Table 1
Causal factors of sexual harassment (as seen in the film She Said)
Environmental Variables
Societal Sex ratio
Socio-economic Inequalities
Societal-sex role attitudes
Operational Definitions
Sex Ratio is measured as the ratio of the
number of individuals of one sex to that of
the other sex, or the ratio of allocation in
each (Sapir et al., 2008)
Socio-economic inequality can be defined as
"the differences in social class, education
and/or household income across groups of
children, young people and families".
(Darmody et al., 2020)
Societal sex role attitudes refers to views
held by individuals regarding the roles men
and women should play in society. (Horst,
2014).
Elements
Male predominance in management at
Miramax
Equitable employee composition in
terms of gender at NY Times
Economic vulnerability of the victim
Issues faced by women in the film
industry not taken seriously
Normalisation of sexual harassment by
Instances
All important positions at Miramax were held by males
including the CEO, Harvey's legal counsel (Lanny
Davis), ex-accountant (Irwin Reiter) and ex-CFO (John
Schimdt). The only visible female representation was by
Lisa Bloom who was Weinstein's Lawyer.
The gender ratio at the NY Times office was more or
less equal. Additionally, two female journalists mentored
by a female editor in chief led an investigation on
systemic sexual harassment at the workplace.
Laura Madden, Rowena Chiu & Zelda Perkins, all were
at the beginning of their career in the Miramax company
when Harvey harassed them. Harvey fed off this
socio-economic vulnerability by asking them to 'not ruin
their friendship' and careers by being with him for just '5
minutes'.
Rose McGowan told Jodi that she is not inclined to talk
to the Times because when she had spoken about Harvey
earlier, her statement was put in the styles section of the
NYT. She told Jodi - “It does damage to shout, and
nobody will listen.”
When Meghan asked Lanny, Harvey's Lawyer, about the

Legal Sanctions Sanctions, in law and legal definition, are
penalties or other means of enforcement
used to provide incentives for obedience
with the law, or with rules and regulations
(Black, 1990).
powerful men
Expectation from women to respond
favourably to men's advances
Double standards for men and women
Positive change - women being
encouraged to work
Misleading legal advice
Forcing victims to sign Non-Disclosure
Agreements
number of settlements and if the number was normal, he
said, “There were about eight to twelve settlements and
yes it is normal for a man.
Men harass Megan, Jodi, and Rebecca in the restaurant
while they discuss work. The women respond by
screaming back at the men for their inappropriate
comments. The men then call them "frigid bitches."
Megan apologizes for her outburst, but Jodi tells her not
to apologize.
For using the same inappropriate words as Trump to
recite a poem at the women's march, Ashley Judd lost a
very big advertising contract. Meanwhile, he got elected
as president despite it.
The film also contrasts the above situations with positive
change in society. Megan and Jodi are family women.
Their husbands supported them, taking on more
domestic roles in the family. Ron, Jodi's husband is also
a colleague at the New York Times- and there seems no
apparent conflict amidst them with relation to parenting
roles and job responsibilities.
When Zelda and Rowena, assistants to Harvey in their
early 20s, wanted to take a case of Rowena presumably
being raped by Harvey to court, their lawyer advised
them against it and instead told them to settle – Zelda
mentions to Jodi in a scene.
Multiple of Harvey's victims speak up about being
coerced to sign NDAs, and hence not being able to talk

