +
" night +! light
> <T< <D< "" B#
<T<
$$ & $ " & <t<
<f< <s< <D< & <d< <z< + 7 ! $ thin ! &
" tin ®n sin% this ! & " `dis' `zis'
=--
Chinese speakers
. <h<
& "
# $
$ +" )
"
# loch1 /#"# 7!
B#
"

,
B#
$"
# <z< #
$

&
<s<8 rise ! & " rice
? <dZ< <tS< <S<
$
!$ * + # ++
B#
"

$
6 " + #

#3
+ # $ "$

+*
@ !
# B#
0 <l< <r< +0"$
*
#
$ * # + !
" " F
& 5E $"6
"
A 4 $ "

* $ "

&$!
#
+/ 0 $ "

B#
$
# 7
/$ # # "
"
$*#
*$ $ $

8 duck +
" ! & "
<dÃk@< <dÃ?<% wife ! & " <waIfu:< <waI?<
-( <l< 0 $

"$ $ +0"$8 ! & $ " & <r<
+$$/ & <@<
! $ 8 bill +
" ! &
" beer <bIl@< <bI?<
t clusters
- $ "
"$

$ "* B#
"
&$!

# "!!

$*# /$
&/ #
"

"* spoon +
"
`sipoon'
' 4 $ "$

! &$
!
$$
! $
$$ &$

! $+ # "$
)+
" &
* # $
"
1 dogs ! & " <d¡g@z<
<d¡g<% crisps ! & " <krisipu:si:< <krisipu:<
Rhythm and stress
"
$$ &$
+ $
+; B#
# *$
#
#

$$ &$
B#

$$ " !
!$ # *$
# * +/ #" "# *
#
$

! *$
#
$$ &$
* # /
$$ &$
+$$ # # " " 8
'®sh 'and 'chips )/# and

" <{nd<1
'The 'capital 'of 'England 'is 'London )/# &# the of
! #

1
2#

" # "" # *$
# / +!
#
!!
0 #!
# " # # ! #!8 '®sh
'chips
=-'
Chinese speakers
tonation
:"# "# *

B#
)# 5
61 ! $

*
#
/
/#
"
#/
#
!%
"
#/
$$ # *$
#
+
++"
# ! * + /#$ "
#+ +0"$ + B#

*
+ !$ /# #

B#
$
0
#!
* + ! " $ )+ #*# + $$*
1 $
$$ &$
#
#
"# !
E F
5
*3
*6 *$
#

Juncture
# !
$$ &" + &
" B#

$
$
6
*
*$
# /
# # F* #!
!#$ 5
! +
"#6 #
"&
#
"" ++" + B#
""

"
&$ "" #

Orthography; reading and writing
Spelling
# /*

! + B#

3 $ # &" B#
$
#+ # * +0"$ $ * *$

#
$$*

$$

+
B!! !

"$8
- 4 $ $

$$* "
8
dinner
$ *diner eliminate
$ *eliminat
' :&$!

* +! # $ " + # +

$$* $

*$
#8
Cdocter *patten *liv *Wenesday *anser
=

* +! $
6 "" " 8
campus
$ *compus swollen
$ *swallen
around
$ *aroud sincerely
$ *secerly
> I!
+
$$ &$
8
Cunfortually *determing *studing
Reading and writing
$ # &"
"

B#
$
/# ; / &$!
+

$ "* # / # +!
5
6 "# /
!
"!&
! +
# "! " * !
+
=-=
Chinese speakers
B#
$ /
! $ $ $* ! +
)
" /
!
" # B#
1 # "

!"# 7 ! B#
$
#+ $$
#
$/ *

*$
# $ # $$ $$ +
0""
$ # &" # /* # # #

&$!
+ B#
$

# "
!$
&/ #
""
"
+ *$
#
B#
# *"

&$ *
#*
5&
"6 /#"#

5*# /6
ts of speech
:
+
"# B#
$/
+! $$
*
# #

&$
# "! #
* !! " $ "$
0" #
! / ! +
++
" $ +"

$
$
# # !!& #
"$

+ *$
# /
# +"

" # ! + $
*
# $
/

"#
dif®cult dif®culty !
+ #
+
"#
" # + " # " +"

" " $ &
+$0$$ & /
+! " "$

8
CShe likes walk.
CI have not son.
CHe is not doubt about the correct of his argument.
CIt is very dif®culty to convince him.
Sentence structure
B#

"
+
/# 5 " $
6
&F" &F" /#"#

* !! " $$ "# +! #
+ #
" )
*$
#
That boy ± I'm going to kill him one of these days1 #

$/

+
""
+$$ *$
# " "
"+

" $$ + " $
&F"
+$$/ &
&F"
)/#"# !
#
" $ $ +"
1
COld people must respect )! * Old people ± we must
respect them1
=->
Chinese speakers

B#

3E" $ * * 2# *$
# "#
& "# **
& +!
B#
7

& !
+ & $
/
"7 *$
# E"
!
* $$ "+
* "

+3
;
8
- &F"9& ""8
CEverybody are here.
CBelong and Baoying has a shared kitchen.
' *$ & +! 8
Cstrided *hurted *¯ied *blewn
= " + "! $7 & +!
8
CThe window was breaking by the wind.
, tense and aspect
- B#
7

# "" + ! ++$ +! *$
#

"F* # & 7
! $

#

+0"$ # $* *$
#

"

$ #
"!!8
CI have seen her two days ago.
CI found that the room is empty.
CMy brother left home since nine o'clock.
CShe will go by the time you get here.
' !

# # + $
!
# # !
+ #

" ! 4 7 ! $ # # # # 5

6
"
5
!6 # #+ 0 KK$* "
$8
There is a ®lm tonight.
The play we just saw tells a tragic story.
= :*

" "

+0"$8
CWhat do you read? )+ What are you reading?1
CI sit here for a long time.
> B "

*

" & 7 $
! 3
" $$ /#"# "

&$!
& $ "$

" * +
! + 7 ! $ $
"
$ " /# #

5
6

;8
CWe shall go to the country if it will be a nice day tomorrow.
CShe will submit the paper before she will leave the college.
=-.
Chinese speakers
complementation
- I+
&

"
8
CHe married with a charming girl.
CShe talked a few words with one of the passengers.
' :
+ "! $! "
+0"$ + "
$
8
CI suggest to come earlier.
CThe grass smells sweetly.
CMost people describe that he is handsome.
CShe told that she'd be here.
=
"$ $ +0"$ + # B#
++ &/ #

+ 0 )/# /# to1
" $

" $ * I +;$ #
!

$8
CI was very exciting )+ excited1
CI'm sorry I forgot bringing your book.
CYou'd better to come earlier.
CShe's used to get up at seven.
> F"
&
+;$ " $ B#
#
# &
to be
& /# +$$/ & " F"

CI busy.
CShe very happy.
Auxiliaries; questions and negatives
B#

7$
+! ;

*
#

+ do/don't "

&$!
8
CHow many brothers you have?
CI did not ®nished my work yesterday.
D
*
! * Is that so? Is that right?

"!!$ B#
#
+ " $$3
is it?/
isn't it? *$
#8
CHe liked it, is it?
CYou don't read that sort of books, isn't it?
Modals
B ! *
+ *$
# ! $
# " ; $
B#

! $
" & $
# ! *
/#"# #
B#
"
&$! " 4
" should
I
think you should take up writing

"

B#

! $ yõnggai. should
! +0"$ # "
&$/
"
#

*#+/ B#

$
8
=-,
Chinese speakers
It's strange that you should say this.

We should be grateful if you could do it.
I # /#$ *$
# ! $
" / * + ! *
+$* # # B#
"
B#
$
#+

#!
+;$
#
#$ ! + $ 7
#
"
# *$
# ! $
"% # /$ + 7 ! $ & $$

This is de®nitely not true +" This can't be true
I'm probably coming # # I might come
I
"$ ! # B!!" *$
#
;
$ +!
+
"

;

**

/#"# ! $
$ " $ $ &* &$

! $
)
"

1 ; $ B#

+
+ $ "! $ /# # *$
# "
! &
4 7 ! $ # !

"# #*

8
- Please read this article.
' You come and sit here, please.
= Can you do me a favour?
/# /$ ! $$ & ! $
8
- You may like to read this article.
' Would you come and sit here, please?
= Could you do me a favour?
Subjunctives
B#

++
&F" +! " !

#+ $$ $ " *$
#
&F"
5 $

6 &

! $
8
CIf I am you, I shan't go.
CI suggest that this applicant may be considered at the next
meeting.
CI wish you can come.
CIt's time that we should leave.
Relatives
*$
# $
"
+0"$ + B#
$
/# +
! $
* #! "
/# K )* The house
we wanted was too expensive1 " "
"! #
&$!

" $ !

/# $
"
"$ # !

+
+0"$
* whose8
CThere are many people have that idea.
CThat's the shop that I told you about it.
CIt was a society which its rulers held absolute power
=-?
Chinese speakers

B#
$
+ # &$ !
* *$
#

"
8
CBoth the burglars captured by the police.
CWe were inviting to a party.
:*
+"

"$ $ +0"$8
CA new hotel is building in the centre.
CTomorrow's meeting has cancelled
"ticles
# "$
B#

0 #
#!
"

$ ""$ # ! ! "
"$
8
CLet's make ®re.
CI can play piano.

