Jour. Geol. Soc.
India (2023) 99:449-453
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2331-z
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An Mw 7.8 Earthquake on 6 February 2023 on the East Anatolian
Fault, Turkey
R. K. Chadha
Raja Ramanna Fellow, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad - 500 007, India
E-mail: chadhark@ngri.res.in
Received: 21 February 2023 / Revised form Accepted: 9 March 2023
© 2023 Geological Society of India, Bengaluru, India
ABSTRACT
An earthquake of Mw7.8 occurred on 6 February 2023 at a
depth of 18 km on the NE-SW trending East Anatolian Fault (EAF)
in southern Turkey bordering Syria. This is the first time that an
earthquake of Mw≥7.0 has occurred on EAF since 1900. The region
lies on the triple-junction between the Arabian, African and
Anatolian plates. The epicenter was located 32 km WNW of the
Gaziantep city close to the Kahramanmaras Triple Junction
(KMTJ) where the NNE-SSW Dead Sea transform fault (DSF)
intersects the EAF. Based on the distribution of immediate
aftershocks of 4.0≤≤Mw≤6.7 it is inferred that the fault rupture was
bidirectional and broke a ~300 km fault length of EAF in three
segments of Amanos, Pazarcik and Erkenek. This earthquake
triggered an event of Mw7.5 on the E-W Surgu Fault, ~100 km
north of the mainshock. Eleven cities suffered the worst damage
where several multistoried structures collapsed killing more than
43,000 people. While the structures in the epicentral region
collapsed due to very strong shaking induced by these two shallow
and large earthquakes the collapse of structures in cities as far as
300 km suggests strong role of seismic wave amplification due to
local site effects in addition to poor construction practices and
non-compliance of seismic codes. The rupture of a ~300 km fault
length in three segments of EAF and its influence to trigger future
large earthquakes in the adjacent four segments of Puturge, Palu,
Ilica and Karliova in eastern Turkey by stress transfer in a
cascading manner is discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions of the world
and occupies a major part of the Anatolian plate that lies north of the
Arabian plate and is dominated by collision tectonics (Fig.1). As the
Arabian plate including Syria moves northwards along the southern
rim of Eurasia it squeezes the Anatolian plate that escapes westward
in an extrusion like process (Flerit et al., 2004; S’engör et al., 2005).
This extrusion happens mostly along two major boundary faults of
the Anatolian plate in Turkey, viz., The North Anatolian Fault (NAF)
with a right-lateral strike-slip movement and in the south along the
East Anatolian Fault (EAF) with a left-lateral strike-slip motion. The
Dead Sea Transform Fault (DSF) in the northwestern Arabian plate
moves with a left-lateral strike-slip motion intersecting the EAF in
southern Turkey. Towards the eastern Anatolian plate the NAF and
EAF joins at the intersection of the NW-SE trending Zagros thrust
and fold belt at the Bitlis Suture Zone where crustal shortening in the
0016-7622/2023-99-4-449/$ 1.00 © GEOL. SOC. INDIA
Caucasus Mountains in the Eurasian plate is taking place (Stern and
Johnson, 2010).
Figure 1 shows the seismotectonics of the Anatolian plate where
two large earthquakes of Mw 7.8 and Mw7.5 occurred on 6 February
2023 on the EAF at the Kahramanmaras Triple Junction (KMTJ).
Several studies have argued that the EAF joins Dead Sea Fault DSF at
KMTJ (Sengör et al., 2005; Hempton et al., 1981). But termination
of the EAF in the southwest is still debated. Earlier studies on the
EAF suggested that the main fault continues towards Cyprus Arc where
the convergence is accommodated between Nubia and Anatolia
(McKenzie, 1972). More than 220 aftershocks were recorded in the
first ten days, till February 16, 2023. This paper discusses the
implications of future large and damaging earthquakes on the EAF
segments by stress transfer by these two events. The severe damage
pattern observed in the near and far fields of the earthquake epicenter
is also discussed.
SEISMOTECTONICS OF TURKEY
Turkey lies on the seismically active Anatolian plate where
damaging and large earthquakes are reported since the historical times
using data from geological and paleoseismological studies (Hartleb et
al., 2006; Pantosti et al., 2008; Rockwell et al., 2009; https://
www.usgs.gov). In the present analysis USGS earthquake catalogue
from 1900 till present is used (https://www.usgs.gov). The data shows
that a high and widespread seismic activity in Turkey is because of the
Anatolian plate that is being pushed, pulled, and dragged from beneath
in a westward direction that, over the time, results in a westward
translation and counter clockwise rotation of the Anatolian plate,
relative to a stable Eurasia (Pondard et al., 2007; Westaway, 2003).
