Chapter Title Page

no no

Title page

Approval sheet

Declaration

Certificate

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of contents

List of figures
1. Internship report 13

1.1Ratnamani Metals & Tubes Ltd.

1.2 Welspun Metallics Ltd.

2. Project introduction 15

2.1 Principle

2.2 Circuit diagram

2.3 Advantage & Disadvantage

3. Design of project

3.1 Block diagram

3.2 Flow chart

4. Components specification 18

4.1-Main components

4.1.1 microcontroller

4.1.2 LM 35 Sensor

4.1.3 DC Motor

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 4.2-Common components

4.1.4 Transformer

4.1.5 LCD

4.1.6 Relay

5. Future Scope 19

5.1 Future Scope

5.2 Applications

6. Conclusion

7. References

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figure no List of figures Page no

1.1 Company SSD

1.2 Stock house
1.3 Blast furnace
2.1 Circuit diagram
3.1 Block diagram
3.2 Flow chart
4.1 Components
4.2 Pin diagram
4.3 MC AT89S52
4.4 Sensor LM 35
4.5 DC Motor
4.6 3D DC Motor
4.7 Transformer
4.8 LCD
4.9 Pin configuration
4.10 Bridge rectifier
4.11 Relay
4.12 Electromechanical relay
4.13 Latching relay

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 Chapter-1

Internship report

1.1 Ratnamani Metals & Tubes Ltd.

Company Website:-
http://www.ratnamani.com/
Contact Info:-
info@ratnamani.com
We are pleased to introduce Ratnamani Metals & Tubes Limited from India, as one of the leading
manufacturers of Carbon Steel Pipes (ERW, HSAW & LSAW) and Stainless Steel Pipes &
Tubes, manufacturing pipes in various sizes conforming to specifications as per API, ASTM, DIN,
Euro Norms or any other international standards. We have been successfully audited and approved by
SHELL, NABUCCO, TRANS ANATOLIAN NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT, SABIC,
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, British Gas, Qatar Petroleum and a few more reputed companies for
the manufacture and supply of Pipes and coating.
Having executed pipeline requirements for esteemed companies like PDO Oman through L&T,
through Welspun with API Guest-Host license, Gas Authority of India Ltd, Bechtel Chile, Daewoo
International Corp, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd and more.
We have also supplied Titanium Welded tubes for Sohar Refinery Expansion (Oman Oil Refinery &
Petroluem Industries (ORPIC), Stainless Steel Welded Heat Exchanger Tubes for Layyah D13
Desalination Plant Project, Sharjah, UAE, Stainless Steel Welded Heat Exchanger Tubes El Ain El
Sokhna Super Critical Thermal Power Plant Project in Egypt, EPC - PGESCo, Stainless Steel
Seamless Heat Exchanger Tubes for DOPET/Qatar Petroleum, Stainless Steel Seamless Heat
Exchanger Tubes for Jazan Refinery Project of Saudi Aramco - Client - Tecnicas Reunidas, LSAW

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pipes for BAYTOWN,USA, EXXONMOBIL CHEMICAL COMPANY, LSAW pipes for SUR-
OMAN through TROUVAY CAUVIN GULF and many more.

Products

• Stainless steel
• Nickel alloy
• Titanium welded tube
• Carbon steel
• Cotting solutions
• Induction bending

Types of Material used in Manufacturing Programmed:

Austenitic Stainless Steel (Welded and Seamless Tubes and Pipes)

Super Austenitic Stainless Steel (Welded and Seamless Tubes and Pipes)
Ferritic Stainless Steel (Welded and Seamless Tubes)
Super Ferritic Stainless Steel (Welded Tubes)
Martensitic Stainless Steel (Seamless Tubes)
Duplex Stainless Steel (Seamless and Welded Tubes and Pipes)
Super Duplex Stainless Steel (Seamless and Welded Tubes and Pipes)
Titanium (Welded Tubes)
Nickel Alloys (Seamless Tubes.

What is electric Maintenance :-

Electrical maintenance is the process of ensuring that electrical equipment is kept in good working
order. It includes inspecting, testing, and repairing electrical equipment as necessary to prevent
problems that could lead to a loss of power or an electrical fire.
• Corrective maintenance
• Preventive maintenance
• Risk-based maintenance
5
 • Condition-based maintenance

What is a transformer?
A transformer is an inductive electrical device for changing the voltage of alternating current. A
transformer consists of two magnetically coupled coils. Alternating current in one (called the
"primary") creates a changing magnetic field which induces a current in the second coil (the
"secondary").
What are 2 types of transformers?
Types of Transformers
Power Transformers. A power transformer transfers electricity between a generator and the
distribution primary circuits. ...
Autotransformers. Now, let's make things even more complicated. ...
Generator Step-Up Transformers. Moving right along to GSUs or generator step-up transformers. ...
Auxiliary Transformers.

Single line diagram:

Fig 1.1 Single line diagram

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1.2 Welspun Metallics Ltd.

