Instrument Monitoring System

1. Introduction
2. Monitoring System
2.1 Settlement Monitoring
2.2 Tiltmeter
2.3 Inclinometer
2.4 Seismic Instrument
2.5 Observation Wells
2.6 VW Rebar Stress Sensor
2.7 Target Prism
2.8 Magnetic Extensometer
2.9 Crack Gauge
2.10 Sound Level
2.11 Total Suspended Particle
2.12 Settlement Plate
2.13 Heave Stake
2.14 VW Strain Gauge in Pile
2.15 Electrical Resistance Strain gauge
2.16 VW Piezometer
2.17 Pressure Cell
2.18 Realtime Instruments (Datalogger)
1. Introduction
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
1.1 Site Investigation Instruments are used to characterize initial site
conditions. Common parameters of interest in a site investigation are
pore-water pressure, permeability of the soil, and slope stability.

Measure pore
water pressure as a data or
parameter for design.
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
1.2 Design Verification Instruments are used to verify design
assumptions and to check that performance is as predicted. Instrument
data from the initial phase of a project may reveal the need (or the
opportunity) to modify the design in later phases.
Horizontal Displacement

Displacement (m) Ref. from Stage 1

-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
0.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5
Depth (m)

15.0

17.5

20.0

Predict 1 - with Crack Model

22.5 Predict 2 - With Out Crack model
Meas no.1
25.0 Meas no.2
Meas no.3
27.5 Meas no.4
Meas no.5
30.0

Measure d-wall movement during excavation Measure load distribution in pile test by
by Inclinometer vs prediction. strain gauge, can compare skin friction
between measured vs calculation.
Not design Sky swimming pool at the
beginning. After booming of swimming
pool --> owner want to have it.
Measured results, used for verify/compare
with the structural analysis result.
By Reading after construction of concrete
floor, wall, 50% water level, 100% water level
If measured results larger than predict, then
the correction plan can be perform.

RESULT EXAMPLE
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
1.3 Construction Control Instruments are used to monitor the effects
of construction. Instrument data can help the engineer determine how
fast construction can proceed without the risk of failure.

Typically, pause the fill for waiting the

pore water dissipate -> get more FS ->
can fill more layer.

Measure pore water pressure in clay (below

embankment) by piezometer->for calculate
stability, if FS is OK then can fill more layer.
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
1.4 Quality Control Instrumentation can be used both to enforce the
quality of workmanship on a project and to document that work was
done to specifications.

Worker tighten many bolt

after alert.

Results of pile wall movement during excavation by Inclinometer

Measurement result > prediction.
Alert to recheck workmanship or QC of bracing system.
Consult can use Instruments data to QC the contractor or Main Contractor can QC the subcontractor.
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
1.5 Safety Instruments can provide early warning of impending failures,
allowing time for safe evacuation of the area and time to implement
remedial action. Safety monitoring requires quick retrieval, processing,
and presentation of data, so that decisions can be made promptly.

RESULT EXAMPLE
(Post processing)

Real-time monitoring of existing MRT tunnel settlement during TBM of MEA

tunnel pass below -> to prevent de-rail of train.
 EXAMPLE OF MONITORING
PROGRAM.

1. Building Settlement point

2. Ground settlement Point
3. Tiltmeter
4. inclinometer
5. Target Prism
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
1.6 Legal Protection Instrument data can provide evidence for a legal
defense of designers and contractors should owners of adjacent
properties claim that construction has caused damage.

Monitoring data as an information for legal defense ie. Data for evaluate the
stability of building or data for continue the construction work.
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation (from Slope Indicator)
1.7 Performance Instruments are used to monitor the in-service
performance of a structure. For example, monitoring parameters such
as leakage, pore-water pressure, and deformation can provide an
indication of the performance of a dam. Monitoring loads on tiebacks or
rock bolts and movements within a slope can provide an indication of
the performance of a drainage system installed in a stabilized slope.

piezometer
Purpose of Geotechnical Instrumentation
FOR Tunneling work

1.A) Construction performance Monitoring – during construction

1.B) Impact Monitoring – during and after construction
1.C) Performance Monitoring – post construction
1.A) Construction performance Monitoring – during construction

Leveling survey Pressure cell

Ground settlement monitoring Soil pressure on segment

Inclinometer Piezometer

Soil lateral movement monitoring Pore water pressure monitoring

Strain gauge Magnet extensometer Tape Extensometer

Monitor strain in tunnel

Results from FEM <-> Comparing segment Deep soil settlement monitoring Tunnel convergence monitoring
with real site
 Leveling survey
1.B) Impact Monitoring – during and after construction

Building settlement monitoring

Tiltmeter

Real time monitoring Tilt of building monitoring

Crackmeter

Sensor

Robotic total station Data Logger

Crack width monitoring

1.C) Performance Monitoring – post construction

Laser scanner Leveling survey

Tunnel convergence
– deformation of
segment monitoring
Tunnel settlement monitoring

Total station

Tunnel convergence
Long term monitoring of tunnel required for
– deformation of
maintenance and safty purpose
segment monitoring
 2.1 • Settlement Monitoring
- To monitor the settlement of surround ground adjacent to the
foundation and existing selected structure nearby.

