NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY

KURUKSHETRA 136119
HARYANA

OPERATION OF LOGIC GATE

Name – Kumar Satyam
Roll No - 52010014
Department – MCA 1st Sem
National Institute of
Technology, Kurukshetra
Email id –
kumarsatyam1511@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: This is paper is about how logic gates was developed and they are
used or implemented. We will also discuss about different type of logic gates
available or developed till now. There will be small discussion on ongoing
advancement of logic gates.

INTRODUCTION Generally, for every logic gate, we have

only one output but in case of inputs, it
Logic Gates are important parts of digital
may vary because we have 2-inputs logic
electronics. These logic gates are mainly
gates and some of the logic gates are also
used to perform a logical operation
available for 3-inputs also. But for logic
between two or more input functions .
gate called “NOT” have only a single input inputs are at a logic level “0”. In other
and single output. These logic gates only words ,it takes 2-input and gives ony a
take the binary data as input either single output
“ACTIVE LOW (0)” or “ACTIVE HIGH (1)” , Boolean expression of: X.Y = Z.
by receiving the voltage input [2]. Active
low represents “0V” Active high
represents “+3V to +7V”. To obtain the
required circuit we can join any number of
logic gates together. We can design many
special circuits like FLIPFLOPS,
MULTIPLEXERS, LATCHES, REGISTERS, and
COUNTERS etc. Truth table of AND gate

Input –X Input – Y Output Z =

X.Y
TYPES OF LOGIC GATES 0 0 0

In Boolean Algebra, there are three basic 0 1 0

operations, +,\:.\:,\:^\prime which are 1 0 0

analogous to disjunction, conjunction, and
1 1 1
negation in propositional logic. Each of
these operations has a corresponding logic
gate. Apart from these there are a few
other logic gates as well. Three more logic
gates are obtained if the output of above-
mentioned gates is negated. NAND GATE:
1. AND The NAND (Not – AND) gate has an output
2. NAND
3. OR that is normally at logic level “1” and only
4. NOT goes “LOW” to logic level “0” when ALL of
5. NOR
6. X-OR its inputs are at logic level “1”. The Logic
7. X-NOR NAND Gate is the reverse or
“Complementary” form of the AND gate
we have seen previously.
NAND gate Symbol
AND GATE:
The output state of a digital logic AND gate
only returns “LOW” again when ANY of its
 Truth table of the NAND gate:
OR GATE:
Logic OR Gates are available using digital
circuits to produce the desired logical
function .
NOT GATE:
Inverting NOT gates are single input device
which have an output level that is
normally at logic level “1” and goes “LOW”
to a logic level “0” when its single input is
at logic level “1”, in other words it “It takes
only one input and gives single output.
Basically it inverts the result .The main
operation of NOT gate is 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 .
“If A is NOT true, then ~A is true”
Symbol of NOT gate:

It takes 2-inputs and gives only a single

output. The main operation of this OR gate
is Z=X+Y where X and Y are 2-inputs and Z
is the output.
OR Gate Symbol

Truth Table of NOT Gate:

Input – A Ouput - ~A

Truth table of OR gate 1 0

Input –X Input – Y Output Z =
X+Y 1 0
0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
NOR GATE:
The inclusive NOR (Not-OR) gate has an
output that is normally at logic level “1”
and only goes “LOW” to logic level “0”
when ANY of its inputs are at logic level
“1”. The Logic NOR Gate is the reverse or
“Complementary” form of the inclusive OR
gate we have seen previously.
Symbol Of NOR gate:
Truth Table Of NOR:
Input – X Input – Y Output Z =
~(X+Y)
0 0 1
0 1 0 or “10”, then the output will be “1”. This
1 0 0 type of gate is known as an Exclusive-OR
1 1 0 function or more commonly an Ex-Or
X-OR GATE:
In the previous tutorials, we saw that by
using the three principal gates, the AND
Gate, the OR Gate and the NOT Gate, we
can build many other types of logic gate
functions, such as a NAND Gate and a NOR
Gate or any other type of digital logic
function we can imagine.But there are two
other types of digital logic gates which
although they are not a basic gate in their
own right as they are constructed by
combining together other logic gates, their
output Boolean function is important
enough to be considered as complete logic
gates. These two “hybrid” logic gates are
called the Exclusive-OR (Ex-OR) Gate and
its complement the Exclusive-NOR (Ex-
NOR) Gate.Previously, we saw that for a 2-
input OR gate, if A = “1”, OR B = “1”, OR
BOTH A + B = “1” then the output from the
digital gate must also be at a logic level “1”
and because of this, this type of logic gate
is known as an Inclusive-OR function. The
logic gate gets its name from the fact that
it includes the case of Q = “1” when both A
and B = “1”.If however, an logic output “1”
is obtained when ONLY A = “1” or when
ONLY B = “1” but NOT both together at the
same time, giving the binary inputs of “01”
function for short. This is because its
boolean expression excludes the “OR
BOTH” case of Q = “1” when both A and B
= “1”.
In other words the output of an Exclusive-
OR gate ONLY goes “HIGH” when its two
input terminals are at “DIFFERENT” logic
levels with respect to each other.
An odd number of logic “1’s” on its inputs
gives a logic “1” at the output. These two
inputs can be at logic level “1” or at logic
level “0” giving us the Boolean expression
of: Q = (A ⊕ B) = A.B + A.B.
 Symbol and Truth table of X-OR:
X-NOR GATE:
Basically the “Exclusive-NOR” gate is a
combination of the Exclusive-OR gate and
the NOT gate but has a truth table similar
to the standard NOR gate in that it has an
output that is normally at logic level “1”
and goes “LOW” to logic level “0”
when ANY of its inputs are at logic level
“1”.
However, an output “1” is only obtained
if BOTH of its inputs are at the same logic
level, either binary “1” or “0”. For
example, “00” or “11”. This input
combination would then give us the
Boolean expression
of: Q = (A ⊕ B) = A.B + A.B
Then the output of a digital logic Exclusive-
NOR gate ONLY goes “HIGH” when its two
input terminals, A and B are at the “SAME”
logic level which can be either at a logic
level “1” or at a logic level “0”. In other
words, an even number of logic “1’s” on
its inputs gives a logic “1” at the output,
otherwise is at logic level “0”.
Symbol and Truth Table of X-NOR gate:
CONCLUSION: From this article, we can
conclude that logic gate is very useful.
Because in some special circuits it is
necessary that we have to use all the logic
gates at a time. As well as we can use the
logic gates in Microchips. At that time by
using this circuit we can get the outputs of
all the logic gates at a time by giving only
2-inputs. Without logic gates electronic
world is incomplete.
Acknowledgement: This paper and the
research behind it would not have been
possible without the exceptional support of
my supervisor, Dr. Bharti Sharma. Her
enthusiasm, knowledge and exacting
attention to detail have been an inspiration
and kept my work on track from my first
encounter to the final draft of this paper.
The generosity and expertise of one and all
have improved this study in innumerable
ways and saved me from many errors; those
that inevitably remain are entirely my own
responsibility.
References:

[1] https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/combination/comb_1.html
[2]
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/3159607
2
[3]
https://springerplus.springeropen.com/article
s/10.1186/s40064-015-0928-4
[4] https://www.elprocus.com/basic-logic-
gates-with-truth-
tables/#:~:text=The%20applications%20of%20
logic%20gates,an%20automatic%20watering%
20system%2C%20etc.
[5] https://www.electrical4u.com/some-
common-applications-of-logic-gates/