Company Website:-
https://www.welspunindia.com
Contact Info:-
contact@welspun.com

Welspun Metallics Limited is a Public incorporated on 31 July 2020. It is classified as Non-govt

company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Ahmedabad. Its authorized share capital is Rs.
3,000,000,000 and its paid up capital is Rs. 2,970,109,950. It is involved in Manufacture of Basic
Iron & Steel Welspun Metallics Limited's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on 27 July
2021 and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its balance sheet was last filed
on 31 March 2021.

Directors of Welspun Metallics Limited are Percy Kershasp Birdy, Ashok Revathy, Vipul Mathur, .
Welspun Metallics Limited's Corporate Identification Number is (CIN) U27100GJ2020PLC115168
and its registration number is 115168.Its Email address is companysecretary_wml@welspun.com and
its registered address is Survey No. 650, Welspun City, Village Versamedi, Taluka Anjar, Dist.
Kutch Anjar Kachchh GJ 370110 I

1.2.1 STOCK HOUSE

The second type of the automated stock house is a large structure of storage bins built entirely above
ground and quite away from the blast furnace. This is usually done for the blast furnaces where belt
conveyor is used to carry the burden materials to the top of the furnace instead of the skip cars. The
method of filling the storage bins is usually by a conveyor belt system. The raw materials are drawn
from the storage bins by vibrating feeders and belt conveyors into weighing hoppers. The weigh
hoppers in turn discharge the material onto the main conveyor by means of a collecting conveyor.
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The weighing hoppers are programmed to weigh the raw materials in the correct order onto the main
conveyor belt to the top of the furnace.

Fig1.2 Stock house

1.2.2 BLAST FURNANCE

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals,
generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. Blast refers to the combustion air being
supplied above atmospheric pressure.
In a blast furnace, fuel (coke), ores, and flux (limestone) are continuously supplied through the top of
the furnace, while a hot blast of air (sometimes with oxygen enrichment) is blown into the lower
section of the furnace through a series of pipes called tuyeres, so that the chemical reactions take
place throughout the furnace as the material falls downward. The end products are usually molten
metal and slag phases tapped from the bottom, and waste gases (flue gas) exiting from the top of the
furnace. The downward flow of the ore along with the flux in contact with an up flow of hot, carbon
monoxide-rich combustion gases is a counter current exchange and chemical reaction process.

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 Fig1.3 Blast furnance
1.2.3WHAT DID I LEARN

The Metallics internship was carried out to develop a clear understanding about the following:
• Daily Inspection of Plant
• Learned About Wiring Diagram
• DOL Starter
• Equipment Testing and Checking
• Motor Speed Drive (VFD)
• Insulation Resistance Checking (By Magger)
• Calibration of Load Cell
• MPR Connection and Setting
The internship helps us to:
• To understand the structural and functional constituents of the industry.
• To strengthen the relationship between the industry and students.
• To adapt to real industrial situations which equips us for decision making in a realistic
environment.

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 Chapter-2
Project introduction
2.1 Principle
The main principle of the circuit is to switch on the fan connected to DC motor when the temperature
is greater than a threshold value.
The microcontroller continuously reads temperature from its surroundings. The temperature sensor
acts as a transducer and converts the sensed temperature to electrical value. This is analog value
which is applied to the ADC pin of the microcontroller. The microcontroller has multiplexed ADC
channels with 10 bit resolution. The analog value is applied to one of the input ADC pins. Thus
conversion occurs internally using successive approximation method. For ADC conversion, internal
registers should be declared. The ADC pin outputs a digital value. This is compared with the
threshold value by the controller which switches the fan if value is greater than threshold.
In this project, microcontroller 89s51 forms the processing part, which firstly receives data from
ADC. ADC receives data from temperature sensor through amplifier. Then microcontroller 89s52
performs the comparison of current temperature and set temperature as per the logic of program for
which microcontroller has already been programmed. The result obtained from the above operation is
given through output port of 89s51 to LCD display of relevant data and generated pulses as per the
logic program which is further fed to the driver circuit to obtain the desired output of ceiling fan.

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

A Temperature Controlled DC Fan is a system which automatically turns on a DC Fan when the
ambient temperature increases above a certain limit.
Generally, electronic devices produce more heat. So this heat should be reduced in order to protect
the device. There are many ways to reduce this heat. One way is to switch on the fan spontaneously.

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 Fig 2.1 circuit diagram

LM35 Temperature Sensor: This is a precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor that outputs an
analog voltage proportional to the temperature. It has a range of -55°C to +150°C, and its output
voltage increases by 10mV per °C. This voltage is fed into the microcontroller's ADC input.

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC): This is a component of the microcontroller that converts the
analog voltage from the LM35 temperature sensor into a digital value. The microcontroller can then
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read this digital value and use it for temperature comparison.