SOKKIA B-20 with micrometer: 0.1 mm resolution

Accuracy 0.8mm for 1km double run with Invar staff.

The leveling survey shall be carried out in closure loop with

accuracy ± 3 mm ÖK (K : loop distance, km).
0.01 mm resolution
Accuracy 0.3mm for 1km
double run with Invar staff.
 Surface Settlement point

Building Settlement point

BS C/8

Picture of Building and Surface Settlement point

Report Example

Result:
- Movement Direction
- Value in mm.

1. Timeline plot 2. Profile plot

 Report Example

STS INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD.

Building Settlement Mark
PROJECT :
Building Settlement Mark No. BS1 to BS6
Elevation Reading (m) Movement (mm)
Date Remark
BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6 BS1 BS2 BS3 BS4 BS5 BS6
1 4 /0 3 /2 0 1 1 -0.73647 -0.87217 -0.62226 -0.64979 -0.90618 -0.89468 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 In itia l R e a d in g
2 1 /0 3 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 3 8 2 0 - 0 .8 7 2 3 8 - 0 .6 2 3 0 9 - 0 .6 4 9 6 9 - 0 .9 0 6 0 1 - 0 .8 9 4 3 8 - 1 .7 3 - 0 .2 1 - 0 .8 3 0 .1 0 0 .1 7 0 .3 0 S E = S u rv e y E rro r
2 8 /0 3 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 3 8 9 7 - 0 .8 7 3 2 8 - 0 .6 2 3 3 9 - 0 .6 4 9 4 5 - 0 .9 0 5 8 4 - 0 .8 9 3 8 6 - 2 .5 0 - 1 .1 0 - 1 .1 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 2
0 4 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 4 1 6 7 - 0 .8 7 3 5 7 - 0 .6 2 2 9 6 - 0 .6 5 0 5 5 - 0 .9 0 7 0 0 - 0 .8 9 5 2 2 - 5 .2 0 - 1 .3 9 - 0 .7 0 - 0 .7 6 - 0 .8 2 - 0 .5 4
0 7 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 4 1 1 9 - 0 .8 7 4 3 0 - 0 .6 2 2 8 8 - 0 .6 4 9 8 5 - 0 .9 0 6 1 0 - 0 .8 9 4 5 2 - 4 .7 2 - 2 .1 3 - 0 .6 3 - 0 .0 6 0 .0 8 0 .1 6
1 1 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 4 1 4 4 - 0 .8 7 4 4 2 - 0 .6 2 3 4 0 - 0 .6 4 9 0 8 - 0 .9 0 6 0 5 - 0 .8 9 4 3 1 - 4 .9 7 - 2 .2 4 - 1 .1 5 0 .7 1 0 .1 3 0 .3 7
1 8 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 4 1 6 3 - 0 .8 7 4 5 0 - 0 .6 2 3 5 2 - 0 .6 4 9 4 6 - 0 .9 0 5 9 5 - 0 .8 9 4 8 5 - 5 .1 7 - 2 .3 3 - 1 .2 7 0 .3 2 0 .2 3 - 0 .1 6
2 2 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 4 2 2 7 - 0 .8 7 5 0 8 - 0 .6 2 3 0 0 - 0 .6 4 9 1 2 - 0 .9 0 5 5 2 - 0 .8 9 3 9 5 - 5 .8 0 - 2 .9 1 - 0 .7 4 0 .6 6 0 .6 6 0 .7 4
2 5 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 4 3 6 9 - 0 .8 7 5 4 7 - 0 .6 2 3 2 6 - 0 .6 4 9 1 3 - 0 .9 0 5 4 8 - 0 .8 9 3 9 8 - 7 .2 2 - 3 .3 0 - 1 .0 0 0 .6 5 0 .7 0 0 .7 0
3 0 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 - 0 .7 4 5 6 4 - 0 .8 7 5 6 7 - 0 .6 2 3 4 0 - 0 .6 4 9 3 0 - 0 .9 0 5 6 9 - 0 .8 9 4 0 9 - 9 .1 7 - 3 .5 0 - 1 .1 4 0 .4 8 0 .4 9 0 .5 9
MRT BLUE LINE EXTENSION CONTRACT 3 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
3,009 Nos of Building settlement & 608 Nos of Ground settlement
Monitoring: twice a weeks basic during foundation work
MRT BLUE LINE EXTENSION CONTRACT 1 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
97 Nos of Building settlement & 192 Nos of Ground settlement
Monitoring: daily basic in the influence zone during tunneling/Jet grouting
3 times per week basic during construction of HLP Station
 OTHER APPLICATION
THE MET South Sathorn road EXAMPLE
69 Nos of Building settlement & 22 Nos of Ground settlement
Monitoring: every weeks basic during construction

Building
Settlement
point

Finish Longterm monitoring

Start at Ground Floor During Construction Of super structure post construction

Feb 2007 Dec 2009 Apr 2016

2.2 Tiltmeter
- Measure inclination

Range: ±53 degree

Resolution:1:25783 (0.0022 degree)
Repeatability:1:5157 (0.0111 degree)
±0.021% F.S.
 Typical Tiltmeter measurement
axis:

Measurement Axis 1-3:

Perpendicular to Exec. Pit

Measurement Axis 2-4:

Parallel to Exec. Pit

1
4
2 3
 Tiltmeter
Sensor

ตรวจวัดแกน 2-4

Tilt plate วัดการเอียงตัวของอาคารด้ วย

Tiltmeter (วัดได้ สองแกน) ตรวจวัดแกน 1-3

แสดงภาพ Tilt meter

Report Example
 STS INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD.
TILTMETER

Construction Site
PROJECT : 4

1 3
Tiltplate No. 1 (ตําแหน่งเครื,องมือ: ทีผ, นังของอาคารวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ 2)
2

2 - 4 Direction 1 - 3 Direction
Date Peg2 Peg4 Inclination Inclination Inclination Peg1 Peg3 Inclination Inclination Inclination
(Rad) Ratio Direction (Rad) Ratio Direction
1 6 /0 3 /2 0 1 1 -154.67 156.00 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 247.56 -247.33 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 /0 3 /2 0 1 1 -1 3 7 .0 0 1 6 3 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 2 1 3 1: 4687 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 2 2 6 1 .0 0 -2 4 6 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 2 4 2 1: 4128 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
2 8 /0 3 /2 0 1 1 -1 4 1 .0 0 1 6 2 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 1 5 3 1: 6522 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 2 2 5 8 .0 0 -2 4 9 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 2 4 2 1: 4128 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
0 4 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 -1 4 3 .0 0 1 6 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 1 5 3 1: 6522 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 2 2 5 8 .0 0 -2 5 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 2 6 2 1: 3813 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
0 7 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 -1 4 5 .0 0 1 6 4 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 3 3 1: 29999 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 2 2 5 6 .0 0 -2 5 2 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 2 6 2 1: 3813 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
1 1 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 -1 5 9 .0 0 1 6 6 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 2 8 7 1 : -3 4 8 8 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 5 5 .0 0 -2 5 5 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 3 0 2 1: 3309 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
1 8 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 -1 6 2 .0 0 1 6 8 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 3 8 7 1 : -2 5 8 6 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 5 7 .0 0 -2 5 5 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 3 4 2 1: 2922 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
2 2 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 -1 6 4 .0 0 1 7 0 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 4 6 7 1 : -2 1 4 3 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 6 1 .0 0 -2 5 1 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 3 4 2 1: 2922 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
2 5 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 -1 5 5 .0 0 1 6 7 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 2 2 7 1 : -4 4 1 2 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 5 8 .0 0 -2 6 4 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 5 4 2 1: 1844 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
3 0 /0 4 /2 0 1 1 -1 5 0 .0 0 1 7 2 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 2 2 7 1 : -4 4 1 2 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 7 5 .0 0 -2 6 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 8 0 2 1: 1246 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
0 3 /0 5 /2 0 1 1 -1 5 5 .0 0 1 7 5 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 3 8 7 1 : -2 5 8 6 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 7 5 .0 0 -2 6 3 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 8 6 2 1: 1160 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
0 6 /0 5 /2 0 1 1 -1 6 0 .0 0 1 7 4 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 4 6 7 1 : -2 1 4 3 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 7 4 .0 0 -2 6 6 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 9 0 2 1: 1108 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
1 0 /0 5 /2 0 1 1 -1 5 5 .0 0 1 7 8 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 4 4 7 1 : -2 2 3 9 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 7 5 .0 0 -2 6 5 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 9 0 2 1: 1108 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
1 4 /0 5 /2 0 1 1 -1 7 7 .0 0 1 7 8 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 8 8 7 1 : -1 1 2 8 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 7 2 .0 0 -2 7 1 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 9 6 2 1: 1039 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
1 8 /0 5 /2 0 1 1 -1 7 4 .0 0 1 8 1 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 8 8 7 1 : -1 1 2 8 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 7 9 .0 0 -2 7 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 1: 924 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
2 3 /0 5 /2 0 1 1 -1 7 6 .0 0 1 8 2 .0 0 -0 .0 0 0 9 4 7 1 : -1 0 5 6 T ilt to d ir e c t io n 4 2 7 9 .0 0 -2 7 1 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 1 0 2 1: 907 T ilt t o d ir e c t io n 1
วังสระปทมุ APPLICATION EXAMPLE

46 Nos of Tiltplate on Wall & 21 Nos of Tiltplate on building

Monitoring: 3 times per weeks basic
 2.3 Inclinometer
•Measure LATERAL MOVEMENT
•The Inclinometers system, mainly consist of

The Inclinometers system, mainly consist of

Inclinometer
Signal Cable Guide Wheel Casing
(Optional)

Gravitational
line
The Inclinometers
Probe

Inclinometer Probe
- measure inclination reference to the
Gravitational line of the earth
- Can calculate lateral profile of the inclinometer casing.
 How?, Inclinometer measure lateral profile of the
inclinometer casing

Signal cable

First, lowering the

probe to the
bottom.

Inclinometer
probe

Bottom of the
inclinometer casing
 Then, pull probe
every 0.50m to the
Bottom of the top of the casing.
inclinometer casing -- Get profile --
We get profile, then how to get lateral movement from inclinometer?