"

8
CHe ®nished the school last year.
CHe was in a pain.
"+
#
+ 0 0 "$
8
CXiao Ying is a tallest girl in the class.
CHe smashed the vase in the rage.
Gender
#
*
" #
+! + # B#

8 + 7 ! $ he she it
# #
!
B#

$
+ + $ ++ #!
*$
#8
CI've a brother, and she's working in a factory.
CThat is my aunt over there. Have you met him?
CJulie is a good director. His ®lms are very engrossing.
Number
:$ $
$ 7
B#
-s
& 8
CI have visited some place around York.
CI've seen a lot of play lately.
#

"$ $
"# /# #
$ &$! /#
# " + 0 $ "
"$

=-@
Chinese speakers
The countable/uncountable distinction
B#

!!
0 # *$
# "" + " &$
# *
4 7 ! $ furniture equipment luggage news "
" $$ & " # B#
! "
"#

8
CLet me tell you an interesting news.
CShe's brought many luggages with her.
Pronouns
*$
#

!"# ! # B#
/#"#

#! /# # ! &

CI bought the book before left the shop.
CThe teacher came in with a big book in right hand.
2#
$
B#

!
" &/
#
&F" "
)* I1 # &F" "
)* me1 2#

*
# !
)* my1 +! 3
!
)* mine1

!!
"#
# /* " *
+
*$
#8
CI am like she.
CThe book is my.
Word order
&
B#
/
" $ &#
!
;

*$
# *
"
! & * ! &
$ /*$8
CYou and your family last summer visited where?
CWhen she will be back?
CWhat was called the ®lm?
CWould have she gone home?
' +
B#

!& " ;

" ;

#
!!
$

"#
8
CHe asked me what does she like.
CShe wondered where is her father
=-A
Chinese speakers
'
$ *
& $
#
"
/# /
3 8
COnly by doing so they could succeed.
CHe was unhappy, so I was.
tmodifiers
!0
B#
! /## # /
#

"$

"! &+ #
# !+ *$
#
!0
+ # "! #

"
$ #
!*8
CThis is important something.
CThis is a very dif®cult to solve problem.
CThat is the place where motion pictures are made there.
Position of adverbials
B#
& $

$$ "! &+ &
F"

" $
$$
+
"8
( )
* Tomorrow morning I'll come )+ I'll come tomorrow
morning1
( )
* This evening at seven o'clock we are going to meet )+ We
are going to meet this evening at seven o'clock.1
Conjunctions and compound sentences
"!! !

$" "F"
+ ""

"

# B#
; $

$$
8
CAlthough she was tired, but she went on working.
CBecause I didn't know him, so I didn't say anything.
Prepositions
#
+ *$
#

#*#$ ! " +0"$ +
$

+ $$
"!!8
CWhat are you going to do in this morning?
CI go York in May.
CHe is suffering with cold.
CThe text is too dif®cult to me.
='(
Chinese speakers
cabulary
False equivalents
*$
# B#
/
$ * $ ! * /
+!
!
# $ " 7 " ; $
#
*# B#
"
* $
#+ $ *
7 + $
; $
/#"# + $ 5B#*$
#6

" $
4 7 ! $ # + $
; $ + until zhidao
$
#

"8
CHe took a rest until he had ®nished his work.
/# #
"
8
He did not take a rest until he had ®nished his work.
Phrasal and prepositional verbs
#
&
# ; $
B#
+0"$
# $

* #! 4
" B#

$
$$
8
Please continue with your work # # Please get on with
your work.
He ®nally yielded # # He ®nally gave in.
" + "!! +
"# !
$

8
CThe plane takes up easily )+ takes off1
CThey've worked forward this plan )+ worked out1
Idiomatic expressions
!

+0"$ + # B#

+ # $ * * $

I #

" $
# +
" $ " /#
B#
*$
# " $$ ! $ ++ 7

+$0$ #
! +" 4
" # "!! B#
**

$
"$
8
Have you eaten?
Where are you going?
You have come.
) B#

+;$ #
#
7
3

** *$
# $N1
I# 7 ! $
"$8
CDid you play very happy? )+ Did you have a good time?1
CDon't be polite )+ Make yourself at home1
CPlease eat more )+ Would you like a little more?1
='-
Chinese speakers
ulture
$ B#
"$ $ "
#*# $ $ *
*$
# $ * * "# " 7 " 0 #
# $
! &$

+ +

+! /* #
$ / ! B#

6 !

# $ *

* ++ "
/#"# 5 $
&$6
5+6 #

"
&* "" $ *
"#
/# # "# $* 5$ * /#$
# * +6
#$ &
#/
$
"#
#*#$
" B#
"$ " $$
*
&* /$* &$ # I +
"
B#

$$
* "
"$

* * !#
+ $ *
$ + + B#
"

!!
I
+ #

# $$ # &
" /

+ B#
# "# "
# & $ & # 3
$$ #
!# $

*0" # / *$
#
$
B# !

! B#

"
3
&$ ! !!
# 7
+ ""
Sample of written Chinese

Transliteration of Chinese text with a word-for-word
translation
lirong:
$*8
lai xin shou dao le, xiexie ni de wen hou. meiyou zaoxie
"! $ " # * $
hui xin, qing yuanliang!
$ $
+*N
ni jinlai shenti zenmeyang? xuexi shunli ma?
"$ & #/H

!# L* MH
yiding xiang wangchang yiyang guo de hen yukuai
" $

$
! $ #
=''
Chinese speakers
ba?
L "$ * "0! MH
wo hen hao, zuijin you le
/$$ "$ # L "$ " * "# * +
M
nuÈpengyou, jiao shizhu, hen mei
*$3+ " $$
#K# & +$
zuotian shi chuxi, wo qu ta jia li

& / 6
* # #!
he ta quanjia yikuair guo nian. ta jia
/# # /#$ + !$ *#
/ # #!
keting de tianhuaban, jiaju he qiang shang
*3! + "$* + / $$3

daochu gua zhe ge zhong
/# # * L "$ " *
M $$
zhihua, lipin, hai zhuang shang le
E/
$

$$3 L "$ " * "# * +
M
caise dengpao. shizhu jianyi zuo youxi
"$ &$&
#K#
**
$ * !
ba yanjing meng qilai
L "$ "* + &F"M "
mo liwu. wo mo dao de hen hao, shizhu didi de
+$
+$3* *
#K# &#
ye bucuo. wo wanr de hen kaixin, zhidao tian kuai liang
$
& $ # $

$*#
cai zou. lin zou shi dajia yue hao xinnian diertian lai
$ * $ ! $$ * /
" "!
wo jia. zhen xiwang ni ye neng lai!
! #
$$ /
# $
" "!N
xiexie ni qing wo he didi xiatian dao ni jia zuoke
# ! &#
!! #!

women yiding lai. wo zai guowai xuexi de jiejie neishihou
/ 0$ "! ! &

# !
ye huilai le, wo xiang
$
L "$ " * "# * +
M #
='=
Chinese speakers
wenwen, ta nengbuneng gen women yikuair lai?

# " 33" /#
*# "!H
bu duo xie le, qing daiwen quanjia
! / $
! &# $+
$$ + !$
hao. pan zaori huixin!
/$$ $ +/ $ $N
zhu ni xinnian kuaile!
/
# / # N
cimin yijiubasi nian yuandan
"! -A@> / 6

" tic translation
/ P 6
-A@>
*
# + $ #
+ # *
6!
#
6 / $ :$
+* !N
/ # & "$H
#* ** /$$ /#

H F* $+

$H
6! /$$ 6 * *$3+ / !
#K# #6
& +$ P

/
/ P 6
/ # $ "
# * /# # + !$ #

*3! + # #
/
" /# $$

+ E/

"$ $*#

# ** +! # "$* # + # / $$
#K#
**

# / $ * ! 2 / /

/#
" # 0

/ * # * /
*
/
# #K#6
&# * # $$ ! 6 $
$ $ / + $+ / $$ * ! ! #
#
" + # / P $$ /

# "$ & #N
# + * ! &# !
/# #
!! 2 /$ $ "!

/#

* & /$$
& & " & # / /##
# "$ "! /#
H
6$$
# + / :$
* ! *
+ !$ 6!
$* +/ !"# # * +!

/ P
B!
='>
;

*3
Distribution
OI B# O K #
K&
%
*0" !*3

*
# O # )"$* / 1 B

$ / U $
Introduction
# O $ * *
* &
!
"#$

&$** $

# # $3$ " $ * * + !$ # $

!
!$
&/ O
# #
7

!$
&# O

$$

! B#
"# "

$#*# # "

B# /
! ! #

# # O $ * * $* /# !
O "
!
/
+ 7 "* # /$
;
$ # $ $ * *

O
/
& $ ?' !$$ $ ,A !$$ $*
# O
$
$
# ! * # !$$
&
# +0" $ $ * * + &# # O )!" "
: $6
&$" + O 1 # O ) &$" + O 1 &
#
+ # / "
#

$ ! ++"

$$* " &$ "#" # O #

$"

"$* #
# " $ $ /#"#
+
O # ++"

+ " +!
$" # /#"# " ! #! ! $$ "! #
&$
#
$
!
#

+ $" ! # * +03
"$
* *$
# #

+ # #
!
$"
#

# ! "$
$ 7! #
+ *$
#
# #

+
O 9 # "
"& #
"# 9 #
$*# *

+ # $"

='.
Korean speakers
honology
General
# O $ # & "

+ '> $
8 /$
-> "3

*$ "!& #

# >(
"
&
"

+ # O $ * * 9 *#
! $ /$
-=
##*
-A "

Q/$
"" $$ O $#*#
! O
/
&* /# /$
$ ) $ " !