Organizational Variables
Task design According to Hackman and Oldham (1976),
the job characteristics model of task design
recognizes that certain job characteristics
contribute to certain psychological states and
that the strength of employees’ need for
growth has an important moderating effect
Worker proximity Proximity refers to the physical distance
between people measured in the
measurement unit. Proximity is dictated by
workflow, task interdependence, and
coordination needs (Kiesler & Cummings,
2002).
Organisation climate Naylor, Pritchard, & Ilgen (1980) define
Organizational climate as organizational
characteristics that communicate tolerance of
Failure of regulatory mechanisms and
policies.
Ineffective sexual harassment laws.
Employees asked to perform
non-job-related tasks.
Physical distance from the perpetrator
Protecting the abuser and keeping their
abuse discreet
about their experiences with Harvey.
When Megan tries to find records of a sexual harassment
case filed against Miramax in 2001, she is told that the
complaint no longer exists due to the government
“policy,” which states that if a case remains untouched
and unsolved for more than 3 years, it will be erased
from records.
Jodi and Megan tell their superiors that the sexual
harassment laws are so weak that even if a case is taken
to court, it will not hold up.
Laura Madden felt that she was the problem when
Harvey Weinstein asked her for a massage, saying it was
“part of the job”.
Zelda Perkins, a former assistant, had no choice but to
comply with Weinstein's requests for massages and he
made sexual advances towards them in exchange for
career advancement.
Physical distance was used as a shielding strategy by the
employees to insulate themselves from sexual
harassment. As mentioned by Zelda, they were advised
by their coworkers to take a seat away from Harvey
instead of sitting close to him on the sofa to safeguard
themselves.
Reiter, a former accountant at Miramax realises all the
transfers he had made to the women were were actually
cases of sexual harassment and violence. In another
 sexual harassment.
Employee composition Employee composition refers to the
demographic makeup of a workforce,
including factors such as age, gender,
ethnicity, education level, and work
experience (Klein et al.,1994)
Formal status/ power The power differential is the enhanced
differentials amount of role power that accompanies any
position of authority (Barstow, 2008).
Normalising cases of sexual harassment,
payoffs and settlements
Culture of fear & intimidation
Racial diversity at the NY Times office
Using power to subjugate victims
Women’s complicity in SH
scene, it is depicted that Pamela tries to keep Laura
silent, coaxing her into thinking Harvey was "generous"
and she should push against "cockroach journalists".
When Megan probes Lanny to get a rough estimate on
the numbern of payoffs- Lanny admits that 8-12 payoffs
are standard and normal.
He defends Harvey, claiming that men from his time do
not gauge the concept of concept and its importance.
Laura says to Jodi about Weinstein : "He built the
silence, and people complied. He produced fear and
intimidation".
Zelda Perkins says to Jodi Kantor "Harvey wanted
people to submit to him. And if they didn't he'd roar. And
he'd spit. He could destroy someone in seconds."
Dean Baquet was a black person who held an executive
position at the NY Times. He guided Jodi and Meghan at
crucial pints throughout the investigation and even knew
a way around dealing with Harvey Weinstein.
Harvey is an untouchable figure in Hollywood who uses
power to quiet the victims. Ashley shared how he
trapped her in his hotel room and forced himself on her.
When she tried to address it in public, he destroyed her
career.
Lisa Bloom, a powerful lawyer, supports Harvey’s acts
of SH and states that she’d protect him from the ‘roses of