Current (profile)
A-Axis

Initial (profile) 0

Reading Reading
2

A-Axis 6
0
A-Axis
0

8
2
2

4 10
4

Depth in meters
6
6 12

Depth
8
8
14
Depth

10 10

16

Depth in meters
Depth in meters

12 12

18

14 14

20
16 24/01/07
16

INITIAL 1 on
11/11/06 INITIAL 1 on 22
18 11/11/06
INITIAL 2 on 18
11/11/06 INITIAL 2 on
INITIAL 3 on 11/11/06
11/11/06 INITIAL 3 on
20 11/11/06 24
20

22
22 26
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
24 Cumulative Displacement (mm) from

Deviation from Gravitational

24 23/04/07

26
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
Lateral displacement
line of the earth
26
Cumulative Deviation (mm)
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
Cumulative Deviation (mm)
The Inclinometer's Tube Installation in Soil picture
 1. Check dummy casing depth, by scale 2. Clean inside dummy casing by water 3. Place inclinometer tube inside the
tape jet Dummy casing.

4.Mix the cement-bentonite as a grouting 5.Fill the gap between inclinometer 6.After Work done, recommend to
material and dummy casing by grouting add some protection cage.
material

The Inclinometer's Tube Installation in Dummy casing picture

(Using grout tube )
1. Check dummy casing depth, by scale 2. Clean inside dummy casing by water 3.Mix the cement-bentonite as a grouting
tape jet material

4. fill the dummy casing by 5. Place inclinometer tube inside the 6.After Work done, recommend to
grouting material Dummy casing. add some protection cage.

The Inclinometer's Tube Installation in Dummy casing picture

(pre-grout prior install inclinometer casing)
 Report Example
MONITORING DATA RECORD
Instrument Type : Inclinometer Instrument ID : IW3 DEPTH : 22.00 M.
Instrument Location :
A-Axis B-Axis
Base Reading Date: 01 June 2013 B+
0 0
Base Reading Sensor SN: 102021 (SLOPE INDICATOR) Excavation
Area
A+ A-
Current Reading Date: 19-Feb-14
B-
Current Sensor SN: 102021 (SLOPE INDICATOR)
Reading No: 30
STD.DEV. A: 3.13
2 2 B: 8.46
DEPTH Current Reading Base (A) CUM.DISP Current Reading Base (B) CUM.DISP
M. A+ A- INCR.DEV INCR.DEV (A) mm. B+ B- INCR.DEV INCR.DEV (B) mm.
0.50 -243 199 -4.42 -1.58 3.31 -420 392 -8.12 -11.79 2.45
1.00 -189 144 -3.33 -1.48 6.15 319 -348 6.67 5.54 -1.22
1.50 5 -40 0.45 1.65 8.00 484 -518 10.02 10.33 -2.36
4 4 2.00 35 -76 1.11 2.48 9.20 493 -533 10.26 9.54 -2.05
2.50 24 -64 0.88 2.29 10.57 551 -589 11.40 10.85 -2.77
3.00 -6 -37 0.31 1.75 11.98 602 -635 12.37 11.64 -3.33
3.50 -51 11 -0.62 0.79 13.42 660 -692 13.52 13.03 -4.06
4.00 -61 17 -0.78 0.48 14.83 672 -732 14.04 13.86 -4.55
4.50 82 -123 2.05 2.87 16.09 659 -698 13.57 13.81 -4.73
5.00 87 -131 2.18 3.29 16.91 670 -702 13.72 13.63 -4.49
6 6
5.50 60 -100 1.60 2.72 18.02 673 -709 13.82 13.82 -4.58
6.00 11 -52 0.63 1.71 19.15 655 -702 13.57 13.69 -4.58
6.50 -33 -6 -0.27 0.71 20.23 653 -704 13.57 13.47 -4.46
7.00 -76 38 -1.14 -0.20 21.21 649 -702 13.51 13.77 -4.56
Depth in meters