"#
"#
$
+ 7 ! $1 &*
/# /$ sound "# /
" $$ " O /# "* "

!$ # *$

# <ê< #
# *## "
# O

/
# 5! 6 5K6 "

#
$*<
# /$
" Q" "
"

"
++

Vowels
O $
" $$ 7 " # +$$/* &$!
8
- <O:< <@U< &# "
<o<
' <Ã<

!$ # O <A< )/#"#

$*#1
#
# /$ cup + $$

!/# &/ <kÃp< <kA:p< )carp1
= <{< )hat1
+
!$ <e<

> #
O ; $ + <z:< /#"# ! &
!$
<O:< <@< <wz:<
"$ $ &$! "
# "

# +0"$
*
#* &/ work walk
I# "
+ <z:<
+! # O

#
/# # $

*
# /$

/# #
#* #"
" )"+ her, heard, sir, journey, hurt
word1
.
+ $*<
# /$
" O

*
+ $$* #
#
$
"+
/# /$3
$*#
"
*$
# + 7 ! $ # &/ <I< )
1
<i:< )
1
Consonants
# +$$/* "

$$ "
&$!
8
- "
! & " " * #

# "! &+ + " "

#+
"

*$
#
++
+!
"
=',
Korean speakers
; $
"
$ #
&/ writing riding
lock log raced raised ! & +0"$ + $

*

' <r< <l<
& #
! "# " O 9 /#
/$$3/ "
;"
+ O
+
$
*$
# :" + <r<
"$ $ +0"$ 9 <belI belI
dIpIk@lt<
O $ !*#

= " <v<

!$ <b<

+ &"!
<b@<
> <f<

!$ <p<

# $

* & " $$ $
& # host pamilies ¯ay &"!
pray
. <z<
+
!$ <dZ< Zoo + 7 ! $ + &"!

<dZu:<
, <S<8 $#*# #

+ O O
# +0"$
"* ! *$
# !

"#
<Si:< )
#1
+
!$ <s< 2#

+ # + /
O
" $$ $ /$
# ®sh &"!
<pISI<
? <tS<
+ O & 0 $

/# <S< <dZ<
<z< <t< #
" "! $* <I< <@< /$

church " $$ &"!
<tSztSI<
* &"!
<dZodZI< noise
noisy &"! "# * &$ mixed &"!
<mIkst@<
@ <T< is assimilated <s< <D< <d< O

*
*$
# $ +
! $ * # 0 "$ )&"
+
# * !! " $ 7 "
1 & /#
" #
!$
&

# "
+ !

A <s< <z< 0 $

$ $
# #

*$ +
&

+ " 9 & +

/#"# # /# O * !! # # &"

#

7
O L 5
6 &$/M Months
<mÃnTs< clothes <kl@UDz< + "

* 3
" +0"$

+ # & 7#& #
+! + *$
# /
# # & O + $* !

" $$ #
# &" !
+ # $ * * * # +
""
ch style, stress and intonation

7!$ ! # # *$
# "#
#$ / #
O ! $
#
$$ &$

/

$!
$$
$
$$ &" *$
# /

$$ &$
! #

/#

O /

E *$ 4#! "$ /

O
"

$ # /

#
" )! #

"# & * ! #

3! *
+07
& "# ** #
+ # / #
" 5"
"6 &$/1 # ++"

#

* / " !
='?
Korean speakers
# ! * +
" "! $$ +* # O $
; "" & " "
# O # *$
#

* #
# /
$ * *

#
" B
$ # O $
*
*$
# +

!
& #+ &* #
*$
# #
" ! O *$
# +0"$

O

#
! "# "
"
/# *$
#
#/ #
" & * !! /# + $$*
&* "# "
" $$
+
!
;

# # yes/no ;

* + yes/no ;

;

" $
! $ !
9 #*#
+ $
+ # *$
#
-thography and writing
O $
#"
!&$
* !
# $
$ #
+! #" $
/#"#

/

" /# # $

/##

&$ / ! $
/ *#

$$ &$

& +!* "$

# # /
# *
O

$ # $ # & & !
+ #
3
" $$ "B3
"#

! #

O &$" 3

)7" #
/ + +*
1 &

$$ #
O
*

* &$$&

# $ # &
+ !$ O
# # $$ +0"$ &"!*
""
!

*$
# I&
$ "#$ & *#
*$
# # /* & #
"!
$ $
$ #! #*#

#
$ # $$ # O
*# !*# $$

"! #
+0"$
9 + /#"# "#

#$ &
/
Punctuation
# O "# " " & " $

#
+ ;
!
7"$ ! !
+$$

; !

! $
#
!
*$
# #
+ #
"!!
!3"$ "$ "
+0"$
#/8
$#*# # "!! 7

O
$
$$ #
"
&/ /
+$0$ $$ + #
+"
O #

#
O # ; $ &*
+07

+ /* # O /
" *
# ! # / "
" $
+ "# "
#
/ +
='@
Korean speakers
& * 7 ! & !

+ * #* /#"#
$

+! $ "!
" $ O

tence structure
$ #
&F"9&9&F" / + ! $ * *

"$* *$
# O / ) $* /#

#
:
#
1

&F"9&F"9& / #

#$
&
"$
"
+ # **$
" + # $ * * #

! 0* * !! " $

" + "$ "! #

+
O
#
"
/ O
Verbs
# 7$ &

O # O &
$/
7
& / ) 5D

/
6 &$/1 4#3
! # &
! # *$
#

&"
+ # "! $7

! +
+07 &
7" + # & to exist " &
"
$+
O &
/#"#
$$ #
; $ *$
# & ! " $ /#"#

"& #
"# "
"
+ #*

!!
#
6
$
6
+$*
# *$
# ; $ 4
7 ! $8

,
") ) $

is going
"#$
"#$ going-be.
I am learning *$
# *$
# learning-be
!
,
# are a lot of E/
# E/ many-be
#

is beautiful. #

beautiful-be.
Don't you ®nd O remarkableH O be3remarkableH
='A
Korean speakers
/$$ & &

# O $
+ ! # & to be /#

* F"
*$
# #

&"
# " $ +" + #
& to be
7
O # F" $ &
++"
F" /# #

+ to be " 4 #

!
&$ +! & +! F" O #

+! 3
+ weak # *$
# & weaken + 7 ! $

*
+ O
) 5+07
61
/ there is and it is
# #

+ to be *$
# 9 to exist 9
+ O &
#
+! "
* there is/are # ! it
&F"

It will be hot tomorrow
# # O $ /$$ "
"

"#
CMany foreigners exist in Seoul.

CTomorrow will hot.

# #* "
* # " it
#
*$
# It's a pleasure to do business with you # O ; $
+ #
"

!#* $ With you do business a pleasure
# # ; $ + with you
* !" & &*
$ " initial
/# ! #

3! *
+07 # #
# + #
"
*$
#
# & "
* # *$
# & to exist $
+!
#
+" + to have8
CIn my house dog exist )+ I have a dog1
Complex verbs
B! $7 &

+! & "!&* / &
#
5 ! 3
6 &
/#"# ! & " F" $
!!
7

! * /#"# *$
# /$ ;
$ /
+ 7 ! $ I
got up and . . . *$
#
7

"# & O

to be black and blue.
Conjugation of verbs
O &
$ *$ *$
# &
"

+ 5&
!6
5& *6 #
!

#
! /#$ # * "F*

# / $$
+ +! $ $
O
*
#
$ & ++ +!
+
)"! &$ tu vous
==(
Korean speakers
4"# du Sie ! 1 & $

& ++ $7" $ &
++ & *

O
! & $
$

&
# "!
! $" + # *$
# &

!
#
+07 ! $ # + *$
# & "

"

#/ /## #
&F"

*$ $ $ &

"F* ""*

$* +; O !

*$
# + # #
-s " #/ ! $
# &
+$0$$* "! &$ +"
&
! J -ing, -ation, -al -age
-ment *$
#
ct
#
# *

" " & !
+
+07

#
+"
" O O $

# #
+0"$
# $
7 " $ *
#
+!
#
/#$ #
+ #

! $ *$
#
" $$
/#
! " )last summer, in 19971

&$!
+ O
+0"$

*
#* &/ #
+ #

+"
+" &/ #
+"
! $

+!

# *

"
" O & "!& + #
*

+07 )/#"# ++
#

+

1
/# # / + exist " $ &
/# " )

F" $1 &
) &1 O #
+!
$

#

" "
# &
9 /# #

! $

*$
# "
#
+ # *
+!
*$
# " + 7 ! $ # "
! # #
! ) "!& /# + ! +"1 +
# $ +
$ O
,
It has been raining since yesterday. From yesterday to now rain coming.
(
O #
#

7
<
" +!
8 +
! $ *

! $ *

! $ *
& #

"
$
#
! /
*$
#
+
/# &

" /# + ! +" #
==-
Korean speakers

+! O + "
+ ) $#*# #
+ +! ! $
&
1
,
I am going to Pusan tomorrow. Tomorrow [I] to Pusan go.
Tomorrow is my birthday. Tomorrow my birthday exists.
# &# + # &

"

$ /# $$ $
*$
# #
+ "$ * O $ 6

* + #
+

& +!
+ # scheduled future $$ # # +!
+ #
+ *$
# 7
O & #

+ #
! +
+07 # "# /$$ 0 # O

$ # $

# +0"$
*
#* #

+ #

"
#
*$
# $
+ # +
#!
"! $
tionals
# $ / " $ +!