Individual Variables
Attitudinal differences Attitudinal differences in the context of
sexual harassment refer to differences in
person's beliefs, values and attitudes
regarding sexual harassment. This can
include changes in their understanding of
what constitutes sexual harassment, the
seriousness of the issue and the impact it has
on individuals (Terpstra & Baker, 2010).
Motivational differences Sexual harassment viewed as a conscious,
motivated attempt on the part of men to
defend "their work" and their position of
economic privilege (Terpstra & Baker, 2010)
Attitude towards women in media/films
Acceptance of Sexual Harassment as a
privilege of gender and age
Differential treatment of Men and
Women
Lack of motivation in victims
the world’
Initially, Megan was sceptical about investigating SH in
Hollywood instead of common women since they are
more visible in the society. Jodi countered it mentioning
that actresses might be facing SH but might be unable to
speak up.
Lanny, on record, said that men of a certain age do not
understand the concept of consent and they are still
trying to evolve and understand the meaning of consent
to justify Weinstein's actions.
Harvey’s tone over a phone call was different for Dean
(a male), in which he was polite, respectful and Megan
(a female), in which it was aggressive and demanding.
Mary, an ex-employee of Miramax refused to talk to Jodi
and said that she didn't "think people would want to talk"
as she hung up on Jodi.
Rose McGowan did not want to talk to Jodi as she had
"talked about it in the past and nothing happened" and
that she had put herself on the line before and "it made
no difference".
Personality Differences Personality factors are the unique way in
which each individual thinks, acts, and feels
throughout life. (Ciccarelli, 2013).
Cognitive differences Factors that lead to mental activity that goes
on in the brain when a person is processing
information—organizing it, understanding it,
and communicating it to others (Ciccarelli,
2013).
Physiological Differences Differences in the physiology of men and
women, i.e., differences in which their
bodies function normally
Demographic differences Demographic data refers to biological
information such as age, race, sex, ethnicity,
and socioeconomic information - expressed
statistically - including employment,
education, income, marriage rates, birth and
Normalisation of SH in Hollywood and
sense of entitlement displayed by
perpetrator
Using euphemisms to control the
narrative among victims
Preying on young, physically smaller
women
Violence primarily perpetrated towards
young women in their early 20s,
belonging to various ethnicities
Harvey Weinstein seldom showed conscientiousness
characterized by impulse control and orderliness. It was
evident from Reiter's rage and angst towards him and the
number of 'settlements' that have been done despite
going in for therapy (during his interaction with Jodi).
Victims refrain from using the vocabulary related with
SH and instead use terms like ‘worst possible thing’,
‘Bullying’, and ‘emotional abuse’.
Jodi discusses Ashley Judd's written work about being
sexually harassed by a famous Hollywood producer in
the 90's, with her husband. She says,"I am a nasty
woman. I'm not as nasty as using little girls as Pokemon
before their bodies..."
While young white women were the primary targets of
the perpetrator, an Asian woman, Rowena Chiu, and a
Filipino-Italian model, Ambra Battilana Gutierrez, also
faced harassment at his hands.
 death rates, and more.
Socialisation of the victim Socialization refers to the developmental
processes through which individuals acquire
the values, behaviors, and motivations
necessary to become competent members of
a culture. In terms of the victim, it implies
how the victim may be brought up and how
it affects their attitude towards Sexual
harassment. (Morowski, 2014).
Socialization of the perpetrator Socialization refers to the developmental
processes through which individuals acquire
the values, behaviors, and motivations
necessary to become competent members of
a culture. In terms of the victim, it implies
how the perpetrator may be brought up and
how it affects their attitude and behaviour
and thoughts towards Sexual harassment
(Morowski, 2014).
Occupational Status
Upbringing of an immigrant household
and acceptance of the ideas of
submission
Victim-blaming inculcated as a
patriarchal value
Carrying forward traditional ideas of
males being more powerful and
authoritative than females
Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd both experienced
sexual harassment from Harvey Weinstein at the
beginning of their careers.
Roweena Chiu mentioned how her upbringing in an
immigrant household limited her from reporting
whatever had happened 25 years ago like being taught to
keep her head down and not draw attention towards her. .
As Laura tells Jodi about her experience with Weinstein,
she recalls thinking that it was she who was sexualising
the moment when Harvey had asked her to give him a
massage, thus blaming herself for his indecent behavior.
“Older men are trying to change their perceptions about
consent and consensual relationships”. This was Lanny's
comment when asked about why did Harvey engage in
such untoward behavior despite being sent for therapy
for self -work and improvement.
 Table 2
Types of Sexual Harassment (as seen in the film She Said)

Variable Operational Definitions Elements Instances

Behaviour as perceived by the
recipient
It is influenced by a number of factors such
as the organizational process and climate
dimensions, type of immediate coping
response, individual variables such as age,
sex, marital status of the offender, etc.
(Terpstra & Baker, 1986).
Victims questioning themselves Laura questioned herself if she sexualised the massage
situation with Harvey since other assistants engaged in
giving a massage which for her was uncomfortable.
Consequently, she was engulfed with shame.
Being privy to indecent acts The harasser, Harvey puts women in uncomfortable
sexual situations which violate them by acting indecent
in front of them, such as masturbating or taking showers
. without consent.

Defamation It was difficult for actresses to find jobs elsewhere after

they would leave Miramax and others would assume that
they had slept with him. Zelda went away to Guatemala
for five years with a friend and worked with horses
because she could never work in the industry again.