Depth in meters

7.50 -5 -30 0.25 0.42 22.15 464 -495 9.59 10.60 -4.30
8.00 96 -135 2.31 2.39 22.32 300 -348 6.48 7.63 -3.29
8 8 8.50 233 -271 5.04 4.67 22.39 179 -224 4.03 5.08 -2.14
9.00 374 -407 7.81 7.40 22.03 33 -82 1.15 2.16 -1.10
9.50 490 -528 10.18 9.59 21.61 -94 54 -1.48 -0.38 -0.08
10.00 549 -593 11.42 10.78 21.03 -172 111 -2.83 -2.46 1.01
10.50 651 -689 13.40 12.31 20.39 -203 160 -3.63 -3.86 1.38
21/03/11 21/03/11 11.00 697 -733 14.30 13.29 19.30 -164 116 -2.80 -3.61 1.15
28/03/11 28/03/11 11.50 723 -758 14.81 13.75 18.29 -75 29 -1.04 -1.91 0.34
10 10
12.00 705 -742 14.47 13.43 17.23 46 -80 1.26 0.10 -0.53
04/04/11 04/04/11
12.50 688 -727 14.15 13.02 16.20 152 -191 3.43 2.60 -1.69
07/04/11 07/04/11 13.00 656 -692 13.48 12.28 15.07 187 -221 4.08 4.24 -2.52
13.50 604 -643 12.47 11.41 13.87 119 -160 2.79 3.40 -2.36
11/04/11 11/04/11
14.00 522 -562 10.84 9.75 12.81 114 -160 2.74 2.57 -1.75
18/04/11 18/04/11 14.50 428 -464 8.92 7.88 11.72 144 -178 3.22 3.27 -1.92
12 12 22/04/11 15.00 314 -350 6.64 5.57 10.68 154 -186 3.40 3.45 -1.87
22/04/11
15.50 202 -240 4.42 3.42 9.61 151 -198 3.49 3.47 -1.82
25/04/11 25/04/11 16.00 112 -154 2.66 1.63 8.61 159 -211 3.70 3.84 -1.84
30/04/11 30/04/11 16.50 168 -205 3.73 2.48 7.58 131 -183 3.14 3.47 -1.71
17.00 199 -239 4.38 3.38 6.33 99 -158 2.57 2.75 -1.38
03/05/11 03/05/11 17.50 201 -241 4.42 3.51 5.34 72 -125 1.97 2.24 -1.20
06/05/11 06/05/11 18.00 224 -264 4.88 4.05 4.42 20 -68 0.88 1.11 -0.93
14 14
18.50 247 -285 5.32 4.63 3.59 17 -59 0.76 0.78 -0.70
10/05/11 10/05/11
19.00 242 -284 5.26 4.64 2.90 9 -48 0.57 0.59 -0.68
14/05/11 14/05/11 19.50 384 -430 8.14 7.50 2.28 -23 -21 -0.02 0.23 -0.66
20.00 447 -486 9.33 8.91 1.64 -31 -7 -0.24 -0.19 -0.40
20.50 413 -453 8.66 8.25 1.21 -14 -21 0.07 0.13 -0.36
21.00 353 -393 7.46 7.11 0.81 -26 -23 -0.03 0.03 -0.30
16 16 21.50 274 -306 5.80 5.34 0.46 -26 -19 -0.07 0.17 -0.24
22.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 -20 -10 0 10 20
Cum ulative Displacem ent (m m ) from Cum ulative Displacem ent (m m ) from
END OF RECORDS Engineer :
16/03/2011 16/03/2011
Record By : Chaiya C.
 Report Example (Advance Plot)
Inclinometer Tube No. IW1 Inclinometer Tube No. IW1

A-Axis Top of Pile CAP

B-Axis A-Axis Top of Pile CAP
B-Axis
0 0 0 0

Bottom of Pile CAP Bottom of Pile CAP

Strut layer1 Strut layer1

2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4

Strut layer2 Strut layer2

6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8
Slab B3
Depth in meters

Depth in meters

Depth in meters

Depth in meters
10 10 10 10

12 12 12 12

14 14 14 14

12-Nov-13 12-Nov-13 27-Nov-13 27-Nov-13

Exec Depth 9 Exec Depth 9 Exec Depth Exec Depth

m m 9.5 m 9.5 m
16 16 16 16

Require more Information: Strut

level, excavation progress etc.
18 18 18 18

20 20 20 20
-10 0 10 20 30 -20 -10 0 10 20 -10 0 10 20 30 -20 -10 0 10 20

Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 15/05/13 Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 15/05/13 Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 15/05/13 Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 15/05/13
 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
THE RIVER, Charoen Nakorn
11 Nos of Inclinometer & 22 Nos of Standpipe piezometer
Monitoring: weekly basic for inclinometer
Every day for Standpipe piezometer
2.3 Inplace - Inclinometer
•By install chain of inclinometer sensor in the tube
•Measure LATERAL MOVEMENT in Real-Time

Extension
rod
ADVANTAGE:
- Faster reading than insert-type inclinometer (manual)
- Automate and Real-time monitoring data
Sensor - Better accuracy and repeatability than insert-type inclinometer

Specification

Repeatability: better than ±1.1mm/21m (± 0.003 degree)

Accuracy: better than 1.1mm/21m (0.003 degree)
NOBLE AROUND ARI
22 IPI sensor @every 1 m
Report Example
 2.7 Target Prism
To monitor the movement in x, y (and z) coordinate of
selected structure that adjacent to the construction work.

Specification

3D-Coordinate
Accuracy +- 0.5mm/100m (NET05AX)
Accuracy +- 1mm/100m (IX1001)
Accuracy +- 3mm/100m (SRX3X)
 APPLICATION EXAMPLE

Monitor the movement (3D) of buidling

caused by tunneling run below.

Monitor the land slide, building on

the hill.
Target Prism coordinate - movement
measure by Total Station
 Report Example
Target Prism - N coordinate RF1 RF2 Target Prism - N coordinate TP3B TP4A
30 RF3 TP1A 30 TP4B TP5A
TP1B TP2A TP5B TP6A
(+N)

(+N)
TP2B TP3A TP6B TP7A

20 Alarm Level Alert Level 20 Alarm Level Alert Level

10 10
Movement (mm)

Movement (mm)
0 0

-10 -10 1. Timeline plot

-20 -20
(-N)

(-N)
-30 -30
14/10/2013

28/10/2013

11/11/2013

25/11/2013

09/12/2013

23/12/2013

06/01/2014

20/01/2014

03/02/2014

17/02/2014

14/10/2013

28/10/2013

11/11/2013

25/11/2013

09/12/2013

23/12/2013

06/01/2014

20/01/2014

03/02/2014

17/02/2014
Date Date

9060

9050 TARGET PRISM MOVEMENT

RF4
RF3 RF1
9040
RF2
9030
Data Plot Date:

TP2A 9020 14/12/2013 12:33

TP1A TP2B
TP1B 9010
N-Coordinate

TP3A 9000
TP4A
TP3B
TP6A TP4B
TP6B 8990
TP7A
TP7B
TP5A
TP5B
8980

8970
2. Vector plot
TP8A
TP8B 8960

TP9A 8950

TP9B
8940

8930
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080
E-Coordinate
Remark: Chart above, show the target ScaleFactor: 3596.2
= 2.828 mm
prism's movement scale and direction by
vector. Scale of vector show at bottom-
right of this page.
Automated 3D movement monitoring system (Optional)

Robotic Total Station, Installed target prism at column of STSMonitech®, the web-base
controller with Solar building instrumentation database management
Panel to power the system software.
system Data-viewer via Web, automatic e-mail
sending/notification

To monitor 3D movement in REAL TIME at various points of building or structure

over period of time.
 OTHER APPLICATION
MAHANAKHON PROJECT EXAMPLE
Superstructure Movement Monitoring - During Construction
125 Nos of target prism at control floors & 22 Nos of Building settlement marks at GL.
Monitoring: following stage construction

Because of unsymmetrical shape of building,

designer need to know movement of each
construction stage.

Monitoring data was used to

verify/correction/adjust of verticality of building.
Finish
Start at LV19 Of super structure
During Construction
Sept 2014 Apr 2016
Monitoring at level 19, 27,
35, 43, 51, 58, 65 and 71
 OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE

Use precise
total station for
monitoring.

RESULT EXAMPLE
Target prism
Install at
column
 OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
WISH SIGNATURE MIDTOWN SIAM PROJECT
Sky Swimming pool Movement Monitoring - During Construction
58 Nos of target prism sheet at steel support frame, LV37
Reading after construction of concrete floor, wall, 50% water level, 100% water level
Measured results, used for verify/compare
with the structural analysis result.

If measured results larger than predict, then

the correction plan can be perform.

RESULT EXAMPLE
 OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
Onnuch Bridge Load Test PROJECT
Two robotic total station read target prism 12+15 nos.

Measure Bridge deflection during Bridge

Load Test.
 OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
BANPONG UTILITIES SPP PROJECT
measure the actual movement of the earth retaining wall during fill water in the raw
water pond
Using precise total station to correct inclinometer data.

Inclinometer

Target prism
 OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
Noble Ploenchit PROJECT Mandarin Oriental Bangkok Hotel
measure the movement of the building by precise total
station close to the excavation pit.
PROJECT (Renovation 2019)
measure the settlement of lamp ‘s support during
loading test.

Real Lamp
 2.8 Magnetic Extensometer

To monitor settlement or heave in soil by extensometer

Spider Magnet
Report Example
3.0 m
IE11-16, Magnetic Extensometer Ring1 to Ring7

20

3.0 m

-30
Ring1 Ring2
Ring3 Ring4 3.0 m
Movement (mm)

Ring5 Ring6
Ring7 Ring8
Ring9 Ring10
-80 21..0 m
3.0 m

-130
3.0 m

-180 3.0 m
22/03/2013

05/04/2013

19/04/2013

03/05/2013

17/05/2013

31/05/2013

14/06/2013

28/06/2013

12/07/2013

26/07/2013

09/08/2013

23/08/2013

06/09/2013

20/09/2013

04/10/2013

18/10/2013

01/11/2013

15/11/2013

29/11/2013

13/12/2013

27/12/2013

10/01/2014

24/01/2014

07/02/2014

21/02/2014
Date 3.0 m

~ 1.5 m ~ 1.0 m

Reading Data Movement

Top tube
Top tube
Date Ring1 Ring2 Ring3 Ring4 Ring5 Ring6 Ring7 Ring1 Ring2 Ring3 Ring4 Ring5 Ring6 Ring7 Movement
Elev. (m)
(mm)
L1 (m) L2 (m) L1 (m) L2 (m) L1 (m) L2 (m) L1 (m) L2 (m) L1 (m) L2 (m) L1 (m) L2 (m) L1 (m) L2 (m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

(Depth, m) (-2.09) (-5.15) (-8.16) (-11.2) (-14.31) (-17.36) (-18.64)

11/11/13 3.070 3.097 6.075 6.103 9.026 9.052 12.040 12.066 15.037 15.064 18.148 18.175 19.437 19.465 0.81167 -171.3 -119.8 -62.3 -30.3 21.1 3.7 4.7 -187.80
14/11/13 3.072 3.095 6.075 6.102 9.025 9.052 12.040 12.067 15.037 15.063 18.149 18.176 19.438 19.465 0.81167 -171.3 -119.3 -61.8 -30.8 19.6 2.7 4.2 -187.80
18/11/13 3.070 3.097 6.077 6.103 9.027 9.053 12.040 12.066 15.038 15.064 18.148 18.175 19.437 19.465 0.81167 -171.3 -120.8 -63.3 -30.3 18.1 3.7 4.7 -187.80
21/11/13 3.073 3.098 6.077 6.100 9.025 9.054 12.040 12.067 15.038 15.065 18.150 18.176 19.437 19.465 0.81167 -173.3 -119.3 -62.8 -30.8 20.1 2.2 4.7 -187.80
25/11/13 3.073 3.098 6.076 6.104 9.026 9.053 12.040 12.067 15.038 15.065 18.150 18.177 19.437 19.465 0.81167 -173.3 -120.8 -62.8 -30.8 15.1 1.7 4.7 -187.80
28/11/13 3.077 3.098 6.077 6.103 9.026 9.054 12.040 12.067 15.038 15.065 18.149 18.176 19.437 19.465 0.81167 -175.3 -120.8 -63.3 -30.8 15.1 2.7 4.7 -187.80
 2.9 Crack Gauge

The AVONGARD® crack gauges were

installed across the selected crack lines •The crack gauge was read by vernier
caliper (precision 0.05 mm.)

•When take a current reading minus

the initial reading, the change in
crack width (expansion or
contraction) shall be known
 (Contraction ) (expansion )
Change of crack width (mm)

0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

-0.5
25/02/2015

11/03/2015

25/03/2015

08/04/2015
Report Example

22/04/2015

06/05/2015
Crack Gauge CG1 to CG8

20/05/2015

03/06/2015

17/06/2015

01/07/2015

Date
15/07/2015
CG5
CG1

29/07/2015

12/08/2015
CG6
CG2

26/08/2015

09/09/2015

23/09/2015
CG7
CG3

07/10/2015

21/10/2015

04/11/2015
CG8
CG4

18/11/2015
 2.14 VW strain gauge in bored pile
Arch weld type

Measure strain in the reinforcement steel of bored pile/D-

wall that occur during construction of the main work.
Installation of VW strain gauge at steel cage of bored pile

1. Mark location of strain gauge on

the steel cage that lay down on 2. Weld the strain gauge ‘s END 3. After drilled the soil. Put the
support. (don’t forget to consider BLOCK at the marked point in (1) steel cage in to the drilled hole.
overlap length of rebar)

5. Weld the protection steel, to

prevent tremie pipe impact directly
on the strain gauge.

4. Install strain gauge in the end Note: installed VWSG at main bar,
block of (2) then its measure strain at main bar.
Installation of VW strain gauge at steel cage of bored pile

6. Wiring signal cable along the

steel cage with protection rubber
tube.

7. Install protection steel tube

(length approx 2-3m) at the top of
bored pile.
To protect the signal cable damage
during breaking of pile head.
Installation of VW strain gauge
Use Sister bar (valid both arch weld and spot weld type)

Sister bar embedded in

concrete. So it measure the
strain in concrete
 (Compression) (Tension)
Difference (me)

100
200
300
400
500
600

-300
-200
-100
01/06/2009

15/06/2009

29/06/2009

13/07/2009

27/07/2009

10/08/2009

24/08/2009

07/09/2009

Date
Report Example

21/09/2009

05/10/2009
Strain Measurement, SG1: Pile No. 308G
19/10/2009

02/11/2009

16/11/2009
STS INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD.

30/11/2009

14/12/2009
Strain Gauge Measurement: SG1 and SG2, PROJECT NAME

S3-2
S3-1
S2-2
S2-1
S1-2
S1-1

28/12/2009

(Compression) (Tension)
Difference (me)
100
200
300
400
500
600

-300
-200
-100

01/06/2009

15/06/2009

29/06/2009

13/07/2009

27/07/2009

10/08/2009

24/08/2009

07/09/2009
Date

21/09/2009

05/10/2009
Strain Measurement, SG2: Pile No. 184G

19/10/2009
MAP

02/11/2009

16/11/2009

30/11/2009

14/12/2009
S3-2
S3-1
S2-2
S2-1
S1-2
S1-1

28/12/2009
2.16 VW Piezometer
To monitor water pressure at sensing zone
Installation of VW piezometer

1. Prepare sensor, place in the 2. Drilling the soil to the specific depth 3. Check drilled depth, by scale tape
geotextile bag

4. Place sand in the drilled hole 5. Put the sensor, bentonite ball in the 6. Wiring the signal cable to the
drilled hole terminal box
 OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
Noble BE19 PROJECT
measure water pressure during excavation work
Site Have 2nos of Relief Wells to release excess water pressure.

EXEC 19-21m

Piezometer at 28m depth

Dwall tip 32m

Begin Excavation

Final Excavation Finish MAT foundation and

block/destroy relief wells
 Pressure (mH2O)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

12/08/2013
02/09/2013
23/09/2013
14/10/2013
04/11/2013
Report Example

25/11/2013
VW Piezometer: EB2-P1

16/12/2013
06/01/2014
27/01/2014
17/02/2014
10/03/2014
31/03/2014
21/04/2014
12/05/2014

Date
02/06/2014
23/06/2014
14/07/2014
04/08/2014
25/08/2014
15/09/2014
06/10/2014
27/10/2014
17/11/2014
08/12/2014
29/12/2014
19/01/2015
EB2-P1

09/02/2015
Elevation

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Embankment

Embankment Elevation (m.MSL)

2.18 Real-time Instruments (Datalogger)

Introduction
A data logger, is an electronic instrument that records
measurements at set intervals over a period of time.

Objectives
• unattended to measure and record information for the
Fig.1 Campbell scientific Data logger
duration of the monitoring period
• ability to automatically collect data on a 24-hour basis
• ability to send data automatically to server via GSM
modem.
• measure and record of many type of sensor such as
electrical resistance strain gauge, Vibrating wire strain
gauge, Load cell, accelerometer sensor, Piezometer,
Tilt sensor, thermocouple, potentiometer sensor and
etc.

Fig.2 Various Sensor type that can be measured by

Campbell scientific data logger
MRT BLUE LINE EXT C1 PROJECT APPLICATION EXAMPLE

MRT tunneling pass below historical building.

REAL TIME
MONITORING
1. Monitoring periods about 1.5x2 months –
reading every 30 min.
2. send data to STSMonitech® Server via
GSM-modem
 TBM

INFLUENCE
ZONE1
SHOW ON
STS MONITECH WEBSITE
INFLUENCE
ZONE2

RESULT EXAMPLE
(Post processing)
 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
Edge Sukhumvit 23 PROJECT DYNAMIC RESPONSE
Sky Swimming pool strain Monitoring - During Construction
REAL TIME
5 electrical resistance strain gauge installed at steel
support frame, LV26 MONITORING

1. Campbell scientific data logger model

CR6 (resolution 50 nV) as a
readout/recorder unit
2. measurement program every 0.2 second
(or 5Hz sampling rate)
3. send data to STSMonitech® Server via
GSM-modem
4. STSMonitech® Server automatic send
results to designer/consultant once a
day (settable), alert-email can also can.

5. Monitoring periods about 3 months –

continuous reading at 5Hz.
6. End up with monitoring data size 7.5GB.
 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
CARLTON HOTEL PROJECT
Swimming pool Full Load Test REAL TIME
Strain, temperature and XYZ movement Monitoring MONITORING
Nos of Sensor/Prism:
• 84 nos of Electrical resistance strain gauge
attach to steel frame.
• 9 nos of Thermocouple sensor attach to steel
frame
• 44 nos of Target prism attach to steel frame

Readout unit/Data logger:

• Campbell scientific data logger x 3 unit
• Sokkia Precise robotic total station model
NET05AXII x 1 unit
Strain gauge and thermocouple
• Campbell scientific data logger model
CR1000X (resolution 50 nV) as a
readout/recorder unit
• measurement program every 2 minute
and send data to STSMonitech® Server
via GSM-modem
• STSMonitech® Server automatic send
results to designer/consultant once a
day (settable), alert-email can also can.
• Monitoring periods about 1.3 months
XYZ movement monitoring
• Sokkia Precise robotic total station model NET05AXII 0.5sec accuracy
• Campbell scientific data logger model CR6 with weather sensor as
controller for robotic total station.
• measurement program every 30 minute and send data to
STSMonitech® Server via GSM-modem
 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
METROPLY PROJECT
Press machine REAL TIME
XYZ movement Monitoring MONITORING
Nos of Sensor/Prism:
• 15 nos of Target prism attach to the Press
machine foundation, support beam and its steel
frame.
Readout unit/Data logger:
• Campbell scientific data logger x 1 unit as a
controller for robotic total station.
• Sokkia Precise robotic total station model
NET05AXII x 1 unit
• Reading every 6 min in 1.5 month
It is a machine to make a plywood sheet. Some of
production have a bending, uneven problem. May
caused by foundation settlement/heave or distress
of machine itself?-> need to monitoring.
230KV Underground tunnel project OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
MEA Tunnel passing below MRT Tunnel -> Need Instrumentation on
MRT Tunnel --> Monitor Impact Effect of MEA on MRT, Warning REAL TIME
MONITORING
PHETBURI
STATION

Existing MRT
Blue line Tunnel

MEA NEW
TUNNEL

Monitoring Frequency:
Every 1 min. For Protection & Critical Zone
Other, Every 5 min.
Req. Minimum 2 Staff from Contractor and 1 staff from
MRT: work in data station 24 hr.

Trigger Level
Alarm level: For alert the MRT officer
Alert level: For alert the MRT officer (more serious)
Action Level: for stop all Train operation
Settlement monitoring: 5 mm.
Joint Displacement monitoring: 0.026%
Zoom view of the
above picture
 RESULT EXAMPLE
(Post processing)

For North Bound and South Bound Tunnel

2 Nos of Datalogger with Short range modem

20 Nos of EL Beams Sensor
54 Nos of Potentiometer

RESULT EXAMPLE
(Post processing)
OTHER PROJECT OTHER APPLICATION
EXAMPLE

REAL TIME
MONITORING

Fig.2 Example of data logger application Fig.4 Example of data logger application
Strain measurement during pile bending test at factory. Strain measurement during static bridge load test.

Fig.3 Example of data logger application - temperature Fig.5 Example of data logger application
measurement during concrete setting by thermocouple Strain measurement on strengthened column during load
test of car park building
THANK YOU