O 7
* $

&$
"$
O
# # "
! &$!

"! * !* #
*$
#
" $$ / + #
! " + # +" +! )
I would have been late1 /#"#
37
O
Direct and indirect speech
23+3/ * + /#
!&

" O
& ; !
& +
* )answering, thinking, shouting
"1 "
"#
*
"
+ # * $

&$ *$
#%
&

** # *
+
" # " +! " # * $
&$ $

*$
# "
"# #
&F" + #
;
" ! $ " +"
"# * +! #
* $ # "
6
+ / #
"# * +

#/
+ 7 ! $ When I saw her, she said she was
happy

$$
. . . she said she is happy & O
$
Modal verbs
O #
$ # ! $ 7$ &
8 # ; $
+ can
must should /#"#
$ # /#$ * + *$
#
=='
Korean speakers
! $ &
!
&
!$ O $

#

# /# !
# $
# &$!
+
*
#* !* # +$$ *
+ *$
# ! $ &

#
O
7
&
+07 # # &
7$ & J
" $
*$
# * *
#
" $ O $

# $$ +0"$ /#
! $

$#*# # "$
from # # by + 7 ! $
CI am taught from Dr Brown
# +$$/* "

&$!
#/
- # to have something done +!
7
O $ *

"#

8
CHave you cut your hair? )+ Have you had your hair cut?1
' & J

"! /#
&
+
+0"$ ! * "*

"#
8
CThese chopsticks dif®cult to eat.
= $

" # +"
"
7
O

* #

! $* #
+! * The window has
been broken
+0"$
# "

/# #
$ &$ * !! " $ +!
"! &$ #
*
# #
! +!
/$$ &
#
! "7
O /$$
# +0"$ $ * # " $

Thank you, I'm
being served )/# ++

"
# 1
! $ &"

$#*# #
! # *

" O

! $ #
"

> 4 $$ &
/# / &F"
$ give
" $$ &$! "
#
/$$ & +
&$
)uestions and answers
# 7$ &

O
;

+!
*$
# # #/
;
/
"
*
# *$
# what, where, why, how when, who #

* &
+07 I" # &
" ;
+!
*$
#
!

"# !& ;
+!

I wonder where John is
going I asked him what he was doing / what to do
&$
$$ + +0"$

# $

#

$

+
*$
# O

/ * ;

/# 5Yes6 /# # *
/# #
5No6 /# #
* $ *
"#

8
===
Korean speakers
`Don't you like mushrooms?6

C`Yes.' 9 /# #

6 $ !
#!

C`No.' 9 /# #

$ !
#!

#
&$
+ !

* !! $ N
!uestions and reply questions
O #
/ &$
+!
/#"#
! *!
/# +0! *
!

"$

&# # * ;
$ ;
"7
#
isn't it? &#
Ìt's a nice day, isn't it?' Ìt's a nice day!' Ìsn't it!' /$ &

$ & #
! /
O
/$ hasn't he? wouldn't
she?, don't they?
!$ $ #
O 7

"
* has he?, would she?, do they?
#
$
O

#+ &/$ & # *
;
*$
#
* !! " $ +! #
$$

! & "* /#
&$ $ &"

+

+! $ "! $7 & $
&"
# O ; $
**

$ " + "0" #
)
+
& "#
"#"*
#
! $$ "#$

!#* + 7 ! $N1
Short answers
#
$
+ +0"$ #
$! * +
&$
&$
O )B! Ich auch! ! Moi
aussi! 4"# Jag ocksaÊ! /
# watasimo

$
+ #
*$
# 7

So do I! So am I! So can
I So have I "1
Phrasal verbs
:#
$ &
7
O " $ +0"$
+ O $
/# $ #
+ # $
0 #

*
# &/
$ &
$ He turned on meN
#
$ &
$ He turns me on #
$

"# + !$

8
*If I don't know a word, I look up it.
/ # O + !$ /# $ * !
& 7 $ ! $ &$ $
*!
# /$$ !
#
$ &
! "" &$8
"#8 52# + 6 / /H6
: $
8 5 N6
==>
Korean speakers
"#8 52# + ! F
$*H6
: $
8 5 #! N6
* tive clauses
# *$
#3
* $ + O /$$ $ O
* !! + #
# * # +$$/* $ $
$
/$$ *
! + #/ #

+"
+$0$$ O # #
!0 "
/#
!0
,
# * /#"# /
"# B# 3 * &
&

/#
# $&
& 33
3
J $ $
+07
/$$
"$
& "$
33
J $ $
+07 &
/
+ #
! F ++" /$$ #$ # "# *
#
F
! # O $ #
! &"!* ""
!
# 5*#3& "#*6
" + *$
# 2#$ O $
!
!
#
+!
# "7 + "$ $ +"
* !! 3
" $ 7"

# + !$ " $$ #&
#

+ #! &#
"# /*
Nouns
O
" & "$
# * !! " $ *
! $$ # $ $ +!
$#*#
" & !
$ $ & * #
+07 duÆl #
! & ! /# # ! *
+ $ $
&
#
# / yunpil + 7 ! $ ! !
pen the pen a pen some pens the pens #

+ #
5$ "6 + # $ $ *

$ * # O
$
+ *$
# $ ! # $ $ 3s # /
"#
/* & $
+;$ + $ " /# * $
!

"#
blue jeans high heels /#"# # & "
O
/# # 3s & O

O

# /# ! # $
+0"$ /# #
*$
#
" + # "" + " &$ * news, advice,
information, furniture luggage
/ !
+;$ "!& O +!
"! 8 a-chim-bab G !* J ! $ G breakfast%

chaek-sang G & J &$ G desk% mul-gae G / J * G dolphin
O

! & " *
" #
"# "!
==.
Korean speakers

$
+ *$
# )breakfast
$+ &* 7 ! $
$& + & J "!& 1 # *$
#
" &/ a
company director a company's director

$$ &$!
O/* /#
of # # # "! # 's
*

#
"#

Cfemales' number + the number of
females only one sex's children + children of only one sex ) $$
&
$$ *$
1 "!!
Suffixes after nouns
O #
07
9 $
+07
# ! + #
&
# +"

$$ ++ +! #
+ *$
#
+07

# $ +"
# *$
# O
+07
# "!!
#
+ ! * #
*$ $ $ + " * !" $
7! )+ 7 ! $ `How old is he?' Ì couldn't say exactly:
thirtyish61 # $ +"
+! $
&#
"#
/* O #/

# &$!
/# *$
#
+07
/#"# #
; $
O 8 &$ #

+ * )colourful/
colourless + 7 ! $1 + +!* F"
&
#
"" + # 5/ + !$6
; $ O & "
*

+ #$ +$
/ + *
* # ";
+
*$
# " &$
Pronouns
:
O +
8
$

)+! & # +
+07 #
$ 1 !3
* :

$
O # #
++ $$
+ #0" +!
9
$+3++ "* $ #0"
#
E" #
+ # $ $ # * +

" &
#/ # !"#
! $ *$
#

!

+/ +0"$
O $
$#*# # /$$ !*

#! "7
/#"# # & $ /$ &
+0"
O # *$
# / Agree! + 7 ! $ #
& "
! O "! $ /#
+07 7
*! 9 &

/#
&F"
#

O /# #
&F" +
#
" !
"$ /#!
!#* &$*
#

$

*$
#
"

"#
8
CI must wash hair tonight
CHe was carrying briefcase and had raincoat over arm.
==,
Korean speakers
4 #
+ ! #

)!!&* #
O

! $

*$
#
1 ! #/ &

O /#"#
*$
#
$*
"

"#
8
CValerie, she is my teacher
# !
$
"
* it they8 !3

O !

! "

$ this that these those & $
# &
" + " $
# *$
# &
here over there.
# "#
#$ $
& / # *$
#
$

+;$
O

4 7 ! $ "#
!
0 #!
$
&*

teacher # # you8
CHas teacher corrected homework yet?
"(ctives
O F"
# " # F"

*$
# # +$$/ #
&F" &# $ & ) 5Q&
6
&1 # "

# #
" &/ * &$ 3
* &$ F"
# &
*$
#
# O
$$

&
+ * ! #

$ + 7 ! $8
CI am very exhausted.
CIt's a bit impossible.
Adverbials
# ++" &/ O *$

# & $
/#"# "

#
O $ !
+0"$
# + " # O &
)$
! *$
#
1 +! # &

+ F"
I#/

O & $

#/ !
!$
/# *$
#
#
#
O
"#$"#$ $
"$
+ # & $

O
&
+ ! +;" ! $ " *
& $

$$
!! $ &+ # /
)/# # +
"#1 "$

" #
!0
$
+! O *$
# " #+ $ ""

* + & $
*$
# + 7 ! $8
CI very well speak English

#$ & #/ # O #

!#*
!$
# *$
# & J F"
" 9 7" # /#
!0
# "
+ O ! & $ F"
8
Extremely beautiful ¯owers bloom in that garden.
& $
F" $ & + 7 ! $8
CFriday extraordinarily hot (was).
==?
Korean speakers
# O &