Emotional manipulation Harvey would use sentences like "I swear on my wife
and my kids that I did not assault that young woman"
causing emotional manipulation every time when he was
confronted about his conduct.

Bullying Zelda explained that she saw two assistants shivering

and crying sitting beside Harvey and he was sitting there
as if nothing was wrong about the situation.
Behaviour exhibited by the Any directed or undirected behavior of a
offender sexual nature that interferes with an
individual's performance or creates an
unpleasant working environment (Terpstra &
Baker, 1986).
Sense of entitlement. Weinstein's sense of entitlement was evident in Zelda's
explanation of his behaviors when things didn't go the
way he wanted, which usually included people
submitting to him. Zelda explained that Harvey was
either happy or frustrated which led him to spit, throw
tantrums and unleashed his ability to ruin someone's
career in seconds.

Aggressive response to the reporters; no Weinstein aggressively asks the reporters about the
guilt. victims who have spoken up, and denies having ever
made settlements when asked about them on call.
 Types of sexual harassment (Fitzgerald's classification)
Gender harassment Gender harassment refers to crude sexual
verbal and nonverbal behaviors conveying
insulting, hostile, and degrading attitudes
about one‘s gender, gender identity, or
sexual orientation. (Fitzgerald et al., 1995).
Unwanted sexual attention Sexually charged verbal and nonverbal
behaviour that is disrespectful, offensive,
undesired, and unreciprocated is referred to
as unwanted sexual attention (Fitzgerald et
al., 1995)
Sexual coercion/Quid Pro Sexual Coercion refers to subtle or explicit
Quo efforts to make job rewards contingent on
sexual cooperation (Fitzgerald et al., 1995).
Demanding inappropriate or sexual
favors from employees
Pertinent sexism and misogyny
Sexual advances in professional space.
Career advancement contingent upon
sexual cooperation
Laura Madden reported being asked to provide massages
to Weinstein, as well as being asked to undress while he
masturbated to her.
Zelda Perkins was tasked with visiting Weinstein's hotel
and facilitating his morning routine by waking him up,
preparing the shower, and assisting him in getting out of
bed. During this process, it was common for Weinstein
to be naked.
Megan Twohey and Jodi Kantor had an unpleasant
encounter at a bar when a man attempted to make
advances towards them When declined, he verbally
abused them and called Megan a “frigid bitch”.
Throughout the film, women employees at Miramax
actively take steps to not draw Harvey's attention.
They are advised to wear puffer jackets, sit in the
armchair and never next to him on the sofa.
Rose McGowan, Ashley Judd, and Zelda and the wire
recording of Ambra Gutierrez mentioned that, if
everyone did whatever Harvey wanted them to, he would
help them out in their careers but if refused, he could
simply destroy them in seconds.
 ILO Classification

Hostile work environment
Hostile working environment is the one in
which the conduct creates conditions that are
intimidating or humiliating for the victim
(ILO).
Culture of Fear Harvey has been allowed to make unreasonable and
frequently unacceptable demands of his female
colleagues. He wants them to be there for him at all
times, to attend to all his needs, especially those of a
sexual kind.

Sexual Intimidation
When Harvey speculated that Gwyneth was involved in
the NYT reporters' investigation, he turned up at her
residence without invitation during a party.

Intimidation through unwanted verbal

threats Laura Madden was called by her colleague Pamela (from
Miramax) to not talk about what happened and remain
silent about it.