Figure 1 shows the major boundary faults that drive the seismotectonics
in the region. The Anatolian plate is dominated by two major highly
segmented fault systems, the NAF and the EAF where several
earthquakes of M>7.0 have been documented since historical times
(Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998). Historical records, though very
useful, lack precise locations and the extent of fault ruptures, thus
limiting the analysis to qualitative interpretation and leave a lot of
room for conjectures.
The NAF is a 1500 km long right-lateral strike-slip fault in
northern Turkey that runs from Sea of Marmara in the west and
joins the Bitlis Suture zone in the east (Fig.1). Most of the westward
motion between the Anatolia plate and the Eurasian Plate caused by
the northward movement of the Arabian plate is accommodated
by this Fault system (Barka, 1992; Sengör et al., 2005; Westaway,
Fig. 1. Shows seismotectonics of the Anatolian plate. Red circles are earthquake epicenters of M 7.8 and M 7.5 on 6 February 2023. Grey circles
are epicenter of earthquakes M ≥ 7.0 during 1900 and 2023 ((https://www.usgs.gov). NAF=North Anatolian Fault; EAF East Anatolian Fault
(Not to scale).
2003; Fraser et al., 2010). The USGS earthquake catalogue document
eleven earthquakes of M>7.0 on the NAF since 1900. The M7.6 Izmit
earthquake on 17 August 1999 was the most devastating event on
NAF in the recent memory that occurred in western Turkey and
killed approximately 17,000 people. Eight earthquakes of M>7.0
also occurred in a diffused manner in western Turkey region and
in the Aegean Sea (Fig.1). The rupture history of these earthquakes
that occurred on NAF since the 20th century shows a progressive
spatiotemporal failure pattern indicating that one segment of the
fault casts a shadow of increased Coulomb failure stress onto
adjacent fault segments, increasing their probability of failure (Stein
et al., 1997).
The EAF is a highly segmented 700 km long left-lateral strike-
slip fault located between the Anatolian and Arabian plates (Arpat &
Saroglu, 1972; Hempton et al., 1981). It runs from the coast of
Mediterranean Sea in the southwest and intersects the NAF, Zagros
and Caucasus Fold and Thrust Belts in the east at Bitlis suture zone
where the relative motion between the Eurasia and Arabia is being
accommodated (McKenzie 1972; Sengor et al., 1985; Le Pichon &
Kreemer 2010). In the west the NNE-SSW trending DSF along the
Arabian plate intersects the EAF in southern Turkey (Fig.1). Duman
and Emre (2013) identified seven main fault segments along the 700
km EAF. These seven fault segments from west to east are, Amanos,
Pazarcik, Erkenek, Puturge, Palu, Ilica and Karliova in which
earthquakes of M<7.0 have occurred since 1900. They also identified
a major split along EAF that splays out as an E-W Surgu Fault near
the boundary of Erkenek and Pazarcik segments (Fig.2). In five of
these fault segments, with the exception of Puturge and Ilica in the
east, historical earthquakes of M>7.0 are reported based on geology
and field observations. However, ruptures associated with these
historical earthquakes spanning a period from 1795 to 1893 are poorly
constrained (Sezim Ezgi Guvercin et al., 2022). Since 1900, EAF has
450
not experienced any earthquake of Mw≥7.0 and most of the seismicity
is exhibited with moderate size earthquakes below Mw≤7.0.
MW7.8 EARTHQUAKE OF 6 FEBRUARY 2023
A devastating earthquake of Mw7.8 occurred on Turkey-Syria
border on 6 February 2023 in the early hours at 4:17 am local time.
This is also the largest recorded earthquake in Turkey that claimed
more than 43,000 human lives. The epicenter was located at the
boundaries of Amanos and Pazarcik segments of the EAF that lies on
the Kahramanmaras Triple Junction (KMTJ) 32 km WNW of
Gaziantep, a city of 2 million people (Fig.2). The earthquake was
felt in the entire southern Turkey and northern Syria and as far as
Cyprus, Greece, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Egypt and
Israel. The earthquake occurred at a depth of 18 km with a left-lateral
strike-slip motion and ruptured a near-vertical fault segment of the
NE-SW trending EAF. From the immediate aftershocks that followed
within minutes of the mainshock a bidirectional fault rupture is
inferred for a length of ~300 km in NE-SW direction coinciding with
the maximum intensity of MMI X in meisoseismal area and IX
observed from Antakya, a city near the Mediterranean coast in the
southwest to Malatya in the northeast. Thirty six aftershocks in the
magnitude range 4.0≥Mw≤6.7 occurred within nine hours before an
Mw 7.5 earthquake was triggered on the E-W Surgu Fault, 100 km to
the north of the mainshock. The Surgu fault splays out in E-W direction
from the main EAF at the Erkenek-Pazarcik segment west of Celikhan.