"
* look, sound, smell, feel taste
&$ +$$/ & &
F"
$ *
"#

8
C She looks sadly.
C That violin sounds wonderfully.
C These sausages taste deliciously.
cabulary
O #
$ * " &$ !
+ /#"# 0
; $
*$
# $#*# + /#
+
"# *$
# /$$ &
# O )4 7 ! $ # * + /

"&* #/
/ runs, ¯ows "
7
& & J # F" $ & runs

O 1 #
+ !
" &$ $ * +0"$ + O

/#
#$ & $ +! #
# ! " + "*
/ " &$ /# 7 ! $
#/* #/ +"
* !! 3
" $$ )"#$ " &$ $ * "$
O

$ #
+
! # "
# "73+ O <*$
# / $
1
O 9*$
# "

!!
$ &$

#$ & " *

$! #! /# *$
# $
6
"
# $$
O #
& " + ! " 7"$ ! /

!
O

$

"* "! &$
/
*$
#
# "#
&** $
/$$ & $
$

0 # # $ * !& + *$
# /
O ! +
/#"#
/# "*
&$ *$
# "
$$/* + # &
" +
$$ &"

# " +

#
/

&"!* ! 3
3$ /# "# *

! O
$ *$
#
! 7 7

*$
# $ * * ! / + # ! * !! " $ #3
$*" $ ++"
&/ # / $ * *
O $
0

* & ! #/ !"# *$

# # $ /
/
/$$
*$
# /
# # & !
O
#
! / # #
# "

+ $
+
8 #
/# ++ ! * O &

$$ " "*
&$ *$
# / # +$$/*
#
$
The Cambridge International Dictionary of
English:
cap )7"$$1
chorus )choir

O 1
cutline )+ # "3++ &$/ /#"# "

"" +
!#*1
==@
Korean speakers
close )+ closed1

electric stander )
$ ! 1
®ne play )+ $ 1
form ) ++" ! 1
gag(man) )
+ "! 1
give and take )+ to go Dutch1
health centre )
+ # $# + ! 0
"1
highway )# motorway freeway

O 1
liner )
+ # $* + " & + # * !1
long leg short leg )+ $*3$**
#3$**
1
opener )
+ $$
+

"#
"
"/

" 3
1
over-eat )!1
politic )+ $"
1
rent car )+ # " 1
sailingboat ) "#1
sign )
+
* 1
stainless )+
$

$1
tube )+ +
/!!* E 1
9c vocabulary
O
"# " &$
"
" # #

$+3++ "! # # O $
/$$ 0
&
!&
"+

# 0 ; $ +!
*$
#
# " $$

+" $ "#
" $ " ;

+ *

*$
# #
"#
$$ O
! & # $
#
&/ #

# $
#
&F" &*
"
& # * !! " $

"
;"
O + 7" #
*$
#
# *$
#
$ + O #
$ ! "# /

+07
"#
"

" + 7

# O $ + *$
# #

&"! / + #
&$ + "

"
+ *
*$
#
Body language and gesture

!
#
* "$ $
O

# / /# + " $ !&$ *

) "#
+ O " !"
&

$ /$$ 0 #!

7!$ $"
*

+ /# **
3

* &$"1 O
! ! !
!$ #* ! 7

*
"" &$ 2# !
==A
Korean speakers
&

/
!
&

+ *$
#
*
" +
"!
& O !$
/#"# $ ! + " 7
*!
!&
!
#
"$ * 9 & ! $

& +$
"
"+$ ) O
!$ ! & !&*

! & ;
1 "
+ #

$ " + " $ "!

" $!
+ ! *$

# "#6
"" $$ 7 **3
7

! $$ & !

*
$"
9 #*# "

/$$ "! "
# ! *
7
*$
# & # /
please thank
you "
! $ 7
O & + "

&/ #
$ + please

!#* $ I beg you
*
* * Thank you $ $$
$ I appreciate
(something)

!$ $ *
O
& ! /
#
"
& 7 $" *$
# #
"7
) $
5 "#
$6 & 5# $ * * "$
!61

O

$ *$
# /#
* ! #

* !!
# * + # ! " #*# #*#
"#$

# " $ "$

K
,( $

#

*
"$

+
"
"#$ # $ * * $ &
# +* $ * *

# $
6

" $$ # +
3+* +$$/
& $ * & # #

$$ $$ $ ! + # /
*!

# /* +

$ +!
+
$ * *
" 9 + #
&F" 9
" # "# /$
# ! "" #!
"
;" O

#
$$ 7 " +
"# 7"

!!
* " 3
* $ *! )

$ "$ #
* $*" $ *!

"0"
&F" #
& "
#
"#$ ""$! ! "!
+ "$ $
" * ! $ # # $ $
1
#
!
$!
!
&$ $ +* $ * *
/$$ !

*
! +! +
"
*$
# + # "#$ * &$ $
+ $$ &0
+! #

" # "#;

& !
#
+ #
$
"#$! # ! "! $

&F"
# #
& + # "! * $ " *
$ +

$

$ # # ! &
# # # 7&

F +* $ * *
$

# $ " "$ $ & "* #
++"
#
=>(
Korean speakers
"! #
+ *$
# 7
+ + # &$ 0 #
!
+* 0$! /$$ & && #
&$!
/$$
/ & # /
+ # + "# *

$ #" $
#
&
$ " $ ! !
O
"#$
# "#6
#
&
$ + "#
#$ ! !
$
/$$ / #
#
#
4 # O $
+ /# * 7!$ $"

/# &* " # /# #
/$$ & ""
"
! $ & &#
7
$
/# " & $+

#
"! $
"

$
#
$
&$ ++"
# O
6
" "$

+! + 7"
# " *

* /$$
! **

& # "#
$$ 0 #

)
" $$
&*
1 ! "!+ &$ /# $3 $ 7"

) "*
/#
1 # /#
$+3$

" $$ #
$*
" /# # "# $
& "" &
"# + + 6
O +$$/

#!$ *
/ !
$ ! + /#"#

"#* /# +" #
/# ! #
!

7 " $ )! $" ""
+
"1 $
/#"# # O

+$ # #
#
"! /# +$$/

#

$$

$#*# $
7 "
$$ "" #
7 "
#/ # # * & $*
# "# I # " 8 " "
*
)B!
5
*
*
6 /#"# !#
$ " & &**
* "#$ 2

"
1
# "# ! +$ # O

#$ # !
+ *$
#3
*
"
9 & #

"
# " &

# # E" + #
$ * * "#
+ ! 3

+ *$
# /$$ & + 3
/#$!* 0
O

$ # "

9 &#
&"
*
#! ! ! "
/# # # #
&"
#

! #" # / "$ /#"# !

$ +
"# /# !

* + #*#+$
+
"
+ # $" 2# !
*$
#

7

"$
"

++

&
# O "$ $ "7
/#$ #
! &

* #
* +
**

$ # "# ! 0 #$ +$ !
"#
"

7 $" "$ $$ #*
"$

#
$
/# "E"*
"#
$
! ! / +

+ $ +
# ++"
# ++" # *
=>-
Korean speakers
!"
+ # $ * * "$
$
E" "
#
"$
! # "!!" $ /$ #

$ &"! / + #
! " + 3"$ $
* /$ /#"# *$
#

+
! lingua franca "!!" /$$ & !"# !
++" + $"
!

9 #
!
" + # $
+ 9 #6

"#
$

" tten Korean
Transliteration and word-for-word translation
se-jong dae wangi namgin upjuk jung tukhi jungyohan

3* * $+ "#! !* !
!
gutun hunminjongum ida. kuttae kkaji hanguk enun hanguk
""! $
#! #!F*!
$ #
malun ttaro itsut jiman guljaga upsutgi ttaemune
$ * *
$ # & /*

! &"

oledongan hanja bilusu ssutta.
$* ! "#
"# " &/

!* # "#!

$+ &# & # O* F* & +
# !
!
# !F*! # $#*#
# O
# # / $ * * #
&/ B#

"# "
&"
# # /*

! + # /
=>'
Thai speakers
!#
Distribution

Introduction
# )+!$ " $$ 5 !

61
!!& + # + !$ +
$ * *
/#"#

/ +
+! #
Q ! # #
# $ $ * * + # $

"#

& 0+ !$$ $
" * $
$"
+ #
# # #

# + #
" & # $ * * + # B $ *
*
#

&#
"#$
+ +0" $

#*# # "

# $ B#

$ $ * * /# # ! * + "#
$$ &$ &* ! & # "# /#"#

"
# #
0
9 ! $/ #*#
* + $$*

3E" $ * * !"# +
* $ $7"
!
$$ &"%
#*# " * + $
$$ &" /
+* &/*
"3
$ $ +! # "$
" $ $ * *

: $
#
/ $ # &"
" # /
* $$
+!
"

/ "
# * +! $+ *#%

/

!
$ * *
/#
"
"" # + "

! +! + "3
*$
#
"#
+$$
"!!
Phonology
General
#
*0" ++"
&/ # #$*" $

!
+
# *$
# # # '- "
#!
'-
/$ #!
# # "

! #
"$
=>=
Thai speakers

<p}< <t}< <k}<
" #!