Microcontroller: This is the main brain of the circuit, responsible for reading the ADC value,
comparing it to a threshold temperature, and generating a PWM signal to control the fan speed. The
specific microcontroller used will depend on the application, but common choices include the
Arduino or PIC microcontrollers.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): This is a technique for controlling the speed of a motor or fan by
varying the duty cycle of a square wave signal. The duty cycle represents the percentage of time the
signal is high versus low, and controlling it can vary the average voltage applied to the fan. In this
circuit, the microcontroller generates a PWM signal that controls the fan speed.

NPN Transistor: This is a type of transistor that amplifies the PWM signal from the microcontroller
and controls the fan speed. When the PWM signal is high, the transistor turns on and allows current
to flow through the fan. When the PWM signal is low, the transistor turns off and the fan stops.

DC Fan: This is a simple brushless fan that runs on DC power. By varying the voltage applied to the
fan with the PWM signal, the fan speed can be controlled and the temperature can be regulated

2.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:
This project can be used in Home.
This project can be used in Industry.
This will help in saving the energy / electricity.
To monitor the environments that is not comfortable, or possible, for humans to monitor, especially
for extended periods of time.
Prevents waste of energy when it’s not hot enough for a fan to be needed.
To assist people who are disabled to adjust the fan speed automatically.

DISADVANTAGES
It can only be maintained by technical person. Thus, it becomes difficult to bemaintained.
Due to temperature variation, after sometimes its efficiency may decrease.
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 Chapter:3
Design of project
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The main principle of the circuit is to switch on the fan connected to DC motor when the temperature
is greater than a threshold value.

The microcontroller continuously reads temperature from its surroundings. The temperature sensor
acts as a transducer and converts the sensed temperature to electrical value. This is analog value
which is applied to the ADC pin of the microcontroller.

The ATmega8 microcontroller has six multiplexed ADC channels with 10 bit resolution. The analog
value is applied to one of the input ADC pins. Thus conversion occurs internally using successive
approximation method.

For ADC conversion, internal registers should be declared. The ADC pin outputs a digital value. This
is compared with the threshold value by the controller which switches the fan if value is greater than
threshold.

Fig 3.1 Block diagram

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Here is a block diagram with a full explanation of a temperature control system using a DC fan and a
microcontroller:

Temperature Sensor: A temperature sensor is connected to the microcontroller to measure the

temperature of the system. Commonly used temperature sensors include thermistors and IC
temperature sensors like the LM35.

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): The analog output of the temperature sensor is converted to a
digital signal using an ADC. The digital signal is then sent to the microcontroller for processing.

Microcontroller: The microcontroller is the main component of the system and controls the speed of
the DC fan based on the temperature reading from the sensor. The microcontroller reads the digital
signal from the ADC and compares it to a temperature threshold set in the code.

Temperature Threshold: The temperature threshold is set in the code and determines when the DC
fan should turn on. This threshold can be adjusted as needed for your specific application.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): The microcontroller uses PWM to control the speed of the DC
fan. The PWM signal is sent to a transistor, which switches the DC voltage to the fan on and off
rapidly, controlling the average voltage applied to the fan.

DC Fan: The DC fan is used to cool the system. The speed of the fan is controlled by the PWM
signal from the microcontroller.

Power Supply: A power supply is used to provide power to the system.

The operation of the temperature control system is as follows:

The temperature sensor measures the temperature of the system and sends an analog signal to the
ADC.

The ADC converts the analog signal to a digital signal and sends it to the microcontroller.

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The microcontroller reads the temperature reading from the ADC and compares it to the temperature
threshold set in the code.

If the temperature exceeds the threshold, the microcontroller increases the duty cycle of the PWM
signal to the transistor, increasing the voltage applied to the DC fan and increasing its speed.

If the temperature falls below the threshold, the microcontroller decreases the duty cycle of the PWM
signal to the transistor, decreasing the voltage applied to the DC fan and decreasing its speed.

The speed of the DC fan changes as needed to maintain the temperature of the system within the set
temperature range.

In summary, a temperature control system using a DC fan and a microcontroller is a useful way to
control the temperature of a system. The microcontroller reads the temperature from a sensor and
adjusts the speed of the DC fan using PWM to maintain the temperature within a set range.

3.2 Flow chart of project

The “Temperature Controlled Fan” is designed around the micro-controller. The main blocks of the
system are:

Micro-controller board: It is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
MCS-51. Instruction set and pin out. The on chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, it provides a highly flexible and cost effective
solution so many embedded control applications
.
Temperature Sensor Block: The temperature sensed by using LM 35. The output voltage of LM 35
varies in liner proportion with the temperature. The sensitivity of LM 35 is 10 mV/0C. For 1 0C
output of LM35 is 10 mV. For 10 0C output of LM35 is 100 mV. ADC Block: ADC means analog to
digital converter. The output of signal conditioning is in the analog form. But Microprocessor
requires input in digital form for this purpose we have to use ADC. In this project we are using ADC
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0808. The reference voltage is +5 V. The resolution of ADC is 20 mV. Therefore for 20 mV
output of ADC is (01) H. And for 100 mV output of ADC is (05) H. Amplifier Block: Output signal
from micro-controller 89C51 is weak so we have to amplify that signal. Amplifier block amplifies the
signal for driving the final control element i.e. output device. For amplification Transistor BC 547 is
used