Table 3 Responses and Outcomes of Sexual Harassment (as seen in the movie She Said)
Duration of Victim Perpetrator
Operational Definition
Consequences Element Instance Element Instance
COGNITIVE/AFFECTIVE
STATES Immediate Internalization When Laura reveals about her initial Nil
experience with Harvey Weinstein, she
Cognitive state refers to the information tells Jodi that she felt that she "was the
processing in a human brain, which is related problem" and "the one sexualising it",
to memory and perception, as well as upon refusing his request to give him a
thinking and reasoning. Affective state refers massage.
to any kind of sentimental condition, often in
which someone's feelings control their Loss of agency Laura Madden, when describing her
consciousness. experience with Harvey, talks about
how she told herself to just "get through
it" and "do it", despite her feeling
completely terrified of the entire
situation. During the entire narrative, a
sense of loss of agency can be observed
as Laura found herself to comply and
give in to the situation.
Long Term Difficulty in On hearing that Megan wants to talk to Rationalisation The perpetrator, Harvey
being vulnerable her about her experience with Harvey, of SH
Harvey's ex-assistant in Queens shuts
down. Similarly, when Jodi reaches out
to Laura, she appears distressed and
denies to talk about her experience.
Fear of
Defamation
Feelings of After Rowena resigns from her job at
Isolation, the London Office, she decides to join
Depression and the Hong Kong branch of Miramax,
Suicidal thinking that she would be able to
Ideation manage as it would take her far away
from the situation. However, in her job
there, she felt extremely isolated and
alone. She felt as if she could not talk to
anyone about what had happened with
Weinstein, had rationalised
sexual harassment. This is
evident through the countless
women he has harassed through
the years without any
repentance, as well as through
the revelation made by Irwin
Reiter when he was in
conversation with Jodi that
Harvey still continues to harass
women
In multiple conversations
between Harvey Weinstein and
the people from The New York
Times who were involved in the
story about him, Harvey
expresses fear in the form of
being paranoid about the
allegations that had been made
against him, about the actresses
being involved in it (with a
strong emphasis on Gwyneth
Paltrow) etc

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING
The effects of sexual harassment on
physiological functioning could be the
measurement of changes in heart rate, blood
pressure, cortisol levels, or sleep patterns in
response to a specific incident or chronic
exposure to sexual harassment. It includes
self-reported symptoms or experiences of
her and fell into depression, wanting
and contemplating to die by suicide.
From her narrative, it also seemed as if
she considered herself to be a failure at
a lot of things in life.
Feelings of Laura Madden, while describing her
Shame experience, tells Jodi about how she felt
about it after years by saying that it had
"dictated a certain direction" that her
life took. She also adds that she felt as
if it was "a huge error of judgement" on
her side that had "sort of marked" her
and all her decisions and that she felt
"such shame" that she let that happen to
her.
Immediate Shivering & While getting interviewed by Jodi, an
trembling ex-Miramax executive in reference to
Zelda and Rowena recounted "there
were these two assistants...And they
were sitting there trembling. they were
physical discomfort, fatigue, or illness that
are associated with the experience of sexual
harassment.
BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE
Behavioural responses in the context of
sexual harassment at the workplace refer to
the actions or behaviors that individuals
engage in as a result of experiencing or
witnessing unwanted sexual behavior or
advances
literally... vibrating, one with fear and
the other with anger."
Long Term Nil
Immediate Humour & Zelda Perkins talked about using either Short-term Zelda explained how, after
Aggression humour or aggression to "fend-off" compliant Harvey harassed Rowena and
Harvey, whenever he would try to make behaviour Zelda confronted him, he
any advances towards her. stemming from followed her "like a lamb" out
guilt and fear of the meeting and she realized
in that moment that he was
guilty of assault.
Compliance Laura Madden, in her experience with
Harvey, came off to be very compliant
in terms of the requests he was making.
She also mentioned that even though
she felt terrified, she just told herself to
get through it.
Anger and During the Venice Film Festival, when
confrontation Rowena had come up to Zelda, the
latter went straight to Harvey's room to
confront him.
Long Term Hesitation and During the course of the movie, it was
Refusal to speak evident every victim could not muster
up the courage to speak up against the
 injustice. The secretary at Miramax
(who lived in Queens) was initially
hoping to talk with the reporters,
however, it was briefly after her
interaction with Twohey that she
refused to go on record. Similarly,
Laura Madden, before receiving a call
from the Miramax office, was avoiding
the NY Times altogether.