! $ $$ #
)
1 + <p< <t< <k<
# *$
# *$
# #
!
+"
# # #
# +0"$ "* #

)* <T< <D< <v< <z< <S< <Z<1 Q/$ $*#

*0" # /#
&
"
" ! &/ $*
# /$

#

*$
# /# 5# ""6 &"
# 0
*$
# / # # #$*" $

! 2#$ #

!
7 + +* "" #
& "$
$" " !* ! #

# # "" # $
#
" & 7 $ #
& *
/ *

#/ ++ & ++ # "$
! !
!
*$
# $ /
)"$* & !
+ #
+
"
! *
1 #
# #
$
&"!
+"$ ! $ $*!
* " *$
# /

# / % " #! # /

&* 3

*
#
"

+" & "#
*$
#9# "
*
$
+ *$
#
/
#
" ! "$ + "

$
*$
# "

/$
/$ "
#

# ; $

! + # ! "!! +
+ 5# ""6 *$
# 8
9
# 0 $
$$ &$ + /

9 :&$!
"$ * " 0 $ "

"

"$

9
"" ++" * +!8
1 "
*

$$ &$
%
&1 " * ; $ /*# !* "#
$$ &$%
"1 *$ $

&+ $ /$
%
1
+
# /$ <@< &/ " $ "

"$

%
1 " + "
"$

#
+ /

*$
"

i: I e { eI aI OI
A: ¡ O: U aU @U I@
aU@
u: Ã z: @ e@ U@ aU@
=>>
Thai speakers
# #!
# ; $
; $
#
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

$#*#
! "+

!
$$

# #!
!
"
&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- <{<
+;$ "
$* /$ <{:<
' ##*
<eI< <@U< <e@< +;$ "
$*
/$
<e:< <o:< <{:<
"$
= *$
# /
* /$ +;$ # # 0 $ /$
$*# ""!! #

$ " # 0 $
$$ &$
ts
p b f v T D t d
s z S Z tS dZ k g
m n ê l r j w h
# #!
# ; $
; $
#
#$ #+ & " "$ /# * +0"$

when they occur as initial consonants
# #!
! "

&$!
4 $ "!!

&$/
- "* *$
# $ "

+ /#"# #

*# ; $ # #

$$ ! #
+$$/*
&

8
*$
#8 <v< <T< <D< < S< < z <
g
g
# 7! 8 <w< <t< <s< <d< <t< <s< <tS< <s<
' + #
# "

/$$ "
* &$!
+
"$ + #

/# # ""
®nal consonants
# #
$ *# 0 $ "
#!
0 $ "$

$ *$
# 0 $ "

"
"$

$ &$ * " $ "# * " "#
3
+!
! #/%
! " $ "# *
3
* &
*$ 0 $ "

8
*$
#8 <d< <T< <D< <s< <z< <S< <Z< <tS< <dZ< <v< <f< <l<
g
g
# 7! 8 <t< <p< <n<
=>.
Thai speakers
= <g< <dZ< + "

" "

& #

/# # "" # &** + /
> $#*# <r< 7

#

&$! ! #

# / $ * * /# # ! +
&

<l< #

*
# " /#
* *$
#
. # *$ $

#! # #

/$$ +

# &** + *$
# /
# # $
/$
% #

"
"" ++" "$
F"
t clusters
*$
# #
!"# / * + "
"$

# # %
"
"$

"" # + /
# !* #
$ /3
*! "$

/#"# "" # 8 <dr< <fr< <fl<
<fj< <tw< <sl< <sw< <sm< <sp< <sk< and <st< "* *$
#
/
/#
"# "$

"" #

# /$
!!
" * # +$$3

$$ &$8
smoke &"!
`sa-moke'
frown &"!
`fa-rown'

!$ "

/# *$
# #3
*! $ "$

8
screw &"!
`sa-crew'
strike &"!
`sa-trike'
# #/ # ; $
$ <gr< <gl< <kr< <kl<
<kw< <pr< <pl<

"!!
" $$ * + #

#
"
*! + /3
*! "
"$
# &**
+ # / #
/
$ khray )G who?1 plaa )G ®sh1
+;$ " khay paa #
/# 5"6 /
$ #
# / $ * * ! " # "
*$
#
5bake6
+ brake 5fee6 + free% 5fried rice6
+ "
5®de
lice6
*$
# 0 $ "$

# #
/# &$!

$$
! / + 5"*6 #!
*$ ! * &$ 0 $
"

*# $$ # 0

*! + # "$

#

pump &"!
5pum6
perfect &"!
5perfec6
=>,
Thai speakers
*hythm and stress

$$ &$ # "
" 07 #
*
; $ /*# !* "#
$$ &$ #
*# /# # + "
# $ "#
$"
*$
$$ &$
)
+ *
+
$$ &$

*$
#1 "
#
"" ++" /#

+ *$
# #
*$ !
"!! !
+ #

# 0 $
$$ &$ + $
$$ &" *$
# /

but'ter cof 'fee shop'ping
"! $7

+

+
7 ! $ $ ! * " $ ! * $$

&$!
" $

Intonation

# ++ +! #
+ *$
#
* &
" $$ !
$$ &" $ * * # #

# 3 3/
"# " $#*# ;

# +;$ ! &
5;
/
6 # +
" /#"# # #
*
#

! " $$ + "$ # " + *$
#
;
"
: "$
#$ & #
+ $ ;

% #

/#$

+
$ &$ /

5 "$
6 #
+
"
+!
! + # +"
+$0$$ & *$

# 2#
$ * +! #
*$
# # $ "$

;

$ * #
&
; ! + #
#
& $ $
Juncture
#
!
&$ " / "

"$

+! #
F"
+ 0 $ $ "

% # *$ $
&+ $
/$
$

"$ $ &/ 0 $ "
$
/$ #

$$ & / + # #" "# *
# $ " *$
# #*# F" )* would you <wUdZ@<% get
back <ge)p1b{k<1 $
#

"0" $$
#
$ * *$
# &
$ ! !
!

3
"* / /
&"
+ # "
&$ !
! "# &/
$$*
" *$
# " $ &$!
/#"#

!* + $ " $
8
=>?
Thai speakers
- "
/# th
" <T< /# <D< )
!*
+ "
# #
" "$ ++ &/ #
/

1
' "
/# s
" <s< /# <z<
= 4 $ ! " " + #

/$

/

"#
common problem, police possible breakfast
> #
$
" /

"#
can was have /#
#
* 5/6 "

+
* / +!

. # #
$$* + "!! *$
# $ /
+"
3
*$
# " /#"# #
!
$*! " /#"#
$

!!
0 # + /# $* /# # /
*$
# "7
Spelling and writing
#
/ /# $ # &"

! /#"#
"
# *
+! $+ *# #

" &/ $/ "

#
+ # /$
!&$

/#
! / & #
"

! &$/
! # $+
! +$$/* #
*# 9
!
* # "
#

# /

&
"
% #
"
# "" ""
$$
# /* * $$ "
" !
*$
#

#
7
# ! $ # & $ *
"
&$ ! + ! # $
* " *
$
/
% #
/# $$ /$* + *$
# !
&
+0"$ + !$ /# # ! $ # & " # /

$
Punctuation
$$ # " !

# $#*#
"
&/ *
+ /

"

#
#
#
&
! 7 ! /# /
" !

;
!
7"$ ! !
"!!
" + &
+ $ &
% # #/ $
"!!
/
:"

; &$! # $
%

+ !
+; /#$ # "" + /# "

" ! &

"$
=>@
Thai speakers

# * !! " $
" + #
++ +! # + *$
#
:$ $
+
&

! $$ ! % /#
"

*
# &/
*$ $ $ # !
"
$ " #

& # +
" $ /
# # & E" # F"

&
" $
+"

&
/#$ # # ! $

!
! "! $7 /#
++

+
E"* ++ *
+ ! "
# "# I + # +/ &
+
!$
# + /

" !$ 5
&F" J & J &F"6% #/ #
&F"
"!!$ ! # /#

"$ $
/# /#
+
"uxiliaries; questions and negatives
# 7$ &

#
- #
"

+! ;
& # +
;
/ /#"#
$ " # + #
" " #
;
/ #
; $ *$
# #

/$$ +

! $
&

* #/
$ $
$ 3
8
CHe go? ) $
# E" &1
' * ;

9
/
9 +;$ "
"+

#
" $$
/* 5
6 /# *$
# ;
56
`You're not going, are you?' `*Yes (I'm not)6
=
"0" ;

"#
When? Why? How? # "
; $
# &
" # 0
/ " "" # #
&** # + #
" # $ ! "

"
$8
CWhen he go?
CHe go when?
How many?
+;$
# 7"$
+ How much?
# &
+ ! $
8
CHow many the price that shirt?
> *
# +! & * # * / maÃy
+ + # & B+

!!

/## #
/
#$ &
$
no not
$*
"
$8
CHe not go.
CHe no go.
=>A
Thai speakers
, tense and aspect
# # & #
E" +!
%
*$ / pay )G go1 "

! $ go goes & $
went was going has gone is going
will go would go

$$
"7 "$
!&* & /# #

&$ + !