Output Block: In this project we are using FAN as output device. If temperature is above set point
then Fan is ON so that temperature will start to decrease

Display Block: In this project we are using 16 X 2 intelligent LCD display to display the college
name, temperature set point and very important is temperature of “Temperature Controlled Fan”
Power Block: For our project we require + 5 Volt, – 5 Volt and +12 Volts supply. +5 Volts and.
5Volts is given to Micro-controller board, Temperature sensor, Signal conditioning, ADC etc. +12
Volts are used to drive the relay.

Fig 3.3 Flow chart

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 Chapter-4
Components specification
4.1 Main components

• Microcontroller
• LM 35 Sensor
• DC Motor

Fig 4.1 Components

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4.1.1 MICROCONTROLLER

Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.

Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition toa fixed amount
of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip
ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in
which cost and space are critical.

The Intel 8051 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which was developed by
Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it
has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8051- compatible processor
cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon
Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products.

8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data
larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. 8051 is available in
different memory types such as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM.

The microcontroller used in this project is AT89C51. Atmel Corporation introduced this 89C51
microcontroller. This microcontroller belongs to 8051 family. This microcontroller had 128 bytes of
RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port and four ports (each 8-bits wide) all on a
single chip. AT89C51 is Flash type 8051.

The present project is implemented on KeilUvision. In order to program the device, Proload tool has
been used to burn the program onto the microcontroller.

The features, pin description of the microcontroller and the software tools used are discussed in the
following sections.
FEATURES OF AT89C51:
4K Bytes of Re-programmable Flash Memory.
RAM is 128 bytes.
2.7V to 6V Operating Range.

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Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz.
Two-level Program Memory Lock.
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
32 Programmable I/O Lines.
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters.
Six Interrupt Sources.
Programmable Serial UART Channel.
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.

Description:
The AT89C51 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of
Flash programmable memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful
microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.

In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing
the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down
mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the
next hardware reset.

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 Fig 4.2 Pin diagram

DESCRIPTION:
Pin
Vcc
Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V.
GND
Pin 20 is the ground.

XTAL1 and XTAL2

The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external clock to run it. Usually, a quartz crystal
oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin19) and XTAL2 (pin18).

There are various speeds of 8051 family. Speed refers to the maximum oscillator frequency
connected to XTAL. When the 8051 is connected to a crystal oscillator and is powered up, the
frequency can be observed on the XTAL2 pin using the oscilloscope.

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RESET
Pin9 is the reset pin. It is an input and is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the
microcontroller will reset and terminate all the activities. This is often referred to as a power-onreset.

EA (External access)
Pin 31 is EA. It is an active low signal. It is an input pin and must be connected to either Vcc or GND
but it cannot be left unconnected.

The 8051 family members all come with on-chip ROM to store programs. In such cases, the EA pin is
connected to Vcc. If the code is stored on an external ROM, the EA pin must be connected to GND to
indicate that the code is stored externally.

PSEN (Program store enable)

This is an output pin.

ALE (Address latch enable)

This is an output pin and is active high.

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Ports 0, 1, 2 and 3

The four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports upon RESET
are configured as input, since P0-P3 have value FFH on them.

Port 0(P0)

Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both address and data. ALE
indicates if P0 has address or data. When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE=1, it has
address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for demultiplexing address and data with the help of an
internal latch.

When there is no external memory connection, the pins of P0 must be connected to a 10K-ohm pull-
up resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain. With external pull-up resistors connected
to P0, it can be used as a simple I/O, just like P1 and P2. But the ports P1, P2and P3 do not need any
pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally.
Upon reset, ports P1, P2 and P3 are configured as input ports.

Port 1 and Port 2

With no external memory connection, both P1 and P2 are used as simple I/O. With external memory
connections, port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external
memory. Port 2 is designated as A8-A15 indicating its dual function. While P0 provides the lower 8
bits via A0-A7, it is the job of P2 to provide bits A8-A15 of the address.

Port 3

Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins, pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or output. P3 does not
need any pull-up resistors, the same as port 1 and port 2. Port 3 has an additional function of
providing some extremely important signals such as interrupts.

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Table: Port 3 Alternate Functions

Machine cycle for the 89c51

The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to execute an instruction. In the 8051 family, these
clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles. The length of the machine cycle depends on the
frequency of the crystal oscillator. The crystal oscillator, along with on-chip circuitry, provides the
clock source for the 8051 CPU.

The frequency can vary from 4 MHz to 30 MHz, depending upon the chip rating and manufacturer.
But the exact frequency of 11.0592 MHz crystal oscillator is used to make the 8051 based system
compatible with the serial port of the IBM PC.