Table 4
Organizational Consequences of Sexual Harassment (as seen in the movie She Said)
Organisational
Operational definition Elements Instances in the Film
consequences
Reduced job Job involvement is the internalization of values about the Perceived isolation After being harassed, leaving Miramax, and then ultimately joining
involvement goodness of work or the importance of work in the worth hindering work Miramax Hong Kong, Rowena felt isolated in her experience and
of the person, and perhaps it thus measures the ease with found it difficult to remain fully present and involved in her job and
which the person can be further socialized by an even attempted committing suicide.
organization. (Lodahl & Kejner, 1965)

Reduced job Job Performance: Actions or behaviours relevant to the
performance organization’s goals; measured in terms of each
individual’s proficiency (Landy & Conte, 2013).
Distraction of According to Zelda, she was frequently called upon to attend to
employees from Weinstein's personal requests, which included unusual tasks such as
primary waking him up, running a shower for him, and getting him out of
responsibilities bed. These demands often took time away from employees' primary
job responsibilities, and contributed to a work environment that was
challenging to navigate.

Reduced job Spector (1997), while referring job satisfaction,
satisfaction mentions as to simply how workers feel about
their jobs and different aspects of their jobs and the
extent to which workers like (satisfaction) or dislike
(dissatisfaction) their job. He also proposed that job
satisfaction can be measured through nine facets -
including pay, promotion, supervision, benefits, rewards,
operation procedure, co-workers’ relations, work itself
and communication (Spector, 1985)
Absenteeism The employee’s reduced ability to go to work, due to
experienced problems caused by stressful work
conditions (De Boer et al.,2002).
Turnover Organizational Turnover refers to the process of
employees leaving their job or organization of
employment within the context of human resources
(Riann, 2016)
Reduced Judd, in the movie says that after she spoke up against Harvey, she
Opportunity at work was unable to work as earlier, Harvey blackballed her career, she
would stand with other actresses and he would blank her, there were
roles which she was up for, that mysteriously she did not get
Dissatisfaction with Rowena, in her interview with Jodi mentions how difficult it was to
the supervisor work with Harvey, especially when they would read scripts together.
She mentioned having to wear an extra pair of tights in case she
needed time to escape.
Irregularity from Even after getting a job at the Hong Kong Office of Miramax,
Work Rowena could not help but remain absent from work on a regular
basis. This was shared by her during her interaction with Jodi.
Quitting or resigning The ex-assistant at Queens who worked at Miramax 25 years ago
due to harassment said that she had a ' business dispute' with Miramax. Though, she did
not speak about it explicitly, it is clear that she has to leave the
company after the incident of sexual harassment.
(All I can tell you is that…I had a business dispute with Miramax. It
was resolved. Amicably. And we have agreed not to discuss it.)
Harvey assaulted Rowena, and that led to Zelda getting enraged and
confronting Weinstein. Both she and Rowena left Miramax
thereafter, and they tried to file a case, but their lawyer advised them
against it.
It was implied in Laura's interview with Jodi that she had to leave
the job after the incident of sexual harassment.
Medical These include paying medical insurance claims for No Therapeutic Zelda, in conversation with Jodi, revealed that those who got the
expenses employees who sought professional help because of Intervention compensation weren’t even allowed to see a therapist independently.
emotional or physical stress resulting from sexual They had to take permission from Miramax to see a doctor.
harassment and paying sick leave to employees who
missed work because of sexual harassment (Terpstra &
Baker, 2010).

Legal expenses McDonald (2012) has spoken about the costs of Lawsuit settlement Over a phone call with Meghan, David Glasser who is an employee
investigating the complaint and the legal costs arising costs at Miramax confirmed that it was accurate to use the figure of 8-12
from actions brought against the organisation as direct settlements for the purposes of their article.
organisational costs of workplace sexual harassment.

Organisational Dutton and Dukerich 1991 defines image in terms of the Departure of Irwin Reiter (Harvey's accountant for 30 years) left Miramax and
Image costs views held by internal stakeholders, as “the way they Long-standing later even helped Jodi Kantor with the Memo which made the
believe others see the organization, to gauge how Employees evidence concrete, because the instances of 'mistreatment of women'
outsiders are judging them” (p. 520) were multiplying and the company was facing financial issues.