*
*
" $ /

$$ !! $ + + # &
"$ + # !3+" ! $

$$ ; *#

# & /# 3& !0
Q& E"
"! $7 & #

+! &$
&
"$ # $
! +
# ! &

+! + # *$
# & # # ! ! +0"$ +!
/#"# # +$ /$$ ! # $$ & ""
CYesterday we visit London.
CShe pay already.
CI leave him since ten o'clock.
#/ # # /#
&
* # &
+! +
&
"# ! " $$ & # * &$!
/# "
# # * !!
# ! & *
+
"
cooked arranged & + $* " # -ed # + #
"$
#

&
$ ! F /#"# #

* "! /# $
+ *$
# #
#$ & & ! /# "#* "$

+ !7 $

Articles
# "$
#
+ "+
&/ 0
0 "$

/$$
/# ! "$
"" +;$8
CHe is very nice man.
CWhat the food you like?
CThe buffaloes are the important animals in Thailand.
F"
&
# "" + # & /#"# #
!+ # $
+"
&
! * to be )# # ; $
+ to be

" $ /# F"
1 #
# 7

roÂt dii )G car-good1 " & "

# #
)a good car1
" )the car is good1

$ # &
+ !
*$
#
"
8
CThis car not good.
CThis food very tasty.
=.(
Thai speakers
# #

" &/ F"< &

#
*$
# )* good/well clear/clearly1 # $

# F" $ +! *$
#8
CYou speak Thai very good.
# "!
$ *
+ F"
&

# +! & # + # ; $ + more than
(the) most
"$ !! $ + # &
/

$ #
*$
#
+07
-er -est +;$
* & # $
8
CThis dress is beautiful more than that one.
CI work the most hard of my brothers.
%ouns
#
# # * "

#
"
&/
*$ $ $ +!
B7
* $$
+0"
" /## #

*$ $ $ +" &

"
/#
! & ! "
# ! $
5 $ $
/
6 /#"# "" 07
$ #
7 " !" $
"
# $
! +;

* #
*$ +! + *$
# )# ! +!1 /#
$ $
#$ &
8
CI have many friend.
* #/ !
& & ! # # #

!
#
0 $ -s 0 $ "
"$

%
! $
! #
&$!
$ " " "" / +!

!" $ 7

# ! "! $7 # *$
#
$ #
+
" $ 5 "$
06 Two cars ®ve girls

/$ & 7
#
8
car two vehicle
girl ®ve person
)1 J )!&1 J )"$
01
# #
$! "

+" & + $ $ $

+ !&
"!!8
CI have ®ve brother.
Pronouns
#

! + #
"
&$ ! "! $7 # # +
!
$ * *
/# / * + /
"
$
#
+ &# # "# ! " O !

$
!
/$

0

"

* $
! " *$
#

&$!
+ # # $
=.-
Thai speakers
&"
# / $ * *
! ++
"
&# *
!& #
# !
"$ +! 0
3

# /#$ # !
"!!$
#3

!

" &/ * /# #
$ # # $
+;$
he she "# * &$ *$
#8
CMy girlfriend, he is very nice.
CThe policeman she chase me.
) $
# $" + /#"# ""
"!3
!$
# 1
#
! #3
$
++
* 9

*
# !& #
$* "+
*
!
$8
CMy American friends are in Thailand. He stay at the hotel.
CMy sisters study at the university. He work very hard.
#
#
+!
"
&F" &F"
+"
%
#
# :
#

7
# !
5 J of J < 6 $#*# # #
/ + of
$ +;$ ! #
" $
!

$8
Chouse of my father *house of father

"!! # ! #
&F" +!
" +
+"$ "$ /# /#

&* $ & #
!
#

+;$
" #
"

!3
!
" *$
#8
CMy brother was angry when came home.
tions

*$
#

# # ; $
$ $

+ # $
*
+0"$ *$
# 5& J

6 5 F" J
6 "!&
/#"# #
*$3/ # & ; $ #

$

"#
8
CI angry you.
CWe interest / are interested it.
CHe frighten / is frightened you.
Subordinate clauses
# $
&$ 7 " +0"$ "* # ""
&

"! $7
"
/#
& "$

% * #
!
"!!
*
+ # ! +! $ "$

=.'
Thai speakers

+# &$! # # #
$ $
who which "$ +;$ "+
8
CMy friend which I met . . .
B $ "$

# +;$ ! # / + if #

!!
" *$
# I# " $
" "
"3

* +! $ $
$ +! # "$8
CAlthough . . . but . . .
CBecause . . . therefore . . .
cabulary
$$
: $ # &
+ "* / /
# % #/ # E7 + /

"#$* "
! *
#

$ "
&$ !& + *$
# $ /
&*
# # $7" "# &/*
* #
" /#"#
! # $
0 +0"$
# /#

* # / *$
# + 7 ! $8
plastic paÂt-tãÁk
style sa3taa
strike sa3traZ
football fuZ t3bOOn
pump paZ m
alcohol ?En3kO3hOO
+! #
$ /
#

!$ &/ # #
*$
# $7"
# # $ #
+ # *
+ #
2
$ /# " /
! + !$ /#
! "
*
" &$ # + " # ! #

/#
$! "!!" "! " *$
# #$

! #
7
*$
# " &$
$ *$ $ !#
+
" /#"# * ! #

$ * # 7
+
$ * "!!"
$$

Culture
$$
* #
#
/
$ *
*$
# B! " # $ * *

&# ! +
#
"
!

$+
F&
;
/$* + # $ * *
+ #

+

! "
&$ 0 " $
"0"
"#
# #
++
* " ! +! # "
# &* "
+! # &*
"

* & + "$ # $ * * #

& "
" $
* "#
! $ *
=.=
Thai speakers
*$
# "$

+ ! $ /# $$ + *$
# $$
$
& /$$* /# "
&$
!
+
! *
+ "

+! /#"# # /$$ * $$ &0
/#"# # +$ $
"!!!
*$
# #
& *

$ + $ $ !

#
#+ & "! $
$! #
"
"#$
""$! + !
/ # ; $ + $ * * "

!
$% * 7

"#$
+ *$

# # ! $$ /# "!
"#

!!

#
++
# $
"
& E

& # ! # $
"#$ B#$ +!
$ & "* + "
# " & "!
+ # &

"#
# $$ * /
# " $ /# #
"
&%
# # !
+ #

+*
/ * "# *$
# # $
& +
# "#
$$ #*#$
"
" &$ 0*
"$
# $
$$ # 0
& /#

/#
5 "# &# 6
#*
! +
"!!

$#*# # # $ 3& "# /$ & /$$3

0
!#* & "$ $ faux pas +! #
!
"$ ; *
/ $ &$ I /#
2

!!
++
# ! +
8 "
! #
" + $ #
) #
"$ $ $
1 "

$ ! # ++"
+ # "#
" $ #
$ 2# "!
" $ "#*
* ** $
6 " " " & &$!

"* /$*
$ # ! +$ # & !

" "!!" 3 "#% $ $ # ! +$
# # $ * #* " # &$ "& 7 ! $
+
* !! $
* / $ "# " "
"$

#
2
"#
#$ $
& ! # #
"

# "#" $ % $ $

#$ & /#
" $$
!
54 "6
$
! ! #!$

)* & $ * $*
+ ;
/#"# # $ "

/ &
#*
" ;

;"$ "1 !
& # "# /# # "$
/# /* "
! # /# # "! !$ $

#/* * ! "
! #/ F
0 !
!

"$ $$
"3 " # "$
!
/# # $ /$$
&$ $ "$
=.>
Thai speakers
" tten Thai
Type-written Thai
prachaakOOn thaaê phaÃ ak taÃ ay mii laÂ ksanaÁ tEÁ EktaÁ aê caÁ ak prachaakOOn
thaaê phaÃ ak õ Á õn baÃ aê nay thaaê phãÆwphan lEÂ ? ruÃupraÃ aê naÃ ataa kaÁ p
saÆmniaê phaasaÆa su Á an khwaam pen yu Á u lEÂ ? aachãÂip naÂ n su
Á an yaÁ y kOÃ khõõ
kaan kasikam tEÁ E mii khaÃ aw nOÂ Oy kwaÁ a phaÃ ak klaaê mii phoÏnlamaÂ ay
maÃ ak sõÃ ê phOO ca pen raaydaÃ ay dii thaÃ a kaan khoÆn soÁê saduÁak haÆa talaÁ at
daÃ ay klay klay phalãÁtphoÆn thãÁi pen raaydaÃ ay khõÃ n naÃ a khõÃ n taa kwaÁ a
phoÆnlamaÂ ay khõõ yaaê phaaraa sõ Ã ê pluÁuk kan maÃ ak nay caêwaÁ t tOOn
taÃ ay lEÂ ? muÆaêrEÃ E diibuÁk nay baaê thOÂ OêthKÃi

/ *
# # "# "
" ++ +!
/
* #
!/# / + "! $7
# + " /#
$ * *

+ $* +
&*
*"$ &
# " +/ # * !$ # + !"# /#"#
+0" /$$
& "! * + "
" 0 ! " + +
" /#"#
"!
+ "
! # +
&&
/#"# */ *# !"# "
# !
!

# $ + # # ++

!/# +! # $ + #
*
# "! $7 #
" $ " #
$ * *
+
# / + $* ""
""
# ! $ $ *"$ #
$
" # #
=..
Thai speakers
B $ * #

$ + +
+0" &* *
"! +

" !
" & +
/ " /#"# &*
! " &$ "! #
+
# && /#"#
*/ #
# "

# !

!

=.,
The cassette and CD
I # ""! * "
B

+ #
$ * *
+ # & / "8
- * # " #

#/ # "

&$/%
' "* #

# / /
%
= * $ #
# * $
/#"# +$$/
%
> ** &+ $
+ # $ $ " + &# 0

$ * *
#
/ # "
! $
+ "$$
!3"$$
"# /#"# "!! "# "

" #$*" $
""
+0"$
! & 7! $0 # * 7
&E
"
+ +0"$
!