In the original version of 8051, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods. Therefore, to calculate
the machine cycle for the 8051, the calculation is made as 1/12 of the crystal frequency and its
inverse is taken.

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 Fig 4.3 MC AT89C52

4.1.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM35

LM35 Analog Temperature sensor is the Transducer of automatic Furnace control, which actually
senses the Temperature of the cavity of the furnace. Here we will discuss the LM35 analog
temperature sensor in more detail, as compared to other post or projects on this web blog.temperature
sensor using 8051 and adc
General Description of LM35 analog temperature sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over
linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large onstant
voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
±14°C at room temperature and ±34°C over a full -55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear
output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus andminus supplies. As it draws only 60
µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to
operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a -40° to +110°C
range (-10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged n hermetic TO-46
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transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package
and a plastic TO-220 package.

Features of LM 35 Analog sensor:

Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
°C accuracy guaranteeably (at +25°C) Rated for full -55° to +150°C range Suitable for remote
applications
Low cost due to wafer-level trimmingOperates from 4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 µA current drain
Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air Nonlinearity only ±14°C typical for 1 mA load Low impedance
output, 0.1 ohm.

Fig 4.4 Sensor LM35

To Interface with Microcontroller 8051, still we need two more stages in which operational amplifier
and analog to digital converter are involved. So we can say that between lm35 and microcontroller
8051 two more components exists. In the coming posts we will discuss the opAmp and then ADC. In
our project we have used the 741 operational amplifier as an inverter, that is, an inverting amplifier
with unity gain. In this chapter we review some typesof operational amplifiers commonly used.
Suppose that we power an op-amp with +15V & -15V, tie the inverting to the ground, and apply a
signal of + 0.01V dc to the noninverting input. The op-amp will attempt to amplify this signal by
100000 and produce the result on its output that may be predicted as 100V. The maximum

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positive voltage, the op-amp output can go to, however, is a volt or two less than the positive supply
voltage, so this is as for as it goes. Generally the op-amp output goes into saturation at about 13V.
Now if we apply -0.01V to the noninverting input then output will try to go to -100V as fast as it can.
The output, however, goes into saturation at about -13V, so it stopsthere.lm35 interfacing with 8051

4.1.3 DC MOTOR

Dc motor is an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. The reverse task that
of converting mechanical motion into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. In
many cases the two devices are identical except for their application and minor construction details.
DC motors are used when there is positioning requirement and also changes in load and torque. DC
motors can be conveniently interfaced to Bipolar DAC, or MPUscan generate PWMs to control them.

The classic DC motor has a rotating ligature in the form of an electromagnet. A rotary switch called a
commutator reverses the direction of the electric current twice every cycle, to flow through the
armature so that the poles of the electromagnet push and against the permanent magnets on the
outside of the motor. As the poles of the armature electromagnet pass the poles of the permanent
magnets, the commutator reverses the polarity of the armature electromagnet. During that instant of
switching polarity, inertia keeps the classical motor going in the proper direction. (See the diagrams
below.)

Fig 4.5 DC Motor

When the armature becomes horizontally aligned, the commutator reverses the direction of current
through the coil, reversing the magnetic field. The process then repeats Wound field DC motor
The permanent magnets on the outside (stator) of a DC motor may be replaced by electromagnets.
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By varying the field current it is possible to alter the speed/torque ratio the motor. Typically the
field winding will be placed in series (series wound) with the armature winding to get a high torque
low speed motor, in parallel (shunt wound) the armature to get a high speed low torque motor, or to
have a winding partly in parallel, and partly in series (compound wound) for a balance that gives
steady speed over a range of loads. Further reductions in field current are possible to gain even
higher speed but correspondingly lower torque, called "weak field" operation.

Fig 4.6 3D DC Motor

A simple DC electric motor. When the coil is powered, a magnetic field isgenerated around the
armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the
right, causing rotation.
The armature continues to rotate.

What is meant by electric motor?

electric motor, any of a class of devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy, usually
by employing electromagnetic phenomena.
Different Types of Electric Motors
As we know, an electric motor plays a vital role in every sector of the industry, and also in a wide
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range of applications. There are a variety of types of electric motors are available in the market. The
selection of these motors can be done based on the operation and voltage and applications. Every
motor has two essential parts namely the field winding & the armature winding. The main function of
field winding is to produce the fixed magnetic field, whereas the armature winding looks like a
conductor which is arranged within the magnetic field. Because of the magnetic field, the armature
winding uses energy to generate an adequate torque to make the motor shaft turn. Currently, the
classification of the DC motor can be done based on the winding connections, which means how the
two coils in the motor are connected with each other.

Types of Electric Motors

The types of Electric motors are available in three main segments like AC motor, DC motor, &
special purpose motors.
DC Motors
The types of dc motors mainly include Series, Shunt, and Compound wound & PMDC Motor.
dc-motor
1). DC Shunt Motor
DC shunt motor works on DC and the windings of this electric motor like the armature windings and
field windings are linked in parallel which is known as a shunt. This kind of motor is also called as
shunt wound DC motor, where the winding type is known as a shunt winding. Please refer to this link
to know more about DC shunt motor working and applications
2). Separately Excited Motor
In separately excited motor, the connection of stator and rotor can be done using a different power
supply. So that the motor can be controlled from the shunt and the armatures winding can be
strengthened to generate flux.
3). DC Series Motor
In DC series motor, rotor windings are connected in series. The operation principle of this electric
motor mainly depends on a simple electromagnetic law. This law states that whenever a magnetic
field can be formed around conductor & interacts with an external field to generate the rotational
motion. These motors are mainly used in starter motors which are used in elevators and cars. Please
refer to this link to know more about DC series motor working & its applications
Please refer to this link to know more about DC MOTOR – Basics, Types & Application
4). PMDC Motor
The term PMDC stands for “Permanent Magnet DC motor”. It is one kind of DC motor which can be
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inbuilt with a permanent magnet to make the magnetic field necessary for the electric motor
operation. Please refer to this link to know more about PMDC Motor: Construction, Working, and
Applications
5). DC Compound Motor
Generally, DC compound motor is a hybrid component of DC series and shunt motors. In this type of
motor, both the fields like series and shunt are present. In this type of electric motor, the stator and
rotor can be connected to each other through a series & shunt windings compound. The series
winding can be designed with few windings of wide copper wires, which gives a small resistance
path. The shunt winding can be designed with multiple windings of copper wire to get the full i/p
voltage.
AC Motors
The types of ac motors mainly include synchronous, asynchronous, induction motor.

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4.2 Common components
• Transformer
• Liquid crystal display
• Relay

3.2.1 Transformer

A transformer is an electrical device that is used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to
another through the principle of electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils of wire, called the
primary and secondary windings, which are wound around a magnetic core.

When an alternating current flows through the primary winding, it creates a magnetic field around the
core. This magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary winding, which is proportional to the
number of turns in the secondary winding compared to the primary winding. The voltage can be
stepped up or down by changing the number of turns in the primary and secondary windings.

Transformers are used in a wide variety of applications, including power transmission and
distribution, voltage regulation, and electrical isolation. They are available in various sizes, shapes,
and voltage ratings, depending on the specific application. A transformer is a device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A
changing current in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this
magnetic field induces a changing TRANSFORMER Fig
voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make
current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other. It is the
phenomenon of mutual induction.

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The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VPby a factor

Fig 4.7 Transformer

equal to Transformer
the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:

Transformers are of two types:

Step up transformer
Step down transformer
In power supply we use step down transformer. We apply 220V AC on the primary of step down
transformer. This transformer steps down this voltage to 9V AC. We give this 9 V AC to rectifier
circuit, which convert it to 5V DC.

4.2.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such
as text, images, and moving pictures. Its uses include monitors for computers, televisions, instrument
panels, and other devices ranging from aircraft cockpit displays, to every- day consumer devices such
as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. Among its major
features are its lightweight construction, its portability, and its ability to be produced in much larger
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screen sizes than are practical for the construction of cathode ray tube (CRT) display technology. Its
low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is
an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals
and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or
monochrome.

Fig 4.8 LCD

Pin Configuration

Fig 4.9 Pin configuration

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today
are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 characters
VEE: contrast control.

Ddram - display data ram

Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its extended
capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that is not used for
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display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM is actually
displayed on the LCD.

Bf - busy flag
Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD for
processing, this flag is set (i.e. BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed successfully this flag
is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of delay. For the LCD processing.
To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of the LCD data
bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not accept next command or
data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next command or data to process.

Instruction Register
(IR) and Data Register DR There are two 8-bit registers controller Instruction and Data register.
Instruction register corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g. LCD shift
command, LCD clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be
displayed on LCD. When send the enablesignal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched
in to the data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and hence is displayed on
the LCD.

interfacing lcd to 89c52

The LCD requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user may
select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is
used, the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines. If an 8-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a
total of 11 data lines.The three control lines are EN, RS, and RW. Note that the EN line must be
raised/lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD regardless of whether that instruction is
read or write, text or instruction EN is the LCD's way of knowing that you are talking to it. If you
don't raise/lower EN, the LCD doesn't know you're talking to it on the other lines.
LCD Commands

Commands and Instruction set Only the instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR) of the
LCD can be controlled by the MCU. Before starting the internal operation of the LCD, control
information is temporarily stored into these registers to allow interfacing with various MCUs, which
operate at different speeds, or various peripheral control devices. The internal operation of the LCD is
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determined by signals sent from the MCU.

Sending Commands to LCD To send commands we simply need to select the command register.
Everything is same as we have done in the initialization routine. But we will summarize the common
steps and put them in a single subroutine.

Following are the steps:

Move data to LCD port

Select command register
Select write operation
Send enable signal
Wait for LCD to process the command

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology has evolved over the years, and there are several types of
LCD displays available in the market. Here are some of the most common types of LCD displays:

Twisted Nematic (TN) LCD: This is the most basic and oldest type of LCD display. It has a fast
response time and is used in low-cost monitors and TVs.

In-Plane Switching (IPS) LCD: IPS displays offer better color reproduction and wider viewing
angles than TN LCDs. They are commonly used in high-end monitors, laptops, and TVs.

Vertical Alignment (VA) LCD: VA displays offer high contrast ratios and deep blacks, making
them ideal for use in TVs and monitors designed for home theater use.

Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display (SED): SED displays use nanoscopic electron

emitters to produce brighter and sharper images than traditional LCDs. However, they are not
commonly used due to their high cost.

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Display: OLED displays use organic compounds that emit
light when a current is passed through them. They offer excellent contrast ratios, deep blacks, and fast
response times. They are commonly used in high-end smartphones, TVs, and monitors.
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Quantum-dot (QLED) Display: QLED displays use quantum dots to enhance the color reproduction
and brightness of LCD displays. They offer better color accuracy than traditional LCDs and are
commonly used in high-end TVs and monitors.

MicroLED Display: MicroLED displays use tiny LED pixels that are individually controlled to
produce brighter, sharper, and more detailed images than other display technologies. However, they
are not yet widely available due to their high cost.

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT:

Fig 4.10 Bridge rectifier

BRIDGE RECTIFIERS:
Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge as shownin figure.
A bridge rectifier is an electronic component used to convert alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC). It is composed of four diodes arranged in a specific configuration that allows for the
conversion of the AC signal to a DC signal.

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The bridge rectifier works by allowing current to flow through two diodes at a time in a specific
order, which creates a DC voltage output from the AC input. This is accomplished by connecting two
diodes in series and then connecting the pair in parallel with another pair of series-connected diodes.

The bridge rectifier is commonly used in power supplies for electronic devices, such as computers,
televisions, and other household appliances. It is also commonly used in electronic circuitry for its
simplicity, efficiency, and reliability.

Overall, the bridge rectifier is an important component in electronics that allows for the conversion of
AC to DC power, which is essential for the operation of many electronic devices.

OPERATION :
During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the transformer secondary
becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This makes Point1 of bridge positive with respect
to point2. The diode D1 & D2 become forward biased & D3 & D4 become reverse biased. As a result
a current starts flowing from point1, through D1 the load & D2 to thenegative end.
During negative half cycle, the point2 becomes positive with respect to point1. DiodeD1 &D2 now
become reverse biased. Thus a current flow from point 2 to point 1

4.2.3 RELAY

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 Fig 4.11 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or
off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.

RELAY

Relays are electrical switches that are used to control circuits remotely or automatically. There are
several types of relays based on their functions and applications. Some common types of relays
include:

Electromagnetic Relay: It is the most common type of relay, and it uses an electromagnet to open or
close the circuit. It consists of a coil, a switch, and a spring-loaded armature.

Solid-State Relay: It is a type of relay that uses semiconductor devices such as transistors, thyristors,
or diodes to perform switching operations. It is faster and more reliable than electromagnetic relays
and has a longer lifespan.

Thermal Relay: It is a type of relay that operates on the basis of the thermal effect of current. It
consists of a bimetallic strip or a heating element, which expands or contracts when the current passes
through it, and triggers the switch.

Reed Relay: It is a type of relay that uses a reed switch, which consists of two thin, magnetic strips
that are sealed in a glass tube. When a magnetic field is applied, the two strips come into contact and
complete the circuit.

Time Delay Relay: It is a type of relay that is used to introduce a time delay between the activation
of the input signal and the response of the output signal. It is used in applications where a delay is
required, such as in motor starting circuits or lighting controls.

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These are some of the most common types of relays, but there are many other types of relays that are
used in specific applications, such as protective relays, latching relays, and polarized relays.

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Basic design and operation

Simple electromechanical relay

Fig 4.12 Electromechanical relay

Small "cradle" relay often used in electronics. The "cradle" term refers to the shape of the relay's
armature.

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron
yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or
more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and
mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that
when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the
two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have
more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire
connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving
contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which
is soldered to the PCB.

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When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the
armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending
upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay
was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if
the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a
force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its

relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in
industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage
application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to dissipate the
energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage
spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some automotive relays include a diode
inside the relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection network consisting of a capacitor and
resistor in series (snubber circuit) may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with
alternating current (AC), a small copper "shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid,
creating a small out-of-phase current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the
AC cycle.[1]

A solid-state relay uses a thruster or other solid-state switching device, activated by the control
signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. An optic coupler (a light-emitting diode
(LED) coupled with a photo transistor) can be used to isolate control and controlled circuit

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Types Latching relay-

Fig 4.13 Latching relay

A latching relay has two relaxed states (bistable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay"
relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with a
solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an over-
center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil is
relaxed, or with a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns the
relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay
on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that one
coil consumes power only for an instant, while it is being
switched, and the relay contacts retain this setting across a power outage. A remanent core
latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change state.

Reed relay

A reed relay is a reed switch enclosed in a solenoid. The switch has a set of contacts inside an
evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube which protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion; the
contacts are made of magnetic material that makes them move under the influence of the field of the
enclosing solenoid. Reed relays can switch faster than larger relays, require very little power from
the control circuit. However they have relatively low switching currentand voltage ratings. Though
rare, the reeds can become magnetized over time, which makes them stick 'on' even when no current
is present; changing the orientation of the reeds with respectto the solenoid's magnetic field can
resolve this problem

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 Chapter-4
FUTURE SCOPE

Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller is a popular project in the field of embedded
systems and automation. It involves using a microcontroller to read temperature data from a
temperature sensor and control the speed of a DC fan accordingly. This system can be used to
regulate the temperature of a room, a computer, or any other application that requires temperature
control.

The future scope of this project is quite vast, and it can be implemented in various industries to
control the temperature of machinery and equipment. Some of the applications of temperature control
using a DC fan and microcontroller are:

HVAC systems: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are used in buildings to
maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller
can be integrated into HVAC systems to optimize energy consumption and reduce costs.

Food industry: In the food industry, temperature control is critical to maintain the quality and safety
of food products. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be used in food
storage and transportation to prevent spoilage and ensure that the food is safe for consumption.

Medical industry: In the medical industry, temperature control is vital for preserving drugs,
vaccines, and other medical supplies. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be
used in medical refrigerators and freezers to maintain the required temperature range and prevent
damage to medical supplies.

Automobile industry: In the automobile industry, temperature control is essential for the operation
of various components and systems. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be
used in engine cooling systems, cabin temperature control, and other applications to ensure optimal
performance and prevent damage to components.

In addition to these applications, temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can also be

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used in home automation systems, industrial automation systems, and various other applications. As
technology continues to advance, the future scope of this project is only expected to grow.

Some of the advancements that can be made in this project include the use of artificial intelligence
and machine learning algorithms to optimize temperature control and reduce energy consumption.
Additionally, the integration of wireless communication protocols such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi can
enable remote monitoring and control of the temperature control system.

In conclusion, temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller is a versatile and practical
project with significant future scope. It can be implemented in various industries to optimize energy
consumption, ensure the safety of products, and improve performance. With advancements in
technology, the future of this project looks promising, and we can expect to see more innovative
solutions in this area.

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 Chapter-5
APPLICATIONS

Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller is a project that has numerous applications
in various industries. Here are some of the most common applications:

Home automation: Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller is an excellent

application for home automation systems. This system can be used to regulate the temperature of a
room, ensuring optimal comfort for the occupants. Additionally, the system can be integrated with
other home automation systems such as lighting, security, and entertainment systems.

Computer cooling: In computer systems, temperature control is essential to prevent damage to the
components. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be used to regulate the
temperature of a computer by controlling the speed of the cooling fan. This can help prolong the
lifespan of the components and improve the performance of the computer.

Industrial automation: Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller is widely used in
industrial automation systems to regulate the temperature of machinery and equipment. This system
can be used to prevent overheating of equipment, improve efficiency, and reduce energy
consumption.

Agriculture: In agriculture, temperature control is critical to the growth and health of crops.
Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be used to regulate the temperature of
greenhouses and other agricultural structures, ensuring optimal conditions for the growth of crops.

Food industry: In the food industry, temperature control is essential to maintain the quality and
safety of food products. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be used in
refrigerators and freezers to regulate the temperature and prevent spoilage of food products.

Medical industry: In the medical industry, temperature control is vital for preserving drugs,
vaccines, and other medical supplies. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be
used in medical refrigerators and freezers to maintain the required temperature range and prevent

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damage to medical supplies.

Automobile industry: In the automobile industry, temperature control is essential for the operation
of various components and systems. Temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller can be
used in engine cooling systems, cabin temperature control, and other applications to ensure optimal
performance and prevent damage to components.

Overall, temperature control using a DC fan and microcontroller is a versatile project with a wide
range of applications. It can be used in various industries to improve efficiency, reduce energy
consumption, and ensure the safety and quality of products.

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 CONCLUSION

During this project work we can know about temperature controller fan system installation of this
circuit the process of detection of fault is very easy. And also when the fault occurs, the equipment is
isolated by use of this circuit so the losses are decrease
From a project work, the result will obtained very accurately and the operation of this project will be
performed according to the program written in c language and loaded to the microcontroller IC
AT89S52.

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 REFERENCES

The various Books that we consulted are:

Generalized theory of electrical machine by P.s Bimbhra
Electric machine by Ashfaq Husain
The various website which was useful for our project were:
www.electricalpower/transformar.com
www.power fector.com
www.dcmotor/gan/motor.com

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