These two large earthquakes were followed by more than 220
aftershocks in ten days till 16 February 2023 in the magnitudes range
between Mw 4.0-6.7 confining to the three segments of EAF and the
Surgu fault.
As both these large earthquakes were shallow, the devastation was
severe with total collapse of several multistoried structures in near
and far fields of the epicenter. The most affected places in south Turkey
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.99, APRIL 2023
Fig.2. Shows two earthquakes of Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.5 that occurred on February 6, 2023 on the NE-SW trending East Anatolian Fault (EAF)
zone and E-W Surgu Fault that splays out from EAF near the boundary of Pazarcik and Erkenek fault segments. Broken lines defines fractured
fault zones inferred from the aftershocks recorded in the first ten days of the mainshock in the magnitudes range between Mw 4.0-6.7 (https://
www.usgs.gov). Four fault segments starting from southwest near the Mediterranean Sea are shown, 1=Amanos, 2=Pazarcik, 3=Erkenek and
4=Puturge (Duman and Emre (2013). Letters in black squares are the eleven most affected provinces and cities where thousands of lives were
lost under collapsed buildings. Labeling from west to east are, A=Adana, H=Hatay, S=Sarmada (Syria), O=Osmaniye, K=Kilis, G=Gaziantep,
KMTJ=Kahramanmaras Triple Junction, AD=Adiyaman, SU=Sanliurfa, M=Malatya and D=Diyarbakir. (Not to scale)

are Gaziantep, Kahramanmaras, Hatay, Osmaniye, Adiyaman, Malatya,
Sanliurfa, Adana, Diyarbakir, Kilis and Sarmada in Syria. (Fig.2).
Earlier, damaging earthquakes in Syria have been reported during
historical times like the M7.1 earthquake in 1138 in Aleppo that killed
20,000 to 60,000 people and again M7.0 in 1822 that caused severe
damage.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In the seismically active Anatolian plate an earthquake of Mw 7.8
on 6 February 2023 ruptured a ~300 km fault length of EAF from
Antakya near the Mediterranean coast in the southwest Turkey to
Malatya in the northeast. The fault rupture was bidirectional in NE-
SW direction from the epicenter in KMTJ and broke Amanos, Pazarcik
and Erkenek segments of EAF. After nine hours Mw7.5 earthquake
again triggered on the Surgu Fault ~100 km to the north, which
branches out of the EAF in E-W direction from the Erkenek-Pazarcik
segment west of Celikhan. The aftershocks till 16 February 2023 were
more intense including three of them of Mw≥6.0 in the Pazarcik and
Erkenek segments of EAF and Surgu fault region relative to Amanos
segment that extends in southwest direction up to the coast of
Mediterranean Sea (Fig.2).
The seismic activity along the 700 km long EAF is not uniform
and shows heterogeneous seismicity patterns with localized clusters,
diffuse activity, gaps and absence of large earthquakes of M≥ ≥7.0 in
all the seven segments since 1900 (Duman and Emre (2013).
Mahmoud et al. (2013) showed higher strain accumulation of
10 mm yr -1 in the eastern segments of EAF in comparison to
2 mm yr-1 in the western segments from geodetic observations. The
seismic slip rates computed from the seismicity rate for 2007 to 2019
also showed decrease in slip rates in the western segments vis-à-vis
eastern segments (Sezim Ezgi Guvercin et al., 2022). Although similar
trends of decreasing geodetic and seismic slip rates from east to west
are observed along the fault segments, the variations in seismic slip
rates from east to west are much greater and more heterogeneous than
the variations of the geodetic slip rates. These observations indicate
the complex structure of EAF, which may be due to fault geometry,
speed and direction of the plate motion. Reilinger and McClusky,
(2011) and Bletery et al. (2020) attributed this pattern to the proximity
of the Euler Pole of the Arabian-Anatolian plate motion at ~130 from
the EAF that may possibly lead to rapid changes in the direction of the
relative motion between the two plates.
Thus, occurrence of an Mw7.8 earthquake on the complex and a
heterogeneous 700 km EAF raises a very important concern on the
progressive rupturing of the remaining ~400 km segments of EAF in
a cascading manner where rupture on one fault segment can trigger a
rupture on the adjacent fault. This phenomenon was observed in case
of the NAF during the 20th century large earthquakes (Fraser et al.,
2010). Changes in the seismicity rates at far off locations in Turkey
following large earthquakes were also reported (Durand et al., 2010).
Since, the EAF has experienced a large earthquake of Mw7.8 for the
first time in the known history, its implications in triggering earthquakes
on the other segments can only be a conjecture, at present. So far, all
the seven segments of EAF had been the locales of earthquakes of
Mw≤7.0 since 1900. Several studies on the EAF have revealed that no

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.99, APRIL 2023 451

significant changes in seismicity rates were observed between the two
segments of faults following a moderate size earthquake. For example,
an Mw 6.8 earthquake in 2020 ruptured a 45 km fault length in the
Puturge segment of EAF in eastern Turkey and all its aftershocks
remained confined within the fault segment without triggering any
appreciable seismicity in the adjacent segment (Konca et al., 2021).
Another example is from the Palu segment that is adjacent to Puturge
where moderate earthquakes of M≥6.0 in 2010 and 2011 did not
trigger seismic activity on adjacent segments post main events (King
et al., 1994; Stein et al., 1997; Isk et al., 2017).
These observations indicate that EAF seems to be disconnected
and lacks continuity over the entire 700 km length. The seven segments
of the EAF act as individual blocks due to the complexity of the fault
geometry that changes both laterally and vertically at short distances.
Pausse-Beltran et al. (2020) and Gallovic¡ et al. (2020) argued that
the fault’s low maturity has a significant effect on the quiescence of
the EAF based on the observations of Mw 6.8 Sivrice earthquake in
Puturge segment in 2020. The lack of fault interactions along the EAF
is possibly the result of a combination of high segmentation,
heterogeneous coupling and low maturity that do not transfer the stress
effectively along the strike. Since, the 6 February 2023 Mw7.8
earthquake was large and ruptured three segments of the EAF in a
single event there is a need to look into the pattern of aftershocks of
Mw≥6.0. It is observed that the three aftershocks of Mw≥6.0 that
occurred during 6 to 16 February 2023 were confined to either KMTJ
or Erkenek segment or the Surgu fault. This leaves the Amanos segment
in the southwest of EAF the most likely candidate for an Mw≥6.0 in
the near future.
The widespread damage observed during the twin large earthquakes
causing multistoried structures to collapse like a pack of cards show
distinct behavior of earthquake ground motions in near and far fields.
While the high frequency seismic waves dominated the epicentral
region leading to collapses, low frequency waves caused heavy damage
to structures in far away areas in certain specific conditions. The
buildings in the near field of the epicentral region in Gaziantep,
Osmaniye, Kahramanmaras and Kilis collapsed due to strong shaking
caused during the static displacement on the fault. Since the earthquake
was shallow and the magnitude was large the shaking was very intense
that made multistoried building with soft stories to collapse. The
collapse of high structures in the far field up to 300 km as in the case
of Diyarbakir and other cities like Adiyaman, Malatya, Sanliurfa,
Adana, Hatay and Sarmada in Syria, also suffered due to the
amplification of earthquake ground motions influenced by local site
effects. Earthquake ground motions are known to amplify in the
presence of soft sediments and respond to low frequencies that arrive
at distances of over 100 km and beyond in far field. An in depth
geotechnical analysis of the damaged structures including the
quality of construction, non-adherence to the seismic codes
combined with strong ground motion data from nearby networks will
throw much light on the specific causes of extensive damage during
the earthquake.
CONCLUSIONS
The earthquake of Mw7.8 on 6 February 2023 ruptured three fault
segments of the EAF over a length of ~300 km. The earthquake
occurred at the junction of Amanos and Pazarcik segments of the EAF
that lies on the Kahramanmaras Triple Junction (KMTJ). Though,
EAF is highly segmented and heterogeneous in nature with low
coupling and less matured faults that inhibit progressive rupturing,
the high magnitude of the 2023 earthquake that ruptured three segments
of EAF needs careful monitoring of the other four segments. But
there are a few indications from three aftershocks of Mw≥6.0 that
occurred from 6 to 16 February 2023. All these aftershocks were
confined either to KMTJ and Erkenek segments of EAF or the Surgu
452
fault. This leaves the Amanos segment of the EAF that runs southwest
from KMTJ to Antakya city off the coast of Mediterranean Sea the
most likely candidate for an Mw≥6.0 in the near future.
The collapse of multistoried structures in the epicentral and nearby
regions is due to very strong shaking because of shallow depth and
the large magnitude of the earthquake. In cities situated beyond
200 km the collapse of multistoried structures seems to be influenced
by the amplification of earthquake ground motions due to local site
effects. Overall, poor quality of construction and non-adherence to
seismic codes seems to have added to the cause of extensive damage
in near and far fields.
Acknoweledgements: The support of the Director, CSIR-National
Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad and the Atomic Energy
Department, Government of India is gratefully acknowledged.
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