! #
# /
# + # "#
& + # &0 +
#

/# F "# $$* # $ 0
$ * *
+ #

$ $ # "$
* !

The introduction to the picture story
My uncle, John Smith, has a very good job. He's a university professor,
actually, and very intelligent. But the strange thing is, he's always losing
things. It's quite extraordinary. Last Thursday, for example, during a
trip to London on business, he accidentally left his umbrella on the
train. It must be the sixth time he's lost that same umbrella. It's a rather
special one, with red and yellow stripes, a present from his youngest
daughter for his birthday one year. Anyway, the next day, as soon as he
was free, he called at the Lost Property Of®ce to ask about it.
Fortunately, it's in the next street to his house. He's no stranger to the
people there. They know him quite well.
# * $ ##! #

* +
# * #
"
$
! $$

"0" -
&$!

=.?
The cassette and CD
my uncle . . . $ /# <j< ) $

very intelligent, he accidentally,
Property Of®ce1
John . . . $ <dZ< ) $
job1
John . . . 0 $ <n< + /$ ) $
London, train, one, soon1
Smith . . . $ "$
) $
strange, special, stripes, stranger1
job . . . 0 $ " "
)
1 ) $
strange, things, called1
very intelligent . . . " + <l< <r< ) $
lost, umbrella, red
and yellow stripes, present, free, Lost Property, stranger1
the strange thing . . . " + <D< <T< ) $
Smith, Thursday,
sixth, that, rather, with, birthday, there, they1
extraordinary . . . " $ "$
<kstr<
Thursday . . . " + <z:< ) $
university, birthday1
accidentally . . . " + $ "$
<aeks<
for example . . . $* r
the sixth time . . . "$
<ksTt<
special . . . " + <ci< c <S<
red and yellow . . . / +! + and
stripes . . . " + 0 $ "$
) $
intelligent, left, must,
lost, present, called1
youngest . . . " + ! $ <ê*<
daughter . . . " + <O8< ) $
always, extraordinary, called,
fortunately1
one year . . . $ <j<
as soon as he was free . . . ##! F"
/ +!
+ as
was
to ask . . . $ /# <w<
about it . . .

0 $
fortunately . . . " + <tu< c <tS< ) $
actually1
$$ &$

the next street . . . "$

+
7 "
" "
#!

" /#
to his house . . . /#$ # <h< ! & $ his
#$ &
house
quite well . . . " + <w<

=.@
The cassette and CD
The conclusion of the story to be told in the speaker's

own words
At the Lost Property Office
- '
= >
. / &
# "/
=.A
The cassette and CD
he Shopping List reading passage
#
$
"
7 ! $
+ # >> *$
# #!
%
# $$ ##! # / # #!
F"

$
! " "!! - +" # /
some, of, for,
and to /$ ! $$ # # /

"
)<s@m< <@v< <f@< <@n< <t@<1

#!
"$

F"
If you're going shopping, John, <j< <g< <ê< <S< <dZ< êS êdZ
could you get me these few things,
please? <D< <z< d3j )<dZ<1 êz pl
Three kilos of beans, <i:< <T< <b< Tr nz
six ®llets of ®sh <I< <f< <S< ks ts
some red and yellow peppers, <e< <r< <j< <p<
a bag of apples, <{< <b< <g< plz
half a kilo of large tomatoes, <a:< <h< <f< <k< <dZ< dZt
a coffee pot, <¡< <f< <p< <t<
some corned beef and a pork pie, <O:< <b< <p< ndb kp
a cookery book, <U< <k< <b<
one tub of butter, <n< <b< <t< nt vb
two tubes of glue, <u:< <g< bz gl
the turkey for Thursday, <z:< <D< <T< <i< zd
eight paper plates, <eI< <p< pl ts
a Dover sole, <@U< <d< <v< <s<
a light white wine, <aI< <l< <w< <n< tw
some brown ¯our, <aU< <m< <n< <aU@< mbr fl
some pure olive oil, <U@< <OI< <v< mpj
some beer, not too dear, <I@< <b< <d< mb t3t
a pair of jeans to wear, <e@< <dZ< <w< nzt
six packets of crisps <s< <p< <k< ksp ts kr sps
a television magazine <v< <Z< <g< <z< nm
some orange juice <¡< <dZ< <u:< ndZ dZ3dZ
and some Dutch cheese, <tS< <d< <z< tS3tS
cut thick or thin <T< <k< <n< tT
Thanks very much for your help,
John. <T< <v< <tS< <h< <dZ< êksv lpdZ
Note8 # "!
corned beef, pork pie olive oil
#$ #
/ ; $

/#$ coffee pot, cookery book, television magazine
orange juice
#$ # # !

# 0
$!
=,(
The cassette and CD
tents of the cassette
Side 1: - "#

' /
#

= /*

> !
+! !
. !
+! /K$
, 4"#
+! 4 "
? 4"#
+! /K$
@ $

A
#
+!
-(
#
+! 7"
-- B $

-' :*

+! :* $
-= :*

+! K$
->

-.

Side 2: -, :$

#

-? 4

-@ &"

-A
#

'(

'- !$

'' P&
+! *
'= / #$
+! K
'>

'.

', B#

'? O

'@ #

=,-
The cassette and CD
= 4sh
-8 "#

>> !
7
'8 :$
#
#
>( !
7
Contents of the CD
- "
' "#

= /
#

> /*

. !
+! !
, 4"#
+! 4 "
? $

@
#
+!
A
#
+! 7"
-( B $

-- :*

+! :* $
-' :*

+! K$
-=

->

-. :$
#

-, 4

-? &"

-@
#

-A

'( !$

'- P&
+! *
'' / #$
+! K
'=

'>

'. B#

', O

'? #

?- !

=(
" 7
=,'

Learner English Swan PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Learner English Swan PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 

)  ! 

cambridge university press

# &+ "  $

  &+ "  $

! & '#  " " ) * 

 " )" +'

.  "   "  "&  $

.772<# 2 :F 2447 44E43F8<@

= 4 @27 88?:? 7 +0

    ! "# $$

# "#  *$

#$ #+ & "  "$  /#

$ not  nut ! $ 

#$ #+ & "  "$  /#

-- <h< "  & &$! + $ 

Influence of spelling on pronunciation

" /#  "*$

"#   !

Juncture and assimilation

terrogative and negative structures

Tags, short answers and reply questions

# * $ +"

Time, tense and aspect

CSince I made my report last year, there was a steady improve-

#/ $* +

 & +!

CIf I shall see him, I shall tell him.

I # /#$ # "#  *$

#+ "! $$ ++ +! must not8

 ; $ + *$

 & # !  & /

" $$ "     " "#

! $ mag )0 mogen1   +! $ *

 & '  = 

2   "# 

*  " #

CThe by the Senate with unanimity voted down proposal

tructions with it and there

CThe wages have been rising recently

 ""  

"(ctives and adverbs

Quantifiers and determiners

 # $ &$! 

CThe technology where he had relied on proved to be untrust-

The indefinite pronoun one

+! $ You could just

#   $ *

untability and number

-  "# "$$" 

# $  $ &$! # 

&$  "  *# ; $"

Con the meadow

&/ + $ 7

concurrence concurrentie "! 

 typical mistakes with high-frequency words

"#  "! 

Dutch Simple verb Multi-word verb

"     tten Dutch with a word-for-word

Vele malen heb ik al meegemaakt, als in een gezelschap

"  "  !  )1

toch minder reden tot schrik hebben dan in de

+ # $" "!!

) !

# &+ " $

&+ " $

! & '# " " ) *

" )" +'

. " " "& $

.772<# 2 :F 2447 44E43F8<@

= 4 @27 88?:? 7 +0

! "# $$

# "# *$

#$ #+ & " "$ /#

$ not nut ! $

#$ #+ & " "$ /#

-- <h< " & &$! + $

" /# "*$

"# !

terrogative and negative structures

# * $ +"

#/ $* +

& +!

I # /#$ # "# *$

#+ "! $$ ++ +! must not8

; $ + *$

& # ! & /

" $$ " " "#

! $ mag )0 mogen1 +! $ *

& ' =

2 "#

* " #

CThe by the Senate with unanimity voted down proposal

tructions with it and there

CThe wages have been rising recently

""

"(ctives and adverbs

# $ &$!

+! $ You could just

# $ *

untability and number

- "# "$$"

# $ $ &$! #

&$ " *# ; $"

&/ + $ 7

concurrence concurrentie "!

typical mistakes with high-frequency words

"# "!

" tten Dutch with a word-for-word

" " ! )1

+ # $" "!!

)$1 #

/ # " & /$$ LM

O I2P 2 4 )/

# " $ * *

3" "!

&$ "$ #

$$ # " $ * *

" $$ 0 +0"$

fluence of spelling on pronunciation

$$* " ! "$

cousin trousers reserve president

- " "!

-thography and punctuation

! & # ! 5*$

# " $ * *

!#* # # #

tion of adverbs

# " $ * *

/# 3/ &

" $ * *

/# "! $7 & #

- # " &$<" &$

- # 0 "$ ""

! " "

- # 's * )/#

- # " $ * *

- " &

= + + +$$/ & $ "$

$ It isn't done $

- # "

"! /# *$

